Method, system and device for water conservation and dialysate recycling

Abstract

A cleaning system or device for cleaning dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine and a method for cleaning and optionally recycling dialysate are described herein. The system, device and method can be used with a portable, at home dialysis machine or in the hospital. Optionally the cleaning system and device are portable. The cleaning system and device include a UV light source; an activated carbon filter and / or urease reactor bed; and zirconium phosphate and / or zirconium hydroxide. Optionally, the cleaning system and device also include a deionized resin bed, e.g. an anion exchange resin and a cation exchange resin. The clean dialysate can be pumped into the inlet for the dialyzing machine, or into a storage tank. Optionally, following cleaning, the levels of electrolytes are measured, if needed additional electrolytes are added to the cleaned dialysate to provide the desired levels of electrolytes in the cleaned dialysate.

Description

[0001]METHOD, SYSTEM AND DEVICE FOR WATER CONSERVATION AND DIALYSATE RECYCLING CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 508,307 filed June 15, 2023, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference for all purpose in its entirety. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH This invention was made with government support under Grant No. DK128859 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The disclosed invention is generally in the field of water conservation and dialysate purification and specifically in the area of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Hemodialysis treatment works like an external kidney to rid the body of waste, requiring the use of Ultra Pure Water (UPW) to safely carry doctor-curated ions into the body and then carry out urea and other toxins. A main drawback with this treatment is that predominantly, the patient needs to be in a hospital or dialysis center, two to three days a week, hooked up to a dialysis machine for hours, multiple times a week. Alternatively, a patient can have an at-home dialysis machine, which may require more sessions per week typical for a longer duration due to a lowered dialysis flow rate compared to an in-hospital session. Both of these options require the patient to alter their weekly schedule and take time from their normal lives to fit in treatments. With the progression of new medical technologies, there has been a rise in portable dialysis machines. These portable machines offer a more compact design that a patient may use outside of the home to increase their independence. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis processes are used to artificially replace the functions of the kidney by removing toxins and excess water from the body while balancing pH and salt ion concentrations. Hemodialysis machines use counter-current diffusion across a membrane to purify the patient's blood. This is done by running extremely purified water mixed with electrolytes known as dialysate on one side of the membrane with the patient's blood on the other side of the membrane. The membrane allows contaminants from the body and electrolytes from the membrane to transfer across the membrane without allowing the blood and dialysate to 1 45661302.1 mix. This process is extremely timely and water intensive using between 20 L to 30 L of water per 3-hour treatment in the hospital or dialysis unit. These processes typically use about 300 - 600 liters of water per patient per week. The used dialysate is discarded since it contains biological material and toxic compounds after blood filtration. With current systems, the dialysis machine is typically connected to a drain while in use for the dialysate effluent to be disposed of. Even portable systems are challenging for patients to use as the patient needs tap water for every treatment which gets filtered into ultra-pure water prior to use. There is a need to create more efficient and less wasteful hemodyalisis and peritoneal dialysis processes and systems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Systems for cleaning or remediating dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine and a method for cleaning or remediating and optionally recycling dialysate are described herein. The system and device clean the dialysate by removing a variety of contaminants including chemical, biological, and particulate materials. The system, device and method can be used with a portable, at home dialysis machine or in the hospital. Optionally the cleaning system and device are portable. The cleaning system and device include a light exposure source; an activated carbon filter and / or urease reactor bed; and an ion exchange filter, optionally zirconium phosphate and / or zirconium hydroxide. Optionally, the system include a storage container for the clean dialysate. Optionally, the cleaning system and device also include a deionized resin bed, e.g. an anion exchange resin and a cation exchange resin. The cleaned dialysate can be pumped into the inlet for the dialyzing machine, or into a storage tank. In some embodiments, the system includes activated charcoal, urease, zirconium oxide, and zirconium phosphate. In silico modeling was performed to determine the amount of activated charcoal, urease, hydroxyl zirconium oxide, and zirconium phosphate needed for removal of urea and ions such as Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Cl-. In some embodiments, the activated charcoal, urease, zirconium oxide, and zirconium phosphate are incorporated in the form of a packed column, fibers, beads, or reactive bed. In silico modeling demonstrated that for activated charcoal one ounce of activated charcoal can remove 90% or more of chloride, sodium, and potassium ions in the dialysate via perfusion through the system at 100 to 200 mL / min. Based on peer reviewed reaction kinetics for 2 45661302.1 urea decomposition via urease, five grams of urease with excess zirconium oxide and zirconium phosphate is modeled to remove at least 30.4 mmol / L of urea, ~95%. Modeling of dialysate cleaned via the system described herein demonstrates its ability to remove contaminants and achieve a purity level acceptable for clinical reuse. Salts and urea can be removed from the fluid with up to 90% efficiency, optionally allowing up to 3 cycles of reuse. Modeling also demonstrates that the system can conserve about 36 - 108 liters of water. Optionally, following cleaning, the levels of electrolytes and glucose in the cleaned dialysate are measured, and if needed, additional electrolytes are added to the cleaned dialysate to provide the desired levels of electrolytes in the cleaned dialysate. In these forms, the dialysate from the dialysis machine is remediated by flowing through the system and device, i.e., the dialysate is cleaned, improved, and resorted to the condition as a normal dialysate. The terms “normal dialysate” and “standard dialysate” are used interchangeably herein. In these forms, the system for remediating the dialysate also includes one or more chemical sensors for measuring the concentrations of electrolytes (e.g., bicarbonate ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, and chloride ion) and glucose in the cleaned dialysate, and optionally one or more volume sensors for measuring the volume of the cleaned dialysate. Using this information, the amounts of electrolytes and / or glucose needed for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate to reach the desired concentrations of electrolytes and glucose are determined. Optionally, the chemical and / or volume sensors are in feedback connection with one or more electrolyte supplies and / or glucose supply. The one or more electrolyte supplies and glucose supply contain concentrated electrolyte solutions and glucose, and are in fluid communication with the storage container for the cleaned dialysate or a mixing container, such that the needed amounts of each electrolyte and glucose are dispersed into the storage container for the cleaned dialysate or a mixing container to reconstitute the cleaned dialysate. Optionally, the system also includes one or more additional storage containers for receiving and optionally storing the remediated dialysate. Additional advantages of the disclosed methods, systems and devices will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be understood from the description, or may be learned by practice of the disclosed method and compositions. The advantages of the disclosed methods, systems and devices will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that the 3 45661302.1 following detailed description is exemplary and explanatory only and is not restrictive of the invention as claimed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG.1 is a block flow diagram showing an exemplary dialysate recycling filtration system paired with an exemplary existing dialysis machine, such as the NxStage®dialysis machine. FIG.2 is a process flow diagram of an exemplary dialysate cleaning or remediating system showing the flow of the measurable components moving through the exemplary system. The streams exiting the filters are not continuous streams (F3, F5, F7, and F9) that leave the system, but instead represent the contaminates that will be removed from the system and exit the system when the packing material in each canister / filter is changed. FIG.3 is a schematic depicting the intermolecular interactions between urea and activated carbon obtained from Kameda et al, 2017. FIG.4 is process flow diagram of an exemplary dialysate cleaning or remediating system containing four filters. V-1 is an inlet valve, P-1 is a pump, I-1 is a UV light, R-1 is an activated carbon and urease filter, C-1 is an ion exchange zirconium filter, C-2 is a DI resin filter, V-2 and V-3 are valves to storage containers, and V-4 is a three-way valve. FIG.5 is a block flow diagram showing an exemplary dialysate recycling system to produce purified solute-poor dialysate fluid. FIG.6 is a block flow diagram showing an exemplary dialysate recycling system to produce purified solute-enriched dialysate fluid. FIG.7 is a block flow diagram showing the exemplary dialysate recycling system depicted in FIG.5 in combination with a dialysis machine. FIG.8 is a block flow diagram showing the exemplary dialysate recycling system depicted in FIG.6 in combination with a dialysis machine. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The disclosed methods, systems and devices may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of particular embodiments and to the Figures and their description. I. Systems and Devices Described herein are systems and devices for cleaning or remediating a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine. Cleaning a dialysate generally involves removing a variety of 4 45661302.1 contaminants, including chemicals, biological materials, and particulate materials, in a dialysate that passed through a dialysis machine, to produce a cleaned dialysate. Remediating a dialysate generally involves cleaning a dialysate that passed through a dialysis machine and also reconstituting the cleaned dialysate, to produce a remediated dialysate that has the same electrolytes and glucose, in the same concentration ranges as a normal dialysate. A normal dialysate (also referred to as a standard dialysate) refers to a dialysate containing desired concentrations for each electrolyte and glucose as indicated in Table 1. Normal dialysates include commercially available dialysates that have the concentration ranges listed in Table 1. Table 1: Normal Dialysate Concentration Ranges for electrolytes and glucose. Electrolytes / Glucose Normal Dialysate The syste sate fluid or solute- enriched dialysate fluid, depending on the embodiment of the system. In some embodiments, the enriched dialysate fluid is pumped back into the dialysis machine as recycled dialysate. The systems described herein save on water by re-using and / or recycling the dialysate used by a dialysis machine. In some forms, the systems described herein can effectively remove a broad range of contaminants, including urea, creatinine, ions, and bacteria, using filters and irradiation devices to produce a cleaned dialysate and recycled water safely and sustainably for re-use in dialysis procedures. In some forms, in addition to filters and irradiation devices to clean a dialysate, the system includes additional components for reconstituting a cleaned dialysate to produce a remediated dialysate, which contains electrolytes and glucose at the same or similar levels to those found in a normal dialysate. The remediated dialysate can be stored for future use or directly re-used in a dialysis machine. 5 45661302.1 A. Systems for Cleaning a Dialysate Described is a system for cleaning a dialysate from a dialysis machine to produce a cleaned dialysate, through flowing the dialysate through a series of filters and devices in the system. Generally, the system for cleaning a dialysate includes an inlet, an exposure device, an activated carbon filter and / or urease filter, and an ion exchange filter. Optionally, the system also includes one or more storage containers, a deionized filter, a particulate filter, a pump, and / or one or more pressure / flow sensors. The components of the system can be arranged in any suitable order. 1. Inlet The system includes an inlet, optionally more than one inlet, in fluid communication with the other components of the system. The inlet can be in any suitable form that allows the dialysate to flow from the dialysis machine into the system. In some forms, the inlet can be or include a valve, which, when in open position, provides fluid communication between an outlet of the dialysis machine and the system, and thereby allows the dialysate to flow into the system. In some forms, the inlet may be an opening in any one of the other components in the system, such as an opening in an exposure device, in an activated carbon filter, in an urease filter, or in a combined activated carbon / urease filter of the system. The inlet, such as a valve or an opening, may contain a connecting part configured to facilitate fluid flow from the dialysis machine into the system. For example, the inlet contains a connecting part configured to attach to a conduit. The conduit can attach an outlet of a dialysis machine to the inlet to the system, such that the dialysis machine is fluidly connected to the system via the conduit to provide a flow path for the dialysate from the dialysis machine to the system. The inlet may be of any suitable shape and dimension to provide a desired volume of dialysate flow into the system. In some forms, the inlet of the system has a size and shape suitable for a portable system. For example, the inner diameter of the inlet is in the range between about 5 mm and about 50 mm, between about 5 mm and about 20 mm, between about 10 mm and about 15 mm. 6 45661302.1 2. Exposure device The system includes an exposure device (also referred to herein as an irradiation system). Typically, the exposure device contains an irradiation source or more than one irradiation source to expose light onto the dialysate to remove microbial contamination from the dialysate. The light emitted by the irradiation source(s) to remove microbial contamination can be a UV light, a gamma radiation, an X-ray, a microwave, an IR, or a visible light (e.g., red and / or blue visible light), or a combination thereof. For example, the irradiation source of the exposure device (see, e.g. FIG.2, 1100; FIG.4, 1100) is a UV source. The exposure device is in fluid communication with the other components in the system and can be positioned at any suitable location in the system. For example, the exposure device (see, e.g. FIG.2, 1100; FIG.4, 1100) is positioned before the activated carbon / urease filter (see, e.g. FIG.2, 1200 and 1300; FIG.4, 1250) and after a pump for pumping the dialysate from the dialysis machine to the system (see, e.g. FIG.2, 1700; FIG.4, 1700), such that the exposure device is in direct fluid communication with the activated carbon / urease filter and pump. The irradiation source(s) can be in any arrangement in the exposure device. For example, the exposure device contains hollow fibers through which the dialysate flows through, and one or more irradiation source(s). The irradiation source(s) can be in position relative to the hollow fibers, as long as the light emitted from the irradiation source(s) shine on the dialysate flowing through the hollow fibers. For example, the irradiation source(s) surrounds and / or are included in the hollow fibers, such that the dialysate flowing through the hollow fibers is exposed to the light emitted from the irradiation sources. The irradiation source of the exposure device can be in any suitable form, such as a light bulb of any suitable type, such as a tubular, circular, candle , pear, ellipsoidal, straight sided, or reflector type, or a combination thereof. For example, the exposure device contains an array of irradiation sources in the form of light bulbs. 3. Activated Carbon Filter and Urease Filter The system includes an activated carbon filter and / or a urease filter. The activated carbon filter removes urea, creatinine, and uric acid. The urease filter removes urea. The activated carbon filter and / or urease filter are in fluid communication with the other components in the system, and can be positioned at any suitable location in the system. When both the activated carbon filter and urease filter are included in the system, they may be included as two separate 7 45661302.1 components (see, e.g., FIG.1, 1200 and 1300 and FIG.2, 1200 and 1300) or combined as a single component, such as a filter containing urease tethered to activated carbon (see, e.g., FIG. 4, 1250). When the activated carbon filter and urease filter are included as two separate components, they can be arranged in any order in the system. For example, the activated carbon filter and urease filter are included as two separate components, where the activated carbon filter (see, e.g., FIG.2, 1200) is positioned after the exposure device (see, e.g., FIG.2, 1100) and the urease filter (see, e.g., FIG.2, 1300) is positioned after the activated carbon filter and before the ion exchange filter (see, e.g., FIG.2, 1250), such that the activated carbon filter is in direct fluid communication with the exposure device and the urease filter, and the urease filter is in direct fluid communication with the activated carbon filter and the ion exchange filter. For example, the activated carbon filter and urease filter are included as one single component, where the activated carbon filter / urease filter (see, e.g., FIG.4, 1250) is positioned after the exposure device (see, e.g., FIG.4, 1100) and before the ion exchange filter (see, e.g., FIG.4, 1400), such that the activated carbon filter / urease filter is in direct fluid communication with the exposure device and the ion exchange filter. The activated carbon filter can be in the form of a packed column or reactive bed of carbon fibers and / or beads. For example, the activated carbon filter is in the form of a packed reactive bed of carbon fibers. Generally, the activated carbon filter in the packed column or reactive bed has a total surface area ranging from 1150 m2 / g to 1250 m2 / g, optionally from 1000 m2 / g to 1250 m2 / g, from 900 m2 / g to 1300 m2 / g, from 800 m2 / g to 1400 m2 / g; a density ranging from 0.5 g / cc to 0.52 g / cc, optionally from 0.5 g / cc to 0.6 g / cc, from 0.4 g / cc to 0.6 g / cc, from 0.3 g / cc to 0.7 g / cc; and / or a moisture content of ≤5%, such as ≤ 4%, ≤ 3%, ≤ 2%, ≤ 1%, or ≤ 0.5%. The activated carbon, such as in the form of fibers or beads, in the packed column or bed can have any suitable sieve size, such as a size according to the U.S. standard, for example, 4x8, 4x4, 4x6, 4x10, 6x12, 6x14, or 6x16. Further, activated carbon, such as in the form of fibers or beads, in the packed column or bed can have a hardness of ≥70%, such as ≥75%, ≥80%, ≥85%, ≥90%, ≥95%, for example 98%. The urease filter can be in any suitable form, such as in the form of a packed column or reactive bed of urease powders. The urease powers in the urease filter can have any suitable average particle size. 8 45661302.1 4. Ion Exchange Filter The system includes an ion exchange filter. The ion exchange filter removes inorganics and ions. The ion exchange filter is in fluid communication with the other components in the system and can be positioned at any suitable location in the system. For example, the ion exchange filter (see, e.g. FIG.2, 1400; FIG.4, 1400) is positioned after the activated carbon / urease filter (see, e.g., FIG.2, 1200 and 1300; FIG.4, 1250) and before the DI resin filter (see, e.g. FIG.2, 1500; FIG.4, 1500), such that the ion exchange filter is in direct fluid communication with the activated carbon / urease filter and DI resin filter. The ion exchange filter can be in any suitable form, such as in the form of a packed column or reactive bed of fibers, beads, and / or powders of an ion exchanger. Examples of ion exchanges suitable for use in the ion exchange filer include, but are not limited to zirconium phosphate, zirconium hydroxide, zeolites, montmorillonite, clay, and soil humus, and combinations thereof. The fibers, beads, and / or powder in the ion exchange filter can have any suitable size. For example, the ion exchange filter is in the form of a packed reactive bed of powders of zirconium phosphate or zirconium hydroxide, or a combination thereof. The zirconium phosphate removes inorganic compounds, such as ammonia, from the dialysate, and the zirconium hydroxide removes ions, such as phosphate ions. 5. Optional Components Optionally, the system includes one or more of the following components: deionization resin filter, particulate filter, one or more storage containers for the cleaned dialysate, one or more pumps, and one or more pressure / flow sensors. a. DI Resin Filter The system may include deionization (DI) resin filter. The DI resin filter removes positively charged and negatively charged ions. The DI resin filter is in fluid communication with the other components in the system and can be positioned at any suitable location in the system. For example, the DI resin filter (see, e.g. FIG.2, 1500; FIG.4, 1500) is positioned before a storage container and is thus in direct fluid communication with the storage container. In some forms, the DI resin in the DI resin filter contains an anion exchange resin and a cation exchange resin. Examples of ion exchange resins suitable for use in the DI resin filter include, but are not limited to, DuPont™ AmberLite™ cation exchange resins and DuPont™ AmberLite™ anion exchange resins. 9 45661302.1 The DI resin filter can be in any suitable form, such as in the form of a bed packed with DI resin, i.e., a DI resin bed. The DI resin bed may contain a cation resin and an anion resin separated by a filter paper. For example, the DI resin bed in the system contains Amberlite IR- 252 cationic exchange resin and Amberlite IRA-420 anionic exchange resin separated by a filter paper, where the Amberlite IR-252 removes cations, such as sodium ions, calcium ions, and magnesium ions; and the Amberlite IRA-420 removes anions, such as chlorine ions and bicarbonate ions. b. Particulate Filter The system may include a particulate filter. The particulate filter is in fluid communication with the other components in the system and can be positioned at any suitable location in the system. The particulate filter typically contains a porous membrane to remove particulate materials in the dialysate and prevent leachate. The pores of the porous membrane in the particulate filter can have any suitable average diameters. Examples of particulate filter suitable for use in the system include, but are not limited to, EF-02 / EF-02D particulate filters, KX Technologies® MATRIKX® CTO® Carbon Block Filters, EndoPur® Endotoxin Filter, DSU-D Dual-Stage Filter, and SSU-D Single-Stage Filter. The specific pore diameter and porous membrane can be selected based on specific conditions of the patient, the specific dialysis machine producing the dialysate, flow parameters of dialysate in the system, etc. c. Storage Containers for Cleaned Dialysate The system may include one or more storage containers. The storage container is generally a hollow structure that can hold a liquid collected / produced in the system. For example, the system includes one or more storage containers for holding the cleaned dialysate and / or one or more storage containers for holding water collected from the dialysate during the cleaning process. The storage container is in fluid communication with the other components in the system and can be positioned at any suitable location in the system. For example, when a cleaned dialysate is the final product of the system, a storage container for holding the clean dialysate is optionally positioned as a last component in the system (see, e.g. FIG.5, 3900). The system may include more than one storage container for holding the cleaned dialysate. When two or more storage containers are included in the system, they can be arranged in any suitable manner. 10 45661302.1 In some forms, the cleaned dialysate is further processed, such as reconstituted to produce a remediated dialysate. In these forms, the system includes additional components, such as one or more sensors for measuring concentrations of electrolytes and / or glucose, one or more electrolyte sources, a glucose source, a water source, and an outlet, for remediating the dialysate (described in detail below). In these forms, the storage container for holding the clean dialysate can be positioned at a suitable location in the system. For example, the storage container for holding the clean dialysate (see, e.g. FIG.6, 4900) is in direct fluid communication with a mixing container (see, e.g. FIG.6, 4030) for mixing the cleaned dialysate and one or more electrolyte(s) and / or glucose to produce a remediated dialysate. d. Pump The system may include a pump, optionally more than one pump. The pumps can control the flow of a dialysate from a dialysis machine into the system, the flow of the dialysate in the system, and / or the flow of the dialysate existing the system. The pump(s) can be positioned at any suitable location in the system, and can be determined based on the specific purpose of the pump. For example, a pump is included before the inlet of the system and in direct communication with the inlet, such that the dialysate from the dialysis machine is pumped into the system via the inlet. Alternatively, when a pump is included in the system to direct the flow of the dialysate from the dialysis machine into the system, the inlet may be positioned on the pump or before the pump, and the pump is in direct fluid communication with the first cleaning component in the system, such as an exposure device, activated carbon / urease filter, or ion exchange filter. For example, the pump (see, e.g. FIG.2, 1700; FIG.4, 1700) is positioned after the inlet valve (see, e.g. FIG.2, 1600; FIG.4, 1600) and before the exposure device (see, e.g. FIG.2, 1100; FIG.4, 1100), such that the pump is in direct fluid communication with the inlet valve and exposure device. The pump can be in any suitable type, such as manually controlled pump, or automatically controlled pump, or a combination thereof, as long as it provides control of the flow of dialysate. In some forms, the pump(s) in the system can provide a constant flow rate of dialysate ranging from 131 mL / minute to 6400 mL / minute, optionally from 131 mL / minute to 6000 mL / minute, from 150 mL / minute to 6000 mL / minute, from 200 mL / minute to 5000 ml / minute, from 300 mL / minute to 2000 mL / minute, from 500 mL / minute to 1,000 mL / minute. 11 45661302.1 The pump generally operates at a rotation speed between about 500 rotations per minute (rpm) and 9000 rpm, optionally in a range from 500 rpm to 8000 rpm, from 600 rpm to 8000 rpm, from 1,000 rpm to 7,000 rpm, from 1,500 rpm to 6,000 rpm. e. Pressure / Flow Sensors The system may include one or more sensors for measuring the pressure and / or flow parameters (e.g., flow rate) of the dialysate in the system to assure adequate and safe pressures and / or flows as the dialysate flowing through the system. In some forms, one or more sensors each capable of measuring both the pressure and flow parameters of the dialysate stream in the system is included. In some forms, one or more sensors capable of measuring pressure of the dialysate stream and one or more sensors capable of measuring flow parameters of the dialysate stream in the system, are included. The pressure and / or flow sensors can be positioned at any suitable location in the system. Optionally, one or more pressure / flow sensors are incorporated immediately downstream from a component, optionally the last component, in the system. For example, one or more pressure / flow sensors are incorporated immediately downstream from the storage container for holding the cleaned dialysate or the storage container for holding the remediated dialysate. Optionally, one or more pressure / flow sensors are incorporated immediately downstream from more than one component. For example, one or more pressure / flow sensors are incorporated immediately downstream from the storage container for holding the cleaned dialysate; and one or more pressure / flow sensors are incorporated immediately downstream from the storage container for holding the remediated dialysate. B. Systems for Remediating a Dialysate Systems for remediating a dialysate from a dialysis machine to produce a remediated dialysate are also described. The system for remediating a dialysate includes the components described above for the cleaning system to produce a cleaned dialysate, such as an inlet, an exposure device, an activated carbon filter and / or urease filter, and an ion exchange filter, and optionally, one or more storage containers, a deionized filter, a particulate filter, a pump, and / or one or more pressure / flow sensors; and additional components for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate to produce a remediated dialysate. The components for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate in the system include one or more chemical sensors, one or more volume sensors, one or more electrolyte sources, and a 12 45661302.1 glucose source. Optionally, the components for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate in the system also include one or more of the following: a water source, a water filter, a mixing container, an outlet, The remediated dialysate contains the same electrolytes and glucose, at the same concentrations, as a normal dialysate, and thereby can be re-used in a dialysis machine. 1. Chemical Sensors and Volume Sensors The system for remediating a dialysate includes one or more chemical sensors and optionally one or more volume sensors. The chemical sensor(s) can measure the concentration(s) of one or more electrolytes and the concentration of glucose in the cleaned dialysate. The volume sensor(s) can measure the volume of the cleaned dialysate. The electrolyte / glucose concentrations and volume information provided by the chemical and optionally volume sensors are used for calculating the amount of one or more electrolytes, glucose, and optionally water, to be added in the cleaned dialysate, to achieve the electrolyte / glucose composition and concentrations of a normal dialysate. For example, the measured concentration for each of the one or more electrolytes and / or glucose is compared to a concentration for the corresponding electrolyte and / or glucose found in a standard dialysate formula; and based on the differences, the amount of each electrolyte, the amount of glucose, and / or water needed to achieve the electrolytes and glucose concentrations of the standard dialysate formula is determined. The chemical sensor(s) can be in any suitable form, and are optionally positioned within the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, immediately upstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, and / or downstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, in the system, to measure the concentration of one or more electrolytes and glucose in the clean dialysate. The specific position of the chemical sensors in the system can be determined based on the location for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate. When the reconstitution takes place in the storage container for holding the cleaned dialysate, the chemical sensor(s) can be positioned within the storage container for the cleaned dialysate and / or immediately upstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, in the system. When the reconstitution takes place in a separate mixing container, the chemical sensor(s) can be positioned within the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, immediately upstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, and / or downstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, in the system. 13 45661302.1 In some forms, one chemical sensor is included in the system, which can measure the concentrations of a complete panel of electrolytes presented in a normal dialysate (e.g., bicarbonate ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, and chloride ion) and glucose, in the cleaned dialysate. In these forms, the chemical sensor can be positioned within the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, immediately upstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, and / or downstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, in the system. In some forms, two or more chemical sensors are included in the system, where one chemical sensor measures the concentration of glucose (i.e., a glucose sensor), and one or more chemical sensors measure the concentrations of one or more electrolytes. For example, the system includes two chemical sensors, where the first chemical sensor measures the concentration of glucose, and the second chemical sensor measures the concentrations of a complete panel of electrolytes presented in a normal dialysate. For example, the system includes three chemical sensors, where the first chemical sensor measures the concentration of glucose; the second chemical sensor measures the concentrations of the anions presented in a normal dialysate; and the third chemical sensor measures the concentrations of the cations presented in a normal dialysate. When two or more chemical sensors are included in the system, each chemical sensor can be independently positioned within the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, immediately upstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, or downstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, in the system. When the two or more chemical sensors are positioned at the same location, they can be arranged in any suitable relative positions to each other. The volume sensor(s) can be in any suitable form (such as in the form of a float or an inert electrode), and are optionally positioned within the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, immediately upstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, and / or downstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, in the system, to measure the volume of the clean dialysate. The specific position of the volume sensors in the system can be determined based on the location for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate and the specific form of the sensor. When the reconstitution takes place in the storage container for holding the cleaned dialysate, the volume sensor(s) can be positioned within the storage container for the cleaned dialysate and / or immediately upstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, in the system. When the reconstitution takes place in a separate mixing container, the volume 14 45661302.1 sensor(s) can be positioned within the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, immediately upstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, and / or downstream from the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, in the system. For example, the volume sensor is in the form of a float or an inert electrode, which can be positioned at a height that corresponds with a desired volume in the storage container. In some forms, the system also includes one or more chemical sensors and optionally one or more volume sensors for measuring the electrolyte / glucose concentrations and optionally the volume of a remediated dialysate produced by reconstituting the cleaned dialysate. For example, the system includes one or more storage containers for receiving and optionally storing the remediated dialysate, where one or more chemical sensors and optionally one or more volume sensors are positioned immediately upstream from the remediated dialysate storage container(s) and / or within the remediated dialysate storage container(s). When one or more volume sensors are included in the storage container for the remediated dialysate, the volume sensor(s) can be in any suitable form, such as a float or an inter electrode, positioned within the storage container, at a height that corresponds with a desired volume in the storage container 2. Electrolytes / Glucose Supplies The system for remediating a dialysate includes one or more supplies for electrolytes and glucose. The one or more supplies are in fluid communication with the other components in the system, and optionally in direct fluid communication with the container for reconstitution of the cleaned dialysate, which may be the storage container for the cleaned dialysate or a separate mixing container. The one or more supplies for electrolytes and glucose optionally contain concentrated solutions of the electrolytes and glucose. A concentrated solution of an electrolyte or glucose refers to a solution that contains the electrolyte or glucose at a concentration at least 2 times, at least 5 times, at least 10 times, at least 15 times, at least 20 times, at least 30 times, at least 40 times, at least 50 times, at least 60 times, at least 70 times, at least 80 times, at least 90 times, or at least 100 times of the concentration of the electrolyte or glucose in a normal dialysate. The supplies can be in any suitable shape and may be formed from any suitable material, as long as it can hold a solution, for example, a plastic bottle, a rubber bottle, etc. In some forms, one supply containing a concentrated solution of a complete panel of electrolytes presented in a normal dialysate (e.g., bicarbonate ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, and chloride ion) and glucose, is included in the system. In some 15 45661302.1 forms, two or more supplies are included in the system, where one supply contains a concentrated solution of glucose, and one or more supplies contain a concentrated solution of a complete panel of electrolytes presented in a normal dialysate (e.g., bicarbonate ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, and chloride ion). In some forms, two or more supplies are included in the system, where one supply contains a concentrated solution of glucose, and the other supplies each contain a concentrated solution of a different electrolyte. For example, seven supplies are included in the system, each supply containing a different concentrated solution of electrolyte / glucose, wherein the electrolyte is bicarbonate ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, or chloride ion in each concentrated solution. The supply or each supply (when more than one supplies are included in the system) may be in feedback connection with the electrolyte / glucose sensor(s) and optionally the volume sensor(s), which provides information with regard to an amount of each electrolyte and an amount of glucose that are needed for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate to produce the remediated dialysate. For example, the concentrations of electrolytes and glucose measured by the chemical sensors are compared with a normal dialysate. Based on the differences between the measured electrolyte / glucose concentration and the normal dialysate, the concentration and volume of each concentrated solution in the supply, and optionally the volume of the cleaned dialysate measured by the volume sensor, the volume of each concentrated electrolyte and the volume of the concentrated glucose solution needed to reconstitute the cleaned dialysate are calculated. As the supplies are in direct fluid communication with the container where reconstitution takes place, such as the storage container for the cleaned dialysate or a separate mixing container, the calculated volume of the concentrated solution of electrolytes / glucose or each concentration solution of electrolytes and glucose, is fed into the container for reconstitution, optionally mixed with the cleaned dialysate, to restore the cleaned solute poor dialysate back to a clean solute-enriched reconstituted dialysate based on a normal dialysate (i.e., a remediated dialysate). 3. Optional Components Optionally, the system for remediating a dialysate also includes a water source, a water filter, a mixing container, one or more storage containers for the remediated dialysate, or an outlet, or a combination thereof. 16 45661302.1 a. Water Source The system may include a water source or contain an inlet configured to fluidly connect to a water source to provide water for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate with concentrated solutions of electrolytes and / or glucose to produce the remediated dialysate. When in use, the water source is in fluid communication with the other components in the system, and typically in direct fluid communication with the container for reconstitution of the cleaned dialysate, which may be the storage container for the cleaned dialysate or a separate mixing container. The water source can be any suitable source that can provide water, such as a public water supply system, a water tank, a natural or artificial water source (e.g., a river, lake, and / or canal), and / or compressed air water tank. The water for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate is purified and meets the standard for use in a dialysis machine. Accordingly, when the water directly provided by the water source has a quality lower than the standard for dialysis machine, one or more water filters are also included in the system, positioned immediately downstream from the water source, or integrated with the water source. For example, the system includes a water tank that stores purified water meeting the standard for use in a dialysis machine, where the water tank is in direct fluid communication with the container for reconstitution of the cleaned dialysate. Optionally, the water tank (see, e.g., FIG.1, F-13) is in direct fluid communication with a water filter or water filtration device, positioned immediately downstream from the water tank, and the water filter or water filtration device is in direct fluid communication with the container for reconstitution of the cleaned dialysate. Optionally, the water tank contains a water filter or water filtration device such that the water or purified water in the water tank is further purified before exiting the water tank and flowing into the container for reconstitution of the cleaned dialysate. For example, the system includes an inlet (that is different from the inlet for a dialysate from a dialysis machine) configured to connect to an external water source, such as a faucet of a public water supply system. In these forms, the system includes a water filter or water filtration device in direct fluid communication with the inlet for water, such that the water flowing into the system is purified before flowing into the container for reconstitution of the cleaned dialysate. Optionally, the water source included in the system is a storage container that stores the water collected from the dialysate during the cleaning process. In these forms, the water storage container is in direct fluid communication with the container for reconstitution of the cleaned dialysate. The water storage container may contain one or more water filter or water filtration 17 45661302.1 device. Alternatively, the water storage container may be in direct fluid communication with a water filter or water filtration device, and the water filter or water filtration device is in direct fluid communication with the container for reconstitution of the cleaned dialysate. When the water collected from the dialysate during cleaning is recycled for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate, one or more other water sources may be used, such as any one of those described above. b. Mixing Container The system may include a mixing container for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate. When a mixing container is included in the system, it is in fluid communication with the storage container for the cleaned dialysate, one or more electrolyte / glucose sources, and optionally water source, such that the cleaned dialysate, electrolytes, glucose, and optionally water are combined in the mixing container for reconstitution to produce a remediated dialysate. In some forms, the mixing container is in direct fluid communication with each of these components. In some forms, however, one or more sensors, one or more valves, and optionally one or more water filters are included in the system and positioned immediately downstream from one or more of these components. In these forms, the mixing container is in direct fluid communication with the sensor(s) / valve(s) / water filter(s), and in indirect fluid communication with such component(s). The mixing container may contain a mixing element for mixing the cleaned dialysate, electrolytes, glucose, and water to form the remediated dialysate. Examples of mixing elements suitable for use in the mixing container include, but are not limited to a sonicator, an immersion blade, and magnetic beads, and a combination thereof. When the storage container for the clean dialysate also functions as a mixing container for producing a remediated dialysate, such storage container may contain a mixing element capable of mixing solutions, such as a sonicator, an immersion blade, magnetic beads, etc. c. Storage Container for Remediated Dialysate The system may include one or more storage containers for receiving, optionally storing, the remediated dialysate. The system may include more than one storage container for the remediated dialysate. When two or more storage containers are included in the system, they can be arranged in any suitable manner. The storage container for remediated dialysate is in fluid communication with the other components in the system. The storage container for remediated dialysate can be positioned at 18 45661302.1 any suitable location in the system, such as in direct fluid communication with the container for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate, such as the storage container for the cleaned dialysate or a separate mixing container. The storage container for the remediated dialysate may be in direct fluid communication or indirect fluid communication with the container for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate. For example, a storage container for receiving and storing the remediated dialysate is in direct fluid communication with the mixing container (see, e.g. FIG.6, 4900). In some forms, one or more sensors, such as one or more chemical sensors, one or more volume sensors, one or more pressure sensors, and / or one or more flow sensors, are included within the storage container for remediated dialysate, immediately downstream from the storage container for remediated dialysate, and / or immediately upstream from the storage container for remediated dialysate. When the one or more sensors are positioned immediately downstream from the container for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate, the storage container for remediated dialysate can be in direct fluid communication with the one or more sensors, and in indirect fluid communication with the container for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate. d. Outlet Optionally, the remediated dialysate is recycled into the dialysis machine (i.e., the dialysis machine that produces the dialysate flowing into the system for cleaning or remediation). In these forms, the system includes an outlet, optionally more than one outlet, in fluid communication with the other components of the system, and when in use, also in fluid communication with an inlet of the dialysis machine. The outlet is functional in nature and can be in any suitable form, as long as it allows the remediated dialysate to flow from the system into the dialysis machine. In some forms, the outlet can be a valve, which, when in open position, provides fluid communication between the system and an inlet of the dialysis machine, and thereby allows the remediated dialysate to flow into the dialysis machine. In some forms, the outlet may be an opening in the storage container for remediated dialysate. The outlet, such as a valve or an opening, may contain a connecting part configured to facilitate fluid connection between the dialysis machine and the system. For example, the outlet contains a connecting part configured to attach to a conduit. The conduit can attach to the outlet and an inlet of a dialysis machine, such that the dialysis machine is fluidly connected to the 19 45661302.1 system via the conduit to provide a flow path for the remediated dialysate from the system to the dialysis machine. A pump may be positioned at a suitable location relative to the outlet for the remediated dialysate to control the flow of the remediated dialysate. Optionally, the pump is positioned immediately downstream from the storage container and before the outlet to pump the remediated dialysate out of the system via the outlet and into the dialysis machine. The outlet may be of any suitable shape and dimension to provide a desired volume of remediated dialysate flow into the dialysis machine. In some forms, the outlet of the system has a size and shape suitable for a portable system. For example, the inner diameter of the inlet is in the range between about 5 mm and about 50 mm, between about 5 mm and about 20 mm, between about 10 mm and about 15 mm. C. Exemplary Recycling Filtration System with Exemplary Dialysis Machine FIG.1 is a Block Flow Diagram showing an exemplary dialysate recycling filtration system paired with an exemplary existing dialysis machine. While shown with an at-home machine, the recycling filtration system can also be used with a dialysis machine in the hospital. FIG.2 shows a Process Flow Diagram of the exemplary dialysate recycling filtration system paired with an exemplary existing dialysis machine depicted in FIG.1. However different stream numbers are used in FIG.2 than in FIG.1. FIG.4 shows a Process Flow Diagram of another exemplary dialysate recycling filtration system paired with an exemplary existing dialysis machine depicted in FIG.1. However different stream numbers are used in FIG.4 than in FIG.1 and FIG.2. Stream number 1, 2, 3, and 4 of FIG.2 correlates with stream numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 of FIG.4. Stream numbers 5 and 6 of FIG.2 correlates with stream number 5 of FIG.4. Stream numbers 7, 8, and 9 of FIG.2 correlates with stream numbers 6, 7, and 8 of FIG. 4 respectively. As shown in FIG.1, system 1000 includes a series of components for cleaning the dialysate, including a UV light 1100, an activated carbon filter 1200, a urease filter 1300, a zirconium bed 1400, and a DI resin bed 1500, all of which are in fluid communication with each other. As shown in FIG.2, The system may include additional components, such as an inlet (in the form of a valve 1600) and a pump 1700, positioned before the first cleaning component in the system, such as UV light 1100, and in fluid communication with the other components in the system. The pump 1700 can pump the dialysate passed through a dialysis machine 2000 into the system (stream 1) via the inlet 1600. After the dialysate flows into the system 1000, optionally 20 45661302.1 via an inlet 1600 connected with a pump 1700, and through the cleaning components: UV light 1100, activated carbon filter 1200, urease filter 1300, zirconium bed 1400, and DI resin bed 1500, a cleaned dialysate is produced. Optionally, the activated carbon and urease can be combined in a single filter, see, e.g., FIG.4, 1250. It is understood that the cleaning components depicted in FIGs.1, 2, and 4 can be rearranged to be any other desired orders, as long as they are in fluid communication with each other, optionally, when an inlet and a pump are included, are also in fluid communication with the inlet and pump. As depicted in FIG.2, a tap water stream (F13) flows into a water filtration system, purifying the tap water to ultra-purified water (UPW), which will be used in the dialysis process. If there is no available tap water source, the F9 stream is used instead. In alternative embodiments, there is no water filter, and purified water flows into the dialysis machine After purification, the UPW (F10) flows into the dialysis machine or a separate mixing vessel where UPW is mixed with curated salts to form the dialysate solution. Optionally the UPW flows into a mixing vessel (not shown in FIG.1 and 2). Optionally the dialysis machine includes a mixing module and the UPW (stream F10) is mixed with the curated salts to form the dialysate solution within the dialysis machine. The commercially available dialysis system can still be operated as normal (i.e. according to instructions for the commercially available dialysis machine) or a recycling system may be taken into effect after this point by powering on a pump which can move a sufficient flow rate, ranging from approximately400 to 600 mL / min, optionally 450 to 550 mL / min. From the dialysis machine, recycle stream (F1) is fed to a pump, controlled by a recycle valve, and into the recycling system. Typically, the recycle stream (F3) will be pumped out of the pump and flow under a UV light, which will sterilize bacterial components and any additional chloramines and organics that may have passed through the dialysis machine and into the recycle stream. Optionally, the system depicted in FIG.2 can be modified with a particulate filter before the dialysate flows through the irradiation system. The sterilized stream (F4) will then flow to an Activated Carbon Bed Cartridge (“AC Filter”), which will mainly remove urea and creatinine from the stream through a dipole-dipole interactive adsorption process. This stream (F5) continues in the filtering process and goes into a Urease Reactor bed (“Urease filter”), where any residual urea that may have passed through the activated carbon is eradicated. The urease filter will break down the bulk of the urea content 21 45661302.1 from the effluent flow. Urease is an enzyme that hydrolyzes urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia, described in the following reaction (Eq.1): (NH2)2CO + H2O + Urease → CH3NO2 + NH3 + H2O→ H2CO3 + 2NH3 (Eq.1) The resulting nano-molecules that are broken down from the urea ((NH2)2CO) are carbamic acid (CH3NO2), ammonia (NH3), and carbonic acid (H2CO3). Next, the stream (F6) flows into and through a cartridge with two sorbents, zirconium phosphate and zirconium hydroxide, (“Zirconium filter”). Zirconium hydroxide are powders that work in tandem when the urease breaks down the urea into smaller nano-toxin components. The zirconium hydroxide absorbs these by-products of urease and removes them from solution. Zirconium hydroxide is used typically in water filtration to remove four main toxins: arsenic, fluoride, phosphate, and lead [Ogawa, 2012]. As well as removing these hazardous materials from the effluent, the zirconium phosphate removes the components broken down from the urea. One side reaction that occurs when urea interacts with water is the production of carbon dioxide (CO2), shown in the following reaction (Eq.2): (NH2)2CO + H2O → CO2 + 2NH3 (Eq.2) This is an important side reaction to consider as the zirconium hydroxide powder is neutralized as it continues to absorb carbon dioxide. Thus the zirconium hydroxide can be regularly changed to remain effective. The last unit operation that the treated effluent (F7) goes through is a Mixed DI Resin Bed (“DI filter”), which deionizes the remaining chemicals that the UV light ionizes, including the ammonium from the zirconium sorbents. At this point, the effluent (F8) has been filtered of all uremic, organic, and ionic components that can effectively collect into a recycled storage bag and is available to go back into a recycled dialysate storage vessel, such as a storage bag for portable units, for use when needed. In some embodiments, there are two storage tanks that are added to the system right before the water re-enters the dialysis machine. The first storage tank is to hold excess water. Water will be lost due to adsorption and so it is required that excess water is stored. The second tank is for the final collection of recycled water. During the first initialization of the system, the valve (V-2, FIG.4) for the first storage tank will be open to allow for the collection of that excess water and once that tank is filled, the water from the sink can be shut off. The size of these tanks can be varied depending on the duration of the dialysis treatment which will determine the amount of water needed to complete a full treatment. After the dialysis treatment is complete, the valve (V- 22 45661302.1 3, FIG.4) for the second storage tank will open and the water will be collected there for later use. 23 45661302.121F.2.11 GFIFnidetci0p1eFdme9ts Fyseht8Fnisla7iFreta6mFfo w5olFfssa4mF eht 0g38 8F0 233500 8. 54n3 1 1 0.1idivo2F-28 833500 8. 54r1 1 0.1pelb1aF-28331 5 801 0 8.054.t 1mr am memeeae eruutainiruiniahirer btm))iSus )Uidp Ls / osolnnSiatetthoa pscaNC°( ( goCmero h B:2D.Ier pomr( PmC PdAeutlbmaw reolaerpuFaTer s stSme sesaTrPM Table 2 analyzes the composition of chlorides, sodium, potassium, ammonium, phosphates, creatinine and urea content in the recycle stream as it moves through the effluent recycling system depicted in FIG.2. The numbering for the streams corresponds with the numbering used in FIG.2. The flow rates of the salts and urea in dialysis effluent are unique to each individual and can change patient to patient. These initial compositions are estimated based on the average urine composition provided in Dou, Pengjia, et al. “Feasibility of Osmotic Dilution for Recycling Spent Dialysate: Process Performance, Scaling, and Economic Evaluation.” Water Research, vol.168, 2020, p.115157., https: / / doi.org / 10.1016 / j.watres.2019.115157 & Watts, Michael, and Karl Linden. “Chlorine Photolysis and Subsequent Oh Radical Production during UV Treatment of Chlorinated Water.” Water Research, Pergamon, 11 May 2007, https: / / www.sciencedirect.com / science / article / abs / pii / S0043. Table 2 also provides the expected temperatures and pressures of each stream. (*) Represents an assume removal rate, subject to change per patient and after experimentation. The recycling system runs at the same speed as the dialysis machine to ensure there is no excess back pressure potentially affecting change in flow rates. Any changes in flow rate will decrease the effectiveness of the dialysis system and decrease the overall conversion rate for each analyte. The pressure variances across each unit operation, from F4 to F8 were calculated individually using an Ergun equation. The calculations were based on using a dialysis machine, such as NxStage®Dialysis, which runs at a baseline of 140 mL / min. Specific compositions of endotoxins and bacteria are not included in the stream tables because they vary from patient to patient, and they cannot be consistently measured through each stream. However, the overall process removes bacterial content with the carbon and UV light filter. For the overall system depicted in FIG.2, Table 3 shows the calculated percent removal rate of each associated contaminant as it exits the recycling system. Using Table 2 and FIG.2 to analyze where each contaminant is being removed in the system, urea and creatinine are two toxins that are targeted by the activated carbon. Urea is also targeted by the Urease. Salt such as sodium, potassium, chlorine are targeted mainly by a DI Resin bed. The ammonium is produced by the zirconium phosphate and zirconium hydroxide as they adsorb the phosphates in the system. Bacteria varies through each unit op and is assumed to be contained within the system. 25 45661302.1 Table 3: Final inlet and outlet composition concentrations when the Recycling System depicted in FIG.2 is used a e ana yzes t e n t a an na concentrat ons o urea, creat n ne, ur c acid, NH4, HCO3 / CO2, PO4, Na+, Ca2+, Mg, K+, and Cl- for the system depicted in FIG.4. The numbering for the streams corresponds with the numbering used in FIG.4. This modelassumes ideal behavior, no variation in resin bead properties, and that the exchange between ions in the solution and the resin reaches equilibrium. These theoretical models do not account for mass transfer limitations and competition between ions in the solution. 26 45661302.1 Table 4: Stream table providing the mass flow of materials in the System depicted in FIG.4. e ecyc g syse s esc e ee ca e o e us g co eca y ava a e materials. Table 5 lists the materials and manufacturers that were used to form the exemplary systems described herein. Table 5: Equipment table listing the equipment, model number, and manufacturer. Equipment Table / 45661302.1 , 7 3 h p Water Purity The dialysate effluent recycling system can adhere to existing AAMI, CDC, and / or FDA guidelines that are used for dialysis treatments whether they be at home and in the hospital. The system is able to clean and recycle the dialysate, while not extending the duration of the dialysis treatment, For example, for an at home dialysis treatment, the treatment including the use of a recycling system described herein typically lasts around 3-4 hours, optionally a flow rate of 140 ml / min. Additionally, the system maintains the effectiveness of hemodialysis treatment by removing the same levels of toxins and water as would be removed in a patient's standard treatment. Table 6: AAMI Regulatory requirements and preferred recommendations of Endotoxin levels in Water Allowable water Action level water Allowable Level Action Level water U) to ensure the water quality does not fall below the AAMI regulatory requirements for this process, such as specified in Table 6 above. FIG.5 depicts an exemplary system 3000 that cleans a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine and produces a cleaned dialysate. As shown in FIG.5, system 3000 includes an exposure device / irradiation system 3100 containing a light source (e.g., an UV light source, an IR source, a red / blue light source, microwave source, and / or gamma source); a first filter 3200; a urease filter 3300; a zirconium bed 3400 for removing inorganic materials (e.g., phosphate, arsenic, fluoride, lead, etc.); a DI resin bed 3500 for removing salts (e.g., mixed cationic and anionics, for example, sodium ion, potassium ion, chloride, ammonium, etc.); a second filter 3600; and a storage container for the cleaned dialysate 3900. Each of the first and second filter can be an activated carbon filter or an ion exchange filter. For example, the first filter 3200 is an 29 45661302.1 activated carbon filter and the second filter 3600 is an ion exchange filter, or vice versa. Although not illustrated in FIG.5, the system may include additional components, such as additional filters (e.g., particulate filter, water filter, etc.), one or more pumps, one or more valves, and / or an inlet. Optionally, as depicted in FIG.7, the storage container 3900 for the cleaned dialysate includes an outlet (not shown in FIG.7) for the cleaned dialysate to flow out of the system. After exiting the system, the composition of the cleaned dialysate can be measured and analyzed, to determine, for example, the concentration of electrolytes and glucose in the cleaned dialysate and optionally the volume of the cleaned dialysate. The results can be compared with the electrolytes and glucose concentrations in a normal dialysate to determine the differences. Based on the comparison results, a suitable amount of one or more electrolytes and / or glucose can be added into the cleaned dialysate to produce a remediated dialysate. The remediated dialysate can then be used in a dialysis machine 2001. FIG.6 depicts an exemplary system 4000 that remediates a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine and produces a remediated dialysate. As shown in FIG.6, system 4000 includes the cleaning components and storage container for a cleaned dialysate as illustrated in FIG.5. System 4000 also includes additional components for reconstituting the cleaned dialysate: one or more chemical sensors for measuring concentrations of electrolytes / glucose (collectively referred to as element 4010), one or more electrolyte / glucose dispensers for providing concentrated solutions of electrolytes / glucose to reconstitute the cleaned dialysate (collectively referred to as element 4020), and a mixer 4030, all of which in fluid communication with each other and with the cleaning components and the storage container 4900 for the cleaned dialysate. The chemical sensors 4010 are positioned immediately downstream from the storage container 4900 and are in direct fluid communication with the storage container 4900, as illustrated in FIG.6. It is understood that these chemical sensors can be positioned at other suitable locations as long as they can measure the electrolyte / glucose concentrations in the cleaned dialysate, such as immediately upstream from the storage container 4900 and / or within the storage container 4900. Although not illustrated in FIG.6, the system may also include one or more volume sensors at any suitable position as described above, such as in the form of a float or an inert electrode within the storage container 4900. The mixer 4030 is in fluid communication with the electrolyte / glucose dispensers 4020 and the storage container 4900 for the cleaned dialysate, such that the cleaned dialysate and concentrated solutions of the 30 45661302.1 electrolyte / glucose can flow into the mixer for reconstitution to produce the remediated dialysate. The system 4000 also includes a second storage container 4040 for receiving and storing the remediated dialysate. Optionally, as illustrated in FIG.8, the system 4000 includes an outlet (not shown in FIG.8). The outlet is in fluid communication with an inlet of the dialysis machine 4001 for the remediated dialysate to flow from the system and into the dialysis machine 4001. The dialysis machine 4001 produces a dialysate, which may be fed into the system 4000 for cleaning and reconstitution to produce a remediated dialysate. This way, a closed loop recycling system is formed. Alternatively and additionally, the dialysate in need of cleaning or remediating is from a dialysis machine that is different from 4001. D. Portable System The systems described herein may be portable. For portable systems, which can be used at home, or outside of the hospital, preferably the overall size of the system is about the size of a briefcase. For example, the overall dimensions can be in the range of about 10 inches to about 20 inches in width, such as about 15 to about 20 inches in width, optionally about 17 to about 18 inches in width; 5 inches to about 20 inches in height, such as about 10 to about 15 inches in height, optionally about 12 to about 13 inches in height; and 1 inch to about 10 inches in depth, such as about 2 to about 5 inches in depth, optionally about 3 to about 5 inches in depth, optionally about 4 inches in depth. This will be able to fit all the equipment and will be small enough to not change the portability of the system. The casing for the unit, tubing material and filter casing can be made of lightweight plastic. In some embodiments, the heaviest piece of equipment will be the pump, which can weigh about 0.5 to about 2 lbs, such as about 0.5 pounds. Optionally the overall weight of a portable effluent recycling system is in the range of about 1 to about 10 lbs, optionally less than 10 lbs, such as in the range of about about 1 to about 8 lbs, in the range of about 2 to about 8lbs, about 3 to about 7 lbs, about 3 to about 5 pounds, such as about 5 lbs. The portable system may include elements that facilitate moving of the system, such as wheels on the casing, carry strap, retractable handle for pulling, etc. 31 45661302.1 E. Model Section The Model section describes how each contaminant is removed based on specific models in MATLAB. The modeling component was used to predict the efficacy of the recycling system in terms of removal rates, longevity, and size. The primary mode of calculations were completed through MATLAB, a programming and computing platform for engineering solutions. The foundational calculations upon which the programs were developed were drawn from widely known theoretical equations and data from peer-reviewed journals. Some example models are the Second-Order Langmuir Isotherm and Michaelis-Menten. Each component of the effluent recycling process has its own separate modeling description below. All models assume a uniform temperature, pressure, and pH as many of the journals have a limited range of applicability. Unique assumptions for each component are listed within its description to facilitate ease of understanding. These models lie largely between the lines of the experimental results from the journals referenced to get as close to a live model as possible. 1. Activated Carbon Activated carbon is a very common and cheap method in absorbing large molecules in water and wastewater treatments. Its high effectiveness makes it a necessary and useful tool when modeling the efficacy of Dialy-ssist. Given the abundancy, low cost, and extensive research, the chosen activated carbon powder was one made of virgin coconut shell. These factors were all compared to other activated carbon sources, with related isotherm data from [Zhao et al, 2017]. The two main toxins that activated carbon treat are urea and creatinine. For urea uptake, this model follows the dipole-dipole interactions that occur between activated carbon and urea. Activated carbon has an affinity for the adsorption of non-polar organic molecules from polar solvents, like water, which makes it a good candidate when considering the effluent stream going into our system, which is water based. FIG.3 shows the how the dipole dipole interactions work during the adsorption: Activated carbon adsorption follows a pseudo-second-order rate formula which is shown in Eq.3 (Kameda 2020) and Eq.4 (Ooi, 2017). ^^ = ^ (^ − ^ ^^ ^ ^^^) (3) ^^^^^^ (4) 45661302.1 with k2 being the pseudo-second-order rate constant with units of grams of activated carbon per mg of toxin per minute (g / mg / min), qe is the equilibrium adsorption quantity with units of mg of toxin per gram of activated carbon (mg / g), and qt is the amount of toxins removed at time t (minutes), also in units of mg / g (Kameda, 2020). There are two models in which the equilibrium adsorption fits; the Freundlich and Halsey adsorption isotherms equations which can be seen in the following equations: (5) where K i F s the Freundlich constant in concentration in units of milligram per liter (mg / L), and ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^=^^^^ −^ ^^^^^^(6) where n and k (mg / L) are constants. The Freundlich isotherm equation is used for liquid adsorption where the adsorbent has a nonuniform surface and the Halsey isotherm equation is used for multilayer adsorption where the adsorbent consists of porous bodies (Kameda, 2020). These constants are all dependent on the toxin being removed and the temperature at which the adsorption takes place. Generally, for all three toxins as the temperature goes up, the equilibrium adsorption decreases. For k2 with urea and creatinine as the temperature increases the rate constant decreases and for uric acid, as temperature increases the rate constant increases. These constants will also change depending on the type of activated carbon. Powdered activated carbon will have different constants than granular. The constants for granular activated carbon for urea, creatinine and uric acid at 30°C can be seen in Table 7. Table 7: Modeling Constants for Activated Carbon Urea Creatinine Uric Acid Tem erature 30 35 30 35 30 35 mol / L, respectively. Using the canister type provided from the equipment table (Table 5) the column bed height was calculated to be 11.1125 cm, with a diameter of 8.89 cm, and a volume of 0.6897 L. With this volume, the mass of the activated carbon packed within was 0.3587 g. Other known values that were necessary, such the rate constant at equilibrium was found to be 3.9 g / (mg*min 33 45661302.1 Urea) [Dwivedi et al, 2008]. A differential equation for the change of adsorption capacity over time was used to find the max time in which the activated carbon would be viable. This resulted in the max time of approximately 547 mins of operation, or 6.5 hours, before the activated carbon needed to be replaced, an equivalent to 1 full effluent recycling cycle. The removal rate was calculated at 98%, a high amount that demonstrates the power in using activated carbon for wastewater treatment, even in dialysis. However, as there were no sources indicating rate constants for creatinine, there was no way to develop a model without gathering experimental data. This model requires a few other assumptions. First, diffusion is not considered within the system because of the inconsistent and rarely recorded isotherm data found in literature. Second, this modeling has not considered all possible analytes. This includes large organic chemicals, and potential pigments that may be in the effluent before going into the dialysis machine. Further, it was assumed that the assisting dialysis machine will remove all large pigments from the effluent before entering the effluent recycling system. Lastly, this model assumes full adsorption of creatinine from the system. 2. UV Light UV light filtration is a method of disinfecting water by destroying bacteria, viruses, and parasites, from water. The UV light used has an average wavelength of 254 nanometers (nm), which has been determined to be most effective in destroying these microorganisms. When water passes through a UV light filter, the UV light passes through the cell walls of the microorganisms and destroys the DNA, preventing them from reproducing meaning they are no longer colony forming and rendering them harmless to humans and other organisms. The UV light filter utilized is the iSpring UVF11A 10-INCH UV Ultraviolet Filter, which can be operated at 2000 - 3000 μW / cm2. [Rezaie, 2023] This UV Light filter is rated to have 99% deactivation of microorganisms at a flow rate of 1 GPM. With the flow rate of 140 mL / min, it can be assumed that there will be complete sterilization in the system. Furthermore, considering there should be no bacteria in the system from a person's blood nor from materials used in this process, the UV light filter is a safety mechanism and any bacteria that enters the system will be trace amount with very low concentrations. 34 45661302.1 3. DI Resin Deionization Resin functions using a charged resin packing material to attract and adsorb oppositely charged ions. The packed DI resin bed used in the effluent recycling system is “mixed”, meaning that it contains both anionic and cationic exchange resin in order to adsorb all ions. The resin loses adsorption efficacy as ions adhere to its surface and must be replaced or regenerated to return the bed to its original potency. In water purification, ion-exchange resins, such as cation and anion exchange resins, are used to remove poisonous (e.g. copper) and hazardous metal (e.g. lead or cadmium) ions from solution, replacing them with more innocuous ions, such as sodium and potassium. Dialysate contains many electrolytes that could be removed by a DI resin bed; however, chlorine, sodium, and potassium were the only electrolytes modeled herein because of their higher concentration in dialysis compared to other electrolytes, such as magnesium or calcium. Amberlite IR-252 was the cationic resin used in the model to remove the sodium and potassium ions while Amberlite IRA-420 was used for the anionic resin; both of these resins are some of the strongest ionic resins used in industry. The resins are to be housed in the same cylindrical 0.6L (3” ID) bed but separated by a filter paper or membrane that allows water to pass through while keeping the resins in place. For the purpose of modeling, it was assumed that the deionization resin’s potency at half total capacity expended is equivalent to the potency of half the initial resin weight. In other words, a resin bed of 30g at half total capacity expended would have the same potency as a 15g resin bed. Another assumption made was that the fraction adsorbed for sodium and potassium are equivalent when total capacity is completely expended; the fraction would be similar but not identical in practice. The final assumption was that temperature is constant at 30 °C. However, the temperature could varies, particularly when using a portable dialysis system. Varying the temperature, can result in higher or lower resin efficacy. The pseudo-first-order Langmuir isotherm equation (Eq.18) applies to these resins because absorption occurs at sites on the resin particles. (Saleh 2022) To predict the value of q, the amount of ions adsorbed per gram of dry resin, the following equation can be used: ^ =^^^^ ^!"^^^^^^ "(7) This equation accounts for as represented by the Langmuir 35 45661302.1 The DI resin packed bed was modeled by putting these equations into MATLAB and using the ODE45 function to determine the fractional adsorption for sodium, potassium, and chlorine at different bed sizes. The resin capacity is expended for both types before the end of each cycle due to the high concentration of the target sorbates compared to a relatively small resin weight. The fraction adsorbed at the end of a cycle is 0.566 for the anionic chlorine ions and 0.440 for the cationic sodium and potassium ions. Optionally, a larger resin weight could be used in order to adsorb all of the sorbate. However, to model use with a portable dialysis machine, the resin volume was limited to the 0.6L bed. However such a low resin volume was determined to be too low to remove sodium, potassium, and chlorine. Increasing the volume allocated to the DI resin system from 0.6L to about 1.20L would decrease the final electrolyte concentrations enough to make the system described herein feasible. 4. Urease Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea forming ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide. This reaction increases the pH of aqueous solutions because ammonia (NH3) reacts with water forming NH4+. Urease is produced by a variety of natural occurring processes such as bacteria, animals, and plants. Urea is both soluble and stable in water so activated carbon may not be enough to remove it from solution. Studies have shown that urease, tethered specifically to coconut shell activated carbon, has the potential to aid in urea removal from aqueous solutions (Wang, 2013). Urease converts urea into ammonia and carbonic acid through a two-step hydrolysis process The ammonia has a side reaction in the presence of water: #$%+ $^↔ #$(^(8) This side reaction produces ammonium which can increase the pH of the solution and inhibit urea’s reaction with urease. Taking into account his inhibition, urease follows the following modified Michaelis- Menten equation (Bubanja, 2018) ) =*+^,[.](^0^[.])(^^1345634^52^6^1^27) Where S is the urea of protons, which is related to pH through the equation 8$ = −log [$^] (9) 36 45661302.1 Or To relate the pH to the concentrations of ammonia and ammonium directly. Kes1 and Kes2 are the binding coefficients of urease to ammonium. A study by Wang, et al. calculated the KMand Vmax values of urease when tethered to coconut shell activated carbon. Those values were found to be 0.345 mol / L and 0.215 mol / min respectively. 5. Zirconium Phosphate Zirconium phosphate (ZrP) adsorbent is used to remove ammonia produced by the urease. ZrP has been shown to have a relatively high capacity as an ammonia adsorbent, with both neutral and cationic forms of ammonia and water molecules being shown to bind directly to the ZrP (Yamaguchi et al., 2020, 2021). This adsorption behavior can be represented by the two following reactions: D)($EF()^$^F + #$%⇌ D)($EF()(#$(EF()$^F (11) D)($EF()(#$(EF()$^F + #$%⇌ D)(#$(EF()^$^F (12) where eq.11 represents the initial adsorption of an ammonia species onto the ZrP and eq.12 shows the adsorption of an additional NH3species onto the adsorbent, saturating the molecule (Yamaguchi et al., 2021). An assumption was made that ZrP follows a pseudo-second order Langmuir Isotherm adsorption model as demonstrated by Veliscek-Carolan et al. (2014). This equation follow the same structure as eq.3, where qtis mg of ammonia adsorbed per g of ZrP at time t, qeis the mg of ammonia adsorbed per g of ZrP at equilibrium, and k2 is the rate constant of adsorption in units of g of ZrP per mg of ammonia per minute. The qeterm is calculated using: ^^=^+^^"^^^^^"^(13) Where Ce is the equilibrium ammonia in mg ammonia / g ZrP, and (Johir et al., 2016). Eq.3 is modified using the cross-sectional area of the container, A; the volumetric flowrate, HI ; and the density of zirconium phosphate ρz, to convert to a function of concentration and position: ^" ^ K M =^ L(^ − ^ ^J NI ^^^) (14) The area is an assumed value based on the cross-sectional area of a vessel that had been selected for experimentation. This 37 45661302.1 container used. All constants used are found in Table 8. To model the system with respect to distance traveled along the packed bed and time, a differentially small volume was used to show adsorption behavior. Table 8: Modeling Constants for Zirconium Phosphate (Veliscek-Carolan et al., 2014) The results from the MATLAB ODE45 solver gives the required volume of the canister, time through the zirconium phosphate packed bed, and the removal of ammonium ions over time. The 3 grams of zirconium phosphate will take up 0.09 liters and remove 84% of the ammonium ions from the solution within less than a minute. 6. Zirconium Hydroxide The second half of the zirconium filter makes use of zirconium hydroxide (ZrOH) as an adsorbent to remove phosphate ions from the solution. Studies have shown ZrOH and other zirconium oxides to have at least five times the adsorption capacity for phosphate ions compared to other methods of ion removal, such as an ion exchange resin (Johir et al., 2016). ZrOH follows multiple reaction equations depending on the pH of the solution it is in (Chitrakar et al., 2006). These can be represented as follows: D)F$ + $^+ $^EF(O⇌ (D)F$^)($^EF() (15) D)F$ + 2$^+ $EF(^O⇌(D)F$^)($EF()O+ $^(16) D)F$ + 3$^+ EF(%O⇌ (D)F$^)(EF()^O+ 2$^(17) Eq.15 represents the in pH 4-10, and eq.17 species undergoes protonation and the ions bind together (Chitrakar et al., 2006). 38 45661302.1 Research by Johir et al. shows that ZrOH follows a pseudo-first order Langmuir Isotherm adsorption model, represented by the following equation: ^^ where qt is mg of phosphate adsorbed per g of ZrOH at time t, qe is the mg of phosphate adsorbed per g of ZrOH at equilibrium, and k1is the rate constant of adsorption in units of 1 / min. To calculate qe eq.13 is used. To model this adsorption behavior as a function of concentration and position a similar modification is made as is made in eq.14. ^" ^7KLM − A represents the cross- volumetric flowrate of solution through the packed bed, and ρz is the density of zirconium hydroxide. Once again a differentially small volume was used to model the adsorption behavior of the system, using the constants found in Table 9. Table 9: Modeling Constants for Zirconium Hydroxide (Johir et al., 2016) Constants Used in ZrOH Model The r d volume of the canister, time through the zirconium hydroxide packed bed, and the removal of phosphate ions over time. The 7 grams of zirconium hydroxide will take up 1.4 liters and remove 54% of the phosphate ions from the solution within 10 minutes. Wet in vitro confirmatory experiments can include collecting effluent dialysate from a hospital hemodialysis system is run through the cleaning system for 4 hours, with samples taken hourly for analyte analysis and water purity assessment. Levels of urea and / or one or more ions 39 45661302.1 such as Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Cl- in the cleaned dialysate can be compared to levels in fresh utilized control. II. Method of Using The systems and devices described herein can be used for cleaning or remediating a dialysate effluent after it passes through a dialysis machine. The dialysate effluent is fed into the system and passes through a series of filters and cleaning devices to form a cleaned dialysate. The cleaned dialysate may be further processed, such as reconstituted with one or more electrolytes, glucose, and / or water to form a remediated dialysate. The dialysate stream flows in the system at desirable flowing parameters, such as at a desired flow rate. Typically, a pump included in the system or operably connected to the system provides control of the dialysate flow, such as by providing a suitable pressure and / or a constant flow or a pulsatile flow to the dialysate to achieve desired flow parameters, such as a desired flow rate. Generally, the method for cleaning a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine includes pumping a stream of dialysate effluent into the inlet of a cleaning system described herein. The dialysate flows through a series of filters and devices in the system and is converted to a cleaned dialysate. The method for remediating a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine generally includes: (a) pumping a stream of the dialysate effluent into the inlet of a remediating system; and (b) reconstituting the cleaned dialysate to form a remediated dialysate. The dialysate fed into the system is first cleaned after flowing through a series of filters and cleaning devices to form a cleaned dialysate. The cleaned dialysate is then reconstituted to form the remediated dialysate. Typically, the reconstitution step includes: (i) measuring the concentration of one or more electrolytes, the concentration of glucose, and / or the volume of the cleaned dialysate; (ii) comparing the measured concentration for each of the one or more electrolytes and / or glucose to a concentration for the corresponding electrolyte and / or glucose found in a standard dialysate formula; and (iii) adding a sufficient amount of one or more concentrated solutions of electrolytes, a concentrated solution of glucose, and / or water to the cleaned dialysate to achieve the electrolytes and glucose concentrations of the standard dialysate formula and thereby form the remediated dialysate. 40 45661302.1 The reconstitution may be performed using components included in the system or using external devices / instruments. When the reconstitution is performed outside the system, the method may include, prior to (b), a step of pumping the cleaned dialysate out of the system and optionally received and stored in a container. Optionally, the remediated method further includes (c) pumping the remediated dialysate into an inlet of the dialysis machine. The remediated dialysate may be pumped into a dialysis machine or recycled into the dialysis machine that produces the dialysate effluent. For example, a dialysis machine produces a dialysate effluent; the dialysate effluent flows into a remediating system to produce a remediated dialysate; the remediated dialysate is then fed into the dialysis machine for reuse. This way, a closed loop recycling process is formed. The cleaned dialysate or remediated dialysate may be used immediately or stored for future use in dialysis. For example, the remediated dialysate produced using the method is stored in a storage container included in the system, or is pumped out of the system and stored in an external storage container, under suitable storage conditions, such as at a temperature above 4 ºC and below 30 ºC. The stored remediated dialysate may be used within 1 hour, within 2 hours, within 3 hours, within 5 hours, within 12 hours, within 24 hours, within 48 hours, within 60 hours, within 72 hours, within a week, within 2 weeks, within 4 weeks, within 6 weeks, or within 8 weeks from its first production. The disclosed devices, systems, and methods can be further understood through the following numbered paragraphs. 1. A system or device for cleaning a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine comprising: (i) an inlet to flow the dialysate into the system or device, (ii) an exposure device for removing microbial contamination, optionally comprising an irradiation source, such as a UV light source, a gamma radiation source, an X-ray source, a microwave source, an IR source, or a visible light source (for example red and / or blue),, or a combination thereof; (iii) an activated carbon filter and / or a urease filter; (iv) an ion exchange filter; and (v) optionally a first storage container for the cleaned dialysate, wherein (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv), and optionally (v), are in fluid communication. 41 45661302.1 2. A system or device for remediating a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine comprising: (i) an inlet to flow the dialysate into the system or device, (ii) an exposure device for removing microbial contamination, optionally comprising an irradiation source, such as a UV light source, a gamma radiation source, an X-ray source, microwave source, an IR source, or a visible light source (for example red and / or blue), or a combination thereof; (iii) an activated carbon filter and / or a urease filter; (iv) an ion exchange filter; (v) a first storage container for the cleaned dialysate; and (vi) one or more chemical sensors for measuring the levels of one or more electrolytes and / or minerals in the cleaned dialysate, wherein (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and (v), are in fluid communication, and optionally wherein the one or more chemical sensors are located immediately upstream from the first storage container, immediately downstream from the first storage container, or inside the first storage container, or a combination thereof. 3. The system or device of paragraph 1 or 2, wherein the system or device is portable. 4. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 1 to 3, further comprising (vi) a particulate filter to prevent leachate, wherein the particulate filter is in fluid communication with (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and optionally (v). 5. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 1 to 4, wherein the exposure device comprises the irradiation source and hollow fibers, wherein the irradiation source surrounds and / or is included in the hollow fibers, wherein the hollow fibers are configured such that the dialysate flows through the hollow fibers and is exposed to the irradiation source as it flows through the hollow fibers 6. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 1 to 5, wherein the activated carbon filter and / or urease filter is in the form of a packed column of fibers and / or beads, or a reactive bed. 7. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 1 to 6, wherein the ion exchange filter comprises zirconium phosphate and zirconium hydroxide. 8. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 1 to 7, wherein the ion exchange filter is in the form of a packed column of fibers and / or beads, or a reactive bed. 42 45661302.1 9. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 1 to 8 further comprising (vii) a deionized resin bed, wherein the deionized resin bed is in fluid communication with (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and optionally (v). 10. The system or device of paragraph 9, wherein the deionized resin bed comprises an anion exchange resin and a cation exchange resin. 11. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 1 to 10, further comprising a pump to pump the dialysate from the dialysis machine to the inlet. 12. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 2 to 11, further comprising one or more electrolyte supplies, wherein each electrolyte supply comprises a concentrated solution comprising one or more electrolytes and / or glucose, wherein the one or more electrolyte supplies are in fluid communication with the first storage container. 13. The system or device of paragraph 12, wherein the one or more electrolytes are selected from a group consisting of bicarbonate ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, and chloride ion. 14. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 2 to 13, further comprising a water source, wherein the water source is in fluid communication with the first storage container. 15. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 12-14, further comprising a mixing container, wherein the mixing container is in fluid communication with the first storage container, and / or water source. 16. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 12-15, further comprising a second storage container for receiving and optionally storing a remediated dialysate. 17. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 2 to 16, further comprising one or more volume sensors for measuring the volume of the cleaned dialysate in the first storage container, and optionally the second storage container, optionally wherein the one or more volume sensors are in the form of a float or an inert electrode positioned at a height that corresponds with a desired volume in the first storage container and optionally in the second storage container. 18. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 12-17, further comprising a first outlet, wherein the first outlet is in fluid communication with the dialysis machine, optionally wherein the dialysis machine is a hemodialysis machine or a peritoneal dialysis machine. 19. The system or device of any one of paragraphs 1-18, further comprising one or more pressure sensors and / or one or more flow sensors, optionally wherein the one or more pressure 43 45661302.1 sensors and / or one or more flow sensors are located immediately downstream from the first storage container or the second storage container, or a combination thereof. 20. A method for cleaning a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine comprising: (a) pumping a stream of dialysate effluent into the inlet of the system or device of any one of paragraphs 1, 3 to 11, and 19. 21. A method for remediating a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine comprising: (a) pumping a stream of the dialysate effluent into the inlet of the system or device of any one of paragraphs 2 to 19; and (b) reconstituting the cleaned dialysate to form a remediated dialysate. 22. The method of paragraph 21, wherein step (b) comprises: (i) measuring the concentration of one or more electrolytes, the concentration of glucose, and / or the volume of the cleaned dialysate; (ii) comparing the measured concentration for each of the one or more electrolytes and / or glucose to a concentration for the corresponding electrolyte and / or glucose found in a standard dialysate formula, and (iii) adding a sufficient amount of the concentrated solution of electrolytes and / or glucose, and / or water to the cleaned dialysate to achieve the electrolytes and glucose concentrations of the standard dialysate formula and thereby form the remediated dialysate. 23. The method of paragraph 21 or 22, further comprising (c) pumping the remediated dialysate into an inlet in the dialysis machine. It is understood that the disclosed method and compositions are not limited to the particular methodology, protocols, and reagents described as these may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention which will be limited only by the appended claims. It must be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a ", "an", and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Throughout the description and claims of this specification, the word “comprise” and variations of the word, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” means “including but not limited to,” and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers or steps. 44 45661302.1 “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event, circumstance, or material may or may not occur or be present, and that the description includes instances where the event, circumstance, or material occurs or is present and instances where it does not occur or is not present. Ranges may be expressed herein as from "about" one particular value, and / or to "about" another particular value. When such a range is expressed, also specifically contemplated and considered disclosed is the range from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another, specifically contemplated embodiment that should be considered disclosed unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. It should be understood that all of the individual values and sub-ranges of values contained within an explicitly disclosed range are also specifically contemplated and should be considered disclosed unless the context specifically indicates otherwise. Finally, it should be understood that all ranges refer both to the recited range as a range and as a collection of individual numbers from and including the first endpoint to and including the second endpoint. In the latter case, it should be understood that any of the individual numbers can be selected as one form of the quantity, value, or feature to which the range refers. In this way, a range describes a set of numbers or values from and including the first endpoint to and including the second endpoint from which a single member of the set (i.e. a single number) can be selected as the quantity, value, or feature to which the range refers. The foregoing applies regardless of whether in particular cases some or all of these embodiments are explicitly disclosed. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the disclosed method and compositions belong. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present method and compositions, the particularly useful methods, devices, and materials are as described. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention. No admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. The discussion of references states what their authors assert, and applicants reserve the right to 45 45661302.1 challenge the accuracy and pertinency of the cited documents. It will be clearly understood that, although a number of publications are referred to herein, such reference does not constitute an admission that any of these documents forms part of the common general knowledge in the art. Although the description of materials, compositions, components, steps, techniques, etc. may include numerous options and alternatives, this should not be construed as, and is not an admission that, such options and alternatives are equivalent to each other or, in particular, are obvious alternatives. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the method and compositions described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. List of References “11.2: Electronegativity.” Chemistry LibreTexts, Libretexts, 14 Sept.2022, chem.libretexts.org / Courses / Palomar_College / PC%3A_CHEM100_- _Fundamentals_of_Chemistry / 11%3A_Redox_Reactions / 11.2%3A_Electronegativity. 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Claims

CLAIMS We claim:

1. A system or device for cleaning a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine comprising: (i) an inlet to flow the dialysate into the system or device, (ii) an exposure device for removing microbial contamination, optionally comprising an irradiation source, such as a UV light source, a gamma radiation source, an X-ray source, a microwave source, an IR source, or a visible light source (for example red and / or blue),, or a combination thereof; (iii) an activated carbon filter and / or a urease filter; (iv) an ion exchange filter; and (v) optionally a first storage container for the cleaned dialysate, wherein (i), (ii), (iii), and (iv), and optionally (v), are in fluid communication.

2. The system or device of claim 1, wherein the system or device is portable.

3. The system or device of claim 1, further comprising (vi) a particulate filter to prevent leachate, wherein the particulate filter is in fluid communication with (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and optionally (v).

4. The system or device of claim 1 , wherein the exposure device comprises the irradiation source and hollow fibers, wherein the irradiation source surrounds and / or is included in the hollow fibers, wherein the hollow fibers are configured such that the dialysate flows through the hollow fibers and is exposed to the irradiation source as it flows through the hollow fibers 5. The system or device of claim 1, wherein the activated carbon filter and / or urease filter is in the form of a packed column of fibers and / or beads, or a reactive bed.

6. The system or device of claim 1, wherein the ion exchange filter comprises zirconium phosphate and zirconium hydroxide.

7. The system or device of claim 1, wherein the ion exchange filter is in the form of a packed column of fibers and / or beads, or a reactive bed.

8. The system or device of claim 1, further comprising (vii) a deionized resin bed, wherein the deionized resin bed is in fluid communication with (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and optionally (v).

9. The system or device of claim 8, wherein the deionized resin bed comprises an anion exchange resin and a cation exchange resin.

10. The system or device of claim 1, further comprising a pump to pump the dialysate from the dialysis machine to the inlet. 53 45661302.

111. The system or device of claim 1, further comprising one or more electrolyte supplies comprising, wherein each electrolyte supply comprises a concentrated solution comprising one or more electrolytes and / or glucose, wherein the one or more electrolyte supplies are in fluid communication with the first storage container.

12. The system or device of claim 11, wherein the one or more electrolytes are selected from a group consisting of bicarbonate ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, and chloride ion.

13. The system or device of claim 1, further comprising a water source, wherein the water source is in fluid communication with the first storage container.

14. The system or device of claim 13 further comprising a mixing container, wherein the mixing container is in fluid communication with the first storage container, and / or water source.

15. The system or device of claim 11, further comprising a second storage container for receiving and optionally storing a remediated dialysate.

16. The system or device of claim 1, further comprising one or more volume sensors for measuring the volume of the cleaned dialysate in the first storage container, and optionally the second storage container, optionally wherein the one or more volume sensors are in the form of a float or an inert electrode positioned at a height that corresponds with a desired volume in the first storage container and optionally in the second storage container.

17. The system or device of claim 1, further comprising a first outlet, wherein the first outlet is in fluid communication with the dialysis machine, optionally wherein the dialysis machine is a hemodialysis machine or a peritoneal dialysis machine.

18. The system or device of claim 1, further comprising one or more pressure sensors and / or one or more flow sensors, optionally wherein the one or more pressure sensors and / or one or more flow sensors are located immediately downstream from the first storage container or the second storage container, or a combination thereof.

19. A system or device for remediating a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine comprising: (i) an inlet to flow the dialysate into the system or device, (ii) an exposure device for removing microbial contamination, optionally comprising an irradiation source, such as a UV light source, a gamma radiation source, an X-ray source, microwave source, an IR source, or a visible light source (for example red and / or blue), or a combination thereof; (iii) an activated carbon filter and / or a urease filter; 54 45661302.1(iv) an ion exchange filter; (v) a first storage container for the cleaned dialysate; and (vi) one or more chemical sensors for measuring the levels of one or more electrolytes and / or minerals in the cleaned dialysate, wherein (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and (v), are in fluid communication, and optionally wherein the one or more chemical sensors are located immediately upstream from the first storage container, immediately downstream from the first storage container, or inside the first storage container, or a combination thereof.

20. The system or device of claim 19, wherein the system or device is portable.

21. The system or device of claim 19, further comprising (vi) a particulate filter to prevent leachate, wherein the particulate filter is in fluid communication with (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and optionally (v).

22. The system or device of claim 19, wherein the exposure device comprises the irradiation source and hollow fibers, wherein the irradiation source surrounds and / or is included in the hollow fibers, wherein the hollow fibers are configured such that the dialysate flows through the hollow fibers and is exposed to the irradiation source as it flows through the hollow fibers 23. The system or device of claim 19, wherein the activated carbon filter and / or urease filter is in the form of a packed column of fibers and / or beads, or a reactive bed.

24. The system or device of claim 19, wherein the ion exchange filter comprises zirconium phosphate and zirconium hydroxide.

25. The system or device of claim 19, wherein the ion exchange filter is in the form of a packed column of fibers and / or beads, or a reactive bed.

26. The system or device of claim 19, further comprising (vii) a deionized resin bed, wherein the deionized resin bed is in fluid communication with (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), and optionally (v).

27. The system or device of claim 26, wherein the deionized resin bed comprises an anion exchange resin and a cation exchange resin.

28. The system or device of claim 19, further comprising a pump to pump the dialysate from the dialysis machine to the inlet.

29. The system or device claim 19, further comprising one or more electrolyte supplies comprising, wherein each electrolyte supply comprises a concentrated solution comprising one or more electrolytes and / or glucose, wherein the one or more electrolyte supplies are in fluid communication with the first storage container. 55 45661302.

130. The system or device of claim 29, wherein the one or more electrolytes are selected from a group consisting of bicarbonate ion, sodium ion, magnesium ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, and chloride ion.

31. The system or device of claim 19, further comprising a water source, wherein the water source is in fluid communication with the first storage container.

32. The system or device of claim 29, further comprising a mixing container, wherein the mixing container is in fluid communication with the first storage container, and / or water source.

33. The system or device of claim 29, further comprising a second storage container for receiving and optionally storing a remediated dialysate.

34. The system or device of claim 19, further comprising one or more volume sensors for measuring the volume of the cleaned dialysate in the first storage container, and optionally the second storage container, optionally wherein the one or more volume sensors are in the form of a float or an inert electrode positioned at a height that corresponds with a desired volume in the first storage container and optionally in the second storage container.

35. The system or device of claim 19, further comprising a first outlet, wherein the first outlet is in fluid communication with the dialysis machine, optionally wherein the dialysis machine is a hemodialysis machine or a peritoneal dialysis machine.

36. The system or device of claim 19, further comprising one or more pressure sensors and / or one or more flow sensors, optionally wherein the one or more pressure sensors and / or one or more flow sensors are located immediately downstream from the first storage container or the second storage container, or a combination thereof.

37. A method for cleaning a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine comprising: (a) pumping a stream of dialysate effluent into the inlet of the system or device of any one of claims 1 to 18.

38. A method for remediating a dialysate after it passes through a dialysis machine comprising: (a) pumping a stream of the dialysate effluent into the inlet of the system or device of any one of claims 19 to 36; and (b) reconstituting the cleaned dialysate to form a remediated dialysate.

39. The method of claim 38, wherein step (b) comprises: (i) measuring the concentration of one or more electrolytes, the concentration of glucose, and / or the volume of the cleaned dialysate; 56 45661302.1(ii) comparing the measured concentration for each of the one or more electrolytes and / or glucose to a concentration for the corresponding electrolyte and / or glucose found in a standard dialysate formula, and (iii) adding a sufficient amount of the concentrated solution of electrolytes and / or glucose, and / or water to the cleaned dialysate to achieve the electrolytes and glucose concentrations of the standard dialysate formula and thereby form the remediated dialysate.

40. The method of claim 39, further comprising (c) pumping the remediated dialysate into an inlet in the dialysis machine. 57 45661302.1

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