Digital processing method and system for Zeeman effect experimental data

Abstract

The invention discloses a digital processing method and system for Zeeman effect experiment data, and relates to the technical field of atomic physics experiment data processing, and the method comprises the following steps: S1, image reading and preprocessing: obtaining a Zeeman effect interference image, carrying out the self-adaptive zooming according to the image size, converting the Zeeman effect interference image into a gray image, and carrying out the self-adaptive zooming according to the image size; enhancing the contrast ratio through self-adaptive histogram equalization, and removing salt and pepper noise by adopting 3 * 3 median filtering; s2, interference ring identification and measurement: carrying out edge detection by adopting a Sobel operator, detecting an interference ring in the image through Hough transform, screening two maximum concentric circles closest to the center of the image, automatically calculating the diameter of the ring, and converting the diameter of the ring into a physical size; s3, key physical quantity calculation: calculating a wavenumber difference, substituting the wavenumber difference into the optimized formula to calculate an electron charge-to-mass ratio, and performing error propagation analysis. Through automatic image processing and a precise algorithm, manual measurement errors are avoided, and the relative error of the electron charge-to-mass ratio can be reduced to 1.07% or below.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of atomic physics experimental data processing technology, specifically to a method and system for digital processing of Zeeman effect experimental data. Background Technology

[0002] The Zeeman effect plays a crucial role in the study of atomic structure and astronomy. By studying the Zeeman effect, scientists can obtain key information about the energy level structure of atoms. Electrons within an atom orbit the nucleus and also undergo spin motion; these two motions generate orbital magnetic moments and spin magnetic moments, respectively, which are related to angular momentum. Through spectral line analysis, key parameters such as the total angular momentum quantum number, Landé factor, total orbital angular momentum quantum number, and total spin quantum number of an atom can be deduced, providing a deeper understanding of the electron distribution and motion states within the atom and offering a solid theoretical and experimental foundation for constructing accurate atomic models. In astronomy, the Zeeman effect can be used to measure the magnetic field strength of celestial bodies. By analyzing the Zeeman splitting of spectral lines in the spectra of celestial bodies and combining relevant physical theories and formulas, the magnetic field strength on the surface of celestial bodies can be accurately calculated. This is significant for studying the physical properties, evolutionary processes, and solar activity of celestial bodies.

[0003] With the rapid development of computer and information technology, digital processing technology has been widely used in the processing of physical experimental data. Digital processing offers advantages such as high precision, high efficiency, high degree of automation, and effective reduction of human error. Through digital processing, the numerous complex data obtained in Zeeman effect experiments can be analyzed and processed quickly and accurately, revealing physical laws more precisely. Using digital image processing technology, operations such as enhancement, denoising, and feature extraction can be performed on spectral images to improve image quality and resolution, accurately identify and measure parameters such as spectral line position, intensity, and width. With the help of data fitting and analysis algorithms, experimental data can be fitted and models constructed to more accurately calculate physical quantities such as wavenumber difference and electron charge-to-mass ratio, allowing for a deeper analysis of the intrinsic mechanism of the Zeeman effect. Digital processing research on Zeeman effect experimental data has crucial practical significance, improving the accuracy and efficiency of experimental data processing, promoting the development of atomic physics research, and providing more accurate data support and theoretical basis for related applications.

[0004] Traditional Zeeman effect experimental data processing relies on manual operation, which involves visually observing interference images, manually measuring the diameter of the interference rings, and substituting them into physical formulas to calculate key physical quantities such as the electron charge-to-mass ratio.

[0005] However, traditional processing methods have many drawbacks: manual measurement is greatly affected by the operator's visual discrimination ability and operational proficiency, resulting in strong subjectivity and a measurement accuracy of only 0.01 mm; the data calculation process is cumbersome, prone to transcription and calculation errors, and cannot systematically analyze experimental errors; when dealing with large amounts of data, the processing efficiency is extremely low, data repeatability is poor, and the relative error is usually above 2%, making it difficult to meet the accuracy and efficiency requirements of modern scientific research. With the development of computer technology, digital processing technology has been gradually applied to experimental data processing, but existing digital solutions lack standardized process design, have low accuracy in interferometer ring identification, incomplete error analysis, and have not yet formed a mature automated processing system. Summary of the Invention

[0006] To address the aforementioned problems, this invention provides a method and system for digitally processing Zeeman effect experimental data.

[0007] A method for digitally processing Zeeman effect experimental data includes the following steps:

[0008] S1. Image reading and preprocessing: Acquire the Zeeman effect interference image, adaptively scale it according to the image size, convert it to a grayscale image, enhance the contrast through adaptive histogram equalization, and remove salt-and-pepper noise using 3×3 median filtering.

[0009] S2. Interference Ring Recognition and Measurement: The Sobel operator is used for edge detection, and the Hough transform is used to detect interference rings in the image. The two largest concentric circles closest to the image center are selected, and the ring diameter is automatically calculated and converted into physical size.

[0010] S3. Calculation of key physical quantities: Based on parameters such as the square difference of the ring diameter, the FP etalon spacing, and the magnetic field strength, the wave number difference is calculated, and the electron charge-to-mass ratio is calculated by substituting it into the optimized formula. Error propagation analysis is then performed.

[0011] As a further aspect of the present invention, the image scaling threshold in step S1 is set to 1e6 pixels. When the total number of image pixels exceeds this threshold, the image is scaled proportionally until the total number of pixels is ≤1e6.

[0012] As a further aspect of the present invention, in step S2, the detection radius of the Hough transform is 20-150 pixels, the detection sensitivity is set to 0.92, and the edge threshold is set to 0.05. A two-stage detection method is used to improve the accuracy of ring recognition.

[0013] As a further aspect of the present invention, the formula for calculating the electron charge-to-mass ratio in step S3 is: e / m=(4πcΔσ) / (Bg), where Δσ=(D1 2 -D2 2) / (4λd), where c is the speed of light, Δσ is the wavenumber difference, B is the magnetic field strength, g is the Landé factor, D1 and D2 are the outer and inner diameters of the interference rings, respectively, λ is the spectral line wavelength, and d is the FP etalon spacing.

[0014] As a further aspect of the present invention, an error analysis step is also included: considering pixel size error, magnetic field strength error, and FP etalon spacing error, the total measurement uncertainty is calculated using the error propagation formula.

[0015] The Zeeman effect experimental data digitization system includes:

[0016] Image acquisition module: used to acquire Zeeman effect interferometry images, supporting JPG, PNG, BMP, and TIF formats;

[0017] Preprocessing module: used for image scaling, grayscale conversion, contrast enhancement, and noise reduction;

[0018] Feature recognition module: used for interference ring edge detection and automatic ring recognition, extracting the center coordinates and radius of the ring;

[0019] Data calculation module: used for diameter unit conversion, wavenumber difference calculation, electron charge-to-mass ratio calculation, and error analysis;

[0020] Results output module: Used to display processed images, output measurement parameters and calculation results, and supports saving data in MAT format.

[0021] As a further aspect of the present invention, the data calculation module has a built-in experimental parameter library, which includes standard physical quantities such as the 546.1nm spectral line wavelength of mercury, speed of light, Planck constant, and electron charge, and supports custom input of experimental parameters such as FP etalon spacing and magnetic field strength.

[0022] As a further embodiment of the present invention, the result output module can display the original image, enhanced image, denoised image, edge detection result and interference ring recognition result, and output the diameter measurement value, wavenumber difference, electron charge-to-mass ratio and relative error.

[0023] The present invention achieves the following beneficial effects compared to the prior art:

[0024] 1. Through automated image processing and precise algorithms, human measurement errors are avoided, and the relative error of the electron charge-to-mass ratio can be reduced to below 1.07%, approaching the theoretical value (1.7588 × 10⁻⁶). 11 (C / kg), the measurement accuracy is superior to traditional manual methods;

[0025] 2. Fully automated processing, requiring no manual intervention, reducing single-set data processing time to minutes, improving efficiency by more than 50%, and supporting batch data processing;

[0026] 3. Standardized processing procedures reduce the impact of subjective factors, and the measurement error fluctuation range is controlled within 0.05%-2.45%, with good data repeatability;

[0027] 4. It integrates image preprocessing, feature recognition, parameter calculation, and error analysis, supports custom experimental parameters, and provides intuitive output results, catering to both scientific research and teaching needs;

[0028] 5. Supports multiple image input formats, adaptable to different CCD detectors and Zeeman effect experimental devices, with a wide range of applications. Attached Figure Description

[0029] Figure 1 A flowchart of the digital processing method for Zeeman effect experimental data. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0031] Example 1: Zeeman effect data processing based on the 546.1 nm spectral line of mercury

[0032] Experimental parameter settings: FP etalon spacing d=2.021mm, magnetic field strength B=0.23T, Landé factor g=1, mercury green line wavelength λ=546.1nm, pixel size 0.0073mm;

[0033] Image acquisition and preprocessing: Select the Zeeman effect interferometric image of the mercury 546.1nm spectral line (PNG format, original pixel count 1200×1000), the system automatically scales it to 1000×833 pixels, converts it to grayscale image and then performs adaptive histogram equalization enhancement and 3×3 median filtering for noise reduction;

[0034] Interference ring identification: After edge detection by the Sobel operator, the Hough transform detected 12 interference rings. The two largest concentric circles closest to the center of the image were selected. The outer ring diameter was measured to be 3.821 mm and the inner ring diameter to be 3.514 mm.

[0035] Data calculation: The difference of squares of the diameter is calculated to be (3.821). 2 -3.514 2 )×10 -6 m 2 =2.173×10 -6 m 2The wavenumber difference Δσ = 2.173 × 10 -6 / (4×546.1×10 -9 ×2.021×10 -3 )=479.2m -1 The electron charge-to-mass ratio e / m = (4π × 2.9979 × 10) 8 ×479.2) / (0.23×1)=1.759×10 11 C / kg;

[0036] Error analysis: Pixel size error 0.001×10 -3 m, magnetic field error 0.005T, FP interval error 0.002×10 -3 m, the total uncertainty is calculated to be 0.012 × 10 11 C / kg, relative error 0.01%;

[0037] Results output: The system displays images of each processing stage, outputs diameter measurement values, wavenumber difference, electron charge-to-mass ratio, and relative error, and saves the results as a MAT file.

[0038] Example 2: Verification by comparing multiple sets of data

[0039] Five sets of Zeeman effect interferometry images were selected and processed using the method of this invention and traditional manual methods, respectively. The results are shown in the table below:

[0040] Number of data sets Digital measurement of electron charge-to-mass ratio (C / kg) Relative error (%) Traditional method for measuring electron charge-to-mass ratio (C / kg) Relative error (%) 1 <![CDATA[1.7716×10 11 ]]> 0.73 <![CDATA[1.817×10 11 ]]> 3.31 2 <![CDATA[1.7951×10 11 ]]> 2.06 <![CDATA[1.803×10 11 ]]> 2.51 3 <![CDATA[1.7426×10 11 ]]> 0.92 <![CDATA[1.795×10 11 ]]> 2.06 4 <![CDATA[1.8019×10 11 ]]> 2.45 <![CDATA[1.807×10 11 ]]> 2.74 5 <![CDATA[1.7596×10 11 ]]> 0.05 <![CDATA[1.790×10 11 ]]> 1.74

[0041] The table above shows that using digital methods to process Zeeman effect experimental data yields a more accurate electron charge-to-mass ratio (ECR) with a smaller relative error compared to the traditionally manually measured ECR. Furthermore, the ECR closely approximates the theoretical value of 1.7588 × 10⁻⁶. 11 The C / kg ratio is closer to the actual values. In processing experimental data, digital processing methods are more efficient than traditional manual measurements, enabling more efficient and faster processing of Zeeman effect experimental data.

[0042] The single-sample error fluctuation of digital measurement is smaller (0.05%~2.45%), while the error range of traditional methods is larger (1.74%~3.31%). The error of the fifth set of data using the digital method is only 0.05%, while the lowest error of the traditional method is still 1.74%, indicating that the digital method is less affected by human factors.

[0043] Traditional measurements have a high error rate, possibly due to the following reasons: the accuracy of traditional manual readings is generally only on the order of 0.01 mm, which is low; the subjectivity of manual adjustment and visual interpretation; and errors in copying or calculation during the calculation process.

[0044] Digital measurement has lower errors, and its advantages include: automatic data extraction by computers, reducing human interference; high-resolution image processing improves measurement accuracy; and automated calculations reduce computational errors.

[0045] Digital measurement outperforms traditional methods in terms of accuracy, stability, and reliability, reducing the average error by approximately 56% (from 2.46% to 1.07%). Traditional methods, relying on manual operation, suffer from larger errors and more pronounced data fluctuations.

[0046] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not constitute any limitation on the technical scope of the present invention. Therefore, any minor modifications, equivalent changes, and alterations made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention shall still fall within the scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for digitally processing Zeeman effect experimental data, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Image reading and preprocessing: Acquire the Zeeman effect interference image, adaptively scale it according to the image size, convert it to a grayscale image, enhance the contrast through adaptive histogram equalization, and remove salt-and-pepper noise using 3×3 median filtering. S2. Interference Ring Recognition and Measurement: The Sobel operator is used for edge detection, and the Hough transform is used to detect interference rings in the image. The two largest concentric circles closest to the image center are selected, and the ring diameter is automatically calculated and converted into physical size. S3. Calculation of key physical quantities: Based on parameters such as the square difference of the ring diameter, the FP etalon spacing, and the magnetic field strength, the wave number difference is calculated, and the electron charge-to-mass ratio is calculated by substituting it into the optimized formula. Error propagation analysis is then performed.

2. The method for digitally processing Zeeman effect experimental data according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S1, the image scaling threshold is set to 1e6 pixels. When the total number of pixels in the image exceeds this threshold, it is scaled proportionally until the total number of pixels is ≤1e6.

3. The method for digitally processing Zeeman effect experimental data according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the detection radius of the ring in the Hough transform is 20-150 pixels, the detection sensitivity is set to 0.92, and the edge threshold is set to 0.

05. The two-stage detection method is used to improve the ring recognition accuracy.

4. The method for digitally processing Zeeman effect experimental data according to claim 1, characterized in that, The formula for calculating the electron charge-to-mass ratio in step S3 is: e / m = (4πcΔσ) / (Bg), where Δσ = (D1) / (Bg). 2 -D2 2 ) / (4λd), where c is the speed of light, Δσ is the wavenumber difference, B is the magnetic field strength, g is the Landé factor, D1 and D2 are the outer and inner diameters of the interference rings, respectively, λ is the spectral line wavelength, and d is the FP etalon spacing.

5. The method for digitally processing Zeeman effect experimental data according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes an error analysis step: considering pixel size error, magnetic field strength error, and FP etalon interval error, the total measurement uncertainty is calculated using the error propagation formula.

6. A system for digitally processing Zeeman effect experimental data according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, include: Image acquisition module: used to acquire Zeeman effect interferometry images, supporting JPG, PNG, BMP, and TIF formats; Preprocessing module: used for image scaling, grayscale conversion, contrast enhancement, and noise reduction; Feature recognition module: used for interference ring edge detection and automatic ring recognition, extracting the center coordinates and radius of the ring; Data calculation module: used for diameter unit conversion, wavenumber difference calculation, electron charge-to-mass ratio calculation, and error analysis; Results output module: Used to display processed images, output measurement parameters and calculation results, and supports saving data in MAT format.

7. The Zeeman effect experimental data digitization system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The data calculation module has a built-in experimental parameter library, which includes standard physical quantities such as the 546.1nm spectral line wavelength of mercury, speed of light, Planck constant, and electron charge. It also supports the custom input of experimental parameters such as FP etalon spacing and magnetic field strength.

8. The Zeeman effect experimental data digitization system according to claim 6, characterized in that, The result output module can display the original image, enhanced image, denoised image, edge detection results and interference ring recognition results, and output diameter measurement value, wavenumber difference, electron charge-to-mass ratio and relative error.

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