An integrated dual-wavelength transmitter for gigabit and 10-gigabit-capable passive optical networks
The integrated dual-wavelength transmitter with EML and DBR components addresses the inefficiencies of conventional transmitters by achieving low chirp and cost-effectiveness, supporting both GPON and XG-PON with reduced crosstalk and optimized performance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/089275
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-04-23
- Publication Date
- 2025-10-30
AI Technical Summary
Conventional dual-wavelength transmitters for supporting both GPON and XG-PON are not compact, energy efficient, and cost-effective, and they face challenges in optimizing modulation bandwidth and transmitter power at high bit rates.
An integrated dual-wavelength transmitter using an externally-modulated laser (EML) with a first DFB laser and an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) for low chirp, combined with a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) to transmit and reflect wavelengths, monolithically integrated on a single ridge waveguide, allowing independent optimization of components for high bandwidth and output power.
The solution achieves reduced transmission penalty, low chirp, and cost-effective operation, supporting both GPON and XG-PON with improved efficiency and reliability, while minimizing optical and electrical crosstalk.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024089275_30102025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
AN INTEGRATED DUAL-WAVELENGTH TRANSMITTER FOR GIGABIT AND 10-GIGABIT-CAPABLE PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKSTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to a transmitter for a passive optical network (PON) . The disclosure provides an integrated dual-wavelength transmitter, which may be suitable for both a gigabit PON (GPON) and a 10-gigabit-capable PON (XG-PON) . The integrated transmitter includes two integrated distributed feedback (DFB) lasers to produce laser beams of two different wavelengths.BACKGROUND
[0002] There is an ever-increasing bandwidth demand on fiber-based access networks, specifically on PONs, from both residential and industrial customers. As a result, a next generation PON, the so-called XG-PON that offers a data rate of up to 10 Gbps, is entering a large scale commercial deployment phase. However, an optical distribution network (ODN) suitable for the XG-PON should still also be able to support users of an existing GPON, which offers a data rate of only up to 2.5 Gbps. This scenario is commonly referred to as PON co-existence.
[0003] In this respect, a dual-wavelength transmitter –also referred to as a combo transmitter (TX) in this disclosure –at the optical line terminal (OLT) side for supporting both the GPON and the XG-PON simultaneously is a commercially viable solution. However, conventional dual-wavelength transmitters can still be improved.SUMMARY
[0004] An objective of this disclosure is to provide a dual-wavelength transmitter for a PON that is compact, energy efficient, and cost-effective. An objective is especially to make the dual-wavelength transmitter suitable for both GPON and XG-PON. A further objective is to provide the dual-wavelength transmitter monolithically integrated. Another objective is to enable a fabrication of the components of the dual-wavelength transmitter on a single-ride waveguide.
[0005] These and other objectives are achieved by the solutions of this disclosure, as described in the independent claims. Advantageous implementations are further described in the dependent claims.
[0006] A first aspect of this disclosure provides an integrated dual-wavelength transmitter for a PON, wherein the transmitter comprises: a first DFB laser configured to emit a continuous first laser beam at a first wavelength along an optical path; an electro-absorption modulator (EAM) arranged after the first DFB laser in the optical path, and configured to modulate the first laser beam of the first DFB laser; a second DFB laser arranged after the electro-absorption modulator in the optical path, and configured to emit a modulated second laser beam at a second wavelength along the optical path in the same direction as the first DFB laser; and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) arranged between the EAM and the second DFB laser in the optical path, and configured to transmit light at the first wavelength and reflect light at the second wavelength.
[0007] The transmitter of the first aspect uses an externally-modulated laser (EML) –which comprises the first DFB laser and the EAM –for generating a modulated first laser beam, instead of using a directly modulated laser (DML) , e.g., instead of using only the first DFB laser with a direct modulation. In this way, the modulated first laser beam of the first wavelength may be transmitted and recovered with a significantly reduced transmission penalty compared to the DML case, and is thus beneficial for realizing 10Gbps transmission for an XG-PON. This advantage is mainly achieved due to a low chirp obtained from the EAM, which is three to four times lower than the chirp of a conventional DML. Apart from that, by using the EML, the transmitter of the first aspect can also overcome the tradeoff between modulation bandwidth and transmitter power required when using a DML at high bit rates such as 10 Gbps. That means, a key advantage of using the EML instead of a DML is the possibility to independently optimize the EAM and the first DFB laser, for example, the former for high bandwidth and the latter for high output power. Thus, a compact, energy efficient, and cost-effective dual-wavelength transmitter is provided, which can be suitable for both GPON and XG-PON.
[0008] The optical path is the path along which at least the main part of the guided light of the laser beams, which are respectively transmitted by the first and second DFB laser, travels in the transmitter, until it is output from the transmitter. The optical path may follow at least one waveguide formed within the transmitter. The optical path may be straight, and thus may correspond to a main emission direction of the laser beams. The optical path may also deviate from a straight path, wherein the light of the laser beams may be guided by the at least one waveguide. The direction of the light of the first laser beam in the optical path is from the first DFB laser to the EAM to the DBR to the second DFB laser, and finally out of the transmitter. The opposite direction would be related to the reverse order. The EAM being placed in the optical path of the first laser beam of the first DFB laser means that the EAM is arranged such that it receives the first laser beam. The first laser beam, after being modulated by the EAM, continues along the optical path as the modulated first laser beam, wherein it passes through the DBR, which is transparent to the first wavelength, and then passes through the second DFB laser, and then is output from the transmitter. The modulated second laser beam is emitted by the second DFB laser along the same direction, and may thus be directly output from the transmitter without passing through the EAM or the first DFB laser. Any stray light from the second DFB laser, which travels in direction of the EAM or first DFB laser, is reflected by the DBR.
[0009] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first DFB laser, the second DFB laser, the EAM, and the DBR are formed on or in a single ridge waveguide. This allows for a more compact design of the transmitter, and may lead to improved efficiency and to cost reductions due to simpler manufacturing and integration processes.
[0010] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first DFB laser, the second DFB laser, the EAM, and the DBR are monolithically integrated. The monolithic integration may enhance the system reliability, may reduce alignment issues and optical losses, and may also lower the manufacturing costs by streamlining fabrication processes.
[0011] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the second DFB laser and the EAM are both formed in a first epitaxial material.
[0012] In an implementation form of the first aspect, also the DBR is formed in the first epitaxial material.
[0013] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first DFB laser is formed in a second epitaxial material.
[0014] In an implementation form of the first aspect, a butt-joint interface is formed between the second epitaxial material and the first epitaxial material.
[0015] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the transmitter is configured to reverse-bias the first epitaxial material in the region of the EAM, and to forward-bias the first epitaxial material in the region of the second DFB laser.
[0016] In an implementation form of the first aspect, both the first epitaxial material and the second epitaxial material are III-V semiconductor materials. The first epitaxial material may have a higher bandgap than the second epitaxial material. The first wavelength, which is related to the first DFB laser formed in the second epitaxial material, is in this case larger than the second wavelength, which is related to the second DFB laser formed in the first epitaxial material. The first laser beam of light having the first wavelength may moreover pass through the first epitaxial material due to its narrower energy bandgap, and thus may pass through the second DFB laser.
[0017] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first DFB laser is configured to operate in a continuous wave (CW) mode, and the second DFB laser is configured to operate as a DML.
[0018] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the transmitter comprises a front facet for emitting the modulated first laser beam and the modulated second laser beam, and a rear facet; wherein the second DFB laser is arranged close to the front facet and the first DFB laser is arranged close to the rear facet. The front facet may be provided with an anti-reflection coating. The rear facet may be provided with an anti-reflection or a high-reflection coating. The latter choice depends on the specific design of the first DFB laser.
[0019] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first wavelength is 1577 nm, and the second wavelength is 1490 nm. Thus, the transmitter is suitable for supporting current GPON and XG-PON requirements.
[0020] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first laser beam from the first DFB laser is multiplexed with the second laser beam from the second DFB laser by a single ridge waveguide. This allows the two optical transmission signals realized by the modulated first and second laser beam to be combined and transmitted over a single optical path, which can save space and potentially reduce costs.
[0021] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the transmitter is configured to simultaneously support G-PON and XG-PON. Thus, the transmitter supports PON co-existence.
[0022] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the transmitter comprises a common substrate from which or on which a shared n-doped semiconductor material layer is provided as a bottom cladding layer; wherein each of the first DFB laser, the second DFB laser, the EAM, and the DBR is arranged on the shared n-doped semiconductor material layer; and a shared multiple quantum well (MQW) region arranged on the shared n-doped semiconductor material layer, wherein the shared MQW region is formed in the first epitaxy material, and wherein the shared MQW region is part of each of the second DFB laser, the EAM, and the DBR; and another MQW region arranged on the shared n-doped semiconductor material layer, wherein the MQW region is formed in the second epitaxy material, and wherein the MQW region is part of the first DFB laser; and a shared p-doped semiconductor material layer arranged on the MQW regions as a top cladding layer.
[0023] The common substrate may be or be part of a common wafer, on which one or more transmitters of the first aspect may be fabricated. The common substrate itself can be n-doped, and it could serve as the bottom cladding layer.
[0024] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the transmitter further comprises a shared electrode, which is arranged on the other side of the shared n-doped semiconductor layer, wherein the shared electrode is configured to serve as a common electrical ground contact.
[0025] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the transmitter further comprises four separate electrodes arranged on the shared p-doped semiconductor material layer, wherein each of the electrodes is respectively a part of one of the first DFB laser, the EAM, the DBR, and the second DFB laser, and wherein the separate electrodes are configured to serve as respective electrical signal contacts.
[0026] In an implementation form of the first aspect, an electrical isolation region is respectively arranged between the first DFB laser and the EAM, between the EAM and the DBR, and between the DBR and the second DFB laser. This suppresses electrical crosstalk that may exist between the different optical components of the transmitter.
[0027] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the second DFB laser and the DBR each comprises a respective Bragg grating arranged on the shared MQW layer.
[0028] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the first DFB laser comprises a Bragg grating arranged on its MQW layer.
[0029] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the transmitter further comprises a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) , which is arranged between the first DFB laser and the EAM, or is arranged between the EAM and the DBR. The SOA may thus amplify the (unmodulated) first laser beam before it is modulated or may amplify the (modulated) first laser beam that has been modulated by the EAM. By adding the SOA, the output power of the modulated first laser beam can be significantly increased.
[0030] In an implementation form of the first aspect, the SOA is formed in the second epitaxial material. This implementation helps to keep the complexity of the fabrication process flow of the transmitter low.
[0031] A second aspect of this disclosure provides a method for fabricating an integrated dual-wavelength transmitter for a PON, wherein the method comprises: forming a first DFB laser, which is configured to emit a continuous first laser beam at a first wavelength along an optical path; forming an EAM after the first DFB laser in the optical path, wherein the EAM is configured to modulate the first laser beam of the first DFB laser; forming a second DFB laser after the EAM in the optical path, wherein the second DFB laser is configured to emit a modulated second laser beam at a second wavelength along the optical path in the same direction as the first DFB laser; and forming a DBR between the EAM and the second DFB laser in the optical path, wherein the DBR is configured to transmit light at the first wavelength and to reflect light at the second wavelength.
[0032] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the method comprises: a first epitaxial growth step to grow a first epitaxial material for forming the second DFB laser, the DBR and the EAM; and a second epitaxial growth step to grow a second epitaxial material for forming the first DFB laser.
[0033] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the first DFB laser, the second DFB laser, the EAM, and the DBR are formed on or in a single ridge waveguide.
[0034] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the first DFB laser, the second DFB laser, the EAM, and the DBR are monolithically integrated.
[0035] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the method further comprises forming a butt-joint interface between the second epitaxial material and the first epitaxial material.
[0036] In an implementation form of the second aspect, both the first epitaxial material and the second epitaxial material are III-V semiconductor materials.
[0037] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the method further comprises forming a front facet of the transmitter, wherein the front facet is for emitting the modulated first laser beam and the modulated second laser beam, and forming a rear facet of the transmitter; the method also comprises forming the second DFB laser close to the front facet and the first DFB laser close to the rear facet.
[0038] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the first wavelength is 1577 nm, and the second wavelength is 1490 nm.
[0039] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the method comprises: forming a common substrate; providing a shared n-doped semiconductor material layer as a bottom cladding layer from or on the common substrate; forming each of the first DFB laser, the second DFB laser, the EAM, and the DBR on the shared n-doped semiconductor material layer; forming a shared MQW region on the shared n-doped semiconductor material layer, wherein the shared MQW region is formed in the first epitaxy material, and wherein the shared MQW region is part of each of the second DFB laser, the EAM, and the DBR; forming another MQW region on the shared n-doped semiconductor material layer, wherein the MQW region is formed in the second epitaxy material, and wherein the MQW region is part of the first DFB laser; and forming a shared p-doped semiconductor material layer on the MQW regions as a top cladding layer.
[0040] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the method further comprises forming a shared electrode on the other side of the shared n-doped semiconductor layer, wherein the shared electrode is formed as a common electrical ground contact.
[0041] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the method further comprises forming four separate electrodes on the shared p-doped semiconductor material layer, wherein each of the electrodes is respectively formed as a part of one of the first DFB laser, the EAM, the DBR and the second DFB laser, and wherein the separate electrodes are formed to serve as respective electrical signal contacts.
[0042] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the method further comprises forming an electrical isolation region respectively between the first DFB laser and the EAM, between the EAM and the DBR, and between the DBR and the second DFB laser.
[0043] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the second DFB laser and the DBR each comprises a respective Bragg grating arranged on the shared MQW layer.
[0044] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the first DFB laser comprises a Bragg grating formed on its MQW layer.
[0045] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the method further comprises forming an SOA between the first DFB laser and the EAM or between the EAM and the DBR.
[0046] In an implementation form of the second aspect, the SOA is formed in the second epitaxial material.
[0047] The method of the second aspect and its implementation forms achieves the same advantages as described above for the transmitter of the first aspect and its respective implementation forms.
[0048] In summary, this disclosure proposes the use of an EML for the first wavelength of the dual-wavelength transmitter, for example, a wavelength suitable for XG-PON. This is achieved by the integration of the EAM into the transmitter, in order to modulate the continuous first laser beam of the first wavelength. The integration of the EAM allows realizing a transmitter that meets the output power, 10Gbps eye mask, as well as transmission penalty requirements of a XG-PON downstream transmitter. The disclosure further proposes the use of a DML for the second wavelength of the dual-wavelength transmitter, for example, a wavelength suitable for a GPON. In this way, the dual-wavelength transmitter may simultaneously support two generations of PON.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0049] The above described aspects and implementation forms are explained in the following description in relation to the enclosed drawings, in which:
[0050] FIG. 1 shows (a) a schematic top view of a dual-wavelength transmitter according to this disclosure, and (b) gain spectra of two exemplary epitaxial materials which may be used to make the transmitter suitable for GPON and XG-PON.
[0051] FIG. 2 shows a schematic side view of a first example of a dual-wavelength transmitter according to this disclosure.
[0052] FIG. 3 shows a schematic side view of a second example of a dual-wavelength transmitter according to this disclosure.
[0053] FIG. 4 shows a schematic side view of a third example of a dual-wavelength transmitter according to this disclosure.
[0054] FIG. 5 shows a method for operating a dual-wavelength transmitter according to this disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0055] FIG. 1 (a) shows a schematic top view of a dual-wavelength transmitter 100 according to this disclosure. The transmitter 100 is an integrated dual-wavelength transmitter 100, for example, it may be a monolithically integrated transmitter 100. Monolithically integrated means that all the (optical) components of the transmitter 100 are constructed on a single substrate, which may be made of a semiconductor material. All (optical) components may be fabricated together in a unified process.
[0056] The transmitter 100 comprises a first DFB laser 101, which is configured to emit a continuous first laser beam 102 at a first wavelength λ1 along an optical path (in FIG. 1 (a) , the emission is along the indicated arrow) . A DFB is a type of laser, wherein the optical feedback needed for lasing is integrated into the laser structure itself, typically through a periodic structure or a grating embedded in a waveguide of the laser. Possible implementation details of the first DFB laser 101 are explained later.
[0057] The transmitter 100 further comprises an EAM 103, which is arranged after the first DFB laser 101 in the optical path, and is configured to modulate the first laser beam 102 of the first DFB laser 101. The EAM 103 may be configured to control the intensity of light of the first wavelength passing through it by applying an electric field. This electric field can affect the absorption properties of the material of the EAM, which allows the EAM to modulate the amplitude of the light swiftly and efficiently.
[0058] The transmitter 100 further comprises a second DFB laser 104 arranged after the EAM 103 in the optical path, and configured to emit a modulated second laser beam 105 at a second wavelength λ2 along the optical path in the same direction as the first DFB laser 101, that is, in the same direction as the first DFB laser 101 emits the first laser beam 102. Possible implementation details of the second DFB laser 104 are explained later.
[0059] The transmitter 100 further comprises a DBR 106, which is arranged between the EAM 103 and the second DFB laser 104 in the optical path, and which is configured to transmit light at the first wavelength and to reflect light at the second wavelength. Thus, the first laser beam 102 may pass through it, while light of the second wavelength, like the second laser beam 105, cannot. A DBR may generally comprise a structure made up of alternating layers of different materials that have varying refractive indices. Such a setup may create a reflective surface that selectively reflects certain wavelengths of light –in this case the second wavelength –while allowing other wavelengths to pass through, in this case the first wavelength.
[0060] In the transmitter 100 proposed by this disclosure, the first DFB laser 101 may be suitable for the XG-PON and / or may emit at a wavelength of 1577 nm. The first DFB laser 101 may operate in CW mode (e.g., at a fixed bias current) . Meanwhile, a high-speed modulation may be applied to the first laser beam 102 by the EAM 103. The second DFB laser 104 may be suitable for the GPON and / or may emit at a wavelength of 1490 nm. The second DFB laser 104 may be based on a DML, in which the modulation signal is directly applied. In this respect, FIG. 1 (b) shows gain spectra of two epitaxial materials 107 and 108, which may be used for fabricating the dual-wavelength transmitter 100 (see FIG. 1 (a) , different gray colors) , in order to make the transmitter 100 suitable for both GPON and XG-PON. In particular, FIG. 1 (b) shows gain spectra of a second epitaxial material 108, which may be used for realizing the 1577 nm first wavelength, and of a first epitaxial material 107, which may be used for realizing the 1490 nm second wavelength, so as to make the transmitter 100 suitable for both the GPON and XG-PON requirements.
[0061] The DML-EML combination included in the dual-wavelength transmitter 100 of this disclosure can specifically be realized by using the same gain material (the same epitaxial material) for the 1490 nm DML and for the EAM 103. For example, the second DFB laser 104 and the EAM 103 may be formed in the same first epitaxial material 107, while the first DFB laser 101 may be formed in a different second epitaxial material 108. If the 1577 nm first DFB laser 101 operates in CW mode, it can be separately optimized for high output power without compromising the EAM bandwidth. The DBR 106 may also be formed in the first epitaxial material 107. The DBR 106 is used to block backward travelling light emitted by the 1490 nm second DFB laser 104.
[0062] FIG. 2 shows a schematic side view of a first example of a dual-wavelength transmitter 100 according to this disclosure. In particular, optical components and epitaxial layers of the transmitter 100 are illustrated.
[0063] Also the transmitter 100 of FIG. 2 is based on the integration of the EAM 103 into the transmitter 100 together with the two DFB lasers 101 and 104 and the DBR 106. The transmitter 100 can be realized as a chip, which may be monolithically integrated, and can be realized in any conventional III-V semiconductor material foundry process. For example, the transmitter 100 can be fabricated using an indium phosphide (InP) based manufacturing process. The EML proposed for the first wavelength includes the first DFB laser 101, which may be configured emit the first laser beam 102 in CW mode, and includes the EAM 103 configured to modulate the emitted unmodulated first laser beam 102.
[0064] As already mentioned, the EAM 103 can be realized by using the same first epitaxial material 107 that is also used for the second DFB laser 104. This first epitaxial material 107 (also referred to as short wavelength gain material) may have a higher energy bandgap than the second epitaxial material 108 (thus referred to as long wavelength gain material, in comparison) , and may be transparent to the light emitted at the longer first wavelength from the second epitaxial material 108, i.e., from the first DFB laser 101.
[0065] As arranged from left to right in FIG. 2, the second DFB laser 104 emitting at λ1 = 1490 nm is placed close to or at a front facet 209 (left side) of the transmitter 100, whereas the first DFB laser 101 emitting at λ2=1577 nm is placed close to or at a rear facet 210 (right side) of the transmitter 100. The DBR 106 is placed to the immediate right of the second DFB laser 104. The DBR 106 is configured to reflect backward travelling light of the second wavelength of 1490 nm, and thus reduces the impact of optical crosstalk. The DBR 106 may also be formed in the same first epitaxial material 107 as the second DFB laser 104. That means, the second DFB laser 104, the DBR 106, and the EAM 103 may be grown during the same epitaxy step (wherein the epitaxial growth direction is indicated by the arrow in FIG. 2) . A second epitaxy (regrowth) step can be applied to grow the first DFB laser 101. The two epitaxially grown materials may be separated by a butt-joint (BJ) interface 201, which may be placed between the EAM 103 and the first DFB laser 101.
[0066] From bottom to top of the transmitter device 100 (wherein bottom is typically at or closer to the substrate, and is the bottom side also in FIG. 1) , several layers may be epitaxially grown on a shared n-doped semiconductor material layer 204, which may be an n-doped InP layer, for each of the active and passive optical components of the transmitter 100. The n-doped semiconductor material layer 204 may be part of or formed on a substrate (not shown) . For example, an intrinsic / active MQW (i-MQW) region comprising a shared MQW region 205a and comprising another MQW region 205b may be grown on the n-doped semiconductor material layer 204, and may be sandwiched between the n-doped semiconductor material layer 204 and a shared p-doped semiconductor material layer 207, which may be a p-doped InP layer. The two shared semiconductor material layers 204 and 207 may be cladding layers (e.g., n-InP and p-InP, respectively) , creating a P-I-N heterojunction. They are referred to as “shared” layers, as they are grown commonly for all optical components of the transmitter 100.
[0067] Respective Bragg gratings 206a, 206b of the two DFB lasers 101 and 104 and the DBR 106 may be lithographically fabricated on top of the respective MQW regions 205a and 205b. A common metal contact may further be deposited as a shared electrode 203 on the n-doped semiconductor layer side (bottom metal) or on a substrate (not illustrated) . Further, separate metal contacts may be deposited as separate electrodes 208 on top of the p-doped cladding layer 207 (top metal) . In case a differential drive scheme is employed by the transmitter 100, the bottom contact metal can also be split into two sections, one for the GPON transmitter part (TX-1490) , i.e., the second DFB laser 104, and another one for the XG-PON transmitter part (TX-1577) , i.e., the first DFB laser 101 and EAM 103.
[0068] A grating pitch Λ and a Bragg wavelength λB of a given waveguide structure are related via effective index neff of the material as follows: λB = 2Λneff. The DBR 106 should block backward travelling 1490 nm light, while passing the 1577 nm light, and thus minimize optical crosstalk originating from the GPON transmitter part towards the XG-PON transmitter part. To achieve such a reflection, the grating periods Λ1 and Λ2 can be the same or can be independently optimized for maximum reflection of the 1490 nm light. By design, the Bragg wavelength of the DBR 106 can also be slightly shifted with respect to that of the second DFB laser 104 (Δλ = λDFB -λDBR) to compensate for a small difference in effective index that arises when the DFB 106 is forward biased. The grating period Λ3 of the 1577 nm DFB laser 101 may also be independently optimized. The EAM 103 may be formed without any gratings. The various (optical) regions of the transmitter 100 are electrically separated by isolation regions 202 with minimal optical loss, for example, by partially etching the top p-doped cladding layer 207.
[0069] After fabrication of the transmitter layers, a wafer or substrate on which the transmitter layers were fabricated, can be cleaved into several bars, and the front facet 209 (where light comes out of the transmitter 100) may be treated with an anti-reflection coating, whereas the rear facet 210 can be treated either with anti-reflection or high-reflection coating. The latter depends on specific grating design applied to the first DFB laser 101. The cleaving may produce one or multiple transmitters 100, which may have been processed on the same wafer or substrate.
[0070] Both the GPON and the XG-PON transmitter part can be operated at the same time. The second DFB laser 104 may be forward biased and the 2.5 Gbps modulation (AC) signal can be applied directly to it (GPON transmitter part) . On the other hand, the first DFB laser 101 may be forward biased and operated at a fixed bias current (CW mode) while the EAM 103 is reverse biased and the 10Gbps modulation (AC) signal is applied to it (the first DFB laser 101 and the EAM 103 combined make up the XG-PON transmitter part) . The XG-PON signal (first laser beam 102) passes through the DBR 106 and the second DFB laser 104 before leaving the transmitter 100, and may be coupled to a single-mode fiber for transmission. Since the two modulated signals at, in this example, 1490 nm and 1577 nm are guided by a single ridge waveguide (i.e., single-ridge waveguide multiplexing is achieved) , there is no risk of wavelength-dependent multiplexing in this configuration of the transmitter 100.
[0071] The advantages of the transmitter 100 of this disclosure may be as follows. In case the EAM 103 of the EML of the transmitter 100 is realized using the same gain material (first epitaxial material) as the GPON transmitter part (second DFB laser 104) , the fabrication process can be simplified. In return, this may reduce the fabrication cost. The process complexity of the transmitter 100 may be comparable to that of a conventional EML. Moreover, the first DFB laser 101 can be independently optimized for optimal performances (such as high CW output power, high SMSR, and high slope efficiency) without affecting the performance of the EAM 103. Similarly, the EAM 103 can be separately optimized for high modulation bandwidth, high extinction ratio, and low chirp. The combined optimal performances of the first DFB laser 101 and the EAM 103 may enable the realization of a transmitter 100 that satisfies the key specifications of XG-PON downstream transmitter such as TX power and 10G eye mask margin. The XG-PON center wavelength is at 1577 nm, and at this wavelength the fiber chromatic dispersion is relatively high. To minimize the impact of inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by interplay between frequency chirp and chromatic dispersion, low chirp from the transmitter side is required. In that sense, the low chirp that can be obtained from the EAM 103 in the transmitter 100 provides a key advantage in improving the transmission performance of the XG-PON transmitter.
[0072] In addition, since the first DFB laser 101 may operate in CW mode, the impact of optical crosstalk from the GPON transmitter part to the XG-PON transmitter part is significantly reduced. In the case of a DML, crosstalk affects the laser performance because of modulation. The impact of optical crosstalk can be further reduced by blue-shifting (toward a shorter wavelength) the gain spectrum of the second DFB laser 104 (e.g., see solid line in FIG. 1 (b) ) as well as by optimizing the reflectivity of the DBR 106 (e.g., by increasing its coupling coefficient and slightly detuning its Bragg wavelength with respect to that of the second DFB laser 104) . This can be achieved without compromising the performance of the GPON transmitter part. On the other hand, electrical crosstalk is inherently suppressed by the isolation sections 202 that exist between every optical building block. The low electrical resistance of the DBR 106 may also prevents any leakage current from reaching the other transmitter part. The two DFB lasers 101 and 104 are separated by the DBR 106 and the EAM 103, thus minimizing the impact of thermal crosstalk as well. Moreover, since both transmitter parts can operate simultaneously, the average chip temperature remains constant and thus there is no risk of thermal crosstalk while they are transmitting. As the GPON transmitter part operates at a lower bit rate and at a shorter wavelength (lower chirp) than that of XG-PON transmitter part, a DML (the second DFB laser 104) is sufficient to achieve the downstream GPON TX requirements.
[0073] FIG. 3 shows a schematic side view of a second example of a dual-wavelength transmitter 100 according to this disclosure. Same elements in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 are labelled with the same reference signs and function likewise. In particular, FIG. 3 shows a transmitter 100 with an integrated SOA 301 that is configured to amplify the long wavelength CW light (unmodulated first laser beam 102) .
[0074] The SOA 301 is integrated in the transmitter 100 together with the two DFB lasers 101 and 104, the DBR 106, and the EAM 103. The SOA 301 may be formed without grating, and may be formed in the same gain material (second epitaxial material) as the longer wavelength first DFB laser 101. The SOA 301 can be added between the first DFB laser 101 and the EAM 103 as illustrated. In this case, the SOA 301 can amplify the CW (unmodulated) 1577 nm light –i.e., the continuous, unmodulated first laser beam 102 –emitted by the first DFB laser 101.
[0075] By adding the SOA 301 to the dual-wavelength transmitter 100, the output power of the first laser beam 102 and / or of the XG-PON transmitter part can be significantly increased. Since the same gain material can be used for the SOA 301 and the first DFB laser 101, the number of BJ interfaces 201 does not change compared to the transmitter 100 of FIG. 1 (still one BJ interface 201) . That means, this implementation does not introduce addition complexity to the process flow.
[0076] FIG. 4 a schematic side view of a third example of a dual-wavelength transmitter 100 according to this disclosure. Same elements in FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4 are labelled with the same reference signs and function likewise. In particular, FIG. 4 shows a transmitter 100 with an integrated SOA 301 that is configured to amplify the modulated long wavelength signal (modulated first laser beam 102) .
[0077] That is, another way of integrating a SOA 301 into the transmitter 100 is adding it between the DBR 106 and the EAM 103 as illustrated in FIG. 4. This implementation may increase the number of BJ interfaces 201 to three as illustrated. However, the approach does not change the number of regrowth steps.
[0078] In this implementation, the SOA 301 can amplify the modulated first laser beam 102, e.g., 10G signal, which is similar to conventional EML-SOAs. The approach has two advantages. The first advantage is that this scheme avoids the risk of saturating the EAM 103 by the amplified power coming out of the SOA 301 in FIG. 3. The second advantage is that the SOA 301, when it is saturated, can further reduce the transmitter’s chirp and thus improve the transmission performance. The SOA 301 can be optimized to compensate for extra losses, because of the two additional BJ interfaces 201.
[0079] FIG. 5 shows a flow-diagram of a method 500 for fabricating an integrated dual-wavelength transmitter 100 for a PON, for example any one of the transmitters 100 shown in FIGs. 1-3. The method 500 comprises a step 501 of forming a first DFB laser 101, which is configured to emit a continuous first laser beam 102 at a first wavelength along an optical path, and a step 502 of forming an EAM 103 after the first DFB laser 101 in the optical path, wherein the EAM 103 is configured to modulate the first laser beam 102 of the first DFB laser 101. The method 500 also comprises a step 503 of forming a second DFB laser 104 after the EAM 103 in the optical path, wherein the second DFB laser 104 is configured to emit a modulated second laser beam 105 at a second wavelength along the optical path in the same direction as the first DFB laser 101, and a step 504 of forming a DBR 106 between the EAM 103 and the second DFB laser 104 in the optical path, wherein the DBR 106 is configured to transmit light at the first wavelength and to reflect light at the second wavelength.
[0080] For forming the optical components of the transmitter 100, the method may comprise at least a first and a second epitaxial growth step. In the first epitaxial growth step, a first epitaxial material 107 may be grown and the second DFB laser 104, the DBR 106, and the EAM 103 may be formed in the first epitaxial material 107. In the second epitaxial growth step, a second epitaxial material 108 may be grown, and the first DFB laser 104 may be formed in the second epitaxial material 108.,
[0081] The two key technologies that benefit from the solutions of this disclosure are GPON and XG-PON, particularly in the context of PON co-existence. The dual-wavelength transmitter 100 can be used to replace existing GPON and XG-PON modules. It can also be used in future OLT installations. Since this transmitter 100 requires only one OLT port, it can save operator’s OLT space and thus cost. Because it integrates two fully functional transmitters (the above-explained transmitter parts) , it inherently enables the co-existence of the two PON generations within the same ODN, and it enables a smooth transition when capacity upgrade is required.
[0082] In summary, the solutions of this disclosure allow to realize a very compact, energy efficient and cost-effective OLT combo transmitter 100. Each transmitter 100 is required to meet its respective PON generation’s downstream TX standard specs. In that sense, this disclosure brings a distinct advantage to the XG-PON transmitter part, mainly due to the low EAM chirp, which translates to low OPP for the 10G signal after 20km transmission. Moreover, since the XG-PON transmitter part is based on an EML, the first DFB laser 101 and the EAM 103 can be independently designed for their respective optimal performances. As a result, the solutions of this disclosure avoid any compromise that needs to be done between transmitter output power and bandwidth, for example, in the case of DML. Moreover, the EAM 103 is reverse biased, and it is less susceptible to optical crosstalk originating from the GPON transmitter part compared to a DML case. With proper optimization of the DFB lasers 101 and 104, DBR 106 and EAM 103 in the transmitter 100, the XG-PON transmitter part’s performance can approach that of a conventional discrete EML. Since the GPON transmitter part may operate at a lower bit rate (2.5Gbps vs. 10Gbps) and at a shorter wavelength (1490nm vs. 1577nm) than the XG-PON transmitter part, a DML is sufficient to satisfy the required GPON downstream transmitter specs.
[0083] The present disclosure has been described in conjunction with various embodiments as examples as well as implementations. However, other variations can be understood and effected by those persons skilled in the art and practicing the claimed matter, from the studies of the drawings, this disclosure and the independent claims. In the claims as well as in the description the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single element or other unit may fulfill the functions of several entities or items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in the mutual different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used in an advantageous implementation.
Claims
1.An integrated dual-wavelength transmitter (100) for a passive optical network, PON, wherein the transmitter (100) comprises:a first distributed feedback, DFB, laser (101) configured to emit a continuous first laser beam (102) at a first wavelength along an optical path;an electro-absorption modulator, EAM, (103) arranged after the first DFB laser (101) in the optical path, and configured to modulate the first laser beam (102) of the first DFB laser (101) ;a second DFB laser (104) arranged after the EAM (103) in the optical path, and configured to emit a modulated second laser beam (105) at a second wavelength along the optical path in the same direction as the first DFB laser (101) ; anda distributed Bragg reflector, DBR, (106) arranged between the EAM (103) and the second DFB laser (104) in the optical path, and configured to transmit light at the first wavelength and reflect light at the second wavelength.2.The transmitter (100) according to claim 1, wherein the first DFB laser (101) , the second DFB laser (104) , the EAM (103) , and the DBR (106) are formed on or in a single ridge waveguide.3.The transmitter (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the first DFB laser (101) , the second DFB laser (104) , the EAM (103) , and the DBR (106) are monolithically integrated.4.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 1 to 3, wherein the second DFB laser (104) and the EAM (103) are both formed in a first epitaxial material (107) .5.The transmitter (100) according to claim 4, wherein also the DBR (106) is formed in the first epitaxial material (107) .6.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 1 to 5, wherein the first DFB laser (101) is formed in a second epitaxial material (108) .7.The transmitter (100) according to claim 6, wherein a butt-joint interface (201) is formed between the second epitaxial material (108) and the first epitaxial material (107) .8.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 4 to 7, wherein the transmitter (100) is configured to reverse-bias the first epitaxial material (107) in the region of the EAM (103) , and to forward-bias the first epitaxial material (107) in the region of the second DFB laser (104) .9.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 4 to 8, wherein both the first epitaxial material (107) and the second epitaxial material (108) are III-V semiconductor materials.10.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 1 to 9, wherein the first DFB laser (101) is configured to operate in a continuous wave, CW, mode, and the second DFB laser (104) is configured to operate as a directly modulated laser, DML.11.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 1 to 10, comprising:a front facet (209) for emitting the modulated first laser beam (102) and the modulated second laser beam (105) , and a rear facet (210) ;wherein the second DFB laser (104) is arranged close to the front facet (209) and the first DFB laser (101) is arranged close to the rear facet (210) .12.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 1 to 11, wherein the first wavelength is 1577 nm, and the second wavelength is 1490 nm.13.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 1 to 12, wherein the first laser beam (102) from the first DFB laser (101) is multiplexed with the second laser beam (105) from the second DFB laser (104) by a single ridge waveguide.14.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 1 to 13, wherein the transmitter (100) is configured to simultaneously support gigabit PON, G-PON, and 10-gigabit-capable PON, XG-PON.15.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 5 to 14, comprising:a common substrate from which or on which a shared n-doped semiconductor material layer (204) is provided as a bottom cladding layer;wherein each of the first DFB laser (101) , the second DFB laser (104) , the EAM (103) , and the DBR (106) is arranged on the shared n-doped semiconductor material layer (204) ; anda shared multiple quantum well, MQW, region (205a) arranged on the shared n-doped semiconductor material layer (204) , wherein the shared MQW region (205a) is formed in the first epitaxy material (107) , and wherein the shared MQW region (205a) is part of each of the second DFB laser (104) , the EAM (103) , and the DBR (106) ; andanother MQW region (205b) arranged on the shared n-doped semiconductor material layer (204) , wherein the MQW region (205b) is formed in the second epitaxy material (108) , and wherein the MQW region (205b) is part of the first DFB laser (101) ; anda shared p-doped semiconductor material layer (207) arranged on the MQW regions (205a, 205b) as a top cladding layer.16.The transmitter (100) according to claim 15, further comprising a shared electrode (203) , which is arranged on the other side of the shared n-doped semiconductor layer (204) , wherein the shared electrode (203) is configured to serve as a common electrical ground contact.17.The transmitter (100) according to claim 15 or 16, further comprising four separate electrodes (208) arranged on the shared p-doped semiconductor material layer (207) , wherein each of the electrodes (208) is respectively a part of one of the first DFB laser (101) , the EAM (103) , the DBR (106) and the second DFB laser (104) , and wherein the separate electrodes (208) are configured to serve as respective electrical signal contacts.18.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 15 to 17, wherein an electrical isolation region (202) is respectively arranged between the first DFB laser (101) and the EAM (103) , between the EAM (103) and the DBR (106) , and between the DBR (106) and the second DFB laser (104) .19.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 15 to 18, wherein the second DFB laser (104) and the DBR (106) each comprises a respective Bragg grating (206a) arranged on the shared MQW layer (205a) .20.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 15 to 19, wherein the first DFB laser (101) comprises a Bragg grating (206b) arranged on its MQW layer (205b) .21.The transmitter (100) according to one of the claims 1 to 20, further comprising a semiconductor optical amplifier, SOA, (301) which is arranged between the first DFB laser (101) and the EAM (103) or is arranged between the EAM (103) and the DBR (106) .22.The transmitter (100) according to claim 21 and claim 6, wherein the SOA (301) is formed in the second epitaxial material (108) .23.A method (500) for fabricating an integrated dual-wavelength transmitter (100) for a passive optical network, PON, wherein the method (500) comprises:forming (501) a first distributed feedback, DFB, laser (101) , which is configured to emit a continuous first laser beam (102) at a first wavelength along an optical path;forming (502) an electro-absorption modulator, EAM (103) , after the first DFB laser (101) in the optical path, wherein the EAM (103) is configured to modulate the first laser beam (102) of the first DFB laser (101) ;forming (503) a second DFB laser (104) after the EAM (103) in the optical path, wherein the second DFB laser (104) is configured to emit a modulated second laser beam (105) at a second wavelength along the optical path in the same direction as the first DFB laser (101) ; andforming (504) a distributed Bragg reflector, DBR, (106) between the EAM (103) and the second DFB laser (104) in the optical path, wherein the DBR (106) is configured to transmit light at the first wavelength and to reflect light at the second wavelength.24.The method (500) according to claim 23, wherein the method (500) comprises:a first epitaxial growth step to grow a first epitaxial material (107) for forming the second DFB laser (104) , the DBR (106) , and the EAM (103) ; anda second epitaxial growth step to grow a second epitaxial material (108) for forming the first DFB laser (104) .
Citation Information
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