Multi-stage fire-fighting and intelligent heat management combined system and method for energy storage system

Abstract

The invention discloses a multistage fire-fighting and intelligent heat management combined system and method for an energy storage system, a battery cluster is provided with a single fire extinguishing nozzle, a composite detector monitors the state of the battery cluster in real time, and when any battery cluster meets a spraying condition, the fire extinguishing nozzle is triggered to spray a fire extinguishing material; the internal state of the energy storage cabin is monitored in real time through a composite detector, and when the interior of the energy storage cabin meets the spraying condition, a spraying nozzle is automatically started to continuously spray for preset spraying time; according to the centralized liquid cooling unit, a dual-redundancy compressor is combined with an ethylene glycol aqueous solution circulating system to conduct dynamic flow regulation and control, the opening degree of an electromagnetic valve of the dual-redundancy compressor is dynamically adjusted through a composite detector, and the internal temperature of an energy storage cabin is controlled; dynamically distributing flow according to the energy storage time period by adopting an intelligent temperature control algorithm; after the multi-stage fire-fighting module acts, the centralized liquid cooling unit is started for cooling; when the temperature detected by the composite detector exceeds a high-temperature threshold value, the fan is started for air replacement, and the multi-stage fire-fighting module is triggered to act.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of energy storage system safety and performance optimization, and specifically relates to a multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system and method for an energy storage system. Background Art

[0002] Existing energy storage systems have the following deficiencies in fire protection and thermal management: Fire protection is limited. Traditional gas fire extinguishing systems use a full-chamber spray pattern, which cannot accurately locate a single fire cluster, resulting in wasted extinguishing agent and the potential for accidental spraying of adjacent clusters. There is a lack of early warning mechanisms, leading to delayed fire detection and a high risk of thermal runaway. Thermal management is inefficient. Air cooling systems consume high energy and have poor temperature control accuracy (temperature differences can reach ±10°C), resulting in reduced battery cell lifespan. Liquid cooling systems typically operate at a constant flow rate, consuming significant energy during non-frequency modulation periods, resulting in high power consumption at the station.

[0003] In existing technologies, fire protection and thermal management systems operate independently and lack a linkage mechanism, making it impossible to collaboratively improve the safety and economy of the energy storage system. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention aims to overcome the problem of independent operation of fire protection and thermal management systems, lacking a linkage mechanism and thus failing to collaboratively improve the safety and economic efficiency of energy storage systems. It proposes a system and method for combining multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management for energy storage systems. Through hierarchical control and linkage strategies for fire protection and thermal management, it achieves early fire suppression, thermal runaway prevention, and energy consumption optimization.

[0005] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions: In a first aspect, the present invention provides a multi-stage fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system for an energy storage system, comprising a multi-stage fire protection module, an intelligent thermal management module, and a combined control module; The multi-stage fire protection module includes a battery cluster fire extinguishing unit, an energy storage cabin cooling unit and an independent alarm unit; The battery cluster fire extinguishing unit includes a single fire extinguishing nozzle for each battery cluster, which monitors the battery cluster status in real time through a composite detector. When any battery cluster meets the spraying conditions, the fire extinguishing nozzle is triggered to spray the fire extinguishing material; The energy storage cabin cooling unit includes a spray nozzle installed inside the energy storage cabin, which monitors the internal state of the energy storage cabin in real time through a composite detector. When the internal state of the energy storage cabin meets the spraying conditions, the spray nozzle automatically opens and continuously sprays for a preset spraying time; The independent alarm unit includes an energy storage cabin fire alarm controller. When any battery cluster meets the discharge conditions or the interior of the energy storage cabin meets the spraying conditions, the energy storage cabin fire alarm controller and the power plant main control room work together to cut off the fans and power supply inside the energy storage cabin. The intelligent thermal management module includes a centralized liquid cooling unit and an intelligent temperature control module; The centralized liquid cooling unit uses dual redundant compressors combined with an ethylene glycol aqueous solution circulation system for dynamic flow control. The opening of the solenoid valves of the dual redundant compressors is dynamically adjusted through a composite detector to control the internal temperature of the energy storage compartment. The intelligent temperature control module uses an intelligent temperature control algorithm to dynamically allocate flow according to the energy storage period; The fire joint control module includes a fire alarm and temperature reduction linkage unit and a high temperature warning linkage unit; The fire alarm and cooling linkage unit starts the centralized liquid cooling unit to cool down after the multi-stage fire protection module is activated; The high temperature warning linkage unit starts the fan to replace the air when the temperature detected by the composite detector exceeds the high temperature threshold, triggering the multi-stage fire protection module to act.

[0006] Furthermore, the composite detector integrates a smoke sensor, a temperature sensor, and a gas sensor, wherein the gas sensor includes a CO sensor and a VOC sensor; The spraying condition includes a first spraying condition and a second spraying condition, the first spraying condition being that temperature is greater than a temperature threshold and temperature change rate is greater than a change rate threshold, and the second spraying condition being that CO concentration is greater than a CO concentration threshold and VOC concentration is greater than a VOC concentration threshold.

[0007] Furthermore, the fire extinguishing material is perfluorohexanone.

[0008] Furthermore, the spraying condition includes a first spraying condition and a second spraying condition; the first spraying condition is that the average temperature inside the energy storage cabin is greater than the average temperature threshold inside the energy storage cabin; the second spraying condition is that the temperature does not drop below a preset cooling value after the fire extinguishing nozzle sprays the fire extinguishing material for a preset time.

[0009] Furthermore, the spray nozzle sprays cold water.

[0010] Furthermore, the centralized liquid cooling unit turns off the compressor during non-frequency modulation periods and only turns on the pump unit for natural circulation heat dissipation.

[0011] Furthermore, the intelligent temperature control algorithm includes: During the charge and discharge period, the flow rate is allocated based on the battery cluster SOC and temperature data uploaded by the BMS, following the principle of giving priority to heat dissipation of the high-temperature cluster; During the static period, the dehumidification mode is activated and the humidity in the cabin is controlled within the preset humidity safety range through semiconductor refrigeration chips.

[0012] Furthermore, the fire alarm and cooling linkage unit triggers the flow of the centralized liquid cooling unit to 120% of the rated value, and dissipates heat through the plate evaporator, reducing the temperature gradient in the cabin to a preset safety value within a preset time; The fire joint control module determines the fire level as fire alarm level or warning level through fuzzy logic algorithm, and the fire alarm level includes fire alarm level 1 and fire alarm level 2; When the fire level is judged to be a fire alarm, the following steps are taken in sequence: cut off the power supply in the cabin, spray the fire extinguishing materials from the fire extinguishing nozzles, and start the sprinkler nozzles; The fuzzy logic algorithm sets three thresholds, including: Warning level threshold: Temperature > first temperature threshold or CO > first CO threshold; Fire alarm level 1 threshold: temperature > second temperature threshold or CO > second CO threshold; Fire alarm secondary threshold: temperature > third temperature threshold and smoke concentration > smoke concentration threshold; The first temperature threshold is less than the second temperature threshold and less than the third temperature threshold; the first CO threshold is less than the second CO threshold.

[0013] Furthermore, the fire extinguishing nozzle is arranged on the top of the battery cluster.

[0014] In a second aspect, the present invention provides a method for operating a combined multi-stage fire protection and intelligent thermal management system for an energy storage system, comprising the following steps: The composite detector continuously monitors the status parameters of each battery cluster and energy storage cabin in real time, and determines whether the battery cluster meets the fire extinguishing nozzle spraying conditions based on the status parameters of each battery cluster. When the composite detector of any battery cluster detects that the spraying conditions are met, it triggers the fire extinguishing nozzle corresponding to the battery cluster to spray the fire extinguishing material; the state parameters inside the energy storage cabin determine whether the energy storage cabin's sprinkler nozzle meets the spraying conditions. When the composite detector inside the energy storage cabin detects that the spraying conditions are met, the sprinkler nozzle automatically opens and continuously sprays coolant for the preset spraying time; When any battery cluster meets the discharge conditions or the interior of the energy storage cabin meets the spraying conditions, the energy storage cabin fire alarm controller will work in conjunction with the power plant main control room to cut off the fans and power supply inside the energy storage cabin; The composite detector monitors the internal temperature of the energy storage compartment in real time and feeds the temperature data back to the joint control module. The joint control module dynamically adjusts the opening of the solenoid valves of the dual redundant compressors according to the temperature conditions, controls the flow of the ethylene glycol water circulation system, and regulates the internal temperature of the energy storage compartment. Based on the preset energy storage period information, an intelligent temperature control algorithm is used to dynamically allocate the flow of the liquid cooling unit; after the multi-level fire protection module is activated, the fire alarm and cooling linkage unit starts the centralized liquid cooling unit for cooling operation. When the composite detector detects that the temperature in the energy storage compartment exceeds the high temperature threshold, the high temperature warning linkage unit first starts the fan for air replacement.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial technical effects: This invention proposes a multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management system for energy storage systems. This energy storage system, featuring precise fire extinguishing and intelligent temperature control, achieves early fire suppression, thermal runaway prevention, and energy consumption optimization through hierarchical control and linkage strategies for fire protection and thermal management. Layered protection, from the battery cluster to the energy storage compartment, prevents accidental damage to non-faulty batteries caused by traditional whole-compartment fire suppression, improving system availability. A joint control module upgrades passive cooling after fire extinguishing to active coordination of fire extinguishing, cooling, and temperature control, shortening post-disaster recovery time. Flow distribution and algorithm optimization based on real-time data reduce energy consumption and improve temperature uniformity compared to traditional fixed-flow liquid cooling systems. Dual redundant compressors and independent alarm links meet the high availability and low-maintenance requirements of the energy storage system, making it particularly suitable for unmanned scenarios. It can be expanded to applications with stringent fire safety and thermal management requirements, such as large-scale energy storage power stations, data center backup power supplies, and electric vehicle energy storage stations. Through a closed-loop mechanism of precise monitoring, hierarchical response, and intelligent control, the system provides a comprehensive solution for energy storage systems that balances safety and cost-effectiveness, meeting the current energy storage industry's core needs for high-reliability fire protection and energy-efficient management. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention in any way. In addition, the shapes and proportional dimensions of the components in the drawings are only schematic and are used to help understand the present invention, and are not intended to specifically limit the shapes and proportional dimensions of the components of the present invention. In the drawings: Figure 1 This is a simplified structural diagram of a multi-stage fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system for an energy storage system.

[0017] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of fire trigger and linkage logic.

[0018] Figure 3 Dynamic adjustment flow chart for thermal management. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the solutions of the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the embodiments described are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0020] It should be noted that when an element is referred to as being "disposed on" another element, it may be directly on the other element or there may be an element centered thereon. When an element is referred to as being "connected to" another element, it may be directly connected to the other element or there may be an element centered thereon. The terms "vertical," "horizontal," "left," "right," and similar expressions used herein are for illustrative purposes only and do not represent the only embodiments.

[0021] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. The terms used in this specification of the present invention are for the purpose of describing specific embodiments only and are not intended to limit the present invention. The term "and / or" as used herein includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0022] It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", etc. in the description and claims of the present invention and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that the numbers used in this way can be interchanged where appropriate, so that the embodiments of the present invention described herein can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described herein. In addition, the terms "including" and "having" and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions. For example, a process, method, system, product or device that includes a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units clearly listed, but may include other steps or units that are not clearly listed or inherent to these processes, methods, products or devices.

[0023] Example 1 See also Figure 1 , a multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system for energy storage system, including a multi-level fire protection module, an intelligent thermal management module and a combined control module; The multi-level fire protection module includes a battery cluster fire extinguishing unit, an energy storage compartment cooling unit and an independent alarm unit; it realizes precise fire extinguishing at the battery cluster level, energy storage compartment cooling and fire control, and global alarm linkage.

[0024] The battery cluster fire extinguishing unit includes a single fire extinguishing nozzle for each battery cluster. A composite detector monitors the battery cluster's status in real time. When any battery cluster meets the discharge conditions, the nozzle is triggered to release fire extinguishing materials. Each battery cluster is equipped with a composite detector to monitor for signs of thermal runaway in real time. When a single battery cluster triggers the discharge conditions, the corresponding fire extinguishing nozzle immediately releases fire extinguishing materials, achieving "single-cluster fire extinguishing and adjacent cluster isolation."

[0025] The energy storage cabin cooling unit includes a sprinkler head installed inside the energy storage cabin, which monitors the internal status of the energy storage cabin in real time through a composite detector. When the internal state of the energy storage cabin meets the spraying conditions, the sprinkler head automatically turns on and continues to spray for the preset spraying time; a sprinkler head is installed in the cabin. When the composite detector detects that the temperature and smoke concentration in the cabin exceed the standard, the sprinkler system is automatically turned on and continues to spray for the preset time to reduce the overall temperature in the cabin and suppress the spread of fire.

[0026] The independent alarm unit includes an energy storage compartment fire alarm controller. When any battery cluster meets the discharge conditions or the interior of the energy storage compartment meets the spray conditions, the energy storage compartment fire alarm controller and the power plant's main control room work together to shut off the internal fans and power supply. The energy storage compartment fire alarm controller communicates with the power plant's main control room in real time. When a fire is triggered, the cabin fans and power supply are simultaneously shut off to prevent oxygen from supporting combustion, avoid electrical risks, and achieve physical isolation. Fire location and severity information is transmitted to operations and maintenance personnel via audible and visual alarms, SMS messages, and system notifications.

[0027] The intelligent thermal management module includes a centralized liquid cooling unit and an intelligent temperature control module. Through the liquid cooling system and intelligent algorithms, the temperature field of the energy storage cabin can be uniformly controlled, reducing the risk of thermal runaway.

[0028] The centralized liquid cooling system utilizes dual redundant compressors combined with an ethylene glycol water circulation system for dynamic flow control. Composite detectors dynamically adjust the opening of the dual redundant compressor solenoid valves to control the internal temperature of the energy storage compartment. A "primary / standby + linkage" mode ensures continuous cooling by automatically switching to the standby mode in the event of a single unit failure. Heat exchange is achieved through an ethylene glycol water circulation system (with a low freezing point and high thermal conductivity), eliminating the environmental risks of traditional Freon systems. Composite detectors provide real-time feedback on the temperature of each battery cluster, allowing the system to automatically adjust the opening of the solenoid valves to allocate more coolant flow to high-temperature areas, achieving "on-demand cooling."

[0029] The intelligent temperature control module uses a smart temperature control algorithm to dynamically allocate flow based on the energy storage period. It also dynamically adjusts the liquid cooling flow based on the energy storage period (charging, discharging, and idle). For example, during charging, when battery heat generation is high, the flow rate is increased to enhance heat dissipation; during discharging, a basic flow rate is maintained to balance temperature stability and energy consumption; and during idle periods, a low flow rate is circulated to maintain a uniform cabin temperature. Intelligent algorithms such as PID control and neural networks are used to predict battery thermal behavior and proactively adjust cooling strategies to reduce lag.

[0030] The fire joint control module includes a fire alarm and cooling linkage unit and a high temperature warning linkage unit; it breaks through the information barriers between the fire protection and thermal management systems and realizes the automation of the entire "warning-response-recovery" process.

[0031] After the multi-stage fire protection module is activated, the fire alarm and cooling linkage unit starts the centralized liquid cooling unit for cooling. When the multi-stage fire protection module triggers the fire extinguishing or spraying action, the joint control module automatically starts the centralized liquid cooling unit to reduce the temperature of the battery cluster and the cabin through the circulation of low-temperature coolant to prevent re-ignition or thermal runaway of adjacent clusters.

[0032] When the temperature detected by the composite detector exceeds the high-temperature threshold, the high-temperature warning linkage unit activates fans to replace air, triggering the multi-stage firefighting module. Tiered pre-control: Level 1 warning (temperature approaching the threshold): Activates the cabin fans to replace air, reducing the local temperature rise through natural or forced convection. Level 2 warning (exceeding the high-temperature threshold): Triggers the pre-activation of the multi-stage firefighting module (such as standby fire extinguishing nozzles and filling the sprinkler system with water), while also increasing the liquid cooling flow to maximize the critical prevention and control time.

[0033] This embodiment provides layered protection from the "point" of the battery cluster to the "surface" of the energy storage cabin, avoiding accidental damage to non-fault batteries caused by traditional "whole cabin fire extinguishing" and improving system availability. Through the joint control module, the passive cooling after fire extinguishing is upgraded to active coordination of "fire extinguishing-cooling-temperature control", shortening the post-disaster recovery time. Flow distribution and algorithm optimization based on real-time data can reduce energy consumption by 15%-20% compared to traditional constant-flow liquid cooling systems, while improving temperature uniformity to within ±2°C. Configurations such as dual redundant compressors and independent alarm links meet the "high availability and low maintenance" requirements of the energy storage system, and are particularly suitable for unmanned scenarios.

[0034] The composite detector integrates a smoke sensor (to monitor aerosols in the early stages of combustion), a temperature sensor (real-time temperature and temperature rise rate), a CO sensor (to monitor incomplete combustion products), and a VOC sensor (to monitor volatile organic compounds released by battery thermal runaway, such as alkanes and alkenes), achieving full-stage coverage of fire "early warning-mid-term identification-late confirmation".

[0035] The discharge conditions include the first and second conditions. The first condition is that the temperature is greater than the temperature threshold and the temperature change rate is greater than the change rate threshold. The trigger condition is based on the battery's self-heating characteristics. When the temperature rise rate is abnormal, it is determined to be an early fault such as an internal short circuit. The second condition is that the CO concentration is greater than the CO concentration threshold and the VOC concentration is greater than the VOC concentration threshold. The combination of characteristic gases is used to determine if the battery's internal chemical reaction is out of control, avoiding misjudgment based on a single temperature.

[0036] The fire extinguishing materials used are perfluorohexanone and dry powder. Perfluorohexanone has a low fire extinguishing concentration (4-6%) and can quickly suppress the initial open flames in the battery cluster. It leaves no residue and has excellent insulation properties (dielectric strength > 30kV), preventing secondary damage to the battery caused by traditional aqueous agents. With a boiling point of 49°C, it quickly vaporizes after spraying, reducing the local temperature and creating a synergistic "fire extinguishing and cooling" effect in conjunction with the liquid cooling system.

[0037] The spray conditions include the first and second spray conditions. The first spray condition is that the average temperature inside the energy storage compartment exceeds the average temperature threshold inside the compartment. Heat accumulation or localized thermal runaway is detected within the compartment, and the spray system is activated to lower the air temperature inside the compartment and prevent heat transfer to adjacent battery clusters. The second spray condition is that if the temperature does not drop below a preset cooling value after the fire extinguishing nozzles have been spraying extinguishing material for a preset time, the fire is deemed not to be fully under control, and the spray system is activated to continue cooling to prevent re-ignition.

[0038] The sprinkler nozzles use 20-25°C cold water (superior to traditional pure water), ensuring both cooling efficiency and preventing the impact of low temperatures on battery performance. The sprinkler system integrates a water filter to prevent impurities from clogging the nozzles, and drainage pipes are provided to prevent water accumulation in the cabin that could impact electrical safety.

[0039] During non-frequency regulation periods, centralized liquid cooling systems shut down the compressors, leaving only the pumps running for natural circulation cooling. During non-frequency regulation periods (such as nighttime low-load periods), the compressors are shut down, leaving only the pumps running to drive the glycol solution for natural circulation cooling. By utilizing the low temperature outside the cabin (e.g., through heat exchange with the outside air via a plate heat exchanger), system energy consumption is reduced, resulting in estimated savings of 30%-40% in cooling power.

[0040] The intelligent temperature control algorithm includes: during the charging and discharging period, according to the battery cluster SOC and temperature data uploaded by the BMS, the flow is allocated according to the principle of prioritizing heat dissipation for high-temperature clusters; the high-temperature cluster priority algorithm: for battery clusters with SOC>80% and temperature>40℃, 1.5 times the basic flow is allocated; for battery clusters with SOC<20% and temperature<25℃, 0.5 times the basic flow is maintained, achieving "cooling on demand" while avoiding overcooling.

[0041] During periods of inactivity, the dehumidification mode is activated, using semiconductor cooling elements to control cabin humidity within a preset safe range. This prevents condensation from causing battery corrosion or electrical shorts, while also maintaining the dew point of the ethylene glycol solution below -10°C to avoid the risk of freezing.

[0042] The fire alarm and cooling linkage unit triggers the flow of the centralized liquid cooling unit to 120% of the rated value, and dissipates heat through the plate evaporator (increasing the heat exchange area), reducing the temperature gradient in the cabin to a preset safety value within a preset time, thereby suppressing the spread of thermal runaway; The fire control module uses a fuzzy logic algorithm to determine whether the fire is at an alarm or warning level. The fire alarm levels are divided into Level 1 and Level 2. If the fire is at an alarm level, the following steps are executed: power is cut off in the cabin, fire extinguishing nozzles release extinguishing materials, and sprinklers are activated. The fuzzy logic algorithm sets three thresholds: the warning threshold: temperature > the first temperature threshold or CO > the first CO threshold; fans are activated for air replacement, the liquid cooling flow rate is increased to 110%, and continuous monitoring is performed. The Level 1 threshold: temperature > the second temperature threshold or CO > the second CO threshold; non-fire power in the cabin is cut off, fire extinguishing nozzles are activated, and fans are shut down to prevent oxygen from supporting combustion. The Level 2 threshold: temperature > the third temperature threshold and smoke concentration > the smoke concentration threshold; power is cut off to the entire cabin, fire extinguishing nozzles and sprinkler system are activated simultaneously, and the power plant's main control room is contacted to initiate the emergency plan. The first temperature threshold is less than the second temperature threshold and less than the third temperature threshold; the first CO threshold is less than the second CO threshold.

[0043] Through multi-parameter weighted judgment (such as the membership function of temperature, CO, and smoke), false alarms from single sensors are reduced. For example, when the temperature reaches 50°C (close to the second threshold) but the CO concentration is only 300ppm, it is judged as a warning level rather than a first-level fire alarm. When the smoke concentration suddenly rises but the temperature does not exceed the threshold, VOC data is combined to determine whether it is a battery cluster smoldering, avoiding missed alarms.

[0044] The fire extinguishing nozzles are located at the top of the battery cluster. Utilizing a top-down spray path, they prioritize coverage of the battery cluster's top (the primary area for gas eruption during thermal runaway), quickly suppressing flames from rising. The extinguishing agent then flows by gravity into the gaps within the battery cluster, improving cluster-wide coverage and shortening fire extinguishing time by 15%-20% compared to side-mounted arrangements.

[0045] The fire alarm controller and the power plant's main control room use dual redundancy of hard wiring and wireless communication to prevent linkage failure due to a single link failure. The main and standby compressors use a "cold standby" mode (the standby machine is not running but the pipeline is connected). The fault switching time is less than 10 seconds. Combined with the large specific heat capacity of the ethylene glycol solution, the temperature control continuity is ensured.

[0046] Example 2 A method for operating a combined multi-stage fire protection and intelligent thermal management system of an energy storage system, comprising the following steps: See also Figure 2The composite detector continuously monitors the status parameters of each battery cluster and the energy storage cabin in real time, and judges whether the battery cluster meets the fire extinguishing nozzle spraying conditions through the status parameters of each battery cluster. When the composite detector of any battery cluster detects that the spraying conditions are met, it triggers the fire extinguishing nozzle corresponding to the battery cluster to spray the fire extinguishing material; the state parameters inside the energy storage cabin are used to judge whether the spray nozzle of the energy storage cabin meets the spraying conditions. When the composite detector inside the energy storage cabin detects that the spraying conditions are met, the spray nozzle automatically opens and continuously sprays the coolant for the preset spraying time; When any battery cluster meets the discharge conditions or the interior of the energy storage cabin meets the spraying conditions, the energy storage cabin fire alarm controller will work in conjunction with the power plant main control room to cut off the fans and power supply inside the energy storage cabin; When a single battery cluster meets the spraying conditions (such as temperature ≥ warning threshold + smoke concentration exceeds the standard), the corresponding fire extinguishing nozzle is triggered to spray fire extinguishing agent (such as perfluorohexanone, dry powder) to achieve precise suppression. If the composite detector in the cabin detects large-scale smoke diffusion or sudden temperature rise (such as ≥ spraying threshold), the sprinkler nozzle is activated to continuously spray coolant (such as ethylene glycol water solution) to cover the entire cabin for cooling. Battery cluster-level fire extinguishing avoids "misspraying the entire cabin", reducing fire extinguishing agent consumption and system recovery costs; cabin-level spraying can respond to large-scale risks and improve fire extinguishing efficiency. A composite detector monitors the internal temperature of the energy storage compartment in real time and feeds this data to the joint control module. This module dynamically adjusts the opening of the solenoid valves on the dual redundant compressors based on the temperature, regulating the flow rate of the glycol-water circulation system and ultimately the internal temperature of the energy storage compartment. The joint control module also adjusts the opening of the solenoid valves, adjusting the glycol-water flow rate in real time and controlling the heat dissipation of the liquid cooling system. After firefighting action, the fans are simultaneously shut off (to prevent the spread of fire) and liquid cooling is enhanced (to suppress thermal runaway), creating a synergistic effect of "fire extinguishing, temperature reduction, and oxygen control."

[0047] See also Figure 3Based on preset energy storage periods, an intelligent temperature control algorithm dynamically allocates the flow of liquid cooling units. Based on preset energy storage periods, this dynamic allocation balances energy efficiency and temperature control requirements. When a fire alarm is triggered, the centralized liquid cooling units are activated for forced cooling. During a high temperature warning, fans are prioritized for air exchange, reducing energy consumption. After the multi-stage fire protection module is activated, the fire alarm and cooling linkage unit activates the centralized liquid cooling units for cooling. When the composite detector detects that the temperature inside the energy storage compartment exceeds the high temperature threshold, the high temperature warning linkage unit prioritizes fans for air exchange. After the fire protection module is activated, the liquid cooling system automatically increases cooling power to prevent the spread of fire and thermal runaway. When the temperature exceeds the threshold but does not reach the fire alarm level, fans are used to cool the air first to avoid false triggering of the fire protection system. Dynamic cooling capacity allocation based on energy storage periods, combined with peak-valley strategies, reduces operating costs. During a high temperature warning, low-energy fans are prioritized for air exchange, reducing start-up and shutdown losses of the liquid cooling units. Redundant compressors enhance system reliability, and solenoid valves precisely control flow, avoiding the "overcooling / overheating" issues of traditional fixed-flow systems.

[0048] This embodiment is applicable to large-scale energy storage power stations (above 10MWh), user-side energy storage systems (such as industrial parks and data center supporting energy storage), grid-level energy storage peak-shaving stations, etc.

[0049] Example 3 A multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system for an energy storage system includes: Cluster-level fire extinguishing unit: Perfluorohexanone nozzles (dispensing 5-10kg / cluster) are installed atop each battery cluster and monitored in real time by a composite detector (integrated with smoke, temperature, and CO / VOC gas sensors). Dispensing is triggered when the following conditions are met for a single cluster: temperature > 60°C with a slope > 5°C / min; CO concentration > 500ppm and VOC concentration > 100ppm. Cabin-level cooling unit: Pendant water sprinklers (flow rate 5L / s) are installed on the cabin ceiling and linked to the cluster-level fire extinguishing unit. If the average cabin temperature exceeds 45°C or the temperature does not drop below 50°C within 5 minutes after perfluorohexanone is applied, water sprinklers are automatically activated to continuously reduce the temperature to below 35°C. Independent alarm unit: A dedicated fire alarm controller is installed for the energy storage compartment, linked to the power plant's main control room via a 485 interface, simultaneously shutting off the cabin's fans and PCS power supply. The linkage signal transmission delay is ≤ 100ms.

[0050] Intelligent thermal management unit: Centralized liquid cooling unit: A 60kW cooling capacity liquid cooling unit is used, coupled with an ethylene glycol aqueous solution (volume concentration 30%) circulation system. A single 20-foot container is equipped with two parallel pump groups (flow rate 500L / min) to achieve the following functions: Zoned temperature control: Through 12 sets of temperature sensors in the cabin (accuracy ±0.5°C), the opening of the solenoid valves of each cluster of liquid cooling branches is dynamically adjusted (adjustment accuracy ±5%) to control the temperature difference of the battery cells within ±2°C; Energy-saving mode: During non-frequency modulation periods (such as low load in the early morning), the compressor is turned off and only the pump group is turned on for natural circulation heat dissipation, reducing energy consumption by 60%.

[0051] Intelligent temperature control module: During charging and discharging periods, flow is allocated based on the principle of prioritizing heat dissipation in high-temperature clusters based on cluster-level SOC and temperature data uploaded by the BMS. Flow adjustment delay is ≤ 200ms. During static periods, dehumidification mode is activated, and semiconductor cooling chips are used to control the cabin humidity at 30%-50% RH to prevent condensation.

[0052] Fire protection and thermal management linkage strategy: Fire cooling linkage: After cluster-level fire extinguishing spraying, the liquid cooling system automatically increases the flow rate to 120% of the rated value, enhances heat dissipation through the plate evaporator, and reduces the temperature gradient in the cabin to below 5°C / m within 30 minutes; high temperature warning linkage: When the liquid cooling outlet temperature is greater than 35°C, the fire protection composite detector pre-alarm is triggered, and the fan is started in advance to replace the air in the cabin to prevent heat accumulation.

[0053] A multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system for an energy storage system includes: The multi-stage firefighting system includes a cluster-level perfluorohexanone fire extinguishing module, a cabin-level water sprinkler module, and an independent alarm module; an intelligent thermal management unit includes a centralized liquid cooling unit, a zoned temperature control solenoid valve group, and an intelligent temperature control algorithm module; and a linkage control module enables data exchange and coordinated operation between the firefighting and thermal management systems. The cluster-level perfluorohexanone fire extinguishing module utilizes a single-cluster, single-nozzle layout with nozzle spacing ≤4m, a spray delay ≤5s, and an extinguishing agent charge designed to cover 8%-10% of the cabin volume. The composite detector integrates four parameter monitoring: temperature, smoke, CO, and VOCs. The temperature detection accuracy is ±0.5°C, and the CO detection range is 0-2000ppm with an error of ±5%. The water sprinkler module uses high-pressure fine water mist nozzles with an atomized particle size ≤100μm and a coverage area ≥95% of the cabin space.

[0054] The fire control system collects cluster-level four-parameter data in real time and uses a fuzzy logic algorithm to determine the fire level (warning / fire alarm). When a fire alarm is detected, the following actions are executed in sequence: power is cut off in the cabin (within 0.1 seconds), perfluorohexanone is sprayed (within 5 seconds), and water spray is activated (within 30 seconds).

[0055] The fuzzy logic algorithm sets three threshold levels: early warning level: temperature > 50°C or CO > 300ppm; fire alarm level 1: temperature > 60°C and CO > 500ppm; fire alarm level 2: temperature > 70°C and smoke concentration > 10% obs.

[0056] During the charge and discharge period, thermal management dynamically adjusts the liquid cooling flow rate through the PID algorithm based on the cluster-level SOC and temperature. The formula is:

[0057] in, As the basic flow, is the deviation between the measured temperature and the set value, is the proportionality coefficient, is the integration coefficient, is the differential coefficient.

[0058] During the static period, the thermal management starts the dehumidification mode. When the humidity is >60%RH, the semiconductor refrigeration chip starts until the humidity is ≤50%RH.

[0059] When the fire protection system triggers a level one fire alarm, the thermal management system will simultaneously execute the following: close the solenoid valve of the liquid cooling branch pipe of the non-faulty cluster to concentrate the flow to the faulty cluster; start the emergency cooling mode of the liquid cooling unit, and increase the cooling capacity to 120% of the rated value.

[0060] The liquid cooling unit is equipped with dual redundant compressors. When a single unit fails, it automatically switches to the backup unit with a switching time of ≤10s to ensure temperature control continuity.

[0061] The environmental monitoring device of the energy storage cabin includes a temperature sensor array (spacing ≤ 2m), using a platinum resistor Pt100 with an accuracy of ±0.3°C; a gas sensor group with integrated CO, H2, and VOC detection modules, with a detection cycle of ≤2s; and a data collector that uploads data to the fire protection and thermal management controller via the Modbus protocol.

[0062] The firefighting efficiency of this embodiment: single-cluster fire extinguishing time ≤ 15s, adjacent cluster temperature rise ≤ 5°C, and fire extinguishing agent consumption reduced by 50%; thermal management accuracy: battery cell temperature difference is controlled within ±2°C, liquid cooling system energy consumption is reduced by 30%, and battery cycle life is extended by 20%; linkage advantage: firefighting and thermal management response delay ≤ 100ms, overall thermal runaway risk is reduced by 95%, and station power consumption rate is reduced by 1.2%.

[0063] Many embodiments and applications beyond the examples provided will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description. Therefore, the scope of the present teachings should be determined not with reference to the foregoing description, but rather with reference to the preceding claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. For the purpose of completeness, all articles and references, including the disclosures of patent applications and publications, are incorporated herein by reference. The omission of any aspect of the subject matter disclosed herein from the preceding claims is not a disclaimer of such subject matter, nor should it be interpreted that the applicants did not consider such subject matter to be part of the disclosed inventive subject matter.

[0064] The above content is a further detailed description of the present invention. It cannot be considered that the specific implementation methods of the present invention are limited to these. For ordinary technicians in the technical field to which the present invention belongs, they can make several simple deductions or substitutions without departing from the concept of the present invention, which should be regarded as belonging to the scope of protection determined by the submission of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system for energy storage system, characterized in that: Includes multi-level fire protection module, intelligent thermal management module and joint control module; The multi-stage fire protection module includes a battery cluster fire extinguishing unit, an energy storage cabin cooling unit and an independent alarm unit; The battery cluster fire extinguishing unit includes a single fire extinguishing nozzle for each battery cluster, which monitors the battery cluster status in real time through a composite detector. When any battery cluster meets the spraying conditions, the fire extinguishing nozzle is triggered to spray the fire extinguishing material; The energy storage cabin cooling unit includes a spray nozzle installed inside the energy storage cabin, which monitors the internal state of the energy storage cabin in real time through a composite detector. When the internal state of the energy storage cabin meets the spraying conditions, the spray nozzle automatically opens and continuously sprays for a preset spraying time; The independent alarm unit includes an energy storage cabin fire alarm controller. When any battery cluster meets the discharge conditions or the interior of the energy storage cabin meets the spraying conditions, the energy storage cabin fire alarm controller and the power plant main control room work together to cut off the fans and power supply inside the energy storage cabin. The intelligent thermal management module includes a centralized liquid cooling unit and an intelligent temperature control module; The centralized liquid cooling unit uses dual redundant compressors combined with an ethylene glycol aqueous solution circulation system for dynamic flow control. The opening of the solenoid valves of the dual redundant compressors is dynamically adjusted through a composite detector to control the internal temperature of the energy storage compartment. The intelligent temperature control module uses an intelligent temperature control algorithm to dynamically allocate flow according to the energy storage period; The fire joint control module includes a fire alarm and temperature reduction linkage unit and a high temperature warning linkage unit; The fire alarm and cooling linkage unit starts the centralized liquid cooling unit to cool down after the multi-stage fire protection module is activated; The high temperature warning linkage unit starts the fan to replace the air when the temperature detected by the composite detector exceeds the high temperature threshold, triggering the multi-stage fire protection module to act.

2. The energy storage system multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The composite detector integrates a smoke sensor, a temperature sensor, and a gas sensor, wherein the gas sensor includes a CO sensor and a VOC sensor; The spraying condition includes a first spraying condition and a second spraying condition, the first spraying condition being that temperature is greater than a temperature threshold and temperature change rate is greater than a change rate threshold, and the second spraying condition being that CO concentration is greater than a CO concentration threshold and VOC concentration is greater than a VOC concentration threshold.

3. The energy storage system multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fire extinguishing material is perfluorohexanone.

4. The energy storage system multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The spraying conditions include a first spraying condition and a second spraying condition; the first spraying condition is that the average temperature inside the energy storage cabin is greater than the average temperature threshold inside the energy storage cabin; the second spraying condition is that the temperature does not drop below a preset cooling value after the fire extinguishing nozzle sprays the fire extinguishing material for a preset time.

5. The energy storage system multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The spray nozzle sprays cold water.

6. The energy storage system multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The centralized liquid cooling unit turns off the compressor during non-frequency modulation periods and only turns on the pump unit for natural circulation heat dissipation.

7. The energy storage system multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The intelligent temperature control algorithm includes: During the charge and discharge period, the flow rate is allocated based on the battery cluster SOC and temperature data uploaded by the BMS, following the principle of giving priority to heat dissipation of the high-temperature cluster; During the static period, the dehumidification mode is activated and the humidity in the cabin is controlled within the preset humidity safety range through semiconductor refrigeration chips.

8. The energy storage system multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fire alarm and cooling linkage unit triggers the flow of the centralized liquid cooling unit to 120% of the rated value, and dissipates heat through the plate evaporator, reducing the temperature gradient in the cabin to a preset safety value within a preset time; The fire joint control module determines the fire level as fire alarm level or warning level through fuzzy logic algorithm, and the fire alarm level includes fire alarm level 1 and fire alarm level 2; When the fire level is judged to be a fire alarm, the following steps are taken in sequence: cut off the power supply in the cabin, spray the fire extinguishing materials from the fire extinguishing nozzles, and start the sprinkler nozzles; The fuzzy logic algorithm sets three thresholds, including: Warning level threshold: Temperature > first temperature threshold or CO > first CO threshold; Fire alarm level 1 threshold: temperature > second temperature threshold or CO > second CO threshold; Fire alarm secondary threshold: temperature > third temperature threshold and smoke concentration > smoke concentration threshold; The first temperature threshold is less than the second temperature threshold and less than the third temperature threshold; the first CO threshold is less than the second CO threshold.

9. The energy storage system multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management combined system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fire extinguishing nozzle is arranged on the top of the battery cluster.

10. A method for operating a combined multi-level fire protection and intelligent thermal management system for an energy storage system, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: The composite detector continuously monitors the status parameters of each battery cluster and energy storage cabin in real time, and determines whether the battery cluster meets the fire extinguishing nozzle spraying conditions based on the status parameters of each battery cluster. When the composite detector of any battery cluster detects that the spraying conditions are met, it triggers the fire extinguishing nozzle corresponding to the battery cluster to spray the fire extinguishing material; the state parameters inside the energy storage cabin determine whether the energy storage cabin's sprinkler nozzle meets the spraying conditions. When the composite detector inside the energy storage cabin detects that the spraying conditions are met, the sprinkler nozzle automatically opens and continuously sprays coolant for the preset spraying time; When any battery cluster meets the discharge conditions or the interior of the energy storage cabin meets the spraying conditions, the energy storage cabin fire alarm controller will work in conjunction with the power plant main control room to cut off the fans and power supply inside the energy storage cabin; The composite detector monitors the internal temperature of the energy storage compartment in real time and feeds the temperature data back to the joint control module. The joint control module dynamically adjusts the opening of the solenoid valves of the dual redundant compressors according to the temperature conditions, controls the flow of the ethylene glycol water circulation system, and regulates the internal temperature of the energy storage compartment. Based on the preset energy storage period information, an intelligent temperature control algorithm is used to dynamically allocate the flow of the liquid cooling unit; after the multi-level fire protection module is activated, the fire alarm and cooling linkage unit starts the centralized liquid cooling unit for cooling operation. When the composite detector detects that the temperature in the energy storage compartment exceeds the high temperature threshold, the high temperature warning linkage unit first starts the fan for air replacement.

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