Photovoltaic panel tracking system

Abstract

The subject of the invention is a photovoltaic panel tracking system, especially for large-scale photovoltaic farms with controlled photovoltaic panels mounted on them, in which the lower part of the vertical column is secured to the ground by being driven into the ground or is attached to a concrete or reinforced concrete foundation foot. It also consists of a horizontal, external profile (4), mounted on at least two vertical columns (2) and at least one vertical support (5) with devices mounted between them that simultaneously rotate any number of PV panels (1) towards the sun, both along the north-south and east-west axis. One of the axes of rotation for the PV panels (1) is determined by the horizontal external profile (4), to which the PV panels (1) are attached via a frame (13). The movement of the PV panels (1) along another axis is controlled bythe horizontal internal profile (9). The developed system has the following elements situated in a 1:1 relationship, meaning they are located at similar levels: •the vertical column (2) for bearings (6) and the vertical support (5) for the gear motor (7), which form the base of the structure. Higher up, at a similar level, there are: •mounting brackets (3) for securing the bearing (6) and mounting seats (8) for the gear motor (7), which are the connecting elements. and further up, at similar levels, there are: •bearings (6) and the gear motor (7). When the vertical support (5) for the gear motor (7) is a truss, the gear motor (7) is directly bolted to it.

Description

Photovoltaic panel tracking system

[0001] The subject of the invention is a photovoltaic (PV) panel tracking system, especially for large-scale photovoltaic (PV) farms.

[0002] Currently, various mounting systems for photovoltaic (PV) panels are known and used. In the existing solutions, either manually or automatically controlled, photovoltaic panels are most often permanently secured to a surface (e.g., a roof surface or the ground) in a way that prevents the panel from moving. In such a case, the most favourable angle of incidence of sunlight on the panel surface, i.e. an angle of 90°, can be obtained only for a short time, when the sun is high enough to meet this condition when the panels are in a fixed position.

[0003] There are also solutions in which photovoltaic panels are mounted in a way that allows for their single-axis movement.

[0004] A single-axis panel moving tracker has one axis of movement, typically the north-south axis. These configurations allow the panels to be oriented in an east-to-west direction to follow the sun from sunrise to sunset. This increases the system's efficiency without adding additional solar panels. The photovoltaic panels mounted in this way (due to their constant orientation towards the sun throughout the day and the fact that the east-west orientation change is dependent on the sun's migration across the sky, so that their exposure is consistent with the current position of the Sun) significantly increase the amount of energy harvested.

[0005] For example, there is a solution known from the Chinese applicationCN113726275A with a priority date of 20.08.2021, titled 'Photovoltaic panel support convenient to move'. The above-mentioned invention discloses a photovoltaic panel support convenient to move, which comprises a working platform, a supporting frame, a rotating shaft, a photovoltaic panel, a hand crank and universal wheels, wherein the supporting frame comprises a left supporting frame and a right supporting frame. The left supporting frame and the right supporting frame are symmetrically arranged. The left supporting frame comprises a first support and a second support. The top of the first support is fixedly connected with the top of the second support, the bottom of the first support and the bottom of the second support are fixedly connected with the working platform. The rotating shaft comprises a left rotating shaft and a right rotating shaft. The photovoltaic panel is arranged between the left rotating shaft and the right rotatingshaft through a fixing rod. A self-locking wheel is arranged at the end of the rotating shaft, which is away from the photovoltaic panel. The hand crank is detachably connected with the self-locking wheel, and the universal wheels are arranged at the bottom of the working platform and detachably connected with the working platform. According to the invention, the function of freely moving the photovoltaic panel support according to requirements is realized. The rotation of the panel occurs along one axis and requires manual adjustment each time.

[0006] In contrast, there is a solution known from the Chinese utility modelCN212034058U (priority date 10.06.2020), titled 'Solar photovoltaic panel assembly convenient to move'. The utility model discloses a solar photovoltaic panel assembly convenient to move. The photovoltaic panel comprises a photovoltaic panel body, a bottom plate and a fixed plate. Moving structures are installed on the two sides of the bottom end of the bottom plate. An adjusting structure is installed on one side of the top end of the bottom plate. The adjusting structure comprises a first movable rod, a servo motor, a bolt rod, a drive block and a second movable rod. A photovoltaic panel body is installed on one side of the fixing plate, and a splicing structure is installed in the middle of the interior of the photovoltaic panel body. The utility model describes an adjusting structure. When the photovoltaic panel body is used, the angle of the photovoltaic panel body is appropriately adjusted according to the position of the sun to increase the amount of generated energy. At the appropriate moment, external power supply is turned on and a servo motor is started, which drives a bolt to move the drive block up and down along the bolt surface. The angle adjustment of the photovoltaic panel body is achieved through the interaction of the first movable rod and the second movable rod during the movement process. The panel rotates around its axis accordingly.

[0007] Whereas, there is a solution known from the Chinese invention with the numberCN115313995A (priority date 02.09.2022), titled 'Folding photovoltaic support convenient to move and transport'. The invention discloses a foldable photovoltaic support convenient to move and transport, which belongs to the field of photovoltaic power generation and comprises a bottom frame, a photovoltaic frame and an adjusting device arranged on the bottom frame and used for accommodating and unfolding the photovoltaic frame. The rear side of the bottom frame is connected with walking wheels used for moving the bottom frame, and a frame groove of the bottom frame is used for containing the photovoltaic frame. The front end of the photovoltaic frame is running fit with the underframe, and a photovoltaic panel is mounted in the photovoltaic frame. The adjusting device comprises a driving rod, a supporting plate and a transmission part. The driving rod is rotationally matched with the bottom frame. The first end of the driving rod is connected with a motor, the second end of the driving rod is connected with the other driving rod and is fixed in the radial direction. The rear end of the supporting plate is rotationally matched with the bottom frame. According to the folding photovoltaic support convenient to move and transport, photovoltaic frames of a rowof photovoltaic supports are unfolded and stored at the same time.

[0008] Also, there is a solution known from the Chinese invention with the number CN109905072A (priority date 20.03.2019), titled 'Convenient-to-move solar photovoltaic power generation equipment'. The invention discloses convenient-to-move solar photovoltaic power generation equipment. The equipment comprises a box. Two groups of first guiderails and second guiderails are fixedly mounted in the box. A first mounting plate and a second mounting plate are respectively mounted between the two groups of first guiderails and second guiderails in a sliding manner. A first photovoltaic plate body and a second photovoltaic plate body are fixedly mounted in the first mounting plate and the second mounting plate, respectively. The landing legs are mounted on the two side edges, perpendicular to the first mounting plate and the second mounting plate of the boxthrough connection blocks. Each landing leg comprises a first bolt, a second bolt and a third bolt. A threaded sleeve is connected between the first bolt and the second bolt, and a threaded sleeve is connected between the second bolt and the third bolt. Two groups of tensioning wheels are mounted at the bottom of the box. A bottom plate is mounted at the bottom with the three bolts. Two groups of square holes are formed in positions, corresponding to the tensioning wheels, on the bottom plate; and four groups of stand bars are fixedly mounted at the bottom of the bottom plate.

[0009] There are also known mounting designs for photovoltaic panels that allow for their dual-axis movement. This means that the mounted solar panels can rotate both northsouth and east-west to track the sun throughout the day, thereby increasing the overall energy production. Such solutions also allow for better adjustment of the panel tilt angle depending on the seasons (corresponding to varying solar altitude).

[0010] In known dual-axis systems, the structure is typically a kind of mast (vertical pole), at the top of which photovoltaic panels are mounted.

[0011] In such solutions, the main rotational axis is the vertical axis, which is responsible for tracking the sun from east to west. The second axis, typically a movable mounting (often articulated) attached to the mast, is responsible for tracking the north-south direction.

[0012] Therefore, in the existing dual-axis solutions, the rotation of components operates on a different principle compared to the solution presented in this invention, also because known solutions of this type require maintaining significant distance between the masts.

[0013] The aim of the invention is to develop a construction that allows for maximum solar energy capture (regardless of season, time of day, terrain configuration, and prevailing weather conditions), which will automatically position itself in a safe orientation, minimizing the risk of damage during severe storms and wind gusts, while also increasing the amount of electricity generated during peak demand hours.

[0014] The essence of the photovoltaic panel tracking system, especially for large-scale photovoltaic farms with controlled photovoltaic panels mounted on them, in which the lower part of the vertical column is secured to the ground by being driven into theground or by being attached to a concrete or reinforced concrete foundation foot, is that it comprises a horizontal external profile secured on at least two vertical columns and at least one vertical support. Between them, there are devices attached that simultaneously rotate any number of PV panels towards the sun in both the north-south and east-west axes. One of the rotation axes of the PV panels is determined by the horizontal, external profile to which - via the frame - the PV panels are attached. However, the horizontal, internal profile is responsible for the movement of PV panels in a different axis.

[0015] Preferably, the developed photovoltaic panel tracking system has a vertical support, which is a truss, sometimes made of C-sections, or alternatively, it may be an I- section.

[0016] Typically, the cross-section of the vertical columns used in the developed photovoltaic panel tracking system is rectangular, ideally square, or alternatively it is a C- section.

[0017] Typically, in the vertical columns of the photovoltaic panel tracking system that is the subject of the invention, at their upper part, mounting brackets with mounting bearings are mounted. These brackets allow the horizontal external profile, which serves as a single- or multi-part element corresponding to the entire length of the system, to pass through. The horizontal external profile is also supported by at least one vertical support, on which a gear motor is mounted. This gear motor rotates the horizontal external profile and is housed in a mounting seat.

[0018] In the photovoltaic panel tracking system, the mounting brackets comprise two angle brackets attached on both sides of the vertical column. These angle brackets support the horizontal external profile, as their upper, shorter and outwardly bent arms form flat, horizontal supports for the horizontal external profile. Whereas, in their longer vertical arms, which are directly attached on both sides of the vertical column, longitudinal holes are made. Through these holes, bolts or rivets are inserted to secure the mounting bracket to the opposite sides of the upper section of the vertical column.

[0019] The seat of the photovoltaic panel tracking system, where the gear motor is mounted, comprises two short angle brackets positioned on both sides of the vertical support. Their shorter arms serve as upper flat supports, and in their longer vertical arms, which are attached on both sides of the vertical support, longitudinal vertical holes are made. Through these holes, bolts or rivets are inserted to secure and fasten the seat to the opposite sides of the upper section of the vertical support, at a height adjusted to the height of the external profile.

[0020] The following elements of the developed photovoltaic panel tracking system are located in a 1:1 relationship, meaning at similar levels. These are:- a vertical column for the bearings and a vertical support for the gear motor, which form the base of the structure.And then higher up, at a similar level, there are:- mounting brackets securing the bearing and mounting seats for the gear motor,which are the connecting elements.Higher up, at similar levels, there are:- bearings and gear motor located.However, when the vertical support of the gear motor is a truss, the gear motor is bolted directly to it.

[0021] Typically, the bearings attached to adjustable mounting brackets on individual vertical columns can be plastic, sliding bearings. Their cups move within the external housing and can be fastened with bolts. Alternatively, they are radial bearings in standing housings.

[0022] Preferably, the horizontal external profile of the developed system, passing through each bearing, is fitted onto dedicated protrusions of the gear motor. The gear motor is responsible for its movement, enabling the horizontal external profile to rotate around its own longitudinal horizontal axis, thus initiating the movement of the PV panels.

[0023] In the developed photovoltaic panel tracking system, the gear motor typically features a centrally located pass-through hole into which the horizontal internal axis control profile is inserted and through which it runs.

[0024] Preferably, inside the horizontal external profile of the aforementioned system, the horizontal internal axis control profile is positioned. It is stabilized using a set of slides. It controls the operation of components responsible for coordinating the structural elements that redirect and turn PV panels in a direction essentially perpendicular to the tilt direction set by the horizontal transverse profile, specifically at a 90° angle to the direction set by the horizontal transverse profile.

[0025] Typically, the horizontal internal profile in the developed structure is positioned centrally within the horizontal external profile, with their axes being collinear. The horizontal internal profile is stabilized using a set of slides, i.e. ball bearings, plastic slides, or linear longitudinal bearings.

[0026] In the described photovoltaic panel tracking system, on the horizontal external control profile of one of the axes there is a linear drive for another axis mounted. This linear drive is connected to an adjustable rod and to the external profile moving along the longitudinal axis of the horizontal rotation through a drive connector moving in a longitudinal cutout made in the horizontal, external profile.

[0027] Preferably, the developed photovoltaic panel tracking system features an adjustable rod, which is a 'Roman bolt' and serves as an external component relative to both the horizontal external control profile (controlling one axis) and the horizontal internal profile (controlling another axis) housed within it. This rod is connected on both sides to the following components:- one end of the adjustable rod is connected, via a connecting element or a drive connector, in a detachable manner to the horizontal internal profile through a longitudinal cutout made in the horizontal external profile. This cutout provides access to the horizontal internal profile, where the adjustable rod is secured,- the other end of the adjustable rod is connected detachably to the frame and secured with a clamp.

[0028] In the photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to the invention in question, the end of the adjustable rod is typically connected detachably to the frame and is directly linked to it. At the same time,

[0029] the end of the adjustable rod is connected to the horizontal internal profile through additional components, namely adjustable rods connecting the frames for the PV panels to the horizontal internal profile, connected with connecting elements or drive connectors, depending on the chosen mounting method, i.e.- the connecting element is linked to the adjustable rod and through it to the horizontal internal profile,- alternatively, the drive connector of the rod is directly connected to the horizontal internal profile and the drive, which is connected to the horizontal external profile.

[0030] Preferably, in the designed photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to the invention, the range of motion of the horizontal internal profile, which is driven in a sliding motion by a linear drive through a drive connector or connecting element, initiates movement of the adjustable rod. The range of this movement is always constrained by longitudinal cutouts in the horizontal external profile.

[0031] Typically, in a photovoltaic panel tracking system, when the PV panels are in a neutral, safe position, they are oriented parallel to the ground. Yet, the linear drive and adjustable rod are then mounted to the bottom part of the horizontal external profile. Then, the longitudinal cutout in the horizontal external profile is located at the bottom of the respective PV panel.

[0032] Typically, in the developed photovoltaic panel tracking system, there are as many adjustable rods as there are frames on which the PV panels are mounted.

[0033] Preferably, the photovoltaic panel tracking system includes a controller mounted on the vertical support that receives signals based on light intensity.

[0034] Preferably, in the photovoltaic panel tracking system according to the invention, each osci llatingly mounted frame for the PV panels (typically a non-rectangular truss or beam) has a longitudinal recess in its central upper part. This allows the frame to slide onto connecting bearings located on both sides of the horizontal external profile, supported on a pin passing through the horizontal external profile symmetrically, and welded to the horizontal external profile.

[0035] In the developed photovoltaic panel tracking system, profiles made of aluminum are securely attached to the upper part of the frame, enabling stable and safe mounting of PV panels onto the frames.

[0036] In the invention, typically the sunlight sensor is attached to the profile, and the profile is bolted onto the frame. Therefore, the sunlight sensor is fixedly mounted to the frame, and its movement results from the movement of the system. Each system must have at least one sunlight sensor mounted on it.

[0037] Typically, a vertical mast is mounted to the vertical column or vertical supportunder the gear motor. At the end of this mast, a wind speed sensor is usually attached.

[0038] Typically, in a photovoltaic tracking system mounted to foundation feet, the vertical column and vertical support have at least two mounting struts at their lower part.

[0039] In this system, typically, two adjacent horizontal external profiles are joined together using at least two bolted clamps.

[0040] The developed system is connected not only to external power supply but also has batteries.

[0041] In the described photovoltaic panel tracking system, typically the horizontal external profile, which serves as the axis for rotating the PV panels from east to west, is mounted on the north-south axis. Alternatively, the horizontal external profile, along with the pins welded to it at right angles, is rotated by 90° so that the horizontal external profile is mounted on the east-west axis, or at any angle if the terrain does not allow to mount the system in the described axes.

[0042] The invention typically consists of components, each of which can be multiplied to expand the system.

[0043] The advantage of the developed photovoltaic panel tracking system is that, based on the analysis of experimental results from installed tracking systems, it increases efficiency by approximately 45% compared to a similar stationary system facing south.

[0044] The developed solution enables increased electricity generation during peak demand hours, thereby preventing strain on the system. The system described in this invention avoids overlapping deliveries during peak periods when energy is supplied from stationary photovoltaic systems.

[0045] Due to the limited number of grid connection possibilities, the present invention is more advantageous than stationary systems because it effectively produces more energy than the assumed installed capacity of the photovoltaic panels utilized.

[0046] The advantage of this solution is also its ability to change the orientation of the panels moved in two axes (east-west and north-south directions), which allows for optimal solar energy capture regardless of the time of day, geographic location, terrain, or prevailing weather conditions on any given day. The design also enables simultaneous, smooth movement in both axes at the same time.

[0047] In other words, the developed invention allows for easy adjustment of the tilt angle of the panels and adaptation of their tilt to the varying height of the sun's culmination (i.e., solar noon) position, where the sun is at its highest angular height above the horizon. The invention accommodates the height of this culmination resulting from the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the plane of its orbit.

[0048] The developed photovoltaic panel tracking system is also more resistant to prevailing weather conditions (e.g., wind force and heavy snowfall) because it positions itself to minimize wind resistance and prevent snow accumulation. This feature contributes to its potential longevity compared to conventional systems.

[0049] The proposed system allows for a more compact system and higher density of photovoltaic panels in a given area compared to existing systems. Simultaneously, it reduces the number of necessary system components. As a result, it enables cost reduction while enhancing efficiency.

[0050] The developed system can be utilized in agrovoltaic farms, where sheep graze and crops are planted under photovoltaic panels, which both warm and protect the soil from excessive drying.

[0051] The subject of the invention has been presented in the embodiment in the drawings, where:— Fig. 1 - shows in axonometric view a photovoltaic panel tracking system oriented towards the sun;— Fig. 2 - shows an axonometric view of a photovoltaic panel tracking system from the shaded side with DETAILS showing adjustable rod 11 connecting frame 13 for PV panels 1 with horizontal internal profile 9 (controlling the second axis), additionally connected with connecting element 20 or drive connector 21, i.e., enlarged:DETAIL A, showing connecting element 20 connected to adjustable rod 11, where adjustable rod 11 is connected to horizontal internal profile 9 (control of the second axis) through longitudinal cutout 12 made in horizontal external profile 4 orDETAIL B, showing drive connector 21 connected to adjustable rod 11, where adjustable rod 11 is connected to horizontal, internal profile 9 (controlling the second axis) through longitudinal cutout 12 made in the horizontal, external profile 4;— Fig.3 - shows details of the photovoltaic panel tracking system exposed towards the sun, with enlarged DETAILS, which show an enlarged:CROSS-SECTION A-A: transversal cross-section which runs through horizontal, external profile 4 showing PV panel 1 and adjacent solar sensor 17,DETAIL B, showing connecting bearing 14, pin 15 welded into horizontal, external profile 4, on which connecting bearings 14 are mounted, andDETAIL C, showing arrangement of horizontal, internal profile 9 and stabilizing sliding assemblies 24 (stabilizing the reciprocating movement of horizontal, internal profile 9 within horizontal, external profile 4) in horizontal, external profile 4;— Fig. 4 - shows the photovoltaic panel tracking system in a side view, with an enlarged DETAIL A, which shows: horizontal, external profile 4 (control of the first axis) with its connection to linear drive 10 (of the second axis), the connecting bearings 14 mounted on frame 13 and with adjustable rod 11 connected to driveconnector 21;— Fig. 5 - shows the photovoltaic panel tracking system in a side view, with an enlarged DETAIL A, which shows: bearing 6 (of the first axis) with a horizontal, external profile 4 mounted on it (control of the first axis), and horizontal, internal profile 9 inside it (second axis control);— Fig. 6 - shows vertical column 2 (for bearings 6 of the first axis) with mounting brackets 3 shown in close-up and with bearing 6 partially extended and halfway lifted upwards;— Fig. 7 - shows gear motor 7 and the method of mounting horizontal, external profiles 4 on it, and illustrates how gear motor 7 is mounted in mounting seat 8, and then how mounting seat 8 is mounted on vertical support 5 of gear motor 7 of the first axis;— Fig. 8 - shows the mounting of frame 13 with horizontal, external profile 4 using connecting bearings 14;— Fig. 9 - shows frame 13 in the form of a truss, attached to horizontal, external profile 4.

[0052] The tracking system of PV panels 1, i.e., photovoltaic panels (especially for large- scale photovoltaic farms), is mounted on at least two vertical columns 2 (as shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3 and Fig. 5), which allow the mounted devices to operate in both the first and second axes. Preferably, the structure is positioned in relation to the cardinal directions as discussed in this embodiment of the developed invention.

[0053] In the first axis, i.e., the north-south axis (common to all PV panels 1), PV panels 1 operating on this axis are turned towards the sun, meaning from east to west and vice versa.

[0054] Whereas, the second working axes of individual PV panels 1 are east-west axes, as each of PV panels 1 is tilted slightly more towards the north or south to account for the sun's altitude at a given time of the year.

[0055] The number of vertical columns 2 used depends on the size of the tracking system, the number of PV panels 1 installed, and the terrain on which the system is placed. The cross-section of vertical columns 2 is usually rectangular, preferably square. Vertical column 2 can also be a C-section or another element with a stable construction.

[0056] The lower part of vertical columns 2 is fixed to the surface, e.g., driven into the ground, or alternatively, they are mounted on concrete or reinforced concrete foundation feet. In the upper part, each vertical column 2 has mounting brackets 3 installed. Typically, each of these comprises two angle brackets attached to both sides of vertical column 2, which support horizontal, external profile 4. This profile is a single or multi-section element corresponding to the entire length of the system.

[0057] Vertical columns 2 can be mounted not only at the ends of horizontal, external profile4.

[0058] Additionally, along the length of horizontal, external profile 4, it can be supported by at least one vertical column 2.

[0059] Horizontal, external profile 4 is mounted not only on vertical columns 2 but also on at least one vertical support 5, which is preferably a truss.

[0060] In mounting brackets 3 fixed to the vertical columns 2 (supporting horizontal, external profile 4), the upper, shorter, and outwardly inclined arms usually serve as flat, horizontal supports for horizontal, external profile 4. However, it is not placed directly on mounting brackets 3 but is instead secured in mounting bearings 6 for the first axis (located on mounting brackets 3 - an example arrangement of these components is shown in the drawings - Fig. 5, DETAIL A, Fig. 6, and Fig. 3, DETAIL C).

[0061] Preferably, in mounting brackets 3 (where the shorter arms serve as upper, flat supports), the longer, vertical arms (which are directly attached on both sides to vertical column 2) have elongated, vertical slots. Bolts or rivets are passed through these slots to fasten mounting bracket 3 to the opposite sides of the upper section of vertical column 2 (Fig. 5, DETAIL A and Fig. 3, DETAIL C).

[0062] The holes in mounting bracket 3 are intentionally elongated vertically, allowing each mounting bracket 3 to be easily adjusted during assembly to the correct height on vertical column 2. This height adjustment can be easily modified, resulting in achieving the appropriate position for horizontal external profile 4.

[0063] Bearings 6, mounted above mounting brackets 3, are responsible for the safe rotation of horizontal external profile 4 around its own horizontal longitudinal axis. This rotation occurs in the first axis, which is the north-south axis (common for all PV panels 1). In this axis, the panels rotate during the day towards the sun, from east to west, and later from west to east.

[0064] Therefore, horizontal external profile 4, which serves as the first axis of rotation for PV panels 1, is almost always (in the basic variant of the developed invention) mounted on the north-south axis.

[0065] The described movement of the devices in the system constituting the subject of this invention occurs because gear motor 7 (controlling the first axis) is additionally mounted on vertical support 5, which supports horizontal external profile 4. This gear motor precisely rotates horizontal external profile 4 (these elements are shown in Figure 7).

[0066] It is precisely due to the operation of gear motor 7 that the remaining components and PV panels 1 are appropriately rotated towards the sun, operating along the first axis, i.e., the north-south axis.

[0067] Gear motor 7 is mounted in mounting seat 8, which, in shape, function, purpose, and method of attachment, is similar to mounting bracket 3 (or mounting bracket 3 of bearing 6). Mounting seat 8 typically consists of two short angle brackets positioned on both sides of vertical support 5. Their shorter arms usually serve as upper flat supports, and in the longer vertical arms, which are also attached on both sides of vertical support5, there are longitudinal, vertical holes through which bolts (or rivets) are passed toattach and secure mounting seat 8 to the opposite sides of the upper section of vertical support 5 (as shown in Figure 7).

[0068] In this case, owing to the described longitudinal, vertical holes through which blocking elements are inserted to secure mounting seat 8, it can be mounted at the appropriate height. This ensures that gear motor 7 of the first axis, mounted on it, is positioned at the correct height, adjusted to the height of external profile 4. It is essential that bearings 6 (of the first axis), located on mounting bracket 3 (bearing mounting bracket of the first axis), are positioned at the same level as gear motor 7 (of the first axis), which is located above mounting seat 8 on vertical support 5 of gear motor 7 (of the first axis).

[0069] The elements described above are located in a 1:1 relationship, i.e. the following elements are located on similar levels:

[0070] - vertical column 2 for bearings 6 (of the first axis) and vertical support 5 for gear motor 7 (of the first axis) - these elements constitute the basis of the structure.

[0071] And then higher up at a similar level are:

[0072] - mounting brackets 3 (mounting bearing 6 of the first axis) and mounting seats 8(of gear motor 7 of the first axis), which are connection elements.

[0073] However, positioned above are:

[0074] - bearings 6 (of the first axis) and gear motor 7 (of the first axis).

[0075] When vertical support 5 of gear motor 7 is a truss, gear motor 7 is directly bolted to it (to vertical support 5).

[0076] Bearings 6 (shown in Fig. 3, DETAIL C and more precisely in Fig. 6, DETAIL A) bolted to adjustable mounting brackets 3, i.e. to mounting brackets 3 of bearings 6 of individual vertical columns 2, can, for example, be plastic sliding bearings (where the cups move in an external housing) and can be attached using bolts, or they can be radial bearings in standing housings.

[0077] Horizontal, external profile 4 (controlling the first axis) passing through individual bearings 6 (of the first axis) is also fitted onto dedicated protrusions of gear motor 7 (of the first axis). Gear motor 7 is responsible for the movement and enables the rotation of horizontal, external profile 4 around its own horizontal longitudinal axis, and as a result, sets PV panels 1 into motion on the first axis.

[0078] Preferably, the drive with the gearbox, i.e., gear motor 7, is used to obtain a higher torque and a lower rotational speed of the elements rotated and controlled in the first axis.

[0079] The input motion of the motor driving gear motor 7 is converted into the rotational output motion of gear motor's 7 protrusions, and owing to the gear motor's 7 output rotational motion, rotation occurs along the first axis of PV panels 1.

[0080] In contrast, inside horizontal, external profile 4, horizontal, internal profile 9 is stabilized, which controls the second axis running in the east-west direction, i.e., the working axis of the elements responsible for coordinating the operation of the construction elements that redirect and orient PV panels 1 towards the north-south direction according to the position of the sun at a given time of year.

[0081] Preferably, horizontal, internal profile 9 is positioned centrally on horizontal, external profile 4 (controlling the first axis). Their axes are collinear. Horizontal, internal profile 9 can be stabilized through bearing mechanisms, such as ball bearings, but it can also be stabilized using plastic slides or linear longitudinal bearings.

[0082] Gear motor 7 (of the first axis) has a centrally located through-hole, through which only horizontal, internal profile 9 controlling the second axis is inserted and runs (this element is shown in drawing Fig. 3, DETAIL C, drawing Fig. 5, DETAIL A, and drawing Fig. 7), as horizontal, external profile 4 is mounted onto the dedicated protrusions of gear motor 7 that secure it in place.

[0083] Horizontal, internal profile 9 (controlling the second axis) has been shown in the drawings as longer than horizontal, external profile 4 (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), but in another design variant, it will be equal in length to horizontal, external profile 4.

[0084] Typically, horizontal, internal profile 9 is also (similarly to horizontal, external profile 4) composed of multiple elements to increase its length. However, horizontal, external profile 4 is divided by gear motor 7 and fitted onto its protrusions where it adjoins the gear motor 7, while horizontal, internal profile 9 passes through the central part of gear motor 7.

[0085] Horizontal, external profile 4 (controlling the first axis) is equipped with linear drive 10 for the second axis, which is connected to adjustable rod 11. Horizontal, internal profile 9 is mounted in such a way that it can only slide along the longitudinal axis of rotation of horizontal, external profile 4.

[0086] Therefore, horizontal, internal profile 9 is moved in a sliding motion by linear drive 10.

[0087] Another essential component ensuring the operation of the developed photovoltaic panel tracking system is adjustable rod 11, which serves as an external element both in relation to horizontal, external profile 4 (controlling the first axis) and in relation to horizontal, internal profile 9 (controlling the second axis) located within it.

[0088] Therefore, to connect adjustable rod 11 to internal profile 9, longitudinal cutout 12 is made in horizontal, external profile 4. This groove provides access to horizontal, internal profile 9, where adjustable rod 11 is mounted. Adjustable rod 11 is connected on both sides to the following elements:- one end of adjustable rod 11 is loosely connected to horizontal, internal profile 9 (controlling the second axis),- the other end of adjustable rod 11 is loosely connected to frame 13 (this end is secured with a clamp).

[0089] The described end of adjustable rod 11, loosely connected to frame 13, has been directly attached to it.

[0090] Whereas, horizontal, internal profile 9, which is set in sliding motion by linear drive 10 (of the second axis), through the described below connector, sets in motion adjustable rod 11. The range of this movement is in each case limited by longitudinal cutouts 12 in horizontal, external profile 4. These cutouts determine the movement of adjustable rod 11, limit the rotation angle of frame 13, and enable a specific rotation ofPV panels 1 across the axis of horizontal, external profile 4 (controlling the first axis).

[0091] Horizontal, internal profile 9 moves frames 13, to which PV panels 1 are attached(as shown in drawings Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).

[0092] Frames 13 allow for the mounting of a greater number of PV panels 1 onto the tracking system, which is the subject of the invention.

[0093] As a result of the interaction of the described elements, when adjustable rods 11 are pulled, they tilt frames 13, causing PV panels 1 to move along the second axis, adjusting their tilt to account for the sun's elevation at a given time of year.

[0094] The oscillating motion of frames 13 and their appropriate tilting (considering the sun's elevation) allows for securing frames 13 to horizontal, external profile 4 using connecting bearings 14 mounted on pins 15. These pins 15 are welded onto frames 13 and serve as the pivot axis for frames 13.

[0095] PV panels 1 are appropriately oriented towards the sun, and they are set parallel to the ground in a neutral, safe position. Preferably, their linear drive 10 (of the second axis) and adjustable rod 11 are mounted to the bottom of horizontal, external profile 4 (when the system is in a neutral position, with PV panels 1 parallel to the ground). Preferably, longitudinal cutout 12 in horizontal, external profile 4 is positioned such that it also aligns with the underside of each PV panel 1.

[0096] There are as many adjustable rods 11 as there are frames 13 on which PV panels1 are mounted. This is necessary so that the system controlled by an automatic controller can adjust the position of all PV panels 1.

[0097] When adjusting the position of PV panels 1, linear drive 10 (of the second axis), operated via the horizontal, internal profile 9, must pull all adjustable rods 11. Moreover, owing to the fact that each of adjustable rods 11 acts as a so-called 'Roman bolt' - the length of the rods 11 can be appropriately adjusted and fine-tuned during the installation of the system.

[0098] Therefore, linear drive 10 (of the second axis) moves horizontal, internal profile 9 (controlling the second axis) along horizontal, external profile 4 (controlling the first axis), thereby causing frames 13 to tilt sideways at an appropriate angle as planned and determined by the controller. Preferably, this controller is secured on vertical support 5 (which receives signals based on light intensity and readings from various directions).

[0099] Each frame 13 (supporting PV panels 1) can act as a truss or a longitudinal beam.Regardless of frame's 13 construction, preferably its central upper part features a longitudinal recess (shown in Figure 8), which allows frame 13 to be slid under connecting bearings 14 of horizontal, external profile 4 or fitted onto connecting bearings 14. These bearings 14 are mounted on pins 15, which are connected loosely on both sides of horizontal, external profile 4.[000100] Oscillatingly mounted frames 13 and connecting bearings 14 (located on both sides of the horizontal, external profile 4) rest on the aforementioned pin 15, which symmetrically passes through horizontal, external profile 4 (and is welded into the horizontal, external profile 4). Pin 15 connects connecting bearings 14 situated on bothsides of horizontal, external profile 4, thereby serving as the rotation axis for frames 13. This setup ensures that the rotation axis (formed by pin 15) is properly supported by bearings, resulting in smoother operation with reduced internal friction (see Fig. 3, DETAIL B and Fig. 8).[000101] Preferably, profiles 16 made of aluminum are attached to the upper part of frame 13, facilitating stable and secure mounting of PV panels 1 onto the frames 13.[000102] Sunlight sensor 17 is attached to profile 16, and the latter is bolted onto frame 13. Therefore, sunlight sensor 17 is securely mounted onto frame 13, and its movement corresponds to the movement of the system - specifically, the movement of the frame 13. At least one such sunlight sensor 17 must be mounted on each system.[000103] A vertical mast 18 is also attached to vertical column 2 or vertical support 5 (under gear motor 7 of the first axis). At the end of this mast 18, wind speed sensor 23 is mounted. When the wind speed exceeds a specified safe limit, the system 'lays down PV panels 1' into a horizontal position, typically parallel to the ground.[000104] The movement of PV panels 1 along both the east-west and north-south axes is externally controlled and automated based on readings from sensors, including sunlight sensor 17.[000105] If the tracking system is mounted on the foundation feet, both vertical column 2 (under bearings 6 of the first axis) and vertical support 5 (under gear motor 7 of the first axis) have at least two mounting brackets 19 at their lower part.[000106] Adjustable rods 11, which connect frames 13 supporting PV panels 1 with the horizontal, internal profile 9 (controlling the second axis), are connected either with connecting elements 20 or with drive connectors 21, depending on the chosen method of attachment, namely:[000107] connecting element 20 is attached to adjustable rod 11 and through it to horizontal, internal profile 9 (Fig. 2, DETAIL A),[000108] alternatively, drive connector 21 of adjustable rod 11 is directly connected to horizontal, internal profile 9 and drive 10 of the second axis (Fig. 2, DETAIL B), which is connected to horizontal, external profile 4 (controlling the first axis).[000109] The photovoltaic panel tracking system is constructed from modular elements that can be replicated and extended, adapting the system parameters to the site's characteristics and requirements. Therefore, to achieve the appropriate length of horizontal, external profile 4 (controlling the first axis) regardless of the constraints posed by standard lengths of structural elements, it is possible to connect them. For instance, two horizontal, external profiles 4 can be aligned end-to-end, secured with two bolted clamps 22, and fastened together.[000110] The system is connected to external power supply, but it also includes batteries that allow for emergency power supply in case of external power failure. The emergency power from the batteries enables the automatic positioning of PV panels 1 in a safe position - parallel to the ground.[000111] Also, wind speed sensor 23 mounted on vertical mast 18 serves as a protectionmeasure for the system. Its role is to trigger the system to lay down the system in a safe position - meaning it will lay PV panels 1 parallel to the ground - whenever the wind speed reaches or exceeds the predefined safe speed for the system.[000112] The system is also equipped with a set of slides 24 that stabilize the reciprocating movement of horizontal, internal profile 9 within horizontal, external profile 4.[000113] Horizontal, internal profile 9 (controlling the second axis), along with adjustable rod 11, connecting element 20 or drive connector 21, frame 13, and connecting bearings 14, forms the kinematic chain of the second axis for rotating PV panels 1. Preferably, horizontal, internal profile 9, acting as the driving element, allows for the rotation of PV panels 1 from north to south through linear motion along the north-south axis.[000114] Whereas, horizontal, external profile 4, which constitutes the first axis of rotation for PV panels 1, typically allows the PV panels 1 to rotate from east to west and is mounted along the north-south axis.[000115] In contrast, in another variant of execution, the described basic elements (horizontal, external profile 4 with pins 15 welded to it at right angles) can be rotated by 90°. This allows horizontal, external profile 4 (controlling the first axis) to be mounted along the east-west axis, or at any angle if the terrain does not allow the installation of the system along the described axes.List of elements: - PV panel (photovoltaic), - vertical column (for bearings 6 of the first axis, i.e., the axis responsible for coordinating the operation of elements that redirect and turn the panels towards the sun and vice versa), - mounting bracket (mounting bracket for the first axis bearing), - horizontal, external profile (for controlling the first axis), - vertical support (for gear motor 7 of the first axis, which is a vertical column, preferably a truss for mounting seat 8 of gear motor 7 of the first axis), - bearing (of the first axis), - gear motor (of the first axis), - mounting seat, - horizontal, internal profile (controlling the second axis), - linear drive (of the second axis), - adjustable rod (appropriately connected with connecting element 20 and drive connector 21 and frames 13), - longitudinal cutout (made in horizontal, external profile 4, determines and limits the movement of adjustable rod 11 connected with connecting element20 and drive connector 21), - frame (frame 13 for PV panels 1), - connecting bearing (integrates horizontal, external profile 4 with frame 13 for PV panels 1), - pin (pin 15 welded in horizontal, external profile 4, on which connecting bearings 14 are mounted), - profile (usually aluminum, connecting frame 13 with PV panels 1), - sunlight sensor, - vertical mast (vertical mast 18 for wind speed sensor 23), - mounting struts, - connecting element 20 (adjustable rods 11 with the horizontal, internal profile 9, which is connected with adjustable rod 11 and horizontal, internal profile 9 for controlling the second axis), - drive connector, - bolted clamp, - sensor (wind speed), - a set of slides (stabilizing the back-and-forth movement of horizontal internal profile 9 in horizontal external profile 4).

Claims

Patent claims1. The photovoltaic panel tracking system - particularly for large-scale photovoltaic farms with controlled photovoltaic panels mounted on them, where the lower part of the vertical column is secured to the ground either by being driven into the ground or by being attached to a concrete or reinforced concrete foundation foot, characterized in that it consists of a horizontal, external profile (4), mounted on at least two vertical columns (2) and at least one vertical support (5), with devices mounted between them that simultaneously rotate any number of PV panels (1) towards the sun both in the north-south axis and the east-west axis, wherein one of the rotation axes of the PV panels (1) is determined by the horizontal, external profile (4), to which the PV panels (1) are attached via a frame (13), and the movement of the PV panels (1) along the other axis is controlled by the horizontal, internal profile (9).

2. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to claim 1, characterized in that the vertical support (5) is a truss, constructed from C-sections or l-section alternatively.

3. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the cross-section of the vertical columns (2) is rectangular, preferably square, or a C- section.

4. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to claim 1, 2, or 3, characterized in that mounting brackets (3) with mounting bearings (6) are installed on the upper part of the vertical columns (2), through which the horizontal, external profile (4) passes, the horizontal, external profile (4) being a single or multi-part element corresponding to the entire length of the system which horizontal, external profile (4) is also supported by at least one vertical support (5), on which a gear motor (7) is mounted, housed in a mounting seat (8), that rotates the horizontal, external profile (4).

5. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to claim 1, 2, 3, or 4, characterized in that the mounting brackets (3) comprise two angle brackets attached on both sides of the vertical column (2), which support the horizontal, external profile (4) as their upper, shorter, and outwardly bent arms form flat, horizontal supports for the horizontal, external profile (4), while the longer, vertical arms, which are directly attached to both sides of the vertical column (2), have longitudinal holes through which bolts or rivets are inserted to secure the mounting bracket (3) to the opposite sides of the upper section of the vertical column (2).

6. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the seat (8), in which the gear motor (7) is mounted, comprises two short angle brackets placed on both sides of the vertical support (5), their shorter arms serve as the upper, flat supports, and the longer, vertical arms, which are attached on both sides of the vertical support (5), have longitudinal, vertical holes through which bolts or rivets are inserted to secure and fasten the mounting seat (8) to the opposite sides of the upper section of the vertical support (5) at an appropriate height, adjusted to the height of the external profile (4).

7. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the following elements are situated in a 1:1 relationship, meaning they are located at similar levels:- the vertical column (2) for the bearings (6) and the vertical support (5) for the gear motor (7), which form the base of the structure, and higher up, at a similar level, are:- the mounting brackets (3) securing the bearing (6) and the mounting seats (8) for the gear motor (7), which are the connecting elements, and further up, at similar levels, are:- the bearings (6) and the gear motor (7), wherein, if the vertical support (5) for the gear motor (7) is a truss - the gear motor (7) is directly bolted to it.

8. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the bearings (6) attached to the adjustable mounting brackets (3) of the bearings (6) on individual vertical columns (2) can be plastic sliding bearings, where the cups move within an external housing and can be secured with bolts, or they can be radial bearings in standing housings.

9. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the horizontal, external profile (4) passing through individual bearings (6) is fitted onto dedicated protrusions of the gear motor (7), which is responsible for its movement, enabling the horizontal, external profile (4) to rotate around its own longitudinal horizontal axis, thereby moving the PV panels (1).

10. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the gear motor (7) has a centrally located through-hole into which the horizontal, internal profile (9) controlling the axis is inserted and runs through it.

11. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that inside the horizontal, external profile (4), a stabilized horizontal, internal profile (9) controlling the axis is positioned using a set of slides (24) and this internal profile controls the coordination of components responsible for coordinating the structure's elements that redirect and turn PV panels (1) essentially perpendicularly to the direction in which they are tilted by the horizontal, transverse profile (4), specifically at a 90° angle to the direction set by the horizontal, transverse profile (4).

12. The photovoltaic panel tracking system according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the horizontal, internal profile (9) is centrally located inside the horizontal, external profile (4), with their axes being colinear and horizontal, internal profile (9) is stabilized using a set of slides (24), which may include ball bearings, plastic slides, or linear longitudinal bearings.

13. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the horizontal, external profile (4) controlling one of the axes is equipped with a linear drive (10) of another axis, which is connected with an adjustable rod (11) and to the horizontal, external profile (4) moving along its longitudinal rotation axis, with the longitudinal profile (9) through the drive connector (21) moving in the longitudinal cutout (12) made in the horizontal, external profile (4).

14. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the adjustable rod (11), which is a 'Roman bolt' serves as an external element both in relation to the horizontal, external control profile (4) controlling one axis, as well as in relation to the horizontal, internal control profile (9) controlling another axis placed within it and this adjustable rod (11) is connected on both sides to the following elements:- one end of the adjustable rod (11) is connected - via a connecting element (20) or a drive connector (21) - in a detachable manner to the horizontal, internal profile (9) through a longitudinal cutout (12) made in the horizontal, external profile (4), providing access to the horizontal, internal profile (9) where the adjustable rod (11) is mounted,- the other end of the adjustable rod (11) is detachably connected to the frame (13) and secured with a clamp.

15. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to claim 14, is characterized in that one end of the adjustable rod (11) is detachably connected directly to the frame (13) and at the same time, the end of the adjustable rod (11) is connected to the horizontal internal profile (9) using additional elements, namely adjustable rods (11), which connect the frames (13) for thePV panels (1) to the horizontal internal profile (9), connected by means of connecting elements (20) or drive connectors (21), depending on the chosen mounting method:- the connecting element (20) is linked to the adjustable rod (11) and through it to the horizontal internal profile (9).- alternatively, the drive connector (21) of the rod (11) is directly connected to the horizontal internal profile (9) and the drive (10), which is connected to the horizontal external profile (4).

16. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that the range of motion of the horizontal internal profile (9), which is driven in a sliding motion by a linear drive (10) via a drive connector (21) or connecting element (20) - moves the adjustable rod (11), and the range of this motion is limited in each case by longitudinal cutouts (12) in the horizontal external profile (4).

17. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that when the PV panels (1) are in a neutral, safe position - they are set parallel to the ground, while the linear drive (10) and adjustable rod (11) are mounted to the bottom of the horizontal external profile (4), and the longitudinal cutout (12) in the horizontal external profile (4) is also located in the bottom part of the respective PV panel (1).

18. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that it includes as many adjustable rods (11) as there are frames (13) on which the PV panels (1) are mounted.

19. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that it has a controller installed on the vertical support (5) that receives signals related to light intensity.

20. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 19, characterized in that each oscillatingly-mounted frame (13) for PV panels (1), is typically a non-rectangular truss or beam, having a longitudinal recess in its central upper part allowing the frame (13) to be slid onto connecting bearings (14) located on both sides of the horizontal, external profile (4) supported on a pin (15) which symmetrically runs through the horizontal, external profile (4) and is welded into the horizontal, external profile (4).

21. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that aluminum profiles (16) are attached to the upper part of the frame (13), allowing for stable and secure mounting of PV panels (1) to the frames (13).

22. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that the sunlight sensor (17) is attached to the profile (16), and the profile (16) is bolted to the frame (13), thus the sunlight sensor (17) is fixedly mounted to the frame (13), and its movement results from the movement of the system, whereby at least one sunlight sensor (17) must be mounted on each system.

23. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 22, characterized in that a vertical mast (18) is mounted to the vertical column (2) or vertical support (5) for the gear motor (7), at the end of which a wind speed sensor (23) is mounted.

24. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 23, characterized in that in the tracking system mounted to the foundation feet, the vertical column (2) and vertical support (5) have at least two mounting struts (19) at their lower part.

25. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 24, characterized in that two adjacent horizontal, external profiles (4) are connected to each other by at least two bolted clamps (22).

26. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 25, characterized in that it is connected to the external power supply, but also has batteries.

27. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 26, characterized in that the horizontal, external profile (4) serving as the axis of rotation for the PV panels (1) allows the panels (1) to rotate from east to west and is mounted on a north-south axis, or the horizontal, external profile (4) along with pins (15) welded to it at right angles, rotated by 90°, so that the horizontal, external profile (4) is mounted on an east-west axis, or at any angle if the terrain does not allow to mount the system in the described axes.

28. The photovoltaic panel tracking system, according to one of claims 1 to 27, characterized in that it consists of components, each of which can be multiplied to expand the installation.

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