Method and device for optimization of agricultural treatments

Abstract

The present invention relates to a self-contained refrigeration device designed for agricultural applications, including cooling post-harvest crops, and other agricultural treatments. The device operates by utilizing phase transitions of liquid carbon dioxide (CO2), which solidifies into dry ice and sublimates to provide cooling without requiring external power or a closed heat pump cycle. The device comprises a pressure chamber for containing liquid CO2, an expansion chamber for controlled CO2 release, and a heat exchanger in proximity to the expansion chamber that cools fluid (such as air or irrigation water) for delivery to the agricultural environment. The device may also include a closed-loop system to recycle gaseous CO2, sensor-controlled algorithms to regulate the cooling process, and optional power generation mechanisms using CO2 gas streams. This invention provides an autonomous, energy-efficient solution for agricultural cooling, offering benefits such as improved photosynthesis, pH regulation, pathogen reduction, and targeted weed control.

Description

[0001] METHOD AND DEVICE FOR OPTIMIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL TREATMENTS

[0002] Field of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to the field of agricultural technologies, specifically to a compact, autonomous refrigeration system designed to provide temperature-regulated fluids for a range of agricultural applications. The system utilizes the solidification and subsequent sublimation of liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) to apply agro-treatment (e.g., cool plant roots and post-harvest crops). The system can operate without external power and can be adapted for use in hydroponics, aquaculture, and traditional irrigation systems.

[0004] Background of the Invention

[0005] Climate changes and global warming are worldwide concern. Agriculture and climate change are internally correlated with each other in various aspects. For instance, land and farming are being affected by temperature changes and the plant's ability to accumulate their chill requirements naturally. All living things have some biological clock. For humans, it's the fatigue we feel daily, signaling that it's time to sleep (or to go "dormant"). For plants, dormancy signals the preparation of soft tissues for extreme weather shifts. Instead of exerting energy to grow, plants stop the growing processes and conserve energy until mild weather returns. This period of arrested growth allows roots to continue developing and thriving. In farming, certain chemicals are commonly used to break, artificially, plant dormancy. Chill requirements refer to growing flowers and fruits through a phase of cold treatment. There is a list of general chill requirements for different fruits and vegetables. (One chilling unit - for every full hour at temperatures below 7°C (45°F)). Unfortunately, the deficits in plant chilling units could directly or indirectly impact the production and quality of fresh fruits, vegetables, and other crops. They perform poorly in unpredictable behavior due to climate abnormalities influencing plant growth, flowering, fruit set, ripening, and product quality.

[0006] Similarly, in post-harvest phases, maintaining optimal temperatures is vital to slow down respiration, reduce decay, and extend the shelf life of crops. Current cooling technologies for both root-zone treatments and post-harvest applications are either energy-intensive or rely on chemical treatments, which are unsuitable for organic farming practices.

[0007] For example, in the post-harvest phase, a technique known as "precooling" is employed for the rapid removal of field heat from freshly harvested commodities. Precooling decelerates processes such as ripening, respiration, senescence, decay, and water loss, playing a pivotal role in maintaining quality and extending the shelf life of the produce. While high concentrations of CO2combined with low- temperature environments can enhance the quality attributes of most produce, they can also lead to the generation of off-flavor compounds, like ethanol and ethyl acetate. Such compounds can have a negative sensory impact, especially on fruits and vegetables that are particularly sensitive to temperature fluctuations.

[0008] To address this, room or chamber cooling is sometimes employed. This method entails placing the harvested items in a temperature-controlled environment. Although this cooling technique is slower, it is gentler, thereby reducing the potential for chilling injury to the produce. However, it's worth noting that room or chamber cooling can be time-consuming, often spanning several hours.

[0009] An advanced variant, controlled atmosphere cooling, involves cooling the harvested produce while simultaneously exposing it to specific CO2gas compositions. This method, though intricate, offers nuanced control over the cooling environment. However, establishing the desired CO2gas concentrations can extend cooling durations. The incorporation of a CO2-enriched atmosphere during post-harvest processes is a widely-adopted practice, especially for managing fungal decay in fresh fruits and vegetables. Numerous studies highlight the potential of controlled atmosphere storage to extend the shelf life of various products by effectively curbing fungal decay and senescence. This prolongation is attributed to reductions in both respiration and ethylene production rates.

[0010] Slow pre-cooling, sometimes termed as gradual or controlled pre-cooling, offers an alternative cooling approach for fruits and vegetables. Compared to rapid pre-cooling techniques, it cools the produce at a more measured pace. While this method is more time-consuming, its gentle cooling curve can be advantageous in terms of safeguarding produce quality and prolonging shelf life.

[0011] Farming agricultural treatments and root-zone temperature control has long been an integral part of maximizing yields in high-value crops. Studies have shown that regulating root temperature can ameliorate the effects of sub-optimal air temperatures, increase water transport from the rhizosphere to the leaves, increase stomatai conductance, and increase the dry shoot weight, leaf area, and fruit development. These benefits, looking at root zone temperature, as any other environmental factor, but keeping root temperatures in an ideal zone can also promote an environment where beneficial microbes can flourish. The benefits of root-zone temperature control, having robust beneficial biology, particularly in the root zone.

[0012] The root zone temperatures have performed well for different crops. Then, a decision can be made about the best strategy for controlling the root zone temperature. Therefore, a solution for quickly accumulating the cooling effects at the root is a tremendous agronomic advantage that may help solve global warming problems and relates to crops' type, quantity, and quality. The relevant potential use of such device can be divided into two:

[0013] 1. Agriculture of detached substrates (vertical farming). The world population suffers from the unavailability of fresh vegetables and fruits in densely populated areas.

[0014] 2. Traditional agriculture, using drip irrigation, of farming with vegetables and fruits - The agricultural production in the world suffers because of global warming from a decline in crops and their quantity and quality.

[0015] Today, these farming activities are almost entirely dominated by traditional growing methods that rely on accumulating chill hours resulting from natural temperature changes in the winter. In fully organic farming, using chemicals to break the plant's dormancy is unacceptable. It is a general trend in agricultural farms to replace chemical treatments with non-chemical treatment that reduces farming costs, increases crops, improves quality, and reduces product waists.

[0016] Therefore, a solution is required to enable the farming sector to follow the fresh fruit and vegetable market trends: A focus on health and longevity, the popularity of pure and organic, search for fresh and new, sustainability, locally grown fresh, focus on food as medicine, convenience food, retail success determined by quality.

[0017] Moreover, carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant can be beneficial because of its energy costs, good thermodynamic properties, and low environmental impact. Food security and ecosystem resilience are the most concerning subjects worldwide. The threat of varying global climates has dramatically driven the attention of scientists. These variations negatively impact global crop production and compromise food security worldwide. According to some predicted reports, agriculture is considered the most endangered activity adversely affected by climate change. Climate-smart agriculture is the only way to lower the negative impact of climate variations on crop adaptation before drastically affecting global crop production.

[0018] To address these challenges, this invention introduces a device that utilizes liquid CO2, a byproduct that cannot be released into the atmosphere, for efficient cooling. The system not only provides cooling but does so autonomously, without relying on external power sources, offering a sustainable solution for temperature management in agriculture.

[0019] It is an object of the present invention to provide a system for providing temperature-regulated fluids suitable for diverse farming and agriculture applications, and for optimizing animal health, productivity, and overall farm management. It is another object of the present invention to provide a compact and accessible device that can lower the temperature of the plant's root zone in such immediate and accurate proximity of time.

[0020] It is another object of the present invention to provide a device capable of directing temperature- controlled air streams to the root zone of plants.

[0021] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a device capable of controlling plants' root-zone temperature through the existing irrigation infrastructure.

[0022] Another object of this invention is to provide an autonomous method and device for cooling relatively small volumes and water for aquaculture without external power or a coolant supply.

[0023] It is a further object of this invention to provide a relatively compact cooling device for cold-water fish farming (salmon, tuna, cod, trout halibut, and more), including for autonomous field uses without external power or coolant supply.

[0024] It is still another object of this invention to provide a closed, compact, and self-sustained refrigeration system for cooling relatively small volumes or areas or producing relatively small streams of cooled fluid for harvest in fish farms.

[0025] It is a further object of the invention to provide a compact and robust device for aquafarming uses, including autonomous field uses.

[0026] It is yet a further object of the invention to provide a method for bringing the roots-zone volumes to the desired temperature for the acumination of chills hours required, immediately when needed.

[0027] It is also an object of this invention to provide a simple autonomous system for supplying a stream of fluid to the farming constructions (e.g., greenhouses, tunnels, containers, etc.) for cooling / heating them to the desired temperature.

[0028] It is still another object of this invention to provide a method for chilling the drinking water intended for farm stock, including poultry, cows, sheep, and other animals.

[0029] It is yet a further object this invention to provide a method for the controlled reduction of pH in drinking water for farm stock.

[0030] Other objects and advantages of the present invention will appear as the description proceeds.

[0031] Summary of the Invention

[0032] The invention provides a self-contained refrigeration device that cools plant root zones, post-harvest crops, or other agricultural treatments by leveraging the phase transitions of liquid CO2. The device solidifies liquid CO2into dry ice, which then sublimates to provide cooling without requiring an external energy source. This approach offers multiple advantages: compact size, autonomy, and the use of CO2that would otherwise be wasted.

[0033] In one aspect, the device comprises:

[0034] A pressure chamber containing liquid CO2;

[0035] An expansion chamber, e.g., conical in shape, for receiving controlled amounts of liquid CO2from the pressure chamber through micro-sized nozzles; and

[0036] A heat exchanger chamber in heat-conductive contact with the expansion chamber, designed to receive a constant flow of fluid, such as air or irrigation water, driven by a pump.

[0037] In operation, the heat exchanger receives a fluid (e.g., ambient air or irrigation water), while liquid CO2is released into the expansion chamber. Inside the expansion chamber, the CO2undergoes solidification, forming dry ice. The dry ice sublimates into gaseous CO2, creating an additional cooling effect. The heat exchanger cools the fluid, which can then be directed to plant root zones, postharvest crops, or other agricultural applications.

[0038] In one aspect, an optional closed-loop system allows the gaseous CO2to be recycled back into a compressor unit for re-liquefaction and returned to the pressure chamber, minimizing waste and ensuring continuous operation.

[0039] In one aspect, the device includes sensor-controlled algorithms (i.e., a a closed-loop control system) that regulate the flow of liquid CO2based on inputs from one or more sensors, such as temperature, humidity, and flow rate sensors. These algorithms ensure precise control over the cooling process, optimizing both energy efficiency and effectiveness.

[0040] In one aspect, the sensor-controlled algorithms is an embedded control system that integrates sensors, a processing unit, and control logic (software algorithms) that regulate the operation of the device.

[0041] A refrigeration device for agricultural applications, comprising: a) a well-isolated body; b) an interface configured for connection to a system requiring cooling; c) a storage container for liquid carbon dioxide (CO2); d) a controllable release mechanism for said liquid CO2; and e) a heat exchanger in fluid communication with said interface and in proximity to the released CO2, wherein phase transitions of the CO2induce cooling in the heat exchanger. In one aspect, the device further comprises a power generation system, wherein said system utilizes the stream of CO2 gas to generate electrical power through one or more energy conversion mechanisms, and wherein said interface is configured to facilitate connection between the refrigeration device and the power generation system

[0042] In one aspect, the power generation system comprises a Gas Turbine Generator (GTG), configured to use the stream of CO2 gas in a tube to generate electrical power through fluid dynamics and electromagnetic induction within a tube-like structure.

[0043] In one aspect, the power generation system comprises a Wind Turbine (WT), configured to use the stream of CO2 gas in a tube to generate electrical power through fluid dynamics and electromagnetic induction within a tube-like structure.

[0044] In one aspect, the device further comprises a Thermoelectric Generator (TEG), configured to use the stream of subzero CO2 gas in a tube to generate electrical power through thermoelectric conversion.

[0045] In one aspect, the device operates autonomously without an external power supply.

[0046] In one aspect, the device operates without a closed heat pump cycle.

[0047] In one aspect, the device is configured for cryogenic weed-control treatment in agricultural settings, releasing a mix of freezing air and CO2targeting weeds.

[0048] In one aspect, the device is configured to treat and temperature-regulate drinking water for livestock.

[0049] In one aspect, the device is configured for aquacultural applications, providing cooled and potentially CO2enriched water for aquatic systems.

[0050] In one aspect, the device is configured for post-harvest treatments, controlling atmospheric conditions in storage facilities to regulate ripening processes.

[0051] In one aspect, the device is configured for cryogenic pest-control treatments, by freezing sucked air to freeze and inactivate pests and pathogens in agricultural settings, wherein the sucked air is received via sucking air pipes that draw in ambient air.

[0052] In one aspect, the device further comprises a mesh or net within the heat exchanger and / or the expamsion chamber, made from a heat conductive material, for increased heat-exchanging efficiency.ln one aspect, the mesh or net is formed from materials selected from the group consisting of: copper, aluminum, graphite, and graphene. In one aspect, the device further comprises a controllable valve or nozzle for directing the release of said freezing air and CO2mix.

[0053] In one aspect, the device is scalable, having configurations ranging from a volume of 100 ml up to volumes exceeding 100,000 ml.

[0054] In one aspect, the liquid CO2occupies between 2% and 75% of the device's volume.

[0055] In one aspect, the device further comprises sensors and regulation elements to control and monitor the cooling processes and CO2release.

[0056] In one aspect, the device provides benefits selected from the group consisting of: increased photosynthesis efficiency, pH regulation in water, reduction of pathogen and pests activity, and denaturation of chlorophyll in targeted weeds.

[0057] The present invention relates to an autonomous device providing a stream of fluid employing liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) as a coolant. According to an embodiment of the invention, the autonomous cooling device can operate without an external power supply.

[0058] In one aspect, the present invention relates to a device for optimizing the temperature of plants' root zone by generating and delivering controlled streams of fluids via an irrigation system.

[0059] In one aspect, the device comprises the following elements: a pressurized chamber for containing liquid CO2; an expansion chamber, conical in shape, adapted for receiving an amount of liquid CO2from said pressurized chamber; a first valve for releasing an amount of CO2from said pressurized chamber to said expansion chamber, via micro circumferential nuzzles; a heat exchanger chamber in heat conductive contact with said pressurized and expansion chamber, for cooling fluid received therein, wherein said heat exchanger chamber provided with an inlet and a first outlet; a first pump for pumping said fluid through said heat exchange chamber; and a power generation system, wherein said system utilizes the stream of CO2 gas to generate electrical power through one or more energy conversion mechanisms.

[0060] In another aspect, the device further comprises a processing unit adapted to receive measurements indicative of the temperature of the root zone surrounding an irrigation dripper's outlet. According to an embodiment of the invention, the measurements are received from one or more sensors adapted to measure the temperature at the roots zone. In another aspect, the device further comprises a flow rate sensor adapted for measuring the flow rate of the fluid at the first outlet.

[0061] In one aspect, a gaseous CO2exhausted from the expansion chamber is directed into a compressor unit for liquidation and recycled as liquid CO2into the pressurized chamber.

[0062] In another aspect, the device further comprises an interface for connecting the heat exchanger chamber to the irrigation system thru the first outlet, wherein a water opening of the irrigation system is suitable to be coupled to an add-on chamber that contains a unit, which is a type of vortex tube, the unit containing a second valve for controlling the water temperature.

[0063] In one aspect, the processing unit comprises stored data and suitable software configured for receiving information signals from the one or more sensors, sending instruction signals at least to the releasing and said controlling valves and to the pump, and receiving instructions from an operation board. According to some embodiments of the invention, the operation board is configured to regulate the temperature and the flow rate at the first outlet.

[0064] In another aspect, the device includes an add-on Gas Turbine Generator or Wind Turbine connected via an interface that utilizes the stream of CO2gas within a tube to generate electrical power. This process leverages both fluid dynamics and electromagnetic induction elements, which operate inside the tube-like structure. Additionally, the device may incorporate an add-on Thermoelectric Generator (TEG), which uses the stream of subzero CO2gas in the tube to generate electrical power.

[0065] As part of the cooling process, 1 gram of liquid CO2expands to approximately 0.00051 cubic meters (or 0.51 liters) when it vaporizes into a streaming CO2gas. This expanded gas is then harnessed to generate electrical power for device operation. The device further includes a battery or another internal energy source to power its various elements.

[0066] In another aspect, the device further comprises a heat-insulating enclosure for housing the elements of said device.

[0067] In another aspect, the device further comprises a switch for activating the cooling activity of the device.

[0068] In one aspect, the amount of liquid CO2expands via micro circumferential nuzzles and forms solid CO2and gas CO2, wherein said solid CO2subliming and further cooling the heat exchanger and the fluid, while a recycling unit absorbs said CO2, wherein the first releasing valve is managed by said processing unit and repeatedly releases amounts of liquid CO2 to keep the temperature and the flowrate at the first outlet at predetermined values. According to an embodiment of the invention, a connecting irrigation valve is managed by the processing unit and repeatedly releases amounts of irrigation water to keep the temperature and the flow rate at the irrigation dripper's outlet at predetermined values.

[0069] In one aspect, the fluid circulates in a closed and / or open circuit while cooling when flowing from the outlet to the inlet, aquaculture pools, or containers containing live aquacultural items. According to an embodiment of the invention, the fluid has a temperature within the range of: -75°C and 0°C, and the flow rate at a second outlet is between 0.1 and 100 l / min, wherein the second outlet is the irrigation drippers outlet.

[0070] In one aspect, the device is a compact, robust, easily scalable, and autonomously working temperature controlling device, efficient for agricultural applications selected from the group consisting of: fields and orchards, greenhouses and vertical farming, at home, or under complex field conditions.

[0071] In a further aspect, the device is stable on prolonged storage, and is adapted to supply a fluid stream of a predetermined, precisely controlled temperature at any degree centigrade, immediately when needed. According to an embodiment of the invention, the generated stream has a predetermined temperature of between -70°C and +35°C and a magnitude of up to 100 l / min.

[0072] In one aspect, the heat exchanger is made of a heat-conductive material and is filled with a heat- conductive mesh made of a fine wire, and the device may comprise replaceable and / or disposable parts / elements.

[0073] In one aspect, an enclosure of said device has a well-isolated body suitable for implementing efficient farming temperature-controlling tasks.

[0074] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for providing a stream of cool air and warm irrigation water for cooling or warming the root zone of plants to a precisely regulated controlled temperature of the root zone for acumination of chill hours and enhance root activity, immediately when needed, according to the farming timeline without employing a closed refrigeration cycle, comprising: providing a device having a first chamber adapted to store an amount of liquid CO2in a pressurized form, expanding said liquid CO2to a second chamber via a microvalve and micro circumferential nuzzles, and driving by a pump said expanded liquid CO2to be cooled through a third chamber having an inlet and a first outlet; receiving, from at least one sensor, readings indicative of the temperature of plant roots- zone at a farming substrate; and processing, by a processing unit, said received readings, and accordingly providing commands to said microvalve and said pump to enable the delivery of streams of fluid for cooling the roots-zone of plants.

[0075] In one aspect, the method further comprises a fourth chamber adapted for driving by irrigation water line pressure to be warmed through and temperature regulated with the inlet and the first outlet of the third chamber.

[0076] In yet another aspect, the processing unit sends commands at least to the microvalve and the pump to generate and deliver fluid for cooling the root zone or warming the irrigation water for direct control of the root-zone temperature. According to an embodiment of the invention, the cooling is performed once during an interrupted event or several times during separate independent events, comprising starting and ending the cooling activity at different times according to the accumulation need of chill hours.

[0077] In one aspect, the method further comprises raising the temperature of said root zone from ambient temperature by 2-20°C, and the stream of the fluid, when being irrigation water, has a magnitude of between 0.1-100 l / min.

[0078] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a temperature control system for aquaculture, operating without a closed refrigeration cycle, comprising: at least four chambers, a first chamber adapted for storing pressurized liquid CO2, a second chamber adapted for enabling the expansion of said pressurized liquid CO2via a micro circumferential nozzle of a microvalve, a third chamber adapted for driving, by a blower, said fluid to be cooled through with an inlet and outlet, and a fourth chamber driving by water supply line pressure to be warmed through and temperature regulated with said inlet and outlet; one or more sensors adapted to measure the temperature of aquaculture water; and a processing unit configured to receive data indicative of temperature measurements from said one or more sensors and accordingly to send operating commands at least to said microvalve and said blower, thereby providing a fluid for cooling aquaculture water or warming the aquaculture water for direct control of the aquaculture water temperature, wherein the cooling may be performed once during an interrupted event or more times during several separate independent events, wherein said system starts and ends the cooling activity at different times according to the need of the specific aquaculture production, while raising the temperature of said aquaculture water from ambient temperature by 2-20°C, and the stream of said fluid when being aquaculture water, may have a magnitude of between 0.1-100 l / min.

[0079] In one aspect, the temperature control system for aquaculture includes Algae Farming.

[0080] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for cooling and / or disinfecting agricultural yield products by providing a stream of cool air and CO2gas, the method comprising: providing a refrigeration system with at least four chambers: o a first chamber containing liquid CO2; o a second chamber where the liquid CO2expands via a micro-circumferential nozzle; o a third chamber where a blower drives cooled air through an inlet and outlet; and o a fourth chamber where cold air, driven by air line pressure, is directed to the layers of harvested products, with temperature regulation through the inlet and outlet; measuring the temperature of the harvested products using at least one sensor; transmitting temperature data from the sensor to a microprocessor; controlling, via the microprocessor, the operation of a valve and blower based on the received temperature data to deliver cold air and / or CO2gas to the harvested products, thereby regulating the product temperature; and capturing CO2from the circulated air using Direct Air Capture (DAC) methods to regulate CO2enrichment levels within the treatment chamber and prevent potential correlated damage to the products.

[0081] In one aspect, the cooling process is performed at least once as a single event or multiple times during separate, independent events, and the cooling activity can start and end at different times as required by the harvesting process, wherein the temperature of the harvested products is reduced by 2-20°C, and the stream of cold air has a flow rate of 0.1 to 100 liters per minute.

[0082] All the above description has been provided for the purpose of illustration and is not meant to limit the invention in any way.

[0083] Brief Description of the Drawings

[0084] The above and other characteristics and advantages of the invention will be more readily apparent through the following examples and with reference to the appended drawings, wherein: Fig. 1 schematically illustrates a device for optimizing plant root-zone temperature, according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0085] Fig. 2 schematically illustrates a device for optimizing plant root-zone temperature that comprises an add-on unit adapted to control the irrigation water temperature to optimize the root-zone temperature, according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0086] Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a transparent view of a device for optimizing plant root-zone temperature, according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0087] Fig. 4 schematically illustrates the device of Fig. 1 in a farming Vernalization system implementation, according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0088] Fig. 5 schematically illustrates a refrigeration device in the farming cryogenic weed-control treatment, according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0089] Fig. 6 schematically illustrates a refrigeration device in the farming live-stock drinking water treatments, according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0090] Fig. 7 schematically illustrates a refrigeration device in the farming aquaculture, according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0091] Fig. 8 schematically illustrates a refrigeration device in the farming post-harvest treatment, according to an embodiment of the invention;

[0092] Fig. 9 schematically illustrates a refrigeration device in the farming cryogenic pest-control treatment, according to an embodiment of the invention; and

[0093] Fig. 10 schematically illustrates a block diagram of the refrigeration device of Fig. 1 provided with power generation system, according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0094] Detailed Description of the Invention

[0095] The present invention reveals that a compact device containing a small quantity of liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) can autonomously and controllably cool various farming treatments, including but not limited to: Plant root-zone treatments, Aquaculture optimizations, Livestock drinking water treatments, Post-harvest treatments, Cryogenic pest-control, Cryogenic weed-control, etc. These treatments remain effective even under challenging field conditions.

[0096] Existing field cooling systems either employ intricate machinery that uses a refrigeration or heat pump cycle or utilize potentially hazardous chemicals for dormancy breaking. The former cooling systems operate on a coolant that shifts in temperature and alternates between gaseous and condensed phases in a recurrent refrigeration cycle, demanding consistent external power input. The latter systems, which utilize a static coolant precooled to a consistent low temperature, are unreliable, challenging to regulate, and cannot be stored without a continuous power source. Contrastingly, the present invention offers a system that can operate independently without requiring external power or coolant. This device is compact, robust, easily scalable, well-regulated, and flexibly managed for diverse agricultural necessities. Differing from existing systems, the invention employs phase transitions, eliminating the need for a closed refrigeration cycle.

[0097] For agricultural cooling, including root-zone treatments, this invention uses liquid CO2 in an efficient, compact refrigeration device. This device boasts a simplified design with fewer components than traditional coolers, leading to rapid and controllable performance, uncomplicated operation, and reduced maintenance needs. Notably, it guarantees a predetermined temperature.

[0098] The device's structure allows for scalability, accommodating volumes from 100 ml to over 100,000 ml. For instance, devices can range in total outer volume from 1,000 ml up to and beyond 40,000 ml.

[0099] In various embodiments, liquid CO2constitutes between 2% and 25% of the device's volume. One such embodiment features a cooling device with a volume up to 10 liters, primed for operation after indefinite storage, requiring no external power.

[0100] This adaptable device can produce cool fluid, either gas or liquid, suitable for direct agricultural use or additional heat transfer applications. This fluid can reach temperatures as low as 0°C, proving beneficial for cooling aquaculture assets like pools or containers. The device's refrigeration cycle is initiated when a portion of CO2, liquified at pressures exceeding 76 atm, is released into the device's expanding space. Here, it transforms into solid CO2(or dry ice) with a temperature of approximately -78°C. This solid CO2then undergoes sublimation, further cooling adjacent structures via the latent heat of sublimation.

[0101] According to an embodiment of the invention, the device may comprise a mesh or net within the heat exchanger and / or the expamsion chamber, made from a heat conductive material, for increased heat-exchanging efficiency. For example, in some embodiments, the heat exchanger, fabricated from thermally conductive materials, features intricate structures to enhance its heat exchange surface area. These structures could include a mesh of fine wire, possibly comprised of materials like copper, aluminum, or graphene. The mesh aids in efficient heat transfer and fluid movement through the exchanger.

[0102] According to an embodiment of the invention, a stream of CO2 gas flows through a tube at high velocity. Upon vaporization, 1 gram of liquid CO2expands to approximately 0.00051 cubic meters (or 0.51 liters). This expansion provides the basis for multiple energy conversion processes. Specifically, utilizing a stream of subzero CO2 gas to generate electrical power leverages the temperature differential between the gas and its environment. This differential can be harnessed through either direct thermoelectric generation, which exploits the Seebeck effect, or a reversed thermodynamic cycle (such as a refrigeration cycle operating in reverse), allowing for the conversion of thermal energy into electrical power that would otherwise be wasted.

[0103] Additionally, mechanical power generation using a stream of CO2 gas is grounded in the principles of fluid dynamics and electromagnetic induction. In this configuration, the CO2 gas flows through a tube-like structure, where it drives a rotor or similar mechanism, resulting in electrical generation via a Gas Turbine Generator (GTG) or Wind Turbine (WT) technology. These technologies, while traditionally applied at larger scales, are adapted and miniaturized for use in this tube-based system to efficiently convert the kinetic energy of the CO2 gas into electrical energy. For example, the miniaturization may involve the downsizing of components such as the turbine blades or rotors to fit within the narrow confines of the tube, optimizing the aerodynamics for lower Reynolds numbers typical of smaller-scale systems. Additionally, advanced materials with high strength-to-weight ratios can also be used to ensure that the miniaturized components can withstand the stresses of high- velocity gas flows. In some embodiments, electromagnetic induction elements are also scaled down, utilizing micro-coils and compact magnetic assemblies to generate electrical power in confined spaces. To maintain efficiency, precision engineering ensures minimal energy losses due to friction or turbulence within the tube, while advanced control systems are employed to regulate the flow of CO2 and optimize power output from the miniaturized generators.

[0104] Furthermore, electrochemical processes may exploit the streaming CO2 to generate electrical power at low temperatures. In these processes, CO2 is involved in redox reactions within an electrochemical system, reducing CO2 to valuable products (such as carbonates or hydrocarbons) while simultaneously producing electrical power. This method allows for energy recovery in the form of electricity, particularly in systems designed for low-temperature operation.

[0105] According to some embodiments, the present invention provides a solution for accumulating the deficits in plants' chill requirements by providing a temperature-controlled air stream through the existing irrigation infrastructure. According to an embodiment of the invention, cold airflow is directed to the plant roots at low temperatures through drippers hidden in the substrate. The temperature of the plant roots quickly drops, and the accumulation of chill hours by the plant begins. Thus, helping and controlling the cellular differentiation and flowering process. The structure and way of operation of the device are based on ambient air flowing through heat exchangers cooled by a cooling core into the lines of irrigation pipes and from there to the roots-zone. According to an embodiment of the invention, the cooling is carried out by a controlled endothermal reaction of CO2gas expansion and solid CO2sublimation. Several technological components are innovative for this device:

[0106] The combination of air cooling with its flowing in the existing irrigation infrastructure differentiates the device in terms of efficiency by lowering the temperature of the plant's roots;

[0107] The device is configured to reduce the ambient air temperature in seconds.

[0108] The device is a plug-in design and relatively small in size, thanks to the energy source (compressed liquid CO2) being stored in the device; and

[0109] It is entirely adjustable to the agricultural crop's type and variety by measuring the cooling effect on the root system.

[0110] It has been found that a relatively small container of liquid carbon dioxide can supply enough cool energy in a compact device for autonomous and controllable cooling of plants' roots-zone even under field conditions.

[0111] The existing cooling systems either include complex equipment employing the refrigeration cycle (also called the heat pump cycle) or use dormancy-breaking chemicals. Such existing systems use a working coolant that changes temperature and its phase from a condensed phase to gas and back during one closed refrigeration cycle. The cycle periodically repeats itself, requiring a continual external power input. The latter systems, using a static coolant precooled to a constant low temperature, are unreliable and difficult to control and plan, and they cannot be stored for future applications without external power output.

[0112] The invention provides a system that can work autonomously without external power or coolant supply, while being compact, robust, easily scalable, well regulated, easily stored for any future use, and flexibly and precisely managed for agricultural needs even under the most complex field conditions. In contrast to the existing systems, the invention employs phase transitions without a closed refrigeration (heat pump) cycle.

[0113] To provide a refrigeration system for plant roots-zone cooling uses, this invention employs liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) in a low-cost refrigerating device that is compact and simple in structure, exhibiting a smaller size and having fewer components than known cooling devices, resulting in fast and controllable performance, enabling easy operation and avoiding complex maintenance, and importantly capable of providing a predetermined temperature. According to the invention, the device's structure enables scaling down and scaling up to all practically needed outputs. On the lower side of the device volume, volumes of down to 100 ml and up to 100000 ml can be manufactured according to the invention, such as devices having total outer volumes of 10000 ml or less, for example, 6000 ml, such as 5000 ml or 4000 ml or 3000 ml or 2000 ml or 1000 ml.

[0114] The method does enable mini-cooling, and the device may be employed as a mini-roots-zone machine when needed. On the upper side of the device volume, volumes above 100000 ml can be manufactured according to the invention, such as devices having total outer volumes of 12000 ml or more, for example, 15000 ml, such as 20000 ml or 40000 ml or more.

[0115] In many embodiments of the invention, liquid CO2takes between 2% and 25% of the device volume, such as between 3% and 20% or between 4% and 15%, for example, about 10%. In one embodiment, the invention provides a cooling device of a volume of up to 10 liters, such as up to five liters, for example, up to three liters or up to two liters or up to one liter, ready to work after unlimited storage and to be used whenever needed, autonomously and without external power supply.

[0116] According to the invention, the controllable device can provide coolant fluid, either gas or liquid, for direct use in farming or for further heat transfer from cooled objects. The cool fluid may have a temperature of 0°C, cooling an aquaculture item such as pool containers or boxes, Algae Farming, etc.

[0117] The CO2refrigerating device of the invention supplies cold fluid shortly after being activated (less than a minute, for example, less than 30 seconds) to the outlets that can be connected for any refrigeration of roots-zoon needs.

[0118] The device of the present invention employs a refrigeration cycle in which a part of CO2, liquified at pressures higher than about 76 atm and stably included in the storage space of the device, is controllably released to the expanding space of the device, thereby being converted to solid (dry ice) CO2having a temperature of around -78°C, wherein the solid undergoes sublimation, thereby further cooling (while absorbing latent heat of sublimation) the said walls of said the expanding space and the storage space which are in contact with the said heat exchanger, through which a fluid to be cooled flows and is cooled. The cooled fluid is directly used or is employed for further heat transfer from another cooled streaming medium. The heat exchanger is made of a heat-conductive material, and it comprises fine structures to increase the heat-exchanging surface; the structures possibly comprise a mesh made of a fine wire, in the weight of 10 gr up to 2000 gr, crumpled and compressed into the volume of the heat exchanger, enabling good heat flow in and out of the exchanger and good fluid flow through the exchanger. The mesh may comprise wire or fibers of copper, aluminum, graphite, or graphene, for example, copper wires 0.05-0.1 mm in thickness, arranged in a mesh having openings of, for example, 1-40 mesh (1-40 openings per inch). The whole volume of the mesh is conductively connected with the outer surface of the heat exchanger, which is cooled by the carbon dioxide; the cooling carbon dioxide may be in direct contact with the outer surface of the heat exchanger, or it may be enclosed within conductive envelope surrounding the expansion space. The fine mesh or net is preferably formed from thin, flexible conductive materials, acting as a turbulence generator and heat exchanger.

[0119] According to an embodiment of the invention, the device is equipped with an embedded sensor- controlled system (herein may sometimes refer to sensor-controlled algorithms) to ensure precise regulation of cooling activities. This system consists of a microcontroller-based processing unit that manages the flow of liquid CO2and the fluid through the heat exchanger chamber. The processing unit continuously receives data from multiple sensors, that may include, but not limited to, temperature, humidity, and flow rate sensors, which monitor key parameters of the root zone, postharvest chamber, or fluid lines.

[0120] The control algorithms embedded in the processing unit process the sensor data in real-time to adjust elements of the device, such as valves / microvalves and fluid pumps, ensuring that the cooling process stays within desired parameters. These algorithms enable the device to operate in an autonomous closed-loop system, where feedback from the sensors directly influences the operation of the cooling elements. The microcontroller-based processing unit, which is embedded within the device, is responsible for receiving real-time data from multiple environmental sensors (e.g., temperature, humidity, and flow rate sensors). The sensors are strategically placed near critical areas, such as the expansion chamber and the fluid outlet, to monitor operational parameters. The processing unit may use stored control logic (software algorithms) to process the sensor data and make real-time adjustments to the valves controlling the release of liquid CO2and the flow rate of fluids in the heat exchanger. The goal of the control algorithms is to maintain optimal cooling conditions based on pre-set thresholds for root-zone or crop temperatures.

[0121] The following illustrative figures showcase various embodiments and applications of the invention, depicting its integration into diverse agricultural setups like vernalization systems, cryogenic weed control, livestock water treatment, aquaculture, post-harvest treatments, and cryogenic pest control.

[0122] Fig. 1 schematically illustrates a device (10) for optimizing plant root-zone temperature, according to an embodiment of the invention. Device (10) comprises a well-isolated body (100), and a refrigeration chamber (101) that serves as a heat exchanger. The refrigeration chamber (101) comprises a fine conductive net / mesh (114), in one embodiment in its whole volume, possibly in the form of a cylindrical roll, an ambient airflow chamber (102) that may also comprise a fine conductive net / mesh (114), a liquid CO2 container (110), possibly replaceable, an expansion chamber (113) constituting the expanding space for the CO2 originated from container (110) (the expanding space is indicated by numeral (115) in Fig. 3), a controllable release mechanism (120), a discharge valve (122) of controllable release mechanism (120) (e.g., located at one end of a connecting pipe (121)), an outlet (128) (e.g., single or double outlet), a pump (130) (e.g., single or double fluid air / gas or liquid pump), a control unit (140) that may include operational switch and operation electronic board, such as activating / operational button / switch (143), and a possibly rechargeable battery (141). and manages the h uid CO» in some instances, the liquid CO2 container (110) functions as the refrigeration chamber (101) for phase transition and cooling within expansion chamber (113).

[0123] In one embodiment, refrigeration device (10) is equipped with an integrated power generation system (119) that allows for completely autonomous operation, without the need for an external power supply. System (119) harnesses the residual energy generated during the cooling process - specifically, the pressure and temperature differentials resulting from the phase transitions of liquid CO2into gaseous CO2. The power generation system (119) converts this residual energy into electricity using one or more energy conversion mechanisms, such as a Gas Turbine Generator (GTG), Wind Turbine, or a Thermoelectric Generator (TEG). These systems utilize the flow of CO2gas or the temperature differentials within device (10) to generate sufficient electrical power to operate all essential components, including the pumps (130), valves (120), sensors, and control unit (140). By producing electricity internally, refrigeration device (10) is capable of fully self-sustained operation, making it ideal for use in remote agricultural settings or mobile applications where external power sources are not available or reliable. This autonomous model ensures continuous cooling and environmental control without interruption, enhancing both the efficiency and sustainability of the device.

[0124] Fig. 10 is a block diagram of a self-sustained refrigeration device (10), according to an embodiment of the invention. Fig. 10 schematically illustrates a block diagram of the components of refrigeration device (10) in its self-sustained design, where device (10) operates autonomously without an external power source. The pressure chamber (110) contains the liquid CO2, which is released into the expansion chamber (113) through a controllable release mechanism (120). As the liquid CO2undergoes phase transition into gaseous CO2, the heat exchanger (101), in close proximity to the expansion chamber (113), cools the fluid (air or irrigation water) that is directed to a system requiring cooling via outlet (128) to an interface adapted for a specific application (e.g., root-zone cooling).

[0125] The power generation system (119) harnesses the residual energy from the CO2's phase transition. This system may include a Gas Turbine Generator (GTG) (1191) or a Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) (1192), which converts the energy into electricity. The generated power is used to operate the device's essential components, including the pumps (130), valves (122), sensors (1110) (e.g., temperature sensors, flowrate sensors, etc.), and the control unit (140). In some embodimetns, control unit (140) regulates the entire system, managing the release of CO2and optimizing the cooling process based on inputs from the sensors (1110). The battery (141), which may be rechargeable, stores any excess electricity generated, ensuring continuous operation even in fluctuating conditions.

[0126] This self-sustained design, as shown in Fig. 10, enables refrigeration device (10) to autonomously manage its cooling functions and electrical power generation, making it suitable for remote and off- grid agricultural applications.

[0127] The following is an example for an implementation of self-sustained refrigeration device (10) of Fig. 10 for roots-zone cooling. In such implementation device 10 may comprise the following: a pressurized chamber for containing liquid CO2 (110); an expansion chamber (113) for accepting an amount of liquid CO2 from the pressurized chamber (110); a valve (e.g., microvalve (120)) for releasing an amount of CO2 from said pressurized chamber (110) to said expansion chamber (113); a heat exchanger chamber (101) in heat conductive contact with said valve (120) and expansion chamber (113), for accepting a fluid (either gas or liquid) to be cooled, provided with a first inlet and a first outlet; a pump (130) for pumping said fluid through said heat exchange chamber (101); a first temperature sensor measuring the temperature of said roots-zone at said plants; a first flowrate sensor measuring the flowrate of said fluid at outlet (128); a C02 liquidation unit containing a compressor for liquidating the exhausted gaseous CO2 and being in liquid contact with the pressurized chamber. The CO2 liquidation unit is a component adapted to reconvert gaseous CO2back into its liquid form; a microprocessor unit (e.g., that can be part of control unit (140)) comprising stored data and suitable software, receiving information signals at least from said sensors and sending instruction signals at least to said releasing valve and to the pump, and receiving instructions from the operation board; an add-on Gas Turbine Generator (GTG) or Wind Turbine (1191), to use the stream of CO2 gas in a tube to generate electrical power with fluid dynamics element and electromagnetic induction element, that work within a tube-like structure, and / or an add-on Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) (1192) with Subzero Gas, with said interface to use the stream of subzero CO2 gas in a tube to generate electrical power; a heat-insulating outer coat (e.g., well-isolated body (100)), for containing the elements of device 10; and an operation board / swtich (143) for manually starting the temperature-controlling activity of device (10) for regulating the temperature and the flowrate at outlet (128).

[0128] According to an embodiment of the invention, the expansion chamber is conical in shape, which plays a role in the efficient expansion and phase transition of the liquid CO2. The conical geometry is designed to facilitate a controlled and gradual expansion of liquid CO2into its solid (dry ice) phase. This shape allows for an even distribution of the expanding CO2and turbulence within the chamber. The conic taper maximizes the surface area in contact with the heat exchanger, enhancing the efficiency of the cooling process by increasing the rate of heat exchange.

[0129] Fig. 3 schematically illustrates a transparent view of a device 30 for optimizing plant root-zone temperature, according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, device 30 comprises a well-isolated body (100), a refrigeration chamber (101) that serves as a heat exchanger, the refrigeration chamber (101) comprises a fine conductive net / mesh (114), in its whole volume, an ambient airflow chamber (102), an expansion chamber (113) constituting the expanding space (115), a pipe (121) is adapted to be connected at one end to an electromechanical microvalve such as microvalve (122) of controllable release mechanism (120) shown in Fig. 1, and at the other end of pipe (121) a discharge nozzle (350) is connected at the end of the connecting pipe (121), with a conic discharge expanding space (115), for spinning of the CO2 molecules (351), expending to a closed discharge space (115) within expansion chamber (113), a fluid inlet (123), a fluid outlet (128), a gaseous CO2 exhaust outlet (145). By initiating the releasing valve (122), the amount of liquid CO2 expands and forms solid CO2 and gas CO2. The solid CO2 subliming further cools the heat exchanger and the fluid, while the CO2 liquidation unit absorbs the gaseous CO2. The control unit (140) (see Fig. 1 and 10) can manage the releasing valve (122) and repeatedly releases amounts of liquid CO2 to keep the temperature and the flow rate at outlet at predetermined values.

[0130] According to some embodiment of the invention, the cooled fluid in device (10) is water circulating in a closed circuit while cooling when flowing from the outlet (128) to the inlet (123), an aquaculture basin, or an aquafarming box containing fish and / or seafood items.

[0131] According to an embodiment of the invention, the cooled fluid is air, and device (10) further comprises a second pump (not shown), and a mixing chamber (not shown) provided with a second inlet, a third inlet, and a second outlet, the second inlet receiving a first stream of cold air from the heat exchanger chamber via the first outlet, the first stream is driven by the first pump, the third inlet receiving a second stream of ambient, warmer air, driven by the second pump, and the second outlet releasing a third stream of mixed cold air for desired cooling activity. The warmer air either comes separately from outside or from the first inlet if it is split and supplies both the first and the second stream. In this embodiment, the stream of cool fluid is provided without using an external power supply (i.e., by using an internal power source, such as a battery or rechargeable battery).

[0132] According to an embodiment of the invention, the device comprises one or more liquefying units, each unit containing a compressor for absorbing gaseous CO2 from the expansion chamber and liquefying it before its entrance to the pressurized chamber and to the expansion chamber. If the first inlet is split, one unit can liquefy both streams before they are split, and if the first inlet is not split, two compressor units may liquefy independently each one of the streams.

[0133] According to an embodiment of the invention, one or more temperature sensors are used for measuring the temperature of the root system at the root area or the drippers' outlet. According to an embodiment of the invention, an optional temperature sensor can be used for measuring the temperature of the fluid at the second farming position. The microprocessor unit receives data indicative of measured temperature (or other information signals) from all sensors, and sends operating commands to the valve and the pumps, thereby ensuring a suitable ratio between the first and the second flow rates, and thus the desired temperature and flowrate at the second outlet.

[0134] According to an embodiment of the invention, the device generates a stream of temperature- controlled fluid in the range of -75°C to +25°C (for example, a temperature between -75°C and 0°C). The predetermined flow rate at said second outlet may be between 0.1 and 1000 l / min. According to an embodiment of the invention, the device is a compact, robust, easily scalable, and autonomously working cooling device, efficient for farming applications in fields, orchards, greenhouses, vertical farming, home use, and applications under complex field conditions. According to some embodiments of the invention, the device is suitable for farming and research applications at any site, as it does without external power or a coolant supply. The autonomous cooling device of the invention is stable on prolonged activation. It can be used when needed, immediately supplying a fluid stream of a predetermined, precisely controlled temperature.

[0135] For example, the device may provide an air stream having a predetermined temperature of between -75°C and +25°C and a magnitude of up to 1000 l / min. According to an embodiment of the invention, the device's heat exchanger is made of a heat-conductive material and may be filled with a heat- conductive mesh made of a fine wire.

[0136] According to an embodiment of the invention, the device may comprise replaceable and / or disposable parts / elements. Moreover, the device may be a compact and light apparatus for limited roots-zone volumes, having a volume of merely between 0.1 to 10 liters.

[0137] According to an embodiment of the invention, the device enables to provide a stream of fluid for cooling a roots-zone of the plants for the vernalization process (e.g., fields, orchards, greenhouses, vertical farming, or home gardening, etc.) to a precisely regulated low temperature immediately when needed, without employing a closed refrigeration cycle.

[0138] The process of providing a stream of cooled fluid may involve the use of at least three chambers within device (10). A first chamber is adapted for stringing an amount of pressurized liquid CO2, a second chamber adapted for expanding the pressurized liquid CO2 via a microvalve (e.g., microvalve 120), and a third chamber for driving by a pump said fluid to be cooled through an outlet of the third chamber.

[0139] According to an embodiment of the invention, this process may involve receiving, from at least one sensor, readings indicative of the temperature of farmed plants' roots-zone at a farming substrate; and processing, by a processing unit, said received readings, and accordingly providing commands to said valve and said pump to enable the delivery of streams of fluid for cooling the roots-zone of plants, wherein the cooling may be performed at least once during an interrupted event or several times during separate independent events. The starting and ending of a cooling activity at different times or sites according to the need, while lowering the temperature of said roots-zone, for chill hours accumulation, from ambient temperature by 5-30°C, and the stream of said fluid when being air, may have a magnitude of between 0.1-1000 l / min. According to an embodiment of the invention, device (10) may send data to a remote unit (e.g., cloud computing), for further processing and / or for enabling to inspect the data (e.g., by professional teams, farmer-owners, etc.).

[0140] Fig. 10 schematically illustrates device (10) provided with power generation system (119), according to an embodiment of the invention. As in Fig. 1, device (10) comprises a well-insulated body (100) and a refrigeration chamber (101) functioning as a heat exchanger. The refrigeration chamber (101) includes a fine conductive net / mesh (114), which, in one embodiment, occupies the entire volume of the chamber, possibly in the form of a cylindrical roll. In this embodiment, device (10) also features a power generation system (119) such as an add-on Gas Turbine Generator or Wind Turbine, connected via an interface that utilizes the stream of CO2gas within a tube to generate electrical power using fluid dynamics and electromagnetic induction. Additionally, device (10) can include an add-on Thermoelectric Generator (TEG), which uses the stream of subzero CO2gas within a tube to generate electrical power.

[0141] Device (10) further includes an ambient airflow chamber (102), a liquid CO2container (110) that may be replaceable, and an expansion chamber (113) acting as the expansion chamber (the expansion space is designated as 115 in Fig. 3). Also included is an electromechanical microvalve (120) and a discharge valve (122) located at the end of a connecting pipe (121). Device (10) is equipped with a single or double outlet (122) and a single or double pump (130) for handling fluids (air, gas, or liquid). The system is controlled by an operational switch and an electronic control board (140), powered by a possibly rechargeable battery (141), with an activating / operational button / switch (143).

[0142] Fig. 2 schematically illustrates a device (20) for optimizing plant root-zone temperature that comprises an add-on unit adapted to control the irrigation water temperature to optimize the rootzone temperature, according to an embodiment of the invention. Device (20) is a combination of the elements of device (10) that are included the well-isolated body (100) with an add-on unit that is configured to control the irrigation water temperature. In this embodiment, device (20) comprises device (10), a possibly replaceable gaseous CO2 liquidation unit (150), a possibly replaceable compressor unit (151), a possibly replaceable liquid CO2 container (152), a bypass pipe for irrigation water (163), a replaceable warm irrigation water generator unit (160) located within well-isolated body (100). In this figure, a replaceable warm irrigation water generator unit (160) is shown after being removed out of body (100). According to this embodiment, replaceable compressor unit (151) and replaceable liquid CO2 container (152) can be located within replaceable gaseous CO2 liquidation unit (150), as schematically illustrates, in a semi-exploded view, in Fig. 2. The operational switch and operation electronic board (140) activates the microvalve (120) to release an amount of the liquid CO2, to start the expenditure process, followed by a sublimation reaction, the released amount is very flexible and finely controlled, in accordance with the desired amount of the cool fluid, such as cool air in outlet (122). Battery (141) enables the operation of the different components of device 20, such as mini valves, mini motors / pumps / blowers, and sensors.

[0143] According to an embodiment of the invention, device (20) can be connected to various irrigation systems as a root-zone cooling unit.

[0144] According to an embodiment of the invention, the device of the present invention may provide additional arrangements; for example, the liquid CO2 may be stored in an essentially cylindrical container inside body (100), having, for example, a volume of 1 / 20 or 1 / 10 of the total device volume, whereas a regulated valve releases a part of the compressed CO2 into the expansion space. The expansion space surrounding the heat exchanger, for example, in a double cone shape, is closely adjacent to the heat exchanger. Gaseous CO2, which lost a significant part of its cooling capacity, may be removed from the expansion space, preferably by absorbing in the liquidation unit.

[0145] According to an embodiment of the invention, a roots-zone temperature control device usually consists of four main spaces (chambers), two absorption units, valves and sensors, two blowers, regulation elements, and an insulating outer coat. As shown in Fig. 2

[0146] The chambers include a CO2 liquid container, expansion space, heat exchanger space, and mixing space; the absorption units include a CO2 gas liquidation unit; the valves are finely regulated and include a liquid CO2 release valve, safety pressure valve, and fluid stream regulating valves.

[0147] According to an embodiment of the invention, the device of the invention may be designed to comprise replaceable parts, including a gaseous CO2 absorption unit for liquidation and recycling, a liquid CO2 container, or a battery.

[0148] As shown in Fig. 2, device (20) comprises an add-on unit adapted to control the irrigation water temperature to optimize the root-zone temperatures. According to an embodiment of the invention, the add-on unit is adapted for temperature control capacity, and it can be installed in a dedicated chamber within an enclosure of device (20), e.g., the enclosure can be provided as a well-isolated body, and can be taken to the field for immediate activation, if needed. Using such a device is a significant advantage, compared to the prior art, especially when taking into consideration the need for a root-zone temperature control treatment when facing climate instability that can cause longterm damages, which can be avoided or at least minimized if the roots-zone temperature of the plants is stabilized soon enough. Water opening of the irrigation system is suitable to be coupled to the dedicated chamber containing the add-on unit of device (20), which can be provided in the form of type of a mechanical device that separates a compressed gas into hot and cold streams (e.g., in the form of a Ranque- Hilsch vortex tube, or shortly a vortex tube) that can be coupled to a water opening by an irrigation water entry opening. According to an embodiment of the invention, a connector comprises an irrigation inlet tube that can be connected to the water supply outlet tube. When the irrigation water supply is connected to the inlet tube, it allows the water to flow into the connector toward the entry opening and water outlet tube. It is also provided with an inner structure, such as the aforementioned vortex tube, which separates the water stream into hot and cold streams, the hot stream being directed toward the water opening of the irrigation system and the cold stream being exhausted and recycled, and if desired, partly used to reduce the temperature of the heat stream portion.

[0149] According to an embodiment of the invention, device (20) comprises a sensor that detects the desired temperature in the roots zone of the plants and signals a processor to allow water to flow from the cold stream and into the hot stream, e.g., by actuating a valve that regulates the flow of the exhausted cold water, and the processor can be a processor that is located within the device, or it can be an external processor that communicates with the device. Employing an external processor allows to simplify the device and reduces its size. Moreover, it allows upgrading the performance of the device as new and improved data analyzers become available, with more robust data accumulations. Suitable software can be provided on the external processor, to operate the device, and in the case of data accumulation, an application can be used.

[0150] According to an embodiment of the invention, to monitor the roots-zone temperature throughout the farming process, device (20) can be further provided with a roots-zone temperature-measuring component and an indicator that will remind the irrigation operator to measure the roots-zone temperature of the farming units. Measuring roots-zone temperature throughout the process is essential to determine the necessary flow rate and duration of the process, since an overheating of the roots can also cause damage.

[0151] According to an embodiment of the invention, the temperature of the exhaust cold water can be set as a reference point and can be used to calculate the regulator of the vortex tube, when taking into consideration physical indicators, such as the temperature and the humidity of the ambient air.

[0152] Fig. 4 schematically illustrates an implementation of a farming Vernalization system (500), according to an embodiment of the invention. According to the farming Vernalization embodiments of the invention, a cooling device may look as device (10) of Fig. 1. The system (500) may comprise a well- isolated device body (100), an interface (502) into the irrigation pipes system (501) constituting an irrigation pipe as a heat exchanger with the farming substrate (504). The pipes (501) may comprise a fine low flow outlet (503), in one embodiment, deployed along its whole length, possibly in the undersurface deployment. The cold air exchanges cooling energy with the farming substrate (504) and is released into the roots-zone (505) of the plants (510). The invention provides additional arrangements; for example, the gaseous CO2 (506) may reach the atmosphere for the plants for a more efficient photosynthesis process in the green plant's organs (511).

[0153] Additionally, the air humidity that is frozen in the device's heat exchanger is defrizzed in the proses and released into the irrigation system, providing part of the farming essential irrigation water supply for the plants.

[0154] Importantly, the present invention provides a novel root-zone temperature control device for different farming procedures, which is surprisingly compact, robust, easily scalable to any needed size, and works autonomously without an external power supply or coolant supply; the device can be efficiently employed in agricultural applications, even under the most complex field conditions. Thus, a temperature control system is provided without a closed heat pump cycle or an external power supply.

[0155] For example, the present invention can be implemented as a method that provides a way to cool and disinfect agricultural yield products (such as fruits and vegetables) by regulating and controlling their temperature using cool air and CO2 gas. This process may occur during harvesting in boxes or palettes or crates and does not require a closed refrigeration cycle or external power supply. This method may involve using at least four chambers: one containing liquid CO2 that is expanded to a second chamber through a micro circumferential nozzle, a third chamber driven by a blower to cool the air through an inlet and outlet, and a fourth chamber driven by cold air line pressure to cool the harvested products through an inlet and outlet. A sensor measures the temperature of the harvested products, and a microprocessor with data and software receives signals from the sensor and sends instructions to the valve and blower to provide cold air or CO2 treatment to the harvested products. The cooling process can occur once or multiple times during separate events, and the temperature can be reduced from ambient temperature by 2-20°C. The cold air stream can have a magnitude of between 0.1-100 l / min.

[0156] Fig. 5 schematically illustrates an embodiment of the farming cryogenic weed-control treatment system (400). This embodiment suggests a device (410) resembling the representation of device 10 in Fig. 1. The system (400) encompasses a well-insulated device body (100) of device (410). It integrates an interface (406) directed towards a set of freezing air pipes (401). Interface (410) acts as a conduit system directing a freezing mixture of air and CO2 towards targeted weeds (402). It may be modular, allowing for easy attachment and detachment from different farming implements. Specialized nozzles or sprayers can be attached to these pipes for targeted areas. The cryogenic pest-control treatment system utilizes specialized outlets, potentially comprising a meticulously designed flow outlet (403). In one design, this outlet is conceptualized as a nozzle, aligning the direction of the chilling mixture (air+CO2) specifically towards designated weed types. This frigid air+CO2 mixture instigates the denaturation of chlorophyll within the cellular structures of the weeds present in the agricultural facilities (404). An innovative feature entails the enrichment of the ambient agricultural atmosphere with gaseous CO2 (405), augmenting photosynthetic efficiency in crops, thereby enhancing agronomic productivity within the farming facilities (404). Additionally, the pathogens susceptible to the cold and high CO2 concentrations are mitigated in their infective potential.

[0157] Fig. 6 outlines an embodiment focusing on a farming livestock drinking water treatment system (600), with a device (610) resembling device (10) depiction in Fig. 1. System (600) consists of a well- insulated body (100) of device (610) and interfaces via interface (606) with a livestock drinking water pipe system (601). Interface (606) features a series of faucets, troughs, or automated dispensers ensuring continuous access to treated water. Sensors can also be integrated to monitor water temperature. The outlets, designed with a precise low flow feature (603), channel the cooled water to the livestock (604). A notable enhancement involves the infusion of gaseous CO2 (605) into the water, adjusting its pH to optimize food intake in livestock (604). Moreover, pathogens in the water, when exposed to these chilled conditions and elevated CO2 levels, exhibit reduced virulence.

[0158] With respect to the farming livestock drinking water treatment system (600), the significance of chilled water in agricultural settings becomes evident. Chilled water provides a multitude of advantages to farm operations. For instance, animals show a propensity to consume more when the water is chilled. This uptick in hydration is pivotal for their well-being, which can manifest in enhanced growth rates, increased milk yields in dairy cows, and a refined feed conversion efficiency. Moreover, the chilling of water is a strategic response to the perils of heat stress. Especially during warmer durations, animals are vulnerable to the detrimental effects of heat, and cool water can offer them a respite, ensuring they maintain their health and productive capacities. Interestingly, cold water can also serve as an appetite stimulant, encouraging animals to feed more, thus ensuring they receive essential nutrients vital for their growth and overall production. From a health perspective, the lowered temperature of water acts as a deterrent to bacterial proliferation. This is crucial because it minimizes the risks associated with waterborne diseases. On the reproductive front, the benefits are profound. Proper hydration combined with the alleviation of heat stress can bolster reproductive outcomes, evident in scenarios like improved conception rates in dairy cows. Another notable benefit is the conservation aspect. Animals, when presented with chilled water, are less likely to indulge in wasteful activities, such as splashing or playing in water troughs. This efficient use is imperative for the sustainability of farming operations. Dairy cows, in particular, showcase another advantage of chilled water consumption: a surge in milk production. The rationale is straightforward— well-hydrated cows are predisposed to produce more milk. Lastly, the palatability of water cannot be overlooked. Chilled water might inherently be more appealing to many farm animals, enticing them to meet, if not exceed, their daily hydration requirements. Such a holistic approach to water provision, as underscored by these benefits, emphasizes its indispensable role in farming, leading to optimized animal health and productivity.

[0159] Fig. 7 provides a schematic of a farming aquaculture system (700).This embodiment of system (700) suggests a device (710) resembling the representation of device 10 in Fig. 1, which includes a well- insulated device body (100). In this embodiment, device (710) interfaces with an aquaculture water pipe system (707) via an interface (706). Aquaculture water pipe system (707) may feature a system of valves that control the flow rate of treated water, along with diffusers for even CO2 distribution (not shown). The design ensures the treated cold water reaches an aquaculture system (704), such as a closed aquaculture systems (CAS). System (700) also introduces gaseous CO2 (705) into the water of aquaculture system (704) via a pipe (701a) of aquaculture water pipe system (707), optimizing the pH for enhanced aquatic processes.

[0160] In certain embodiments of the invention, the aquaculture water pipe system (707) showcases expanded versatility by incorporating at least one additional pipe (701b). This pipe serves as a channel, directing treated water from the aquaculture system (704) to a farming system (708). For example, the farming system (708) is designed based on principles of hydroponics or aquaponics, where crops are cultivated without soil and are nourished directly through water, particularly water enriched with nutrients from the aquaculture system. Specifically, the farming system (708) encompasses one or more farming conduits (703). Each conduit is fitted with a fine low flow outlet (702). To ensure that plants receive an even and consistent flow of nutrient-rich water, these outlets (702) are judiciously spaced along the entire span of the farming conduits (703).

[0161] With respect to the farming aquaculture system (700), the practice of reducing the pH of drinking water below the neutral benchmark of 7 emerges as a pivotal strategy in farm management. However, the gravity of this intervention necessitates rigorous expertise and meticulous supervision. This is imperative because while fine-tuning the pH can usher in a plethora of production advantages, any reckless or undue alterations could spiral into detrimental consequences for animal health. Central to the merits of pH reduction is the phenomenon of water acidification. By tilting the water's pH scale towards acidity, the resultant environment becomes inhospitable for a spectrum of harmful bacteria and pathogens. This naturally curtails the potential for waterborne diseases, fortifying the health defenses of farm animals. Beyond microbial resistance, the acidic character of water plays a role in nutrient dynamics. Specifically, it amplifies the solubility of certain feed minerals. This heightened solubility is a conduit to superior nutrient absorption and utilization, underpinning the growth and vitality of animals.

[0162] Moreover, the acidification process inherently challenges and reduces the microbial load. By stymieing the proliferation of potentially harmful microorganisms, the integrity and safety of the water supply are preserved. From a digestive perspective, fostering a mildly acidic environment in the gut emerges as a boon. Such a setting can champion the growth of beneficial gut flora while simultaneously inhibiting deleterious bacteria, culminating in optimized digestive processes.

[0163] The interplay between pH and palatability is also noteworthy. There's a growing consensus suggesting that acidified water, by virtue of its taste profile, can be more enticing to animals. This allure becomes especially critical during sweltering conditions, where animals, driven by the palatability of the water, might be nudged to hydrate more, thereby mitigating heat stress. Furthermore, an often-underappreciated facet of pH reduction is odor management. Acidic water, by curtailing malodorous elements, becomes more aromatic and inviting for animals, ensuring they are consistently hydrated.

[0164] In essence, while the modulation of pH in drinking water is laden with advantages, it's a delicate balance that demands expertise, precision, and a holistic understanding of its ripple effects in the farm ecosystem.

[0165] Fig. 8 provides a schematic representation of a post-harvest treatment system (800) designed for farming applications, based on an embodiment of the invention. The system (800) showcases a device (810) that parallels the design of device 10 as presented in Fig. 1, which incorporates a well- insulated device body (100). In this particular embodiment, the device (810) is seamlessly integrated into a post-harvest air circulation system (801) through an interface (806). This interface is specifically crafted to connect with the air circulation pipes that constitute system (801).

[0166] Serving as a primary source, device (810) feeds treated air into the post-harvest air circulation system (800) via distinct storage outlets (802). To ensure homogeneous distribution of this treated air, the post-harvest air circulation system (801) is potentially equipped with a network of fans or blowers. For a more adaptive and responsive system, optional sensors can be deployed. These sensors have the capacity to continuously monitor ambient atmospheric conditions, prompting the device to adjust its output accordingly based on real-time readings.

[0167] Furthermore, the conditioned atmosphere from the device (810) is directed into a specialized postharvest treatment chamber (804), where crops are stored for preservation. To enhance the system's capability, an optional introduction of gaseous CO2 (805) is provided. The addition of CO2 serves a critical function in slowing down the natural ripening processes of the stored crops. By modulating ethylene activity and other biochemical processes, this controlled CO2 environment extends the shelf life of the crops, maintaining their freshness and quality for an extended period. This makes the crops more suitable for market requirements and prolongs their viability for sale.

[0168] In another embodiment, the present invention provides an extension of the refrigeration device for use in post-harvest treatment of agricultural products. This embodiment builds on the core technology of the refrigeration device, utilizing phase transitions of liquid CO2to provide cooling while integrating additional systems for carbonated water misting and air circulation. This combination offers a comprehensive method for preserving and disinfecting agricultural products, such as fruits, vegetables, and flowers, within a treatment box or harvesting palettes.

[0169] According to anembodiment of the ivnetion, this extansion of the refrigeration device for use in post-harvest treatment of agricultural products involves a combination of two devices:

[0170] A first device for carbonating small amounts of clean water (0.1-3.0 liters) and applying it as a mist in the form of low-pH water to harvested products. This incorporates the refrigeration device's ability to cool water using the phase transitions of liquid CO2. The cooling provided by the refrigeration device ensures that the carbonated water mist remains at a low temperature, further enhancing its antimicrobial properties; and

[0171] A second device for circulating, cooling, and dehumidifying the air in a treatment box.

[0172] This combination relates to a method for providing a spray of cold, carbonated water with a very low pH level (acidic 3.0-4.0 or lower) and circulating cool air with CO2gas. The method is used to disinfect agricultural yield products in a precisely controlled pH environment at low temperatures, such as fruits, vegetables, and flowers. This approach extends shelf life by disinfecting the products and enhancing resistance to pathogens immediately during the harvesting process, within harvesting boxes or palettes, according to the harvesting timeline.

[0173] The use of acidic (pH 3.0-4.0 or lower) water for post-harvest treatment to extend fruit shelf life is based on well-established principles in food science and agricultural practices, specifically focusing on the role of acidity in microbial inhibition. Research has shown that lowering the pH can slow or inhibit the growth of spoilage organisms, such as molds and fungi. Numerous studies support the effectiveness of this technique for reducing spoilage in fresh produce.

[0174] The use of acidified water or natural carbonated water for post-harvest treatments is an established practice in fresh produce preservation. Acidic water sprays have been shown to effectively extend the shelf life of agricultural products by creating an inhospitable environment for pathogens.

[0175] For prolonged treatment durations, such as during extended storage or transportation, the device is equipped with a system to precisely regulate the CO2 enrichment levels. This is achieved through advanced CO2 capture techniques, such as Direct Air Capture (DAC), which extracts carbon dioxide directly from the circulating air within the treatment chamber. The DAC technology ensures that CO2 levels remain optimal, preventing potential CO2-related damage to the crops, such as physiological injuries from excess CO2 exposure. This system maintains a delicate balance between effective ripening control and crop safety during long-term storage or transport.

[0176] According to an embodiment of the invention, such a post-harvest treatment system can be used to apply a method for providing a stream of cool air and CO2gas to cool and / or disinfect agricultural yield products (e.g., fruits, vegetables, and flowers) by regulating their temperature to precise, controlled levels. This method helps extend the shelf life of the products by pre-cooling them, thereby enhancing their resistance to pathogens during the harvesting process, including in harvesting boxes or palettes, in line with the harvesting timeline. For longer treatment periods, such as during storage or transportation, the device is configured to control CO2enrichment levels using Direct Air Capture (DAC) methods. This process captures CO2directly from the circulated air in the treatment chamber, preventing potential correlated damage to the products. Notably, this method operates without employing a closed refrigeration cycle and does not require an external power supply.

[0177] According to an embodiment of the invention, such a post-harvest treatment system can be used to apply a method for providing a stream of cool water and CO2gas to cool and / or disinfect agricultural yield secondary products (e.g., Crushed / Grinded by breaking down the fruits or vegetables into a pulp to release the juice. Or Juice Presses (e.g., Belt Presses, Screw Presses): to extract juice from the pulp by applying pressure.) by regulating their temperature to precise, controlled levels to apply freeze concentration methods. This method helps extend the shelf life of the harvested products by the disinfecting process, thereby enhancing their resistance to pathogens during the post-harvesting process, including in harvesting the damaged or un-marketable agricultural items, in line with the harvesting timeline. For more extended periods of use and utilization, such as during utilization as extracts and / or concentrates, in food industries, the device controls CO2enrichment levels to remain with the natural properties of the harvested products. Notably, this method saves the environmental damages of spoilage and the fermentation of damaged and unmarketable agricultural products without employing a closed refrigeration cycle, and it does not require an external power supply.

[0178] According to an embodiment of the invention, a cooling process can be applied based on such a post-harvest treatment system :

[0179] Providing at least four chambers: o A first chamber containing liquid CO2; o A second chamber where the liquid CO2expands via a micro-circumferential nozzle; o A third chamber where a blower drives cooled air through an inlet and outlet; and o A fourth chamber where cold air, driven by air line pressure, is directed to the layers of harvested products, with temperature regulation through the inlet and outlet. measuring the temperature of the harvested products using at least one sensor; transmitting temperature data from the sensor to a microprocessor; controlling, via the microprocessor, the operation of a valve and blower based on the received temperature data to deliver cold air and / or CO2gas to the harvested products, thereby regulating the product temperature; and capturing CO2from the circulated air using Direct Air Capture (DAC) methods to regulate CO2enrichment levels within the treatment chamber and prevent potential correlated damage to the products.

[0180] The cooling process can be performed once as a single event or multiple times during separate, independent events, with the cooling activity starting and ending at different times as needed for the required chilling treatment. The method reduces the temperature of the harvested products from ambient temperature by 2-20°C, and the stream of cold air may have a flow rate between 0.1 and 100 liters per minute.

[0181] Fig. 9 displays a farming cryogenic pest-control treatment system (900), according to an embodiment of the invention. System (900) comprises a device (910) echoing the design features of device (10) shown in Fig. 1 with a well-insulated device body (100). Device (910) has an interface (905) directed towards a set of sucking air pipes (901) as a supply source of ambient air for cryogenic pest-control treatment. This interface might include filters to ensure purity and exclude larger debris or pests. To maximize the efficiency and precision of the cryogenic treatment, specialized nozzles (903) can be employed. These nozzles allow for a focused application of the cryogenically cooled air onto specific areas or crops, ensuring pests in those areas are effectively neutralized. The freezing temperatures of the heat exchanger acts to neutralize pests and pathogens within farming facilities (904). The system capitalizes on the freezing temperatures produced by the heat exchanger within device (910). When applied to farming facilities (904), these temperatures act swiftly to kill pests and pathogens, ensuring a pest-free environment for crops.

[0182] According to some embodiments of the invention, beyond its primary pest-control function, system (900) showcases versatility. It can enrich the farming environment with CO2, which is beneficial for crops. This enriched CO2 atmosphere promotes optimized photosynthesis, leading to healthier and more productive crops. In essence, system (900) provides a dual benefit: acting as an efficient cryogenic pest-control mechanism while also enhancing the growth environment for crops through optimized photosynthesis.

[0183] In summation, the device of the present invention offers a range of benefits, including, but not limited to, increased photosynthesis efficiency, improved pH regulation in water systems, reduction in pathogen activity, and the denaturation of chlorophyll in targeted weeds. These advantages contribute to enhanced agricultural productivity by promoting healthier plant growth, optimizing water conditions for crops or livestock, and controlling unwanted vegetation, all while improving overall efficiency and sustainability in various agricultural applications. Furthermore, the invention brings forth a revolutionary farming cryogenic pest-control apparatus adaptable to diverse agricultural setups. Its design - compact, sturdy, and versatile - ensures optimal operation even in challenging field conditions, eliminating the need for an external power source or a traditional heat pump cycle. Moreover, while the invention has been described using some specific examples, many modifications and variations are possible. Therefore, it is understood that the invention is not intended to be limited in any way, other than by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A refrigeration device for agricultural applications, comprising: a) a pressure chamber configured to contain liquid carbon dioxide (CO2); b) a controllable release mechanism for the liquid CO2; c) an expansion chamber in fluid communication with the pressure chamber, wherein the release of liquid CO2into the expansion chamber induces phase transitions to provide cooling; d) a heat exchanger in proximity to the expansion chamber, wherein the heat exchanger is in fluid communication with an interface configured for connection to a system requiring cooling, and wherein the cooling is induced by phase transitions of CO2in the heat exchanger.

2. The refrigeration device of claim 1, wherein the expansion chamber is conical in shape to optimize the control and efficiency of the phase transition process of liquid CO2into solid CO2(dry ice) and its subsequent sublimation.

3. The refrigeration device of claim 1, further comprising a closed-loop system configured to capture and recycle gaseous CO2back into a compressor unit for re-liquefaction and reintroduction into the pressure chamber.

4. The refrigeration device of claim 1, further comprising one or more sensors configured to monitor environmental or operational conditions, wherein the release of liquid CO2is regulated by a control unit based on sensor inputs to optimize cooling efficiency.

5. The refrigeration device of claim 4, wherein the control unit operates using sensor- controlled algorithms embedded in a closed-loop control system to adjust the cooling process dynamically in response to environmental conditions.

6. The refrigeration device of claim 1, further comprising a power generation system that utilizes the stream of gaseous CO2to generate electrical power, wherein the power generation system is configured to supply power to at least part of the device.

7. The refrigeration device of claim 6, wherein the power generation system comprises one or more of the following: a Gas Turbine Generator (GTG) configured to use the stream of gaseous CO2in a tube to generate electrical power through fluid dynamics and electromagnetic induction, a Wind Turbine (WT) configured to use the stream of gaseous CO2in a tube to generate electrical power through fluid dynamics and electromagneticinduction, and / or a Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) configured to use the stream of subzero CO2gas to generate electrical power through thermoelectric conversion.

8. The refrigeration device of claim 1, wherein said device operates autonomously without an external power supply, and without a closed heat pump cycle or the need for an external electrical power source.

9. The refrigeration device of claim 1, wherein said device is configured for cryogenic weedcontrol treatment in agricultural settings, releasing a mix of freezing air and CO2 targeting weeds.

10. The refrigeration device of claim 1, wherein said device is configured to treat and temperature regulate drinking water for livestock.

11. The refrigeration device of claim 1, wherein said device is configured for aquacultural applications, providing cooled and potentially CO2 enriched water for aquatic systems.

12. The refrigeration device of claim 1, wherein said device is configured for post-harvest treatments, by controlling atmospheric conditions in storage facilities, and further configured to regulate CO2enrichment levels through Direct Air Capture (DAC) methods, which capture CO2directly from the circulated air, to control ripening and prevent potential Correlated damage to the stored products..

13. The refrigeration device of claim 1, wherein said device is configured for cryogenic pestcontrol treatments, by freezing sucked air to freeze and inactivate pests and pathogens in agricultural settings, wherein said sucked air is received via sucking air pipes that draw in ambient air.

14. The refrigeration device of claim 1, further comprising a mesh or net within the heat exchanger and / or the expansion chamber, made from a heat conductive material, for increased heat-exchanging efficiency.

15. The refrigeration device of claim 1, further comprising a controllable valve or nozzleconfigured to direct the release of a mixture of cold air and CO2.

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