Methods, apparatus, and systems for frequency-division multiplexing of discrete fourier transform-spread signals
By frequency-division multiplexing DFT-spread data with low-PAPR reference signals, the method addresses PAPR challenges in multiplexed signals, achieving reduced overhead, latency, and improved power efficiency in communication systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/099548
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-03-21
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-17
- Publication Date
- 2025-09-25
AI Technical Summary
Existing communication technologies face challenges in minimizing peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in multiplexed signals, particularly in multi-carrier waveforms like CP-OFDM and frequency-division multiplexing of single-carrier waveforms, which result in higher PAPR and inefficiencies in power consumption, overhead, and latency.
Frequency-division multiplexing DFT-spread data with a low-PAPR reference signal, such as DM-RS, using DFT spreading and frequency-domain multiplexing techniques to generate a multiplexed sequence, followed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and spectral shaping to achieve low PAPR performance.
The approach effectively reduces PAPR, mitigates overhead and latency, and improves power efficiency by maintaining a low PAPR even in multiplexed signals, offering a more efficient and flexible communication solution.
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Figure CN2024099548_25092025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHODS, APPARATUS, AND SYSTEMS FOR FREQUENCY-DIVISION MULTIPLEXING OF DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM-SPREAD SIGNALS
[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0002] The present application is related to, and claims priority to, United States provisional patent application Serial No. 63 / 568,124, entitled “Method, Apparatus, and System for Frequency-division Multiplexing of Discrete Fourier Transform-spread Signals” , filed on March 21, 2024, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The present application relates generally to communications, and in particular to multiplexing reference signals and Discrete Fourier Transform-spread data.BACKGROUND
[0004] Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is an important waveform parameter in wireless communications. PAPR may affect a number of metrics and constraints including, for example, linearity, power consumption, throughput, and hardware complexity. In other words, transmission of a signal having a relatively higher PAPR typically involves greater tradeoffs when compared to transmission of a signal having a relatively lower PAPR. Low PAPR solutions for communications are generally desirable.
[0005] Multi-carrier waveforms such as cyclic prefix orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) generally exhibit higher PAPR than single-carrier waveforms, such as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) and single-carrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-OQAM) . Furthermore, it is well-known that frequency-division multiplexing of two single-carrier waveforms of random data can also result in significantly higher PAPR than a comparable single-carrier waveform alone. Because random data is inherently unpredictable, even frequency-division multiplexing of two low-PAPR single-carrier waveforms cannot guarantee a low-PAPR result; moreover, the resultant multiplexed signal is no longer considered to be a single-carrier waveform.SUMMARY
[0006] The present application discloses various approaches and solutions for frequency-division multiplexing signals, such as data and reference signals, while minimizing PAPR.
[0007] Some embodiments of the present disclosure involve frequency-division multiplexing DFT-spread data with a low-PAPR reference signal, such as DM-RS.
[0008] According to an aspect of the present disclosure a method involves applying DFT spreading to a sequence of symbols, to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols; and frequency-division multiplexing the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence.
[0009] An apparatus according to an embodiment includes a spreader for applying DFT spreading to a sequence of symbols, to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols; a multiplexer, coupled to the spreader, for frequency-division multiplexing the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence; and an interface, coupled to the multiplexer, for outputting the multiplexed sequence.
[0010] Another apparatus disclosed herein includes an interface for receiving a multiplexed sequence comprising a DFT-spread sequence of symbols frequency-division multiplexed with a reference signal sequence; and a demultiplexer, coupled to the interface, for demultiplexing the multiplexed sequence to recover the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence.
[0011] A system is also disclosed, and may include: a first communication device and a second communication device. The first communication device is configured to: apply DFT spreading to a sequence of symbols, to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols; frequency-division multiplex the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence; and transmit the multiplexed sequence. The second communication device configured to receive and demultiplex the multiplexed sequence to recover the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence.
[0012] In other apparatus embodiments, an apparatus may include a processor configured to cause the apparatus to perform any of the methods as disclosed herein.
[0013] An apparatus may include a processor and a non-transitory computer readable storage medium that is coupled to the processor and stores programming for execution by the processor.
[0014] A storage medium need not necessarily or only be implemented in or in conjunction with such an apparatus. A computer program product, for example, may be or include a non-transitory computer readable medium storing programming for execution by a processor.
[0015] Programming stored by a computer readable storage medium may include instructions to, or to cause a processor to, perform, implement, support, or enable any of the methods disclosed herein.
[0016] The present disclosure encompasses these and other aspects or embodiments.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] For a more complete understanding of the present embodiments, and the advantages thereof, reference is now made, by way of example, to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0018] Fig. 1 is a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system.
[0019] Fig. 2 is a block diagram illustration of the example communication system in Fig. 1.
[0020] Fig. 3 illustrates an example electronic device and examples of base stations.
[0021] Fig. 4 illustrates units or modules in a device.
[0022] Fig. 5 illustrates DM-RS subcarrier locations for DFT-s-OFDM.
[0023] Fig. 6 illustrates pre-DFT multiplexing of data and DM-RS.
[0024] Fig. 7 illustrates frequency division multiplexing of data and DM-RS.
[0025] Fig. 8 illustrates data and DM-RS multiplexing patterns.
[0026] Fig. 9 includes plots of PAPR versus complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) when data and DM-RS are multiplexed in the frequency domain.
[0027] Fig. 10 illustrates data and DM-RS multiplexing patterns of 2: 1 and 3: 1.
[0028] Fig. 11 illustrates frequency-domain spectral shaping (FDSS) for a multiplexed signal.
[0029] Fig. 12 includes plots of PAPR versus CCDF, which illustrate the effect of FDSS on multiplexed DFT-s-OFDM and Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences.
[0030] Fig. 13 includes plots of PAPR versus CCDF for the case of SC-OQAM, with roll-off factor alpha = 0.
[0031] Fig. 14 includes plots of PAPR versus CCDF, which illustrate FDSS effects on different multiplexing patterns.
[0032] Fig. 15 includes plots of PAPR versus CCDF, which illustrate effects of different roll-off factors on multiplexed signals.
[0033] Fig. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating general example methods according to embodiments.
[0034] Fig. 17 is a block diagram illustrating an example apparatus.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] For illustrative purposes, specific example embodiments will now be explained in greater detail in conjunction with the figures.
[0036] The embodiments set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those of skill in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
[0037] Referring to Fig. 1, as an illustrative example without limitation, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system is provided. The communication system 100 comprises a radio access network 120. The radio access network 120 may be a next or future generation radio access network, or a legacy (for example 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) radio access network. One or more communication electronic devices (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another or connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generically referred to as 170) in the radio access network 120. A core network 130 may be a part of the communication system and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. Also the communication system 100 comprises a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0038] Fig. 2 illustrates an example communication system 100. In general, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The purpose of the communication system 100 may be to provide content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, via broadcast, multicast, groupcast, unicast, and so on. The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, between its constituent elements. The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system and / or a non-terrestrial communication system. The communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications (such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, and so on) . The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of a terrestrial communication system and a non-terrestrial communication system. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system can result in what may be considered a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. Compared to conventional communication networks, the heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks.
[0039] The terrestrial communication system and the non-terrestrial communication system could be considered sub-systems of the communication system. In the example shown in Fig. 2, the communication system 100 includes electronic devices (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (generically referred to as ED 110) , radio access networks (RANs) 120a, 120b, a non-terrestrial communication network 120c, a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The RANs 120a, 120b include respective base stations (BSs) 170a, 170b, which may be generically referred to as terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a, 170b. The non-terrestrial communication network 120c includes an access node 172, which may be generically referred to as a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172.
[0040] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any T-TRP 170a, 170b and NT-TRP 172, the Internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding. In some examples, ED 110a may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with T-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink air interfaces 190b. In some examples, ED 110d may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0041] The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, such as any suitable radio access technology. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , space division multiple access (SDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA, also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDMA, DFT-s-OFDMA) in the air interfaces 190a and 190b. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may utilize other higher dimension signal spaces, which may involve a combination of orthogonal and / or non-orthogonal dimensions.
[0042] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the ED 110d and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0043] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the core network 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the core network 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by core network 130, and may or may not employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The core network 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b or EDs 110a 110b, and 110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and to the Internet 150. PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0044] Fig. 3 illustrates another example of an ED 110 and a base station 170a, 170b and / or 172. The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, and so on. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , machine-type communications (MTC) , internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, and so on.
[0045] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a machine type communication (MTC) device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, and so on) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (for example communication module, modem, or chip) or comprising the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. The base station 170a and 170b is a T-TRP and will hereafter be referred to as T-TRP 170. Also shown in Fig. 3, a NT-TRP will hereafter be referred to as NT-TRP 172. Each ED 110 connected to T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (that is, established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (that is, released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0046] The ED 110 includes a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, for example as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna 204 or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals.
[0047] The ED 110 includes at least one memory 208. The memory 208 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by one or more processing unit (s) (for example, a processor 210) . Each memory 208 includes any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval device (s) . Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache, and the like.
[0048] The ED 110 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the Internet 150 in Fig. 1) . The input / output devices or interfaces permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving information from a user, and / or for network interface communications. Suitable structures include, for example, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, and so on.
[0049] The ED 110 includes the processor 210 for performing operations including those operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170; those operations related to processing downlink transmissions received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170; and those operations related to processing sidelink transmission to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a downlink transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (for example by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the NT-TRP 172 and / or by the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, for example beam angle information (BAI) , received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (for example initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, and so on. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, for example using a reference signal received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or from the T-TRP 170.
[0050] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or part of the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0051] The processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201, and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (for example in the memory 208) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201, and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or a hardware accelerator such as a graphics processing unit (GPU) or an artificial intelligence (AI) accelerator.
[0052] The T-TRP 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a base band unit (BBU) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a positioning node, among other possibilities. The T-TRP 170 may be a macro BS, a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. The T-TRP 170 may refer to the forgoing devices or refer to apparatus (for example a communication module, a modem, or a chip) in the forgoing devices.
[0053] In some embodiments, the parts of the T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the T-TRP 170 may be located remote from the equipment that houses the antennas 256 for the T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the T-TRP 170. The modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, the T-TRP 170 may actually be a plurality of T-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, for example through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0054] The T-TRP 170 includes at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 further includes a processor 260 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to the NT-TRP 172, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (for example multiple input multiple output (MIMO) precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (for example initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, and so on. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates an indication of beam direction, for example BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by a scheduler 253. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy the NT-TRP 172, and so on. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252. Note that “signaling” , as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling. Signaling may be transmitted in a physical layer control channel, for example a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , in which case the signaling may be known as dynamic signaling. Signaling transmitted in a downlink physical layer control channel may be known as Downlink Control Information (DCI) . Signaling transmitted in an uplink physical layer control channel may be known as Uplink Control Information (UCI) . Signaling transmitted in a sidelink physical layer control channel may be known as Sidelink Control Information (SCI) . Signaling may be included in a higher-layer (for example, higher than physical layer) packet transmitted in a physical layer data channel, for example in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in which case the signaling may be known as higher-layer signaling, static signaling, or semi-static signaling. Higher-layer signaling may also refer to Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol signaling or Media Access Control -Control Element (MAC-CE) signaling.
[0055] The scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within or operated separately from the T-TRP 170. The scheduler 253 may schedule uplink, downlink, sidelink, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (for example, “configured grant” ) resources. The T-TRP 170 further includes a memory 258 for storing information and data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0056] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or part of the receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0057] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, for example in the memory 258. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a hardware accelerator (for example, a GPU or AI accelerator) , or an ASIC.
[0058] Although the NT-TRP 172 is illustrated as a drone only as an example, the NT-TRP 172 may be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form, such as satellites and high altitude platforms, including international mobile telecommunication base stations and unmanned aerial vehicles, for example. Also, the NT-TRP 172 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a non-terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station. The NT-TRP 172 includes a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 further includes a processor 276 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (for example MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (for example BAI) received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 may generate signaling, for example to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing, but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. As this is only an example, more generally, the NT-TRP 172 may implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.
[0059] The NT-TRP 172 further includes a memory 278 for storing information and data. Although not illustrated, the processor 276 may form part of the transmitter 272 and / or part of the receiver 274. Although not illustrated, the memory 278 may form part of the processor 276.
[0060] The processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272, and the processing components of the receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, for example in the memory 278. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272, and the processing components of the receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a hardware accelerator (for example, a GPU or AI accelerator) , or an ASIC. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 may actually be a plurality of NT-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, for example through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0061] The T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172, and / or the ED 110 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0062] One or more steps of the embodiment methods provided herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules, according to Fig. 4. Fig. 4 illustrates units or modules in a device, such as in the ED 110, in the T-TRP 170, or in the NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted or output by a transmitting unit or by a transmitting module. A signal may be received or input by a receiving unit or by a receiving module. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module. The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be a circuit such as an integrated circuit. Examples of an integrated circuit includes a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be logical such as a logical function performed by a circuit, by a portion of an integrated circuit, or by software instructions executed by a processor. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor for example, the modules may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0063] While not shown, the transmitting module and the receiving module may be part of, or combined into, a transceiver module. A transceiver module may also be known as an interface module, or simply an interface, for inputting and outputting operations.
[0064] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, the T-TRP 170, and the NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0065] Having considered communications more generally above, particular example embodiments are described below.
[0066] In the fifth generation (5G) cellular wireless standard known as “New Radio” , for example, time-division multiplexing is employed to transmit a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) along with a DFT-s-OFDM waveform signal. DM-RS is a signal used for channel estimation and ultimately for ensuring reliable communication overall. The time-frequency resources of DM-RS in DFT-s-OFDM are structured in a way to achieve low PAPR and high-power amplifier efficiency. The transmission of a reference signal with other uplink data transmissions in a frequency-division multiplexed manner highly impacts the power amplifier efficiency due to the increased PAPR. The reference signals are time-division multiplexed with uplink transmissions, thereby blocking all the resource elements for data transmission in the OFDM symbols carrying DM-RS. More specifically, the multiplexing structure is shown in Fig. 5. Note that data transmission is blocked in a DM-RS symbol, which means the length of a DM-RS symbol is same as that of a data symbol.
[0067] A key disadvantage of the 5G approach exemplified in Fig. 5 is that the resource elements that are blocked for data transmission are unused, which increases DM-RS overhead. A short DM-RS symbol may be defined and used for time-division multiplexing in order to mitigate DM-RS overhead. For example, a DM-RS symbol of half data-symbol length can be used to estimate the channel in Fig. 5. A short DM-RS approach introduces its own disadvantages, however, such as a more complicated numerology and an insufficient multi-path protection for the DM-RS. When the DM-RS symbol length is reduced by half, its cyclic prefix (CP) length also needs to be reduced by half, which can result in the insufficient multi-path protection for the DM-RS.
[0068] The DM-RS overhead problem is exacerbated in some real scenarios. A proportional increase in DM-RS resources results in a proportional increase in correspondingly blocked resources (that is, DM-RS overhead) . Furthermore, time-division multiplexing of DM-RS introduces latency. A receiver in the example of Fig. 5 will need to wait for two OFDM / DFT-s-OFDM symbols before decoding the UCI.
[0069] Power conservation, and particularly the concept of “micro sleep” , is expected to become an increasingly desirable feature in future wireless systems. In micro sleep, the transmitter will transmit on active OFDM / DFT-s-OFDM symbols, and sleep (conserve energy) when it is not transmitting. Inefficient reference signal multiplexing and / or high reference signal overhead reduces and potentially eliminates micro sleep opportunities.
[0070] Traditional reference signal multiplexing approaches have always subscribed to the conventional theory that frequency-division multiplexing increases PAPR to an unacceptable degree. For example, in the 5G physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) Format 2 design, data and DM-RS is frequency-division multiplexed in an OFDM waveform with no regard to lowering PAPR; although data and DM-RS are able to be transmitted in a same OFDM symbol, this approach cannot be employed in a low PAPR scenario. Accordingly, solutions for reducing reference signal overhead have typically attempted complex time-division multiplexing-based implementations for managing PAPR. These solutions unfortunately present tradeoffs in other aspects of the communication system.
[0071] For example, one implementation known as “pre-DFT spreading” involves first multiplexing data and DM-RS in the time domain, followed by DFT spreading, resulting in the data and the DM-RS being mixed together in the frequency domain to generate a single-carrier waveform. Consequently, a 1-tap equalization cannot be used for data channel equalization in this implementation; a more complex time-domain equalization approach is necessary, which carries additional disadvantages or problems to overcome. First, a guard interval is needed between the DM-RS and the data to mitigate mutual interference between the two. Second, the time-domain equalization is a more complicated procedure with less satisfactory results compared to the 1-tap equalization employed in standard OFDM / DFT-s-OFDM. Fig. 6 illustrates an example pre-DFT spreading implementation.
[0072] In a further example, the time-division multiplexing-based pre-DFT spreading approach is augmented by adding a cyclic prefix and postfix to the DM-RS before the DFT spreading operation. The cyclic prefix and postfix absorb channel delay-spread and imitate circular convolution so that a 1-tap equalization can be applied in the frequency domain. However, this approach not only adds additional overhead (that is, the prefix and postfix for the reference signal) , but also adds implementation complexity (from a standardization and signaling overhead point of view) because the number of pulses needed for absorbing channel delay-spread is bandwidth dependent. Moreover, extending this approach to multiple antenna ports can be difficult.
[0073] Because the conventional belief about PAPR impact on frequency-division multiplexing of signals has been somewhat unquestioned and relatively dogmatic, solutions based on frequency-division multiplexing have not been extensively researched previously. Frequency-division multiplexing of independent signals effectively creates a multi-carrier signal akin to OFDM, which has an inherently higher PAPR than a typical single-carrier signal. Specifically, frequency-division multiplexing of two single-carrier signals of similar power may potentially carry a 3 dB PAPR penalty; in comparison to an approximate 4 dB PAPR difference between an OFDM waveform and a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, a common belief existed that low PAPR could not be achieved with frequency-division multiplexing-based solutions. Consequently, OFDM waveform-based approaches such as the aforementioned 5G PUCCH Format 2 design were implemented for frequency-division multiplexing of data and DM-RS.
[0074] Upon greater scrutiny and testing of these conventional beliefs, the present application now discloses various approaches and solutions for frequency-division multiplexing signals, such as data and reference signals, while minimizing PAPR.
[0075] Some embodiments of the present disclosure involve frequency-division multiplexing DFT-spread data with a low-PAPR reference signal, such as DM-RS. An example block diagram illustrating this approach is shown in Fig. 7. While the example shows a DM-RS signal, any reference signal may be frequency-division multiplexed in this manner having regard to one or more design considerations elaborated below in order to benefit from lower PAPR.
[0076] In contrast to the pre-DFT spreading solutions that focus on generating and outputting a single-carrier waveform, solutions consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure are not strictly concerned with generating a single-carrier waveform. Instead, the present disclosure explores frequency-division multiplexing-based solutions that result in a multi-carrier type output that also achieves low PAPR performance. Frequency-division multiplexing of data and reference signals solves or mitigates the aforementioned problems of excess overhead, latency, and power consumption, but frequency-division multiplexing is an inherently multi-carrier waveform approach.
[0077] Returning to the example of Fig. 7, prior to the frequency-division multiplexing, modulated data symbols are processed according to a discrete Fourier transform spreading operation. The DFT-spreading operation transforms the data signal into a form close to a single-carrier waveform, so as to lower the PAPR of the data component. Surprisingly, the beneficial effect of the lowered PAPR of the data component still remains after frequency-division multiplexing of the data with the reference signal. Because the DFT-spreading is an operation typically exclusive to single-carrier waveform transmission, and frequency-division multiplexing is an inherently multi-carrier waveform approach, benefitting from the combination of two divergent approaches to achieve a suitably low PAPR output is unexpected.
[0078] The DFT-spreading operation is shown in Fig. 7 at 702. As described above, this operation transforms the data signal, such as a sequence of modulated symbols which may also be referred to as a symbol sequence for example, into a form that is close to a single-carrier waveform. This lowers the PAPR of the data component that is to be frequency-division multiplexed with a reference signal, which is shown by way of example in Fig. 7 as a DM-RS and may also be referred to as a reference signal sequence, for example. The frequency-division multiplexing is shown in Fig. 7 as frequency domain multiplexing at 704, and generates a multiplexed signal. The result of the frequency-division multiplexing at 704 is generation of a multiplexed signal, which may also be referred to as a multiplexed sequence or a multiplexed waveform. A multiplexed signal may be output, for further processing prior to transmission for example. The inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) shown in Fig. 7 is one example of such further processing.
[0079] The multiplexed reference signal may be any reference signal such as a reference signal standardized in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . Examples of 3GPP reference signals used in NR include DM-RS, PT-RS, and CSI-RS. The reference signal preferably includes a low PAPR sequence to minimize the PAPR of the output signal. A reference signal including a low PAPR sequence may mean that a sequence of values composing the reference signal are generated based on a low PAPR sequence. Examples of low PAPR sequences include Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequences, Gold sequences, m-sequences, and computer-generated sequences (CGS) .
[0080] Here, NR refers to New Radio, and CSI-RS refers to channel state information reference signal.
[0081] The DFT-spreading operation is an operation that generates a DFT-s-OFDM waveform or any of its variants. DFT-s-OFDM waveform variants include SC-OQAM and pi / 2-BPSK.
[0082] SC-OQAM is a variant of DFT-s-OFDM. The real and imaginary signals are placed alternately in the time domain, with the real signal (or imaginary signal) being transmitted as a Nyquist signal (that is, pulses are orthogonal to each other) , but together, the real signal and imaginary signal are transmitted at a rate that is twice the Nyquist rate. The main benefit of SC-OQAM is low PAPR, particularly after spectral shaping.
[0083] Examples of spectral shaping (not shown in Fig. 7) include frequency-domain spectral shaping (FDSS) , which can be applied to the multiplexed waveform to further lower the PAPR.
[0084] The IFFT at 706 is one example of further processing that may be applied to a multiplexed signal. FDSS is another example of further processing, which would be applied in the frequency domain.
[0085] Embodiments of the present disclosure comprise different multiplexing patterns for the frequency-division multiplexing the data and the reference signal. The multiplexing pattern may also be known as a mapping pattern, an interlacing pattern, or any other suitable name.
[0086] Two examples multiplexing patterns are shown in Fig. 8. The two multiplexing patterns combine data and DM-RS at a 1: 1 ratio. In this example, the DM-RS is merely illustrative of any suitable reference signal.
[0087] As mentioned above, frequency-division multiplexing of two single-carrier signals of similar power may potentially carry a 3 dB PAPR penalty. Such frequency-division multiplexing may be considered, or equivalent to, a superposition of single-carrier signals in the time domain. Therefore, this potential 3 dB PAPR penalty also applies to superposition of single-carrier signals of similar power, including random single-carrier signals of equal power, for example.
[0088] Each multiplexing pattern in Fig. 8 may also be considered a superposition of two single-carrier waveforms (one is data, and another is DM-RS) in the time domain. As mentioned above, superposition of two random single-carrier signals of equal power may potentially incur an approximate 3 dB PAPR penalty. Some embodiments disclosed herein, such as examples in accordance with the multiplexing pattern of Fig. 8, achieve a significantly lesser PAPR penalty when these two waveforms are superposed in the time domain. Some embodiments disclosed herein may even achieve a PAPR improvement (that is, lower PAPR than a baseline DFT-s-OFDM waveform) when two waveforms are superposed in the time domain.
[0089] As described at least above, frequency-division multiplexing may be considered, or equivalent to, a superposition of single-carrier signals in the time domain, and accordingly references to features in the context of superposition in the time domain also apply to frequency-division multiplexing as disclosed herein.
[0090] Fig. 9 is a graph illustrating PAPR performance of different multiplexing patterns compared to baseline DFT-s-OFDM and OFDM waveforms. The plotted data is generated from a simulation using 48 resource blocks, QPSK modulation for data, and ZC-sequence for DM-RS. The “Data+DM-RS11” legend plots PAPR performance corresponding to the multiplexing patterns in Fig. 8. It is clear that the PAPR performance of the multiplexed waveform in accordance with Fig. 8 is actually very close to that of DFT-s-OFDM; therefore, and contrary to commonly-held conventional beliefs, multiplexing data and DM-RS in the frequency domain is actually feasible from the PAPR point of view.
[0091] Here, QPSK refers to quadrature phase-shift keying.
[0092] It should be noted that the plots in Fig. 9, and others herein, are generated from simulation under particular simulation conditions. Performance under other simulation conditions or operating conditions may be different from the specific examples shown.
[0093] Two further examples of data and DM-RS multiplexing patterns are shown in Fig. 10. The top-most pattern combines data and DM-RS at a 2: 1 ratio, and the bottom-most pattern combines data and DM-RS at a 3: 1 ratio. Note that the data waveforms here are no longer single carrier waveforms, while DM-RS still is. Note that a ZC sequence in the frequency domain can be viewed as the FFT of a ZC sequence in the time domain. The “Data+DMRS21” and “Data+DMRS31” legends in Fig. 9 plot PAPR performance corresponding to the respective multiplexing patterns in Fig. 10. Since the data waveforms are no longer single-carrier waveforms, the PAPRs of the multiplexed waveforms are increased by more than 1dB compared to DFT-s-OFDM, but are still well below that of OFDM. As the density of DM-RS decreases, the data waveform will approach the form of a single-carrier waveform, and the PAPR will approach that of DFT-s-OFDM. The patterns in Fig. 10 can be useful for PUCCH Format 2, for example, where no separate DFT-s-OFDM symbols are used for DM-RS and data transmission.
[0094] The plots in Fig. 9 show PAPR increasing as the ratio of data to DM-RS increases from 1: 1 to 2: 1 to 3: 1, but the difference in PAPR is smaller between 3: 1 and 2: 1 than that between 2: 1 and 1: 1. As the density of DM-RS decreases (and the density of data increases) from ratio 1: 1 to 2: 1 and to 3: 1, PAPR will increase; however, as the density of DM-RS further decreases (and the density of data further increases) , PAPR will reach a plateau, and then decrease, because in that case the data portion becomes more dominant. The waveform re-approaches a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and in the extreme case, where density of DM-RS approaches zero, the waveform will approach a perfect single-carrier waveform.
[0095] PAPR performance of embodiments including FDSS are evaluated. The evaluation is based on a simulation using a regular ZC-sequence, that is, the length of the prime sequence is the largest prime number that is smaller than the DM-RS length. While it is possible to optimize the length of the prime sequence so as to further reduce the PAPR of the multiplexed signal, those optimizations would be apparent to those skilled in the art and thus are not elaborated here.
[0096] An example FDSS scheme is shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 12 shows the FDSS evaluation of the multiplexing patterns in Fig. 8 and the patterns in Fig. 10. By comparing Fig. 12 with Fig. 9, it is apparent that there is some improvement in PAPR, especially for the multiplexing patterns in Fig. 8.
[0097] This improvement in PAPR is illustrative of a potential benefit of applying FDSS to a multiplexed signal that results from frequency-division multiplexing as disclosed herein.
[0098] PAPR performance of embodiments based on an SC-OQAM waveform, with roll-off factor α=0, are shown in Fig. 13. By comparing Fig. 13 with Fig. 9, the advantage of SC-OQAM is evident. Even considering the multiplexing patterns in Fig. 10, the PAPRs of the multiplexed waveforms are still far lower than that of OFDM.
[0099] Fig. 13 illustrates a potential benefit of SC-OQAM over QPSK, or more generally a potential benefit from selection between different types of modulations and modulation symbols in a symbol sequence for frequency-division multiplexing with a reference signal as disclosed herein.
[0100] Embodiments of the present disclosure include performing FDSS on a multiplexed SC-OQAM waveform. Curves with roll-off factor α=0.5 are shown in Fig. 14 for different multiplexing patterns. As observed, PAPRs are further reduced, effectively for all multiplexing patterns.
[0101] This improvement in PAPR is consistent with the potential benefit noted above in respect of the plots in Fig. 12.
[0102] However, the effect of further increasing the roll-off factor is limited, as shown in Fig. 15 for patterns in Fig. 8.This is mainly because of the limitation of the PAPR of ZC-sequences. For this reason, some embodiments of the present disclosure may limit the FDSS roll-off factors to a small number, i.e. α≤0.5.
[0103] In the case of multiplexing patterns in Fig. 8, single-carrier based multiplexing in the frequency-domain is feasible as shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 13, which means blocked-data resources can be used for data transmission, if they are not used for transmitting DM-RS by other users.
[0104] SC-OQAM and ZC-sequence-based frequency-domain multiplexing is effective for multiplexing patterns in Fig. 10, as shown in Fig. 13. It has no additional overhead, it facilitates 1-tap equalization, and its PAPRs are well below that of OFDM, which makes it a promising candidate for PUCCH Format 2 in future communication networks and standards.
[0105] FDSS can be effective for DFT-s-OFDM with QPSK modulation, as shown in Fig. 12.
[0106] FDSS can be effective for SC-OQAM to further lower the PAPR of multiplexed waveforms, as shown in Fig. 14.
[0107] While ZC-sequences are used in generating DM-RS for PAPR performance evaluation, other low-PAPR sequences, such as Gold sequences, computer generated sequences, m-sequences, and so on, can serve the same purpose when they are multiplexed with another single-carrier waveform in the frequency domain.
[0108] Overview
[0109] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described above and shown in Figs. 1 to 15 by way of example. Fig. 16 is a flow diagram illustrating general example methods according to embodiments.
[0110] At the left, 1600 in Fig. 16 illustrates operations or features that may be provided or supported at a transmitter or transmit-side device, and at the right, 1650 illustrates operations or features that may be provided or supported at a receiver or receive-side device. Embodiments may involve either or both of such devices. A single device may provide or support both transmitter or transmit-side features and receiver or receive-side features.
[0111] With reference first to 1600, an operation of applying DFT spreading to a sequence of symbols is shown at 1604. This may also be referred to as, for example, DFT-spreading a symbol sequence or sequence of symbols or performing DFT spreading on a symbol sequence or sequence of symbols. A result of the spreading at 1604 is to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols. In other words, the applying at 1604 results in a DFT-spread sequence, or put another way, the DFT-spread sequence results from applying the DFT spreading at 1604.
[0112] The multiplexing shown in Fig. 16 at 1606 represents frequency-division multiplexing the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence. Outputting the multiplexed sequence is shown at 1608.
[0113] The operations at 1604 and 1606 in Fig. 16 are consistent with, for example, 702 and 704 in Fig. 7. Features described with reference to Fig. 7, and / or elsewhere herein, may also or instead be applied in embodiments that are consistent with Fig. 16.
[0114] Frequency-division multiplexing as shown at 1606 may be applied to any of various types of reference signals. Spreading and multiplexing at 1604, 1606 may be applied to any of various types of reference signals. A reference signal may be a DM-RS, a PT-RS, or a CSI-RS, for example.
[0115] Similarly, embodiments are not restricted to any particular type of reference signal sequence. For example, a reference signal sequence that is multiplexed with a DFT-spread sequence of symbols may be based on a ZC sequence, a Gold sequence, an m-sequence, or a computer-generated sequence. These are all examples of a base sequence that may be used in sequence generation to generate a reference signal sequence. Some embodiments may involve obtaining a reference signal sequence at 1602, by generating the reference signal sequence. A reference signal sequence may instead be pre-generated, and obtained at 1602 by reading from memory or receiving from a reference signal generator, for example.
[0116] The results of the spreading and multiplexing at 1604 and 1606 may be different in different embodiments. For example, in a multiplexed sequence the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence may be orthogonal in the frequency domain in some embodiments. Different densities or ratios of DFT-spread data (DFT-spread symbols) and a reference signal sequence in the multiplexing at 1606 are also possible. For example, a DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence may be frequency-division multiplexed at 1606 according to a 1: 1 multiplexing pattern (Fig. 8, for example) , a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern (Fig. 10, top row, for example) , or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern (Fig. 10, bottom row, for example) . Multiplexing patterns may also be described, for example, in terms of the frequency-division multiplexing comprising multiplexing a DFT-spread sequence of symbols and a reference signal sequence according to such a multiplexing pattern (a1: 1 multiplexing pattern, a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern, or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern in the examples above) .
[0117] The DFT-spreading at 1604 may involve, or be part of, generating a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, an SC-OQAM waveform, or a pi / 2-BPSK waveform. Although described here as waveforms, these features may also be described in other terms. For instance, any or all of these examples could be described as signals or types of signals. In the case of at least pi / 2-BPSK, another possible description is a modulation (BPSK modulation) or a type of modulation.
[0118] DFT spreading may also be described as DFT-spreading being used to spread a symbol sequence, such as a QPSK sequence (for DFT-s-OFDM for example) , a QAM sequence, an offset-QAM (OQAM) sequence (for SC-OQAM for example) , a BPSK sequence, or a pi / 2-BPSK sequence.
[0119] Modulation is often used to describe how information is carried by a waveform. It can be frequency, phase, or amplitude, for example, and therefore examples of modulations or modulation types include frequency modulation, phase modulation, amplitude modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation, and so on. Waveform tends to be used in conjunction with a property, as in the following examples: multi-carrier waveform, single-carrier waveform, low-PAPR waveform, and so on. In this context, OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM are two very different waveforms (multi-carrier versus single-carrier) , but they can use the same kind of modulation, such as QAM.
[0120] With regard to pi / 2-BPSK, this is more so a modulation format, and is used in DFT-s-OFDM. As such, pi / 2-BPSK may be referred to as a low-PAPR waveform, but this is referring to the property of low-PAPR of the resultant waveform. The same can be said about SC-OQAM, which is also a variant of DFT-s-OFDM, with offset-QAM as its modulation.
[0121] The present disclosure should not be limited by particular choice of terminology, such as waveform or modulation for example, to describe embodiments.
[0122] These waveform and modulation examples are illustrative of embodiments that involve different types of symbols. The symbols of a sequence to which DFT spreading is applied at 1604 may include modulation symbols to which data bits are mapped, in BPSK modulation, pi / 2-BPSK modulation, QPSK modulation, QAM, or OQAM, for example. In these examples, pi / 2-BPSK and OQAM may be considered variants or types of BPSK and QAM, respectively. In some ways, SC-OQAM can be viewed as an extension / modification of pi / 2-BPSK.
[0123] Obtaining a sequence of symbols at 1602 may involve receiving symbols or reading pre-generated symbols from memory, for example. Some embodiments may involve generating symbols by modulating data. For example, a method may involve mapping data bits to modulation symbols to produce a sequence of symbols to which DFT spreading is applied at 1604. Such mapping of bits to modulation symbols may be in any of the modulation examples herein, including BPSK modulation, pi / 2-BPSK modulation, QPSK modulation, QAM, or OQAM. Put another way, mapping or a modulation mapper may take binary digits as input and produce complex-valued modulation symbols as output. In the case of any of various types of modulation, one or more bits may be mapped to complex-valued modulation symbols.
[0124] A method may involve other operations, and this is generally represented in Fig. 16 by way of example as further processing at 1610. Such processing may be part of the outputting at 1608, or performed separately, before or after the outputting. For example, a multiplexer may output a multiplexed sequence at 1608, and that multiplexed sequence may be further processed for transmission. In some embodiments, a chip or device that implements DFT spreading a multiplexing also implements other operations that are performed before output.
[0125] Thus, the outputting at 1608, or a method more generally, may include one or more additional operations. As an example, the outputting at 1608 may include performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the multiplexed sequence to generate a time-domain signal, or more generally the method 1600 may include performing an IFFT on the multiplexed sequence to generate a time-domain signal. The time-domain signal, or a frequency-domain signal on which the IFFT is performed, may be output at 1608.
[0126] An IFFT is an example of a transform, or more generally an operation, that may be performed on or applied to a multiplexed sequence. Another example is spectral shaping. In some embodiments, the outputting at 1608, or more generally a method, may involve performing spectral shaping on the multiplexed sequence. The spectral shaping is applied in the frequency-domain, and accordingly in embodiments that also involve performing or applying an IFFT or otherwise transforming to a time-domain signal, spectral shaping is performed or applied before transforming to a time-domain signal.
[0127] Performing spectral shaping may involve performing a uniform frequency-domain spectral shaping on the multiplexed sequence. Uniform frequency-domain spectral shaping is illustrated by way of example in Fig. 11. As shown, an FDSS window may be applied to the multiplexed signal, rather than using separate FDSS windows for data and DM-RS. Performing uniform frequency-domain spectral shaping as disclosed herein is different from conventional schemes in which FDSS is not applied to a multiplexed signal.
[0128] In general, features disclosed herein may be implemented individually or in any of various combinations. Certain features, however, may be beneficial or advantages. For example, SC-OQAM with OQAM modulation symbols may have a PAPR benefit over DFT-s-OFDM with QPSK modulation symbols, and therefore embodiments in which the DFT-spreading at 1602 involves or is part of generating an SC-OQAM waveform may be preferred. Such embodiments may also be described, for example, as the DFT-spreading involving spreading QAM or OQAM modulation symbols, the symbols in the symbol sequence including modulation symbols to which data bits are mapped in QAM or OQAM, or a method involving mapping data bits to modulation symbols in QAM or OQAM to produce the sequence of symbols.
[0129] The description above also references a limited benefit of increasing roll-off factor due to limitation of ZC-sequences, and discloses that FDSS roll-off factor may be limited to a small number (α≤0.5) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the reference signal sequence is based on a ZC sequence, a method involves performing or applying spectral shaping, and the spectral shaping has an associated roll-off factor α≤0.5.
[0130] Embodiments that involve SC-OQAM and ZC-sequence-based frequency-domain multiplexing are identified above as being effective for the multiplexing patterns in Fig. 10. In such embodiments, the DFT-spreading at 1604 may involve generating an SC-OQAM waveform, which may also be described in other ways as discussed at least above. The reference signal sequence is based on a ZC sequence, and in respect of the patterns in Fig. 10 the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence are frequency-division multiplexed according to a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern.
[0131] Another combination of features that may be beneficial relates to modulation and spectral shaping, with pi / 2-BPSK specifically being especially good, from a PAPR perspective, in combination with FDSS. In such an embodiment, the DFT-spreading at 1602 may involve or be part of generating a pi / 2-BPSK waveform. This may also be described, for example, as the DFT-spreading involving spreading pi / 2-BPSK modulation symbols, the symbols in the symbol sequence including modulation symbols to which data bits are mapped in pi / 2-BPSK modulation, or a method involving mapping data bits to modulation symbols in pi / 2-BPSK modulation to produce the sequence of symbols. In such embodiments that combine pi / 2-BPSK modulation and FDSS, a method also includes performing FDSS on, or applying FDSS to, the multiplexed sequence.
[0132] Embodiments may include other features that are not explicitly shown in Fig. 16. for example, some embodiments may involve transmitting and / or receiving signaling or any of various types of indications. More generally, embodiments may involve communicating, in a wireless communication network, signaling indicative of any of various parameters. Parameters related to one or more of spreading, modulation / mapping, multiplexing, encoding, transmission, reception, equalization, decoding, demultiplexing, or demodulation may be indicated in signaling.
[0133] Such communicating of signaling may involve transmitting the signaling by a transmitter / transmitting device that is to transmit a multiplexed sequence, to a receiver / receiving device. The communicating may also or instead involve receiving the signaling by a receiver / receiving device from a transmitter / transmitting device. Signaling need not necessarily be between, or only between, communication devices by which multiplexed sequences are to be transmitted or received. For example, a network device such as a gNB or a base station may transmit signaling to configure parameters at one or more communication devices. Therefore, a method may involve a network device transmitting signaling, and a transmitter / transmitting device receiving the signaling from the network device, and / or a receiver / receiving device receiving the signaling from the network device.
[0134] The dashed line in Fig. 16 is intended to represent optional transmission of a multiplexed sequence, possibly after further processing at 1610.
[0135] At 1650, Fig. 16 illustrates various receive-side counterparts of features shown at 1600. From a receiving device perspective, in some embodiments receiver-side signal processing may be similar to that of a regular DFT-s-OFDM receiver, for example, except that data symbols are not consecutively mapped in the frequency domain.
[0136] The receiving at 1652 represents receiving a multiplexed sequence comprising a DFT-spread sequence of symbols frequency-division multiplexed with a reference signal sequence as disclosed herein. 1656 in Fig. 16 denotes demultiplexing the multiplexed sequence to recover the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence. The recovered DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the recovered reference signal sequence are output at 1658, and may be subject to any of various types of further receive processing (not shown) .
[0137] Embodiments related to receiving and / or decoding may include other features, such as any one or more of the following features, for example, which are also discussed elsewhere herein:
[0138] the multiplexed sequence may include the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence being orthogonal in the frequency domain;
[0139] the reference signal may be a DM-RS, a PT-RS, or a CSI-RS;
[0140] the reference signal sequence may be based on a ZC sequence, a Gold sequence, an m-sequence, or a computer-generated sequence;
[0141] the receiving may involve receiving a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, an SC-OQAM waveform, or a pi / 2-BPSK waveform;
[0142] the symbols of the sequence of symbols may include modulation symbols to which data bits are mapped in BPSK modulation, pi / 2-BPSK modulation, QPSK modulation, QAM, or OQAM;
[0143] the sequence of symbols may have been produced by mapping data bits to modulation symbols, in BPSK modulation, pi / 2-BPSK modulation, QPSK modulation, QAM, or OQAM;
[0144] the receiving may involve receiving a time-domain signal;
[0145] the time-domain signal may have been generated by performing an IFFT on the multiplexed sequence;
[0146] the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence may have been frequency-division multiplexed according to a 1: 1 multiplexing pattern, a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern, or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern;
[0147] spectral shaping may have been performed on the multiplexed sequence;
[0148] the spectral shaping may be or include uniform frequency-domain spectral shaping;
[0149] the receiving may involve receiving an SC-OQAM waveform;
[0150] in an embodiment, the reference signal sequence is based on a ZC sequence and the spectral shaping has an associated roll-off factor α≤0.5;
[0151] in an embodiment, the receiving involves receiving an SC-OQAM waveform, the reference signal sequence is based on a ZC sequence, and the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence have been frequency-division multiplexed according to a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern;
[0152] in an embodiment, the receiving involves receiving a pi / 2-BPSK waveform and FDSS has been performed on the multiplexed sequence.
[0153] A method related to receiving may also provide or support other features, such as counterparts of features described herein in the context of methods related to spreading and multiplexing data and reference signals.
[0154] Another feature that may be provided or supported in receive-side embodiments relates to equalization. Some embodiments facilitate 1-tap equalization, and accordingly a method may involve performing 1-tap equalization.
[0155] The present disclosure encompasses various embodiments, including not only method embodiments, but also other embodiments such as apparatus embodiments and embodiments related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Embodiments may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein.
[0156] An apparatus may include a processor that is configured, by executing programming for example, to cause the apparatus to perform a method or operations, or to provide or support features, disclosed herein. An apparatus may also include a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, coupled to the processor, storing programming for execution by the processor. In Fig. 4, for example, the processors 210, 260, 276 may each be or include one or more processors, and each memory 208, 258, 278 is an example of a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, in an ED 110 and a TRP 170, 172. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium need not necessarily be provided only in combination with a processor, and may be provided separately in a computer program product, for example.
[0157] As an illustrative example, programming stored in or on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium may include instructions to or to cause a processor to, or a processor, device, or other component may otherwise be configured to: apply DFT spreading to a sequence of symbols, to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols; frequency-division multiplex the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence; and output the multiplexed sequence.
[0158] Apparatus embodiments are not limited to the foregoing examples, or to processor-based or programming-based embodiments. An apparatus may also or instead include, for example, a spreader for applying DFT spreading to a sequence of symbols to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols, a multiplexer coupled to the spreader for frequency-division multiplexing the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence, and an interface coupled to the multiplexer for outputting the multiplexed sequence. An apparatus may also or instead include an interface for receiving a multiplexed sequence comprising a DFT-spread sequence of symbols frequency-division multiplexed with a reference signal sequence; and a demultiplexer, coupled to the interface, for demultiplexing the multiplexed sequence to recover the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence.
[0159] Fig. 17 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus according to an embodiment. At 1700, Fig. 17 illustrates components of an example apparatus in which or in conjunction with which spreading and multiplexing features may be implemented, and components of an example apparatus in which or in conjunction with which receiving and / or demultiplexing features may be implemented are illustrated at 1750. A controller 1730 may be provided in either of these types of apparatus, to control operations of any one or more of the illustrated components and / or overall operation of a device in which such components are installed. In some embodiments, an apparatus may include both transmitting and receiving features, and either or both of multiplexing features or demultiplexing features. In the example shown in Fig. 17, an apparatus with all of the illustrated components supports both multiplexing features and demultiplexing features, as well and transmitting features and receiving features.
[0160] For spreading and multiplexing features, the example apparatus in Fig. 17 includes a spreader 1702, a multiplexer 1704 coupled to the spreader, and an output interface 1706 coupled to the multiplexer. A sequence of symbols for spreading are generated by the modulation mapper 1712 in the example shown, but as described at least above such symbols may be obtained in other ways. Although shown as a separate component in Fig. 17, the output interface 1706 for outputting symbols may be provided by, incorporated into, or coupled to the multiplexer 1704. Similarly, an interface through which symbols for spreading are obtained by the spreader 1702 may be provided by, incorporated into, or coupled to the spreader.
[0161] A reference signal sequence is shown in Fig. 17 as an input to the multiplexer 1704. An interface through which the reference signal sequence is obtained by the multiplexer 1704 may be provided by, incorporated into, or coupled to the multiplexer. Although not shown in Fig. 17, in some embodiments an apparatus may also include a sequence generator, coupled to the multiplexer 1704, for generating the reference signal sequence.
[0162] Features or functions related to spreading and multiplexing as disclosed herein may be implemented in any of various ways, such as in hardware, firmware, or one or more components that execute software. The present disclosure is not limited to any specific type of implementation, and implementation details may vary between different devices.
[0163] Data bits or symbols and a reference signal sequence may be obtained, and a multiplexed sequence may be output (before or after optional further processing such as shown at 1714) , via any of various types of interface, including a communication interface in the case of transmitting a multiplexed sequence or receiving data bits or symbols or a reference signal sequence. Embodiments are not in any way restricted to any particular type of interface, the implementation of which may be based at least in part on how data bits or symbols or reference signal sequences are to be obtained and how multiplexed sequences are to be output.
[0164] In an embodiment, an apparatus includes a spreader such as the spreader 1702 for applying DFT spreading to a sequence of symbols, to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols. In the example shown, a multiplexer 1704 is coupled to the spreader 1702 for frequency-division multiplexing the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with the reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence. An interface may be provided and coupled to the multiplexer 1704, and in the example shown the output interface 1706 is coupled to the multiplexer for outputting the multiplexed sequence.
[0165] More generally, an apparatus or a component thereof such as a spreader 1702 or a processor may be configured to apply (or for applying) DFT spreading to a sequence of symbols to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols. An apparatus or a component thereof such as a multiplexer 1704, which may be coupled to the spreader 1702, may be configured to multiplex (or for multiplexing) , or programming may include instructions to multiplex (or for multiplexing) or to cause a processor to multiplex, in particular by frequency-division multiplexing, the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence as disclosed herein. An apparatus or a component thereof such as the output interface 1706, which may be coupled to the multiplexer 1704, may be configured to output (or for outputting) , or programming may include instructions to output (or for outputting) or to cause a processor to output, the multiplexed sequence as disclosed herein.
[0166] Embodiments related to such apparatus or non-transitory computer readable storage media may include any one or more of the following features, for example, which are also discussed elsewhere herein:
[0167] the multiplexed sequence may include the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence being orthogonal in the frequency domain;
[0168] the reference signal may be a DM-RS, a PT-RS, or a CSI-RS;
[0169] the reference signal sequence may be based on a ZC sequence, a Gold sequence, an m-sequence, or a computer-generated sequence;
[0170] the DFT-spreading may involve generating a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, an SC-OQAM waveform, or a pi / 2-BPSK waveform;
[0171] the symbols of the sequence may include modulation symbols to which data bits are mapped in BPSK modulation, pi / 2-BPSK modulation, QPSK modulation, QAM, or OQAM;
[0172] an apparatus or a component thereof such as the modulation mapper 1712 coupled to the spreader 1702 may be configured to map (or for mapping) , or programming may include instructions to map (or for mapping) , or to cause a processor to map data bits to modulation symbols, in BPSK modulation, pi / 2-BPSK modulation, QPSK modulation, QAM, or OQAM, to produce the sequence of symbols;
[0173] an apparatus or a component thereof such as a transform module (at 1714 for example) , coupled to the interface 1706, may be configured to perform (or for performing) , or programming may include instructions to perform (or for performing) , or to cause a processor to perform an IFFT on the multiplexed sequence to generate a time-domain signal;
[0174] the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence may be frequency-division multiplexed according to a 1: 1 multiplexing pattern, a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern, or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern;
[0175] an apparatus or a component thereof such as a spectral shaper (at 1714 for example) , coupled to the multiplexer 1704, may be configured to perform (or for performing) , or programming may include instructions to perform (or for performing) , or to cause a processor to perform spectral shaping on the multiplexed sequence;
[0176] the spectral shaping may involve uniform frequency-domain spectral shaping;
[0177] SC-OQAM may be beneficial over DFT-s-OFDM, and accordingly in some embodiments the DFT-spreading involves generating an SC-OQAM waveform;
[0178] in an embodiment, the reference signal sequence is based on a ZC sequence, and the spectral shaping has an associated roll-off factor α≤0.5;
[0179] in an embodiment, the DFT-spreading involves generating an SC-OQAM waveform, the reference signal sequence is based on a ZC sequence, and the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence are frequency-division multiplexed according to a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern;
[0180] in an embodiment, the DFT-spreading involves generating a pi / 2-BPSK waveform, and an apparatus or a component thereof such as a spectral shaper (at 1714 for example) , coupled to the multiplexer 1704, is configured to perform (or for performing) , or programming may include instructions to perform (or for performing) , or to cause a processor to perform FDSS on the multiplexed sequence.
[0181] With reference again to Fig. 17, the example apparatus also includes components to provide or support receiving and demultiplexing features. These components may be provided separately in a demultiplexing or receiving device, or together with other components to provide or support demultiplexing or receiving features together with multiplexing or transmitting features.
[0182] An input interface 1752 is coupled to a demultiplexer 1754, and these components are also coupled to the controller 1730. A recovered DFT-spread symbol sequence and a recovered reference signal sequence are shown as an output from the demultiplexer 1754, and a multiplexed sequence is shown as an input received by the interface 1752, possibly after optional further processing at 1762. The interface 1752 may be provided by, incorporated into, or coupled to the demultiplexer 1754, and similarly an interface through which recovered sequences are output by the demultiplexer may be provided by, incorporated into, or coupled to the demultiplexer.
[0183] Demultiplexing-side or receive-side features or functions, and other features or functions herein, may be implemented in any of various ways, such as in hardware, firmware, or one or more components that execute software. The present disclosure is not limited to any specific type of implementation, and implementation details may vary between different devices, for example.
[0184] A multiplexed sequence may be received or otherwise obtained, and recovered sequences may be output, via any of various types of interface, including a communication interface in the case of receiving a multiplexed sequence or transmitting recovered sequences. Embodiments are not in any way restricted to any particular type of interface, the implementation of which may be based at least in part on how multiplexed sequences are to be obtained and how recovered sequences are to be output. Multiplexing and demultiplexing interfaces are shown separately in Fig. 17 to illustrate that multiplexing and demultiplexing features may be implemented independently. However, it should be appreciated that a single device or equipment may support both multiplexing and demultiplexing, in which case a multiplexer and a demultiplexer may be coupled to the same interface (s) at 1706, 1752. For example, the multiplexer 1704 and the demultiplexer 1754 may be coupled to the same interface (s) to obtain data bits or symbols and / or reference signal sequences for multiplexing by the multiplexer and to output sequences that are recovered by the demultiplexer. The multiplexer 1704 and the demultiplexer 1754 may also or instead be coupled to the same interface (s) to output multiplexed sequences that are produced by the multiplexer and receive multiplexed sequences for demultiplexing by the demultiplexer.
[0185] The interface 1752 is for receiving a multiplexed sequence, and the demultiplexer 1754 is coupled to the interface for demultiplexing the received multiplexed sequence. More generally, an apparatus or a component thereof such as an interface 1752 may be configured to receive (or for receiving) or to otherwise obtain (or for obtaining) , or programming may include instructions to receive (or for receiving) or to otherwise obtain (or for obtaining) or to cause a processor to receive or otherwise obtain, a multiplexed sequence comprising a DFT-spread sequence of symbols frequency-division multiplexed with a reference signal sequence. Receiving may involve receiving the symbols from a first communication device by a second communication device in a wireless communication network for example. An apparatus or a component thereof such as a demultiplexer 1754 or a processor may be configured to demultiplex (or for demultiplexing) , or programming may include instructions to demultiplex (or for demultiplexing) the multiplexed sequence to recover the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence.
[0186] Embodiments related to such apparatus or non-transitory computer readable storage media may include any one or more of the following features, for example, which are also discussed elsewhere herein:
[0187] the multiplexed sequence may include the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence being orthogonal in the frequency domain;
[0188] the reference signal may be a DM-RS, a PT-RS, or a CSI-RS;
[0189] the reference signal sequence may be based on a ZC sequence, a Gold sequence, an m-sequence, or a computer-generated sequence;
[0190] the receiving may involve receiving a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, a SC-OQAM waveform, or a pi / 2-BPSK waveform;
[0191] the symbols of the sequence may include modulation symbols to which data bits are mapped in BPSK modulation, pi / 2-BPSK modulation, QPSK modulation, QAM, or OQAM;
[0192] the sequence of symbols having been produced by mapping data bits to modulation symbols, in BPSK modulation, pi / 2-BPSK modulation, QPSK modulation, QAM, or OQAM;
[0193] the receiving may involve receiving a time-domain signal;
[0194] the time-domain signal may have been generated by performing an IFFT on the multiplexed sequence;
[0195] the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence may have been frequency-division multiplexed according to a 1: 1 multiplexing pattern, a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern, or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern;
[0196] spectral shaping may have been performed on the multiplexed sequence;
[0197] the spectral shaping may involve uniform frequency-domain spectral shaping;
[0198] in an embodiment, the receiving involves receiving an SC-OQAM waveform;
[0199] in an embodiment, the reference signal sequence is based on a ZC sequence, and the spectral shaping has an associated roll-off factor α≤0.5;
[0200] in an embodiment, the receiving involves receiving an SC-OQAM waveform, the reference signal sequence is based on a ZC) sequence, and the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence have been frequency-division multiplexed according to a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern;
[0201] in an embodiment, the receiving involves receiving a pi / 2-BPSK waveform, and FDSS has been performed on the multiplexed sequence;
[0202] an apparatus or a component thereof such as an equalizer, coupled to the interface 1752, may be configured to perform (or for performing) , or programming may include instructions to perform (or for performing) , or to cause a processor to perform 1-tap equalization.
[0203] Other features disclosed herein may also or instead be provided or supported in apparatus embodiments.
[0204] Apparatus embodiments are not in any way restricted to single devices. A system, for example, may include a first communication device and a second communication device. The first communication device may be configured to: apply DFT spreading to a sequence of symbols, to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols; frequency-division multiplex the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence; and transmit the multiplexed sequence. The second communication device may be configured to receive and demultiplex the multiplexed sequence to recover the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence.
[0205] More generally, other features disclosed herein may also or instead be provided in method, apparatus, and / or system embodiments.
[0206] Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Initialisms
[0207] The following acronyms, abbreviations, and initialisms may be used herein:
[0208] Conclusion
[0209] The present disclosure encompasses various embodiments, including not only method embodiments, but also other embodiments such as apparatus embodiments and embodiments related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Embodiments may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein.
[0210] Although this disclosure refers to illustrative embodiments, this is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description.
[0211] Features disclosed herein in the context of any particular embodiments may also or instead be implemented in other embodiments. Method embodiments, for example, may also or instead be implemented in apparatus, system, and / or computer program product embodiments. In addition, although embodiments are described primarily in the context of methods and apparatus, other implementations are also contemplated, as instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer- readable media, for example. Such media could store programming or instructions to perform any of various methods consistent with the present disclosure.
[0212] Although aspects of the present invention have been described with reference to specific features and embodiments thereof, various modifications and combinations can be made thereto without departing from the invention. The description and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded simply as an illustration of some embodiments of the invention as defined by the appended claims, and are contemplated to cover any and all modifications, variations, combinations or equivalents that fall within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, although embodiments and potential advantages have been described in detail, various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed, that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
[0213] Moreover, any module, component, or device exemplified herein that executes instructions may include or otherwise have access to a non-transitory computer readable or processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer readable or processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer readable or processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile disc (DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and nonremovable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer readable or processor readable storage media may be part of a device or accessible or connectable thereto. Any application or module herein described may be implemented using instructions that are readable and executable by a computer or processor may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer readable or processor readable storage media.
[0214] For instance, the present disclosure encompasses the following examples, and others.
[0215] According to an example 1, a method comprises: DFT-spreading a symbol sequence; frequency-division multiplexing the DFT-spread symbol sequence with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence; and outputting the multiplexed sequence.
[0216] An example 2 relates to the method of example 1, wherein the multiplexed sequence comprises the DFT-spread symbol sequence and the reference signal sequence being orthogonal in the frequency domain.
[0217] An example 3 relates to the method of any preceding example wherein the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) , a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) , or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0218] An example 4 relates to the method of any preceding example wherein the reference signal is based on a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, a Gold sequence, an m-sequence, or a computer-generated sequence.
[0219] An example 5 relates to the method of any preceding example wherein the DFT-spreading comprises generating a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform, a single carrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-OQAM) waveform, or a pi / 2 binary phase-shift keying (pi / 2-BPSK) waveform.
[0220] An example 6 relates to the method of any preceding example wherein the outputting further comprises performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the multiplexed sequence to generate a time-domain signal.
[0221] An example 7 relates to the method of any preceding example wherein the DFT-spread symbol sequence and the reference signal sequence are frequency-division multiplexed according to a 1: 1 multiplexing pattern, a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern, or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern.
[0222] An example 8 relates to the method of any preceding example further comprising performing spectral shaping on the multiplexed sequence.
[0223] An example 9 relates to the method of example 8, wherein the performing the spectral shaping comprises performing a uniform frequency-domain spectral shaping on the multiplexed sequence.
Claims
1.A method comprising:applying discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spreading to a sequence of symbols, to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols;frequency-division multiplexing the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence; andoutputting the multiplexed sequence.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the multiplexed sequence comprises the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence being orthogonal in the frequency domain.3.The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) , a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) , or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .4.The method of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the reference signal sequence is based on a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, a Gold sequence, an m-sequence, or a computer-generated sequence.5.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the DFT-spreading comprises generating a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform, a single carrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-OQAM) waveform, or a pi / 2 binary phase-shift keying (pi / 2-BPSK) waveform.6.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the symbols of the sequence comprise modulation symbols to which data bits are mapped in binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation, pi / 2 binary phase-shift keying (pi / 2-BPSK) modulation, quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , or offset-QAM (OQAM) .7.The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising:mapping data bits to modulation symbols, in binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation, pi / 2 binary phase-shift keying (pi / 2-BPSK) modulation, quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , or offset-QAM (OQAM) , to produce the sequence of symbols.8.The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the outputting further comprises performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the multiplexed sequence to generate a time-domain signal.9.The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence are frequency-division multiplexed according to a 1: 1 multiplexing pattern, a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern, or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern.10.The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising:performing spectral shaping on the multiplexed sequence.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the performing the spectral shaping comprises performing a uniform frequency-domain spectral shaping on the multiplexed sequence.12.The method of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the DFT-spreading comprises generating a single carrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-OQAM) waveform.13.The method of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein the reference signal sequence is based on a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, wherein the spectral shaping has an associated roll-off factor α≤0.5.14.The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the DFT-spreading comprises generating a single carrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-OQAM) waveform, wherein the reference signal sequence is based on a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, and wherein the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence are frequency-division multiplexed according to a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern.15.The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the DFT-spreading comprises generating a pi / 2 binary phase-shift keying (pi / 2-BPSK) waveform, the method further comprising:performing frequency domain spectral shaping (FDSS) on the multiplexed sequence.16.A method comprising:receiving a multiplexed sequence comprising a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) -spread sequence of symbols frequency-division multiplexed with a reference signal sequence;demultiplexing the multiplexed sequence to recover the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the multiplexed sequence comprises the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence being orthogonal in the frequency domain.18.The method of claim 16 or claim 17, wherein the reference signal is a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) , a phase tracking reference signal (PT-RS) , or a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .19.The method of any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the reference signal sequence is based on a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, a Gold sequence, an m-sequence, or a computer-generated sequence.20.The method of any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the receiving comprises receiving a discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform, a single carrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-OQAM) waveform, or a pi / 2 binary phase-shift keying (pi / 2-BPSK) waveform.21.The method of any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the symbols of the sequence of symbols comprise modulation symbols to which data bits are mapped in binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation, pi / 2 binary phase-shift keying (pi / 2-BPSK) modulation, quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , or offset-QAM (OQAM) .22.The method of any one of claims 16 to 19, the sequence of symbols having been produced by mapping data bits to modulation symbols, in binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation, pi / 2 binary phase-shift keying (pi / 2-BPSK) modulation, quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) , or offset-QAM (OQAM) .23.The method of any one of claims 16 to 22, wherein the receiving comprising receiving a time-domain signal, the time-domain signal having been generated by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the multiplexed sequence.24.The method of any one of claims 16 to 23, the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence having been frequency-division multiplexed according to a 1: 1 multiplexing pattern, a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern, or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern.25.The method of any one of claims 16 to 24, spectral shaping having been performed on the multiplexed sequence.26.The method of claim 25, wherein the spectral shaping comprises uniform frequency-domain spectral shaping.27.The method of any one of claims 16 to 26, wherein the receiving comprises receiving a single carrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-OQAM) waveform.28.The method of claim 25 or claim 26, wherein the reference signal sequence is based on a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, wherein the spectral shaping has an associated roll-off factor α≤0.5.29.The method of any one of claims 16 to 28,wherein the receiving comprises receiving a single carrier offset quadrature amplitude modulation (SC-OQAM) waveform,wherein the reference signal sequence is based on a Zadoff-Chu (ZC) sequence, andthe DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence having been frequency-division multiplexed according to a 2: 1 multiplexing pattern or a 3: 1 multiplexing pattern.30.The method of any one of claims 16 to 24,wherein the receiving comprises receiving a pi / 2 binary phase-shift keying (pi / 2-BPSK) waveform,frequency domain spectral shaping (FDSS) having been performed on the multiplexed sequence.31.The method of any one of claims 16 to 30, further comprising:performing 1-tap equalization.32.An apparatus comprising a processor configured to cause the apparatus to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 31.33.An apparatus comprising:a spreader for applying discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spreading to a sequence of symbols, to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols;a multiplexer, coupled to the spreader, for frequency-division multiplexing the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence; andan interface, coupled to the multiplexer, for outputting the multiplexed sequence.34.An apparatus comprising:an interface for receiving a multiplexed sequence comprising a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) -spread sequence of symbols frequency-division multiplexed with a reference signal sequence; anda demultiplexer, coupled to the interface, for demultiplexing the multiplexed sequence to recover the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence.35.A computer program comprising programming for execution by a processor, the programming including instructions to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 31.36.A non-transitory computer readable medium storing programming for execution by a processor, the programming including instructions to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 31.37.A system comprising:a first communication device configured to: apply discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spreading to a sequence of symbols, to generate a DFT-spread sequence of symbols; frequency-division multiplex the DFT-spread sequence of symbols with a reference signal sequence to generate a multiplexed sequence; and transmit the multiplexed sequence; anda second communication device configured to receive and demultiplex the multiplexed sequence to recover the DFT-spread sequence of symbols and the reference signal sequence.
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