Reconfigurable reflectarray antenna assembly

Abstract

Disclosed examples provide for a reconfigurable reflectarray antenna assembly. A feature of the disclosed antenna assembly is the utilization of a spatial phase shifting technique within each unit cell of an antenna array. The unit cell includes sub-wavelength capacitive patches. These capacitive patches are moved such that the device achieves beam steering, and in turn, achieves wideband continuous phase reflections over a broad frequency range. This enables 2D millimeter-wave beam steering without the need for electronic elements such as diodes and MEMS integration on the surface.

Description

RECONFIGURABLE REFLECTARRAY ANTENNA ASSEMBLYCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[0001] This application claims the benefit of, and priority to, United States Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 642,520, titled "ELECTROMECHANICAL RECONFIGURABLE INTELLIGENCE SURFACES FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION", filed on May 3, 2024, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD

[0002] Disclosed examples generally relate to antennas used in wireless communication, and in particular, to a reconfigurable reflectarray antenna assembly.BACKGROUND

[0003] To modify and upgrade wireless communication networks and achieve higher data transfer rates, different antenna designs are being proposed which can operate at higher frequencies. Antenna designs based on reconfigurable surfaces and “metasurfaces” have recently attracted attention in both industry and academic studies as being relevant to 5G applications. Examples of these types of antennas include “reflectarray” intelligent surfaces and / or reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, which incorporate “beam steering” control systems.

[0004] A reconfigurable reflectarray technology is a type of leading-edge communication technique that employs unique array structures to serve multiple users. It represents a development direction for future 5G communication. This type of technology uniquely overcomes signal transmission and reception around objects (e.g., buildings, walls and immovable objects) that would ordinarily present challenges to delivery signals to their intended target. Beam steering, which allows for arbitrary angle adjustments, enables the bypassing of obstacles. The prediction of these conditions by the control system enhances the available data space for users.

[0005] However, fabricating phase shifters in mm-wave and sub mm-wave scales poses a significant challenge since their dimensions must be smaller than A / 2 (1 = signal wavelength). Integrating elements into unit cells, to design phase shifters, can lead to a reduction in quality andinnovation in the structures. Establishing minimum and maximum dimensions sets limits on the range of working frequencies, potentially resulting in network failures and reduced device quality for 5G. Consequently, the industry requires unit cells that can handle phase shifters at higher frequencies with fewer fabrication limitations. Conventional arrays are unable to address these issues, including diodes footprint and vias.

[0006] Reflectarray antennas have been widely used for beam steering in communication systems, and previous solutions have utilized electronic beamforming techniques like phase shifters using diodes to control the direction of reflected waves.SUMMARY

[0007] In at least one broad aspect, there is provided an antenna assembly, comprising: an antenna array comprising one or more antenna elements formed on a substrate; at least one conductive plate movable relative to the antenna array; and at least one actuation member for moving the conductive plate.

[0008] In some examples, the at least one conductive plate member comprises a subwavelength capacitive patch.

[0009] In some examples, the at least one actuation member comprises one or more driving elements for converting rotary motion into linear motion.

[0010] In some examples, the driving elements comprise cam-shaped members.

[0011] In some examples, rotation of the at least one actuation member causes the plate member to move relative to the antenna array along a linear movement axis.

[0012] In some examples, the assembly comprises, a plurality of elongate plate members, each aligned with a column of antenna elements in the antenna array; and a plurality of actuation members for moving each of the plate members.

[0013] In some examples, a separation distance between each of the plurality of plate members and the antenna array is adjustable to define a phase shift gradient configuration.

[0014] In some examples, the assembly is reconfigurable to adjust the phase shift gradient configuration.

[0015] In some examples, the phase shift gradient configuration enables 2D beam steering and azimuthal beam rotation.

[0016] In some examples, the assembly is configured to fix and hold a separation distance between the at least one plate member and the antenna array.

[0017] In some examples, the at least one plate member comprises a grounding element that engages the at least one actuation member.

[0018] In some examples, the grounding element comprises mounting portions, and the assembly further comprises side holders with slots for receiving the mounting portions, wherein the mounting portions translate within the slots.

[0019] In some examples, the slots include biasing springs coupled to the mounting portions.

[0020] In some examples, the assembly is configured for operation in the LMDS, K, V, andKa frequency bands.

[0021] In some examples, the assembly is configured for use in 5G communication applications.

[0022] In another broad aspect, there is provided a beam steering system, comprising: an antenna assembly comprising: an antenna array comprising one or more antenna elements formed on a substrate; a plurality of plate members movable relative to the antenna array, and a plurality of actuation members for moving the plate members, a plurality of motors coupled to the plurality of actuation members for rotating the actuation members; and a controller coupled to the plurality of motors.

[0023] In some examples, the plurality of plate members comprise capacitive patches formed on grounding elements.

[0024] In some examples, the system further comprises a horn coupled to one or more of a single transmitter and signal receiver.

[0025] In another broad aspect, there is provided a method for operating an antenna assembly comprising: determining a rotational orientation for one or more actuation members of the antenna assembly to achieve a phase shift configuration, wherein the phase shift configuration defines an axialseparation distance between: (i) an antenna array, of the antenna assembly, and (ii) each of one or more plate members that are movable relative to the antenna array by the actuation members; and controlling a motor subsystem to achieve the rotational orientation for each actuation member, wherein the motor subsystem comprises one or more motors coupled to the one or more actuation members.

[0026] In some examples, the method is executed by a controller.

[0027] Other features and advantages of the present application will become apparent from the following detailed description taken together with the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the application, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the application will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] For a better understanding of the various embodiments described herein, and to show more clearly how these various embodiments may be carried into effect, reference will be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawings which show at least one example embodiment, and which are now described. The drawings are not intended to limit the scope of the teachings described herein.

[0029] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a reconfigurable reflectarray antenna assembly, in accordance with disclosed examples.

[0030] FIGs. 2 A - 2B show exploded views of the reconfigurable reflectarray antenna assembly.

[0031] FIG. 2C shows a side holder in isolated view.

[0032] FIG. 2D is a partial view of the reconfigurable reflectarray antenna assembly.

[0033] FIG. 3 illustrates a ground-plane-backed plate member in isolated view.

[0034] FIG. 4A illustrates an actuation member in isolated view.

[0035] FIG. 4B shows a plurality of actuation members.

[0036] FIG. 4C shows a side view of the actuation member.

[0037] FIG. 5A is a schematic representation of a top view of a unit cell.

[0038] FIG. 5B is a schematic representation of a unit cell.

[0039] FIG. 5C is a side view of the unit cell.

[0040] FIG. 5D shows another side view of the unit cell.

[0041] FIG. 6 A illustrates a selected gradient arrangement for beam steering, with the beam steering between +30° and +40° when the horn is at -10°, the beam steering between +60° and +70° when the horn is at -30°, and the -30° beam steering when the horn is at +70°.

[0042] FIG. 6B illustrates a selected gradient arrangement for the beam steering +60° when the horn is at -10°.

[0043] FIG. 6C illustrates gradient-related arrangements for radiation angles of 9=10°; 9=-70°; and 9=30°.

[0044] FIG. 7A shows an example system for electronic control of the reconfigurable reflectarray antenna assembly.

[0045] FIG. 7B shows a simplified electrical hardware configuration for the system of FIG. 7A.

[0046] FIG. 8 is a process flow for an example method for electronically operating the reconfigurable reflectarray antenna assembly

[0047] FIG. 9A is a plot showing magnitude of the reflection coefficient of the spatial phase shifter.

[0048] FIG. 9B is a plot showing the phase of the reflection coefficient related to the spatial phase shifter.

[0049] FIGs. 10A and 10B are plots showing the reflection coefficient for various values of frequency at 5.5 GHz. To improve clarity, the maximum, minimum, and median values are selected from the numerous curves.

[0050] FIG. 11 is a plot showing experimental and numerical normalized patterns when the horn is at -10°, demonstrating the beam steering between +30° and +40°.

[0051] FIG. 12 is a plot of experimental and numerical normalized patterns when the horn is at -10° for the beam steering +60°.

[0052] FIG. 13 is a plot of the experimental and numerical normalized patterns when the horn is at -30° for the beam steering between +60° and +70°.

[0053] FIG. 14 is a plot of the experimental and numerical normalized patterns when the horn is at +70° degrees for the beam steering +30°.

[0054] FIG. 15A is a plot showing a comparison of experimental and simulation results for 9 = 10° and sequence (a) Table 2, shown below.

[0055] FIG. 15B is a plot showing comparison of experimental and simulation results for 9 = -70° and sequence (a) Table 2, shown below.

[0056] FIG. 15C is a comparison of experimental and simulation results for 9 = 30° and sequence (b) Table 2, shown below.

[0057] FIG. 16 is a plot showing an electric field distribution of the antenna assembly at illuminating angle 9 = 0°.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0058] Disclosed examples provide for a reconfigurable reflectarray antenna assembly. In some examples, the disclosed antenna assembly can be applied to 5G communication. In at least one example, the antenna assembly can be used in applications covering a bandwidth from 20 GHz to about 42 GHz, with minimum loss and wideband phase reflection.I. DEFINITIONS

[0059] Any term or expression not expressly defined herein shall have its commonly accepted definition understood by a person skilled in the art. As used herein, the following terms have the following meanings.

[0060] "Beamsteering" or "Beam steering" refers to the control of the directionality of an electromagnetic beam transmitted or received by an antenna or antenna array.

[0061] "Cam-shaped member" refers to a mechanical component having a contoured or noncircular profile and which can be eccentric, lobed or non-circular by way of non-limiting examples.

[0062] "Processor" refers to one or more electronic devices that is / are capable of reading and executing instructions stored on a memory to perform operations on data, which may be stored on a memory or provided in a data signal. The term "processor" includes a plurality of physically discrete, operatively connected devices despite use of the term in the singular. Non-limiting examples of processors include devices referred to as microprocessors, microcontrollers, central processing units (CPU), and digital signal processors.

[0063] "Memory" refers to a non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium for storing information in a format readable by a processor, and / or instructions readable by a processor to implement an algorithm. The term "memory" includes a plurality of physically discrete, operatively connected devices despite use of the term in the singular. Non-limiting types of memory include solid- state, optical, and magnetic computer readable media. Memory may be non-volatile or volatile. Instructions stored by a memory may be based on a plurality of programming languages known in the art, with non-limiting examples including the C, C++, Python ™, MATLAB ™, and Java ™ programming languages.

[0064] "Reconfigurable reflectarray" refers to a reflectarray whose phase response can be dynamically adjusted to modify the shape or direction of the reflected electromagnetic wavefront.

[0065] "Reflectarray" refers to an array-based antenna structure comprising a plurality of reflective elements, wherein each reflective element is operable to reflect incident electromagnetic waves with a phase shift selected to collectively shape or steer a reflected wavefront in a desired direction.I. GENERAL OVERVIEW

[0066] Disclosed examples provide for a reconfigurable reflectarray (RA) antenna assembly. The assembly functions as a phase shifter, and may be used for electromechanical beam steering. Compared to conventional MEMS-based phase shifters which are complex and expensive to design, the disclosed antenna assembly is simpler, easier and cheaper to fabricate.

[0067] As explained herein, the disclosed antenna assembly uses a simple spatial phase shifter and backplane ground that can move up and down. Accordingly, the design enables beam steering without the need for complex calibration or tuning. In at least one example, the assembly is used for 2D millimeter-wave beam steering without the need for electronic elements such as diodes and MEMS integration on the surface.

[0068] Additionally, the antenna assembly includes unit cells designed as simple patches. This makes the unit cells simpler compared to other models that use reconfigurable resonant-type unit cells with rotating elements and shorted circular discs.

[0069] Overall, the disclosed antenna assembly offers a simple, cost-effective, and versatile means of achieving wideband beam steering in reflectarray antennas, which is well-suited for applications such as 5G communication systems that require high data rates, short-range capabilities, and indoor coverage extension. In some examples, the assembly is configured for operation in the LMDS, K, V, and Ka frequency bands.

[0070] The disclosed assembly can be used for overcoming barriers, as well as used in applications requiring short-range high data rate capabilities, multi-access edge computing, device-to- device (D2D) communication, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems, indoor coverage extension, millimeter-wave (mm-wave) communications, and UAV communications.II. EXAMPLE STRUCTURE FOR RECONFIGURABLE REFLECTARRAY ANTENNA ASSEMBLY

[0071] FIGs. 1 - 2 show a perspective view (FIG. 1) and exploded views (FIGs. 2A - 2C) of the reconfigurable reflectarray antenna assembly 102, in accordance with disclosed examples.

[0072] As best shown in FIG. 1, antenna assembly 102 extends along an extension axis 150a, between opposing ends 152a, 152b. As shown in FIGs. 2A - 2B, the antenna assembly 102 includes a number of components, including: (i) an antenna array subassembly 104; (ii) one or more ground- plane-backed plate members 110; and (iii) one or more actuation members 116.

[0073] In some examples, the antenna assembly 102 includes side securing holders 112 on either end 152a, 152b. It may also include a back pane 118 for further retention of components (FIG. 2B).

[0074] In more detail, as exemplified in FIGs. 1 and 2A, the antenna array subassembly 104 comprises a patch antenna array that includes one or more antenna elements 106, or patches. Antenna elements 106 are formed (e.g., coupled) to a substrate 108, such as a dielectric substrate. In some examples, each antenna element 106 is formed of a copper patch.

[0075] Antenna elements 106 may be arranged in a grid-like manner over the substrate 108. In at least one example, the antenna array 104 includes approximately 512 antenna elements 106 arranged over the substrate 108.

[0076] Substrate 108 may have a thickness of approximately 0.5 mm ~ 1.5 mm. While the illustrated example shows a single substrate 108, in other cases, the antenna elements 106 are arranged on separate substrate portions 108 coupled together.

[0077] As further exemplified in FIGs. 2A - 2B, one or more ground-plane-backed plate members 110 (also referenced herein as "conductive plate members" or "plate members") are disposed below the substrate 108. In particular, the plate members 110 are disposed below a surface of the substrate 108, opposite the substrate surface forming the antenna elements 106. As explained below, the plate members 110 are designed to support a phase shift gradient for beam steering.

[0078] As used herein, the terms "above" and "below" - as well as "up" and "down" - are made with reference to an axis 150b, orthogonal to extension axis 150a. For ease of explanation, the axis 150b is assumed to be vertically oriented (FIG. 1). However, it is understood that the antenna assembly 102 is not limited to any particular orientation and axis 150b may otherwise be oriented in any direction.

[0079] In an assembled state, each plate member 110 extends along the extension axis 150a, and may further extend substantially between the two assembly ends 152a, 152b.

[0080] FIG. 3 exemplifies a single plate member 110 in isolated view. As shown, the plate member 110 forms an elongate structure having an axial length dimension (Li), which may match the axial length of substrate 110. In the assembled state, the conductive plate 304 is oriented towards the substrate 108. The conductive plate 304 is formed over a grounding element 306 such as to form a ground-plane-backed plate member.

[0081] In some examples, the plate member 110 includes one or more mounting portions 302, extending from either terminal end (e.g., of grounding element 306). Mounting portions 302 allow the plate members 110 to secure to side holders 112 (FIG. 2D).

[0082] As shown in FIG. 2B, the antenna assembly 102 also includes the side holder members 112. In some examples, a side holder member 112 is provided at each assembly end 152a, 152b. The function of the side holder members 112 is: (i) to secure and align the assembly components together; and (ii) allow for guided sliding or translative movement of the plate members 110, relative to the movement axis 150b.

[0083] Each side holder member 112 includes one or more slots 114, which extend along movement axis 150b. Each slot 114 accommodates the mounting portion 302, of a plate member 110. Accordingly, a single plate member 110 couples at either end to a corresponding slot 114, via the mounting portions 302.

[0084] As noted, slots 114 accommodate translation of plate members 110 relative to the movement axis 150b. For example, the mounting portions 302, of each plate members 110, can translate inside a corresponding slot 114.

[0085] As shown in FIG. 2C, each sliding slot 114 may also accommodate a biasing member 120 (e.g., a spring). The biasing member 120 couples between: (i) an upper end 114a of the slot 114, disposed proximal to substrate 108, and (ii) the mounting portion 302, of plate member 110 (see e.g., FIG. 2D). In some examples, biasing members 120 bias the plate members 110 away from the substrate 108.

[0086] As explained above, each plate member 110 translates axially, along movement axis 150b. This allows the plate members 110 to move closer or father away from the substrate 108. This is exemplified in FIG. 5C, which shows the plate member 110 spaced away from the substrate 108 byan axial separation distance 504, defining a gap therebetween. By adjusting the axial separation distance 504, the plate member 110 is adjusted to vary the axial gap 504.

[0087] As explained below, adjusting the axial distance 504 enables controlling the phase of the reflected wave of the corresponding antenna element 106 aligned with the plate member 110. More broadly, and without restriction to theory, as the plate member 110 is brought closer or farther away to the antenna elements (see e.g., antenna unit 156 in FIG. 5B), it alters the electromagnetic field distribution in the vicinity of the antenna elements 106 and forms a tunable capacitor.

[0088] When the plate member 110 is brough proximally to the antenna array 104, this proximity enhances the coupling between the antenna patch 106 and the plate member 110, leading to a stronger reflection and reduced transmission loss. Conversely, when the plate member 110 is moved farther away from substrate 108, the coupling weakens, resulting in diminished reflection strength and potentially increased transmission efficiency. By controlling the phase shifts of the individual unit cells, the reflected beam can be steered in different directions. This enables the antenna to dynamically change its radiation pattern, directing the electromagnetic energy towards a desired target or adjusting the coverage area.

[0089] As shown in FIG. 1, in at least one example, each plate member 110 is aligned along axis 150b, with a column 154 of antenna elements 106. Therefore, by adjusting the axial distance 504 between a given plate member 110 and corresponding antenna array column 504 - the signal transmission or reflection from that antenna column is varied. This, in turn, allows for a column-based phase shift design.

[0090] In FIGs. 6 A - 6C, different plate members 110 may have the same or different separation distances 504 from the substrate 108. Thereby different antenna columns 154 may have different phase shift properties. This column-based phase shift configuration allows beam steering in two dimensions (e.g., 2D millimeter-wave beam steering) and enables azimuthal beam rotation.

[0091] As used herein, a "phase shift configuration" refers to the axial spacing 504 configuration for different plate members 110. For instance, FIGs. 6A and 6B show different phase shift configurations for the antenna assembly 102.

[0092] Antenna assembly 102 is also reconfigurable to dynamically vary its phase shift configuration. To realize the reconfigurability, the antenna assembly 102 includes the one or moreactuation members 116. Actuation members 116 cause the plate members 110 to translate along the movement axis 150b, such as to vary the axial separation distances 504 (FIGs. 5C, and5D).

[0093] As exemplified in FIGs. 2A - 2B, the assembly 102 can include one or more actuation members 116 (FIG. 4B), such that an actuation member 116 is associated with each plate member 110, and is positioned below that plate member 110. This allows independent translative movement of each plate member 110 using a corresponding actuation member 116. In other examples, it is also possible that a single actuation member 116 controls movement of more than one plate member 110.

[0094] FIGs. 4A - 4C exemplify the actuation members 116 in greater detail. As shown, actuation member 116 can include an elongate member 404 (e.g., a rod) which extends along extension axis 152a in an assembled state. Each actuation member 116 can couple to one or more driving elements 406.

[0095] As best shown in FIGs. 5C - 5D, the driving elements 406 engage a rear side 110b of the plate member 110 (e.g., the grounding element 306). Upon rotation of the actuation member 116, the driving element 406 translates or pushes the plate member 110 to move proximally or more distally away - along movement axis 150b - from the antenna array 104.

[0096] Driving elements 406 broadly comprise any elements configured to function as rotary to linear displacement converters.

[0097] In the illustrated example (FIGs. 5C - 5D), the driving elements 406 are cam-shaped members. As each cam-shaped member 406 rotates by a rotation angle 502, its varying radius pushes against the rear side 110b of the plate member 110, driving it closer or farther away from the antenna array 104, depending on the specific angle of rotation. When the cam's high point is aligned with the plate member 110, it pushes the member towards the antenna array 104, while the low point allows the member to retract away from the antenna array 104.

[0098] In at least one example, the biasing members 120 (FIG. 2C) bias the plate member 110 away from the antenna array 104. As such, the biasing member 120 pushes the plate member 110 away from the antenna array 104 at the low-point of the cam-shaped member.

[0099] At least one appreciated advantage of the antenna assembly 102 is that it can "fix" the phase shift configuration. For example, after the actuation members 116 are rotated to obtain a desired phase shift configuration, the assembly 102 may "hold" that configuration. This results from thecounteracting axial forces, as between the biasing member 120 and the driving elements 406 which fix the plate member 110 into a given position. This feature may be useful in electro-mechanical implementations if the assembly loses electrical power.

[0100] Actuation members 116 may be rotated in any manner, including both manually or through electromechanical mechanisms. In some examples, best shown in FIG. 4A, the actuation member 116 includes one or more geared portions 408, e.g., at each terminal end. The geared portions 408 engage a reciprocal rotating gear that allows the actuation member 116 to rotate about its axis using one or more driving motors. As shown in FIGs. 1 and 2D, these geared portions 408 may extend outside of the sliding slots 114 to engage rotating gears of one or more driving motors. In other cases, the actuation member 116 may couple to a driving motor in any other manner.

[0101] It will be appreciated that the components of the antenna assembly 102 can be separated(FIGs. 1 and 2A), thereby allowing for independent design, repair, and connection. For example, if only one part of the assembly requires fixing, this part is replaceable without requiring changes to the entire structure.

[0102] While not explicitly illustrated, in some examples, each antenna element 106 may be associated with a respective plate member 110 that is individually movable (e.g., via a respective actuation member 116) relative to that antenna element 106. This provides independent phase shift control for each antenna element 106, rather than only each antenna column 154. In some cases, this facilitates 3D beam steering.III. BEAM STEERING ANTENNA SYSTEM USING ANTENNA ASSEMBLY

[0103] As known in the art, beam steering has numerous applications, including in wireless communication systems, radar systems, satellite communication, and antenna arrays. By dynamically controlling the beam direction, it is possible to optimize signal strength, improve coverage, achieve better signal quality, and enable adaptive communication systems that can adapt to changing environmental conditions or communication requirements.

[0104] FIGs. 6 A - 6C exemplify a beam steering antenna system 600a - 600c which incorporates the antenna assembly 102. As shown, the system 600 includes a horn 602 and the antenna assembly 102. The horn 602 may couple to a signal transmitter or receiver 604. Horn 602 may bepositioned and directed towards a surface of the substrate 108, which includes the antenna elements 106. Accordingly, the phase shift configuration of the antenna array 104 may be used to: (i) reflect and directionally steer external signals towards the horn 602 during signal reception, or (ii) reflect and directionally steer signals from horn 602, and in a given external direction during signal transmission.

[0105] As explained below, the system may also include a controller coupled to one or more motors for controlling the actuation members 116 (FIGs. 7A - 7B).IV. VARYING AXIAL SEPERATION DISTANCE AND PHASE SHIFT GRADIENT CONFIGURATIONS

[0106] The following is a discussion of the effect of varying the axial separation distance and phase shift gradient configuration on the beam steering function of the antenna assembly 102.

[0107] As shown in FIG. 5C, the displacement AX (axial separation distance 504) is adjustable between 0 to 1.5 mm with each rotation of the driving element 406. This corresponds to scenarios where the magnitude change is from -0.01 dB to -0.16 dB.

[0108] On the other hand, FIG. 5D represents an example unit cell 156 for a system operating at lower frequencies, such as 5 to 8 GHz. In this case, the rotation of the translation element 406 around its axis results in a displacement AZ of the plate member 110, e.g., from 0 to 5.5 mm. The thickness ti and t2 dimensions for the substrate 108 and plate member 110 in FIG. 5D are adjusted to accommodate this lower frequency range, demonstrating the adaptability of the design. The variable AZ 504 in this context represents the gap size for the lower frequency range.

[0109] Accordingly, both FIGs. 5C and 5D illustrate the same concept but are applied to different scenarios based on the frequency range and the corresponding dimensions of the unit cell and the phase shifter structure.

[0110] The outcomes of the displacements in FIGs. 5C and 5D are depicted in FIGs. 9A and 9B. As observed in FIG. 9A, the magnitude ranges between -0.01 dB and -0.16 dB. FIG. 9B showcases the phase of the reflection coefficient of the spatial phase shifters as a function of frequency and for different AX values. It is noted that small movements of the plate member 110, with a maximum variation of 1.5 mm, enable the alteration of the phase shift across a wide range of 180°.

[0111] FIG. 12A illustrates a gradient arrangement for different beam steering angles: +30° to +40° when the horn is at -10°, +60° to +70° when the horn is at -30°, and -30° when the horn is at +70°. The numbers displayed on each column represent the distance between the plate member 110 and the substrate 104.

[0112] Similarly, FIG. 12B depicts another gradient arrangement for beam steering at +60° when the horn is at -10°. The horn, positioned at a frequency of 35 GHz, is placed at -10°, -30°, and +70° relative to the center of the structure, with a distance of 236 mm.

[0113] In FIG. 12C, each column, labeled with a letter of the alphabet, corresponds to 20 unit cells as illustrated in FIG. 5D. Each of these unit cells possesses a specific AZ value. The sequences of these values are not uniform; rather, they vary intentionally. This variation aligns with the spatial phase-shifting technique utilized in the reflect array design.V. SYSTEM FOR ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF ANTENNA ASSEMBLY

[0114] FIGs. 7A - 7B exemplify a system for electrical control of the antenna assembly 102.

[0115] As shown, the system includes a controller 702 (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)), coupled to a motor subsystem 704. Motor subsystem 704 may include one or more motors 704a - 704n. Each motor 704 is in turn coupled to a respective actuation member 116 to cause rotation of that member.

[0116] In at least one example, each motor 704 may include a rotating gear, e.g., mounted on a shaft thereof. The rotating gear can engage at least one geared portion 408 of the actuation member 116 (FIG. 4A). In this manner, rotation of the motor 704 causes reciprocal rotation of an actuation member 116.

[0117] In other examples, it is possible that the same motor 704 is configured to control more than one actuation member 116 (e.g., through multiple gear couplings). It is also possible that the same actuation member 116 is rotatable using more than one motor 704.

[0118] As shown, the controller 702 may include a processor 702a coupled to a memory 702b. Processor 702a may, in turn, couple to one or more of the motors 704.

[0119] It will be understood by those of skill in the art that references herein to controller 702 as carrying out a function or acting in a particular way imply that processor 702a is executing instructions (e.g., a software program) stored in memory 702b, and possibly transmitting or receiving inputs and outputs via one or more interfaces.

[0120] In some examples, while not explicitly shown - controller 702 may also couple to one or more of a communication interface and a power supply (e.g., a battery). Communication interface may be an antenna or the like, and can receive or transmit data (e.g., data commands). In some examples, controller 702 is coupled to an external power supply.VI. METHOD OF OPERATING ANTENNA ASSEMBLY

[0121] FIG. 8 shows an example method 800 for controlling the antenna assembly 102. In at least one example, method 800 is executed by the controller 702 (FIGs. 7A - 7B).

[0122] At act 802, the system identifies a phase shift configuration for the assembly 102. This configuration refers to the various axial spatial displacements 504 of each plate member 110 to achieve a given beam steering direction.

[0123] The beam steering direction may be predefined or user-selectable. In at least one example, the user can select the beam steering direction (e.g., "9" in FIGs. 6A - 6C), and the system automatically determines the relevant phase shift configuration. The system may use any technique known in the art to determine the correct phase shift configuration that would generate the desired beam steering direction. In other examples, the beam steering direction is determined based on external factors. External factors influencing automatic beam steering include signal origin, signal strength, environmental conditions, etc.

[0124] In other examples, the phase shift configuration is input directly into the system, such as by the user. For example, controller 702 can include an input interface through which a user can specify the desired phase shift configuration.

[0125] At act 804, the rotation orientation of the actuation members 116 is determined. This orientation is based on the rotation of the driving elements 406, as mentioned above, which cause the plate members 110 to experience different axial displacements. The system may store pre-determinedrelationships between the rotational orientation of driving elements 406, such as cam-shaped members, and the resulting displacement of the plate members 110. This ensures precise control over the antenna's beam steering capabilities.

[0126] At act 808, the system can control the motors 704 to achieve the desired rotation of each actuation member 116.VII. METHOD OF ASSEMBLING ANTENNA ASSEMBLY

[0127] The following is a description of an example process for fabricating and assembling the antenna assembly 102.

[0128] In at least one example, to fabricate the side holders 112 and actuation members 116, 3D printing technology is used. Design files containing the necessary 3D geometry are prepared and sliced using appropriate software. The components are printed with high-resolution materials and assembled to ensure functionality.

[0129] To integrate the plate members 110 into the antenna assembly 102, the coupling portions 302 on the plate members 110 are inserted into corresponding slots 114 within side holders 112. Subsequently, positioning of each plate member 110 is performed. Once plate members 110 are securely positioned, a copper layer is applied for proper conductivity.

[0130] In at least one example, to fabricate the patch antenna array 104, a precise 20 x 21 array is designed on a Rogers™ R04003C dielectric substrate 108 with a thickness of 1.5 mm. The fabrication process may involve employing acid etching techniques to selectively eliminate the copper layer from the substrate’s backside. Specifically, a copper solvent, such as ammonium persulfate, is utilized for this purpose, ensuring efficient removal of the unwanted copper material. The total size of the design may be approximately 400 x 441mm2.VIII. EXAMPLE GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOR ANTENNA ASSEMBLY

[0131] The following is a description of various parameters that can be used in an example configuration for antenna assembly 102.

[0132] In at least one example, with reference to FIGs. 5C - 5D, a cam rod-shaped actuator 406 is used with a variable radius (r) that allows movement from 0 mm to 5.5 mm. Rotating along an x axis with angle a displaces the plate member 110 along z-axis, inducing a phase shift dependent on a. A gear can connect to an external driving force. For a beam steering gradient, 20-unit cell columns (columns 154) share a common ground, each with two driving elements 406 (FIG. 4A).

[0133] Exemplary geometrical characteristics for the antenna assembly 102 are detailed in Table 1. The symbols in Table 1 are referenced in FIGs. 3, 4A and 5A - 5D.Table 1: Geometrical CharacteristicsIX. EFFECT OF TRANSLATION OF PLATE MEMBER

[0134] Without restriction to specific theory, the following discussion clarifies the effect of adjusting the axial separation distance 504 between the plate member 110 and the antenna array 104.

[0135] More generally, in reflective structures, when a thin layer unit cell is used, a plane wave may not see the ground because the thin layer behaves as a boundary condition for the incident wave. In the case of a thin layer unit cell, the layer is typically designed to reflect or manipulate the incidentwave. The thin layer unit cell is often engineered to achieve desired phase shifts or other beam steering effects, and its properties are optimized for that purpose.

[0136] To calculate the shunt capacitance Csh in the exemplified design, where a unit cell 156 has a parallel plate capacitor, the formula may be used:

[0137] This equation represents the capacitance of the first layer (Ci) in terms of the permittivity of the first dielectric material (EI), and the thickness of the first dielectric layer (ti). _ C - d - E22" AZ (2)

[0138] This equation expresses the capacitance of the second layer (C2) considering the permittivity of the vacuum (£2), and the distance (gap) between the layers (AZ).

[0139] The shunt capacitance Csh is calculated using the equations (1) and (2), as follows:_ C • d • • C2sh+ C2(3)

[0140] To calculate the shunt inductance Lsh in this design, the following formula may be used:

[0141] The shunt inductance (Lsh) is determined by the permeability of the material (ji), the thickness of the first dielectric layer (ti), and the distance (gap) between the layers (AZ).

[0142] The effective permittivity can be extracted from the following equation:which defines the effective permittivity (Eeff) in the context of the structure, incorporating the dielectric constants of the PCB material (£1) and air (£2).

[0143] The resonant frequency (fo) is determined using the following equation.which is determined by the series and shunt inductances (Lsr and Lsh), and series and shunt capacitances (Csr and Csh).

[0144] The fc-vector defines the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave. By manipulating the capacitance and inductance of the elements in the antenna assembly 102, the fc-vector can be altered, resulting in beam steering. Changing the fc-vector allows the reflected beam to be directed in different directions, enabling beam scanning and control over the antenna’s radiation pattern. The fc-vector equation is:

[0145] The concept of phase difference is essential in understanding how two waves are shifted concerning each other in terms of phase, measured in either degrees or radians. It primarily focuses on temporal aspects, characterizing the timing discrepancy between waves.

[0146] On the other hand, the wave vector (denoted as k) is a vector quantity that combines information about the magnitude and direction of a wave. This vector provides insights into the spatial characteristics of a wave, detailing its direction and magnitude in space. These equations are employed because they offer a quantitative means to describe and analyze wave phenomena.

[0147] In the context of the disclosed assembly, the fundamental principal hinges on the utilization of a spatial phase-shifting technique, as revealed by Equations (3), (5), and (6). This technique involves the intentional variation of the gap size (AZ), exerting a direct influence on the local electromagnetic wave reflection phase. The magnitude of this phase shift is important in achieving precise beam shaping and steering within the reflectarray system.

[0148] Equation (3) is instrumental in this process, serving as a tool to extract the necessary information for determining AZ. The calculated gap size (AZ) is a critical parameter for subsequent computations, specifically for evaluating the effective dielectric constant, as indicated in Equation (5). The effective dielectric constant, influenced by the variation in gap size, plays a crucial role in shaping the phase shift characteristics of the reflectarray.

[0149] Regarding the phase shift caused by changing AZ, it is important to recognize that the capacitance of the second layer (C2) is inversely proportional to AZ. As AZ increases, C2 decreases. The effective capacitance (Csh) is influenced by both Ci and C2. When AZ changes, it affects the total capacitance (Csh), which, in turn, influences the resonant frequency (Jo). The change in resonant frequency causes a phase shift in the reflected electromagnetic waves.

[0150] Equation (6) reinforces the significance of the phase shift characteristics in the overall functionality of the antenna assembly 102. The precise control and manipulation of electromagnetic waves are achieved through a nuanced understanding and manipulation of the spatial phase-shifting technique. The equation encapsulates the intricate relationship between series and shunt inductances (Lsr and Lsh) and series and shunt capacitances (Csrand Csh), providing a comprehensive framework for resonant frequency determination.

[0151] In summary, by adjusting AZ, the capacitance values are modified and, consequently, the resonant frequency, leading to a phase shift in the reflected waves. This ability to control the phase is important for applications like beam steering in antennas and manipulating the direction of the reflected beam.

[0152] To provide a more accurate equation for beam scanning in an array system based on the phase difference between unit cells, Equation (9) may be used:where 0 is beam scanning angle, D is distance between adjacent unit cells and AO is phase difference. Therefore, the reflection phase of a unit cell for AZ from 0 mm and 5.5 mm is simulated, serving as reflection functions. A linear polarization plane wave is excited to normally illuminate the disclosed unit cell. The direction of the incident electric field is in y-axis. The Floquet boundary is applied to simulate the infinite periodic structure.

[0153] As depicted in FIG. 10B, when AZ is 0, the unwrapped reflection phase measures 50° at 5.5 GHz. Conversely, with AZ at 5.5 mm, the unwrapped reflection phase amounts to -200° at 5.5 GHz. Thus, the disclosed unit cell showcases a significant 250° unwrapped phase difference at 5.5 GHz for AZ ranging from 0 mm to 5.5 mm in the unit cell.

[0154] At a normal incidence from 5 GHz to 7 GHz, the amplitudes and phases of the structure depicted in FIG. 1, as a function of frequency for the three AZ states are presented in FIGs. 10A and 10B, respectively.

[0155] FIG. 10B shows reflection phase of the three AZ states. These states are defined for rotation the actuator. The states corresponding to the rotation of actuator applied on the AZ and the equivalent capacitance of a unit cell changes. The reflection amplitude of each coding state is from 0 dB to -0.9 dB. Therefore, efficient reflection control can be achieved using the antenna assembly 102. However, it is important to note that the S-parameters exhibit continuous behavior. The purpose of the plots in FIG. 10 is to elucidate the spatial phase shifting mechanism that occurs upon the application of an incident wave.

[0156] An actuator functions as a phase-tuning device by adjusting the ground plane beneath the substrate. When the separation AZ exceeds it), this expanded gap can contribute to supplementary electrical losses, consequently causing a decline in the Q factor.

[0157] In FIG. 10A, slight variations in capacitances of the grounded planes result in a magnitude variation from 0 dB to -0.9 dB. The heightened separation can lead to elevated resistance, subsequently resulting in greater ohmic losses. The value of A is 54.5077 mm. For instance, when ti + AZ is 1.5 mm, it corresponds to v n. Similarly, for ti + AZ = 3.5 mm, it corresponds to 1^7. In both cases, the SI 1 with loss remains below -0.2 dB. The variations lead to wideband and continuous phase reflections, as illustrated in FIG. 10 A.

[0158] The observed phase shift in reflections, caused by the movement of the ground plane up or down, is a direct consequence of the corresponding change in the gap capacitance (AZ). This alteration affects the resonant frequency of the patch antenna and modifies the current distribution on the patch, ultimately influencing the reflection phase of the electromagnetic wave. By adjusting the a angle and moving the actuator along the x-axis, as shown in FIG. 10B, precise control over the phase shift can be achieved.X. EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL RESULTS

[0159] The following is a discussion of various experimental and numerical results generated through using the antenna assembly 102.(i.) Measurement Setup.

[0160] Experimental measurements to evaluate the performance of the antenna assembly 102 were conducted using a spectrum analyzer and a pair of linearly polarized horn antennas. The horns, comprising a transmitter and a receiver, were accurately positioned.

[0161] In the context of far-field measurements, the transmitter horn, installed on a rail to measure reflected power, was capable of movement based on angles. The transmitter was consistently fixed at a distance of 1 meter from the center of the antenna assembly 102. The positioning ensured that both the incidence and reflection angles were maintained at 6.

[0162] To facilitate accurate measurements, the horns were connected to a signal generator and a spectrum analyzer. The spectrum analyzer played a vital role in capturing and analyzing the reflected signal emitted by the system. This measurement data was crucial for determining the far- field value, which was a fundamental parameter for assessing the performance and effectiveness of the system.(ii.) Comparing Measurement and Simulation Results.

[0163] A phase gradient along the antenna assembly 102 was set to evaluate the assembly's beam-steering capability. The performance of the assembly 102 was investigated in two different configurations to achieve the desired outcome, based on the analysis of experimental and simulation testing data.

[0164] Two configurations were analyzed where 6 in theyz-plane represents the horn angle in elevation degrees. An actuator, as depicted in FIG. 5D, is utilized to adjust both configurations. The effectiveness of these configurations in achieving the desired outcome is compared through the conducted analysis.

[0165] The determination of the sequences presented in Table 2, outlining the AZ values (axial spatial distance 504) for the investigation of beam steering capabilities in the antenna assembly 102, is rooted in the foundational concept of the spatial phase-shifting technique. The array, comprising 20 x 21 unit cells, serves as the experimental platform for this study. Two distinct sequences of AZ values are strategically employed, as illustrated in both Table 2 and FIG. 6C.Table 2: Sequences of AZ Values

[0166] Each column in FIG. 6C, denoted by a letter of the alphabet, corresponds to 20 unit cells, with each unit cell having a specific AZ value determined based on the sequences outlined in Table 2. These sequences are not uniform, and their variation is intentional, aligning with the spatial phase-shifting technique employed in the antenna assembly 102. The non-uniformity is a deliberate choice, allowing for targeted exploration of the impact of varying gap sizes on beam steering capabilities.

[0167] The rationale behind the selection of these non-uniform sequences is connected to the proposed method for achieving the spatial phase-shifting technique. As outlined in Equations (1) and (2), this method involves adjusting the gap size AZ through the actuation of the antenna assembly 102. This actuation, fundamental to the operation of our antenna assembly 102, is instrumental in manipulating the beam direction, characteristics, and radiation patterns.

[0168] To assess the effectiveness of the gradient arrangements, both simulated and measured data are obtained at 5.5 GHz. Through rigorous simulations and precise experimental measurements, the impact of varying AZ values on the beam steering performance of the antenna assembly 102 is evaluated.

[0169] The antenna assembly 102 scattering beam patterns are presented in FIG. 15. Three sets of full wave numerical simulations and experimental measurements are performed to validate the antenna assembly 102 angular reciprocity.

[0170] In the first set of experiments, the incident wave is set at an angle of 10°, while the main reflected beam is observed at an angle of -70°, as illustrated in FIG. 15 A. This configuration is achieved using the gradient phase shift arrangement based on the AZ values shown in sequence (a) Table 2. In the subsequent set of experiments, the incident wave angle is adjusted to -70°, while the resulting main reflected beam is monitored at an angle of 15°, as demonstrated in FIG. 15B. This variation in the incident wave angle and the corresponding change in the reflected beam angle further highlight the beam steering capabilities of the antenna assembly 102.

[0171] In the final set of simulations and measurements, the incident wave angle is precisely set to 30°, resulting in the observation of the main reflected beam at an angle of -70°, as depicted in FIG. 15C. This specific configuration is achieved by implementing the gradient phase shift arrangement based on the predetermined AZ values illustrated in sequence (b) Table 2.

[0172] The power capacity of the antenna assembly 102 is analyzed. At a frequency of 5.5 GHz, the electric field distribution of the antenna assembly 102 is illustrated in FIG. 16. The maximum field strength reaches 2794 V / m. The calculation of the maximum field is performed as the antenna assembly 102 is illuminated by normal incident, according to the arrangement outlined in Table 2. p = P (gby

[0173] The power handling capacity of the design is determined usingmAX 111 E™* J . Here, Pmax represents the power handling capacity, Pin is the input power, Eb is the breakdown threshold value, and Emax is the maximum field strength. The calculated power handling capacity is / 7 \ 2 p I 200 x 10 \ v i'i ", W=■)". A7f) niax\2794 / ’ MW. This calculation is based on the substrate breakdown threshold of 200 MV / m.(iii.) Other Results.

[0174] The samples were measured under the condition where the transmitter horn was positioned 23.6 cm away from the center of the surface at different deviation angles. The far-field patterns for four states are shown in FIGs. 11 - 14, whereby the results are obtained for a frequency of 35 GHz.

[0175] FIG. 11 illustrates the results based on the FIG. 6A arrangement, with the transmitter horn angled at -10°, showing the maximum reflected peak between +30° and +40° based on simulation and experimental results. In FIG. 12, by changing the gradient arrangement based on the FIG. 6B arrangement for the same transmitter horn angle, the reflected peak is shifted to around +60°. FIG. 13 demonstrates that with a shift of the transmitter horn to an angle of -30° based on the FIG. 6 A arrangement, the peak shifts between +60° and +70° according to the simulation and experimental results. Finally, by rotating the transmitter horn to +70° for the FIG. 6 A arrangement, FIG. 14 shows a reflected peak at an angle of -30°.XI. INTERPRETATION

[0176] Various systems or methods have been described to provide an example of an embodiment of the claimed subject matter. No embodiment described limits any claimed subject matter and any claimed subject matter may cover methods or systems that differ from those described below. The claimed subject matter is not limited to systems or methods having all of the features of any one system or method described below or to features common to multiple or all of the apparatuses or methods described below. It is possible that a system or method described is not an embodiment that is recited in any claimed subject matter. Any subject matter disclosed in a system or method described that is not claimed in this document may be the subject matter of another protective instrument, for example, a continuing patent application, and the applicants, inventors or owners do not intend to abandon, disclaim or dedicate to the public any such subject matter by its disclosure in this document.

[0177] Furthermore, it will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements. In addition, numerous specific details are set forth in order toprovide a thorough understanding of the embodiments described herein. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments described herein may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the embodiments described herein. Also, the description is not to be considered as limiting the scope of the embodiments described herein.

[0178] It should also be noted that the terms “coupled” or “coupling” as used herein can have several different meanings depending in the context in which these terms are used. For example, the terms coupled or coupling may be used to indicate that an element or device can electrically, optically, or wirelessly send data to another element or device as well as receive data from another element or device. As used herein, two or more components are said to be “coupled”, or “connected” where the parts are joined or operate together either directly or indirectly (i.e., through one or more intermediate components), so long as a link occurs. As used herein and in the claims, two or more parts are said to be “directly coupled”, or “directly connected”, where the parts are joined or operate together without intervening intermediate components.

[0179] It should be noted that terms of degree such as "substantially", "about" and "approximately" as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. These terms of degree may also be construed as including a deviation of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the term it modifies.

[0180] Furthermore, any recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints herein includes all numbers and fractions subsumed within that range (e.g. 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.90, 4, and 5). It is also to be understood that all numbers and fractions thereof are presumed to be modified by the term "about" which means a variation of up to a certain amount of the number to which reference is being made if the end result is not significantly changed.

[0181] The present invention has been described here by way of example only, while numerous specific details are set forth herein in order to provide a thorough understanding of the exemplary embodiments described herein. However, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that these embodiments may, in some cases, be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures and components have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the description of the embodiments. Various modification and variations may bemade to these exemplary embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is limited only by the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. An antenna assembly, comprising: an antenna array comprising one or more antenna elements formed on a substrate; at least one conductive plate movable relative to the antenna array; and at least one actuation member for moving the conductive plate.

2. The assembly of claim 1, wherein the at least one conductive plate member comprises a subwavelength capacitive patch.

3. The assembly of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein the at least one actuation member comprises one or more driving elements for converting rotary motion into linear motion.

4. The assembly of claim 3, wherein the driving elements comprise cam-shaped members.

5. The assembly of any one of claims 3 or 4, wherein rotation of the at least one actuation member causes the plate member to move relative to the antenna array along a linear movement axis.

6. The assembly of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the assembly comprises, a plurality of elongate plate members, each aligned with a column of antenna elements in the antenna array; and a plurality of actuation members for moving each of the plate members.

7. The assembly of claim 6, wherein a separation distance between each of the plurality of plate members and the antenna array is adjustable to define a phase shift gradient configuration.

8. The assembly of claim 7, wherein the assembly is reconfigurable to adjust the phase shift gradient configuration.

9. The assembly of claim 8, wherein the phase shift gradient configuration enables 2D beam steering and azimuthal beam rotation.

10. The assembly of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the assembly is configured to fix and hold a separation distance between the at least one plate member and the antenna array.

11. The assembly of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the at least one plate member comprises a grounding element that engages the at least one actuation member.

12. The assembly of claim 11, wherein the grounding element comprises mounting portions, and the assembly further comprises side holders with slots for receiving the mounting portions, wherein the mounting portions translate within the slots.

13. The assembly of claim 12, wherein the slots include biasing springs coupled to the mounting portions.

14. The assembly of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the assembly is configured for operation in the LMDS, K, V, and Ka frequency bands.

15. The assembly of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the assembly is configured for use in 5G communication applications.

16. A beam steering system, comprising: an antenna assembly comprising: an antenna array comprising one or more antenna elements formed on a substrate; a plurality of plate members movable relative to the antenna array, and a plurality of actuation members for moving the plate members, a plurality of motors coupled to the plurality of actuation members for rotating the actuation members; and a controller coupled to the plurality of motors.

17. The system of claim 16, wherein the plurality of plate members comprise capacitive patches formed on grounding elements.

18. The system of any one of claims 16 or 17, further comprising a horn coupled to one or more of a single transmitter and signal receiver.

19. A method for operating an antenna assembly comprising: determining a rotational orientation for one or more actuation members of the antenna assembly to achieve a phase shift configuration, wherein the phase shift configuration defines an axial separation distance between: (i) an antenna array, of the antenna assembly, and (ii) each of one or more plate members that are movable relative to the antenna array by the actuation members; and controlling a motor subsystem to achieve the rotational orientation for each actuation member, wherein the motor subsystem comprises one or more motors coupled to the one or more actuation members.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the method is executed by a controller.

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