Synthetic cannabinoid analogs, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treating neurological disorders and other conditions

Abstract

Cannabinoid analogs may exhibit anti-inflammatory properties such as by inhibition of cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the cannabinoid analogs may be used to treat neurological disorders and various other diseases and conditions in mammals, including pain, anxiety, sleep disorders, obesity and eating disorders, addiction, epilepsy, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, Alzheimer's disease, bacterial infections and viral infections.

Description

[0001] Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO SYNTHETIC CANNABINOID ANALOGS, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF TREATING NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND OTHER CONDITIONS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional App. No. 63 / 653,326, filed May 30, 2024, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND

[0002] There has been considerable research in recent years on the therapeutic effects of cannabis including its constituents tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). There remains a need for improved compounds for treating disorders such as depression, anxiety, substance addiction, sleep disorder, pain, cancer, autoimmune disorders, and other disorders associated with chronic inflammation. It would be particularly desirable to develop compounds which may be prepared synthetically and formulated as solid oral dosage forms. SUMMARY

[0003] According to one aspect, a synthetic cannabinoid analog has a structure of Formula (I): Formula (I) wherein R1 and R2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, protected hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO heterocycle; wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or acyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NRARB, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO2-alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycle; wherein RAand RBare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl, whether alone or as part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, —COOH, —C(O)—C1-4 alkyl, —C(O)O—C1-4 alkyl, NRCRD, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO2-alkyl; wherein RCand RDare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4alkyl; R3 and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, acyl, —SO2- alkyl, —SO2-aryl and —SO2-heteroaryl; wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NRERF, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO2-alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and wherein REand RFare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl, whether alone or as part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NRGRH, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO2-alkyl; wherein RGand RHare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl; each _________ represents a single or double bond, with the proviso that within a 5-membered ring, one or two _________ is a double bond and the remaining _________ are single bonds; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

[0004] In some aspects, a synthetic cannabinoid analog has a structure of Formula (IA): Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO Formula (IA) wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as previously defined; and one _________ is a double bond and the other _________ is a single bond, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

[0005] According to other aspects, a synthetic cannabinoid analog has a structure of Formula (II): Formula (II) wherein R2 and R4 are as previously defined, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof. In some examples, R2 is C1-C4 straight-chained or branched alkyl, e.g., propyl. In other examples, R2is C5-C10straight-chained or branched alkyl, e.g., pentyl or heptyl. In some examples, R4 is C1-C4 straight-chained or branched alkyl, e.g., methyl. In other examples, R4 is H. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0006] In another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a synthetic cannabinoid analog of Formula (I), (IA) or (II), or a combination thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.

[0007] In another aspect, a method of treating a neurological disorder comprises administering to an individual in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (IA) or (II), or a combination thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or ether thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle therefor. In some examples, the neurological disorder is an addiction, anxiety, depression or pain. In other examples, the disorder is obesity or an eating disorder.

[0008] In still another aspect, a method of treating a bacterial infection comprises administering to an individual in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (IA) or (II), or a combination thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or ether thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle therefor.

[0009] In yet another aspect, a method of treating a viral infection comprises administering to an individual in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), (IA) or (II), or a combination thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, or ether thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle therefor.

[0010] In some embodiments, a compound disclosed herein has the structure: Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0011] In some examples the pharmaceutical composition is administered to an individual in need thereof for the treatment of a bacterial infection or a viral infection. In other examples, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to an individual in need thereof for the treatment of pain, anxiety or depression. In yet other examples, the pharmaceutical composition is administered to an individual in need thereof for the treatment of a cognitive disorder or to improve cognition. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] Cannabinoids produced by the Cannabis sativa plant have the potential to treat a vast assortment of diseases and other human ailments. More than 100 different cannabinoids have been isolated from cannabis and each cannabinoid compound exhibits various effects. For example, THC is well-known for its psychological effects and CBD is known for its non-psychoactive effects. THC and related analogs typically exert therapeutic activities via cannabinoid receptors found in humans and other mammals. CBD is an isomer of THC. CBD and CBD derivatives also exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects through pathways not related to cannabinoid receptors. Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors are found primarily in the brain, including the basal ganglia and in the limbic system, and the hippocampus and the striatum, as well as the cerebellum. CB1 receptors can be found in the human anterior eye and retina. Research indicates that cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptors are responsible for anti-inflammatory and other therapeutic effects related to cannabinoids.

[0013] Cannabis plants that contain high levels of cannabinoids such as THC, for example, are typically known as “marijuana” plants. Cannabis plants with a low cannabinoid content are categorized as “hemp” plants. Individual countries usually determine the levels of cannabinoids that differentiate between cannabis plants that are categorized as marijuana or hemp plants. Generally, the THC content on a dry-weight basis for a cannabis plant categorized as a hemp plant is 0.3% or less. Cannabis sativa plants having THC, CBD, and other cannabinoid content levels greater than 0.3% are typically considered marijuana plants. Medical marijuana typically contains cannabinoid levels between 5 and 20%. Other Cannabis sativa plants may produce cannabinoid levels from 25 to 30%.

[0014] The biosynthetic pathway of the Cannabis sativa plant that produces the various cannabinoids starts with the precursor cannabigerolic acid. The enzymes THCA Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO synthase and CBDA synthase catalyze the biosynthesis of cannabigerolic acid to tetrahydrocannabinol acid (THCA) and cannabidiol acid (CBDA), respectively, as well as other cannabinoids. It is known that various other cannabinoids are produced via this pathway. THC, CBD, and other cannabinoid derivatives are generated artificially from THCA and CBDA by non-enzymatic decarboxylation. Aizpurua-Olaizola et al., “Evolution of the Cannabinoid and Terpene Content during the Growth of Cannabis sativa Plants from Different Chemotypes,” J. Natural Prods. 2016 79 (2), 324-331. Various classes of cannabinoids are biosynthesized via this general pathway to include THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), THCA (tetrahydrocannabinolic acid), CBD (cannabidiol), CBDA (cannabidiolic Acid), CBN (cannabinol), CBG (cannabigerol), CBC (cannabichromene), CBL (cannabicyclol), CBV (cannabivarin), THCV (tetrahydrocannabivarin), CBDV (cannabidivarin), CBCV (cannabichromevarin), CBGV (cannabigerovarin), CBGM (cannabigerol monomethyl ether), CBE (cannabielsoin), and CBT (cannabicitran). I. Synthetic cannabinoid analogs

[0015] According to some aspects, a synthetic cannabinoid analog has a structure of Formula (I): Formula (I) wherein R1and R2are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, protected hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycle; wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or acyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NRARB, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO2-alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycle; wherein RAand RBare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl, whether alone or as part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, —COOH, —C(O)—C1-4 alkyl, —C(O)O—C1-4 alkyl, NRCRD, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO2-alkyl; wherein RCand RDare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4alkyl; R3and R4are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, acyl, —SO2- alkyl, —SO2-aryl and —SO2-heteroaryl; wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NRERF, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO2-alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and wherein REand RFare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl, whether alone or as part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NRGRH, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO2-alkyl; wherein RGand RHare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl; each _________ represents a single or double bond, with the proviso that within a 5-membered ring, one or two _________ is a double bond and the remaining _________ are single bonds; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

[0016] In other examples, a synthetic cannabinoid analog has a structure of Formula (IA): Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO Formula (IA) wherein R1, R2, R3and R4are as previously defined; and one _________ is a single bond and the other _________ is a double bond, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

[0017] According to other aspects, a synthetic cannabinoid analog has a structure of Formula (II): Formula (II) wherein R2is as previously defined, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof. In some examples, R2 is C1-C4 straight-chained or branched alkyl, e.g., propyl. In other examples, R2 is C5-C10 straight-chained or branched alkyl, e.g., pentyl or heptyl. In some examples, R4is C1-C4straight-chained or branched alkyl, e.g., methyl. In other examples, R4is H.

[0018] In some embodiments, a compound has a structure selected from the group consisting of: Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0019] As used herein the term “alkyl,” whether alone or as part of a substituent group, refers to a saturated C1-Cn carbon chain, wherein the carbon chain may be straight or branched; wherein n can be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl and n- hexyl.

[0020] As used herein the term “alkenyl,” whether alone or as part of a substituent group, refers to a C2-Cn carbon chain, wherein the carbon chain may be straight or branched, wherein the carbon chain contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond, and wherein n can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

[0021] As used herein the term “alkynyl,” whether alone or as part of a substituent group, refers to a C2-Cn, wherein the carbon chain may be straight or branched, wherein the carbon chain contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and wherein n can be 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

[0022] As used herein the term “aryl,” whether alone or as part of a substituent group, refers to an unsubstituted carboxylic aromatic ring comprising between 6 to 14 carbon atoms. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to, phenyl and naphthyl.

[0023] As used herein the term “protected hydroxyl” refers to a hydroxyl group substituted with a suitably selected oxygen protecting group. More particularly, a “protected hydroxyl” refers to a substituent group of the formula —OPG1wherein PG1is a suitably selected oxygen protecting group. During any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of the present disclosure it may be necessary and / or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991. The protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known from the art.

[0024] As used herein the term “oxygen protecting group” refers to a group which may be attached to an oxygen atom to protect said oxygen atom from participating in a reaction and which may be readily removed following the reaction. Suitable oxygen protecting Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO groups include, but are not limited to, acetyl, benzoyl, t-butyl-dimethylsilyl, trimethylsilyl (TMS), MOM and THP. Other suitable oxygen protecting groups may be found in texts such as T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

[0025] As used herein the term “nitrogen protecting group” refers to a group which may be attached to a nitrogen atom to protect said nitrogen atom from participating in a reaction and which may be readily removed following the reaction. Suitable nitrogen protecting groups include, but are not limited to, carbamates groups of the formula —C(O)—OR wherein R can be methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, benzyl, phenylethyl, CH2=CH—CH2—, and the like; amide groups of the formula —C(O)—R' wherein R' can be methyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, and the like; N-sulfonyl derivative groups of the formula —SO2—R'' wherein R'' can be tolyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-yl-, 2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxybenzene, and the like. Other suitable nitrogen protecting groups may be found in texts such as T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.

[0026] As used herein the term “acyl” refers to a group of the formula —CO—Cnwherein Cnrepresent a straight or branched alkyl chain wherein n can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10.

[0027] As used herein the term “heteroaryl” refers to any five or six membered monocyclic aromatic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and optionally containing one to three additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; or a nine or ten membered bicyclic aromatic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and optionally containing one to four additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. The heteroaryl group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring such that the result is a stable structure. Examples of suitable heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, purazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyranyl, furazanyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolinyl, indazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl and pteridinyl.

[0028] As used herein the term “cycloalkyl” refers to any monocyclic ring containing from four to six carbon atoms, or a bicyclic ring containing from eight to ten carbon atoms. The cycloalkyl group may be attached at any carbon atom of the ring such that the result is a stable structure. Examples of suitable cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

[0029] As used herein the term “heterocycle” refers to any four to six membered monocyclic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and optionally containing one to three additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S; or an eight to ten membered bicyclic ring structure containing at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of O, N and S, and optionally containing one to four additional heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. The heterocycle group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring such that the result is a stable structure. Examples of suitable heterocycle groups include, but are not limited to, azetidine, azete, oxetane, oxete, thietane, thiete, diazetidine, diazete, dioxetane, dioxete, dithietane, dithiete, pyrrolidine, pyrrole, tetrahydrofuran, furan, thiolane, thiophene, piperidine, oxane, thiane, pyridine, pyran and thiopyran.

[0030] The groups described herein can be unsubstituted or substituted, as herein defined. In addition, the substituted groups can be substituted with one or more groups such as a C1- C6 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, —O—C1-4 alkyl, hydroxyl, amino, (C1-4 alkyl)amino, di(C1-4 alkyl)amino, —S—(C1-4 alkyl), —SO—(C1-4 alkyl), —SO2—(C1-4 alkyl), halogen, aryl, heteroaryl, and the like.

[0031] With reference to substituents, the term “independently” means that when more than one of such substituents is possible, such substituents may be the same or different from each other.

[0032] The compounds of the present disclosure may contain at least one hydroxyl group. These at least one hydroxyl group may form an ester with inorganic or organic acid. In particular, pharmaceutically acceptable acids. The ester(s) may form chiral carbons. The Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO present disclosure is directed toward all stereo-chemical forms of the compounds of the present disclosure, including those formed by the formation of one or more ester groups. II. Non-limiting examples of synthetic cannabinoid analogs in accordance with the present disclosure

[0033] Non-limiting examples of synthetic cannabinoid analogs according to Formulas I, IA and II are illustrated below: Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof. III. Synthesis and purification of the cannabinoid compounds

[0034] In some examples, the cannabinoid compounds described herein may be formed as salts, which may be helpful to improve chemical purity, stability, solubility, and / or bioavailability. Non-limiting examples of possible salts are described in P. H. Stahl et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use, Weinheim / Zürich:Wiley-VCH / VHCA, 2002, including salts of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, 2-oxoglutaric acid, 4- acetamidobenzoic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, acetic acid, adipic acid, ascorbic acid (L), aspartic acid (L), benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, camphoric acid (+), camphor-10- sulfonic acid (+), capric acid (decanoic acid), caproic acid (hexanoic acid), caprylic acid (octanoic acid), carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid (D), gluconic acid (D), glucuronic acid (D), glutamic acid, glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid, isobutyric acid, lactic acid (DL), lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, malic acid (- L), malonic acid, mandelic acid (DL), Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO methanesulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, phosphoric acid, proprionic acid, pyroglutamic acid (- L), salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid (+ L), thiocyanic acid, toluenesulfonic acid (p), and undecylenic acid.

[0035] The compounds described herein may be prepared synthetically using known techniques with appropriate modifications to the reactants to form the structures shown herein or by other suitable pathways that will be apparent to persons skilled in the art. By way of non- limiting example, compounds described herein may be synthesized according to one or more of the following pathways described in Razdan, Total Synthesis of Cannabinoids, SISA Incorporated, Cambridge, Massachusetts, with appropriate modifications to the reactants, as will be apparent to persons skilled in the art, to yield the structures disclosed herein. Alternatively, the synthesis techniques described in Dialer et al. U.S. Patent 10,059,683 B2, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, may be suitably adapted to synthesize the cannabinoid analogs described herein.

[0036] Compounds intended for administration to humans or other mammals generally should have very high purity. In the case of synthetically prepared compounds, purity refers to the ratio of a compound’s mass to the total sample mass following any purification steps. Usually, the level of purity is at least about 95%, more usually at least about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or higher. For example, the level of purity may be about 98.5%, 99.0%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or higher.

[0037] Compounds described herein that exist in more than one optical isomer form (enantiomers) may be provided either as racemic mixture or by isolating one of the enantiomers, the latter case in which purity as described above may refer to enantiomeric purity. IV. Methods of use

[0038] As described above, cannabinoids and related cannabinoid analogs typically exert therapeutic and anti-inflammatory activities via CB2 cannabinoid receptors. While not wanting to be bound by theory, compounds disclosed herein may also exhibit properties as inhibitors of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity, including either or both of MAO- A and MAO-B activity. These properties may enable compounds to be effective for Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO treating indications associated with MAO activity, such as depression, pain, a sleep disorder, substance addiction, smoking cessation, and the like. Hence, in some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein can be used in a method of treating diseases and conditions associated with monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity. In some embodiments, the individual suffers from depression, pain, a sleep disorder, or addiction.

[0039] Compounds disclosed herein also (or alternatively) may exhibit anti-inflammatory properties owing to the compound’s interaction with inflammation pathways, including by way of example, interleukins such as IL-1 and IL-6, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase (COX), and the like. A compound’s ability to inhibit MAO-A and / or MAO-B activity, and / or its ability to inhibit COX and / or other pathways associated with inflammation may be evaluated using assays well known to persons of ordinary skill in the art.

[0040] In some aspects, a cannabinoid analog as described herein is administered to an individual in need thereof for the treatment of a substance addiction, such as alcohol, tobacco, opioid, prescription drugs, cocaine, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, hallucinogens, inhalants, phencyclidine, or other drug addictions. Such treatments also are inclusive of treating withdrawal in dependency on benzodiazepines, opiates, or alcohol, as well as symptoms experienced by patients with substance use disorders, such as anxiety, mood symptoms, pain, and sleep disorders such as insomnia.

[0041] In addition to anxiety that is associated with substance use disorders, the cannabinoid analogs may be effective for treating other types of anxiety disorders, such as post- traumatic stress disorder, general anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

[0042] In other aspects, a cannabinoid analog as described herein may be administered to an individual in need thereof for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, epilepsy or neuropsychiatric disorders that are linked to epilepsy, such as neurodegeneration, neuronal injury, and psychiatric diseases. The cannabinoid analogs may be effective for potentiating the anticonvulsant activity of other active agents such as phenytoin and diazepam. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0043] In still other aspects, a cannabinoid analog as described herein may be used in as an antipsychotic for treating patients with schizophrenia. The cannabinoid analogs also may be effective to reduce intraocular pressure, such as in the treatment of glaucoma.

[0044] In yet other aspects, a cannabinoid analog as described herein may be administered to an individual in need thereof for the treatment of cancer. The cannabinoid analog may be effective to block cancer cells from spreading around the body and invading an area entirely; for suppressing the growth of cancer cells and / or promoting the death of cancer cells.

[0045] The cannabinoid analogs as described herein may be useful in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes, which is caused by inflammation when the immune system attacks cells in the pancreas; as well as acne, which is caused, in part, by inflammation and overworked sebaceous glands on the body. The anti-inflammatory properties of the compounds may lower the production of sebum that leads to acne, including acne vulgaris, the most common form of acne.

[0046] The cannabinoid analogs as described herein may be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, and particularly to prevent the development of social recognition deficit in subjects when administered in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. In some aspects, the compounds may be administered to improve cognition. Other examples of disorders that may be treated by the cannabinoid analog as described herein include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and cachexia. The compounds may produce an appetite-enhancing effect, for example in AIDS patients or individuals with Alzheimer’s disease who refuse food.

[0047] The cannabinoid analogs as described herein may be useful in the treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis (MS) or spinal cord injury, movement disorders, such as Tourette’s syndrome, dystonia, or tardive dyskinesia. MS patients may experience benefits on ataxia and reduction of tremors.

[0048] Analgesic properties of the cannabinoid analogs may prove beneficial, for example, in the treatment of neuropathic pain due to multiple sclerosis, damage of the brachial plexus and HIV infection, pain in rheumatoid arthritis, cancer pain, headache, menstrual pain, chronic bowel inflammation and neuralgias. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0049] The cannabinoid analogs as described herein may be useful in the treatment of asthma. Experiments examining the anti-asthmatic effect of THC or cannabis date mainly from the 1970s, and are all acute studies. The effects of a cannabis cigarette (2% THC) or oral THC (15 mg), respectively, approximately correspond to those obtained with therapeutic doses of common bronchodilator drugs (salbutamol, isoprenaline). Since inhalation of cannabis products may irritate the mucous membranes, oral administration or another alternative delivery system would be preferable. Very few patients developed bronchoconstriction after inhalation of THC.

[0050] An improvement of mood in reactive depression has been observed in several clinical studies with THC. There are additional case reports claiming benefit of cannabinoids in other psychiatric symptoms and diseases, such as sleep disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, and dysthymia. Various authors have expressed different viewpoints concerning psychiatric syndromes and cannabis. While some emphasize the problems caused by cannabis, others promote the therapeutic possibilities. Quite possibly cannabis products may be either beneficial or harmful, depending on the particular case. The attending physician and the patient should be open to a critical examination of the topic, and a frankness to both possibilities.

[0051] In a number of painful syndromes secondary to inflammatory processes (e.g. ulcerative colitis, arthritis), cannabis products may act not only as analgesics but also demonstrate anti-inflammatory potential. For example, some patients employing cannabis report a decrease in their need for steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Moreover there are some reports of positive effects of cannabis self-medication in allergic conditions. It is as yet unclear whether cannabis products may have relevant effects on causative processes of autoimmune diseases.

[0052] There are a number of positive patient reports on medical conditions that cannot be easily assigned to the above categories, such as pruritus, hiccup, ADS (attention deficit syndrome), high blood pressure, tinnitus, chronic fatigue syndrome, restless leg syndrome, and others. Different authors have described several hundred possible indications for cannabis and THC. For example, 2.5 to 5 mg THC were effective in three patients with pruritus due to liver diseases. Another example is the successful treatment Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO of a chronic hiccup that developed after a surgery. No medication was effective, but smoking of a cannabis cigarette completely abolished the symptoms.

[0053] Cannabis products often show very good effects in diseases with multiple symptoms that encompassed within the spectrum of THC effects, for example, in painful conditions that have an inflammatory origin (e.g., arthritis), or are accompanied by increased muscle tone (e.g., menstrual cramps, spinal cord injury), or in diseases with nausea and anorexia accompanied by pain, anxiety and depression, respectively (e.g. AIDS, cancer, hepatitis C).

[0054] COVID-19 is transmitted through respiratory droplets and uses receptor-mediated entry into a human host via angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) that is expressed in lung tissue, as well as oral and nasal mucosa, kidney, testes, and the gastrointestinal tract. Modulation of ACE2 levels in these gateway tissues may decrease disease susceptibility. See Wang et al., In Search of Preventative Strategies: Novel Anti-Inflammatory High- CBD Cannabis Sativa Extracts Modulate ACE2 Expression in COVID-19 Gateway Tissues (April 17, 2020), doi: 10.20944 / preprints202004.0315.v1. The cannabinoid analogs as described herein may modulate ACE2 expression and may have utility in the treatment of a coronavirus such as COVID-19.

[0055] The compounds as described herein also may be useful as antibacterial agents. The compounds may be used, for example, in the treatment of bacterial infections caused by bacteria belonging to Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus or Bacillus species. Staphylococcus species refers to a Gram-positive bacteria, which appears as grape-like clusters when viewed through a microscope and as large, round, golden-yellow colonies, often with β-hemolysis, when grown on blood agar plates. Staphylococcus aureus which belongs to Staphylococcus species causes a variety of suppurative (pus-forming) infections such as superficial skin lesions such as boils, styes and furunculosis; more serious infections such as pneumonia, mastitis, phlebitis, meningitis, and urinary tract infections; and deep-seated infections, such as osteomyelitis and endocarditis. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection of surgical wounds and infections associated with indwelling medical devices. Staphylococcus aureus causes food poisoning by releasing enterotoxins into food, and toxic shock syndrome by release of superantigens into the blood stream. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0056] In some examples, a compound disclosed herein may be administered to an individual in need thereof for treating a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.

[0057] Streptococcus species refers to a genus of spherical, Gram-positive bacteria, and a member of the phylum Firmicutes. Streptococci are lactic acid bacteria. Streptococcus species are responsible for infectious diseases such as meningitis, bacterial pneumonia, endocarditis, erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis (the ‘flesh-eating’ bacterial infections).

[0058] Enterococcus species refers to a genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes. They are Gram-positive cocci which often occur in pairs (diplococci). Enterococci are facultative anaerobic organisms. Enterococci are among the most frequent causes of hospital-acquired infections. Enterococci develop resistance to antibiotics such as gentamicin and vancomycin.

[0059] Bacillus species refers to a large number of diverse, rod-shaped Gram positive bacteria that are motile by peritrichous flagella and are aerobic. It is also a member of the division Firmicutes. Members of this genus are capable of producing endospores that are highly resistant to unfavorable environment conditions. Bacillus cereus which belongs to Bacillus species causes two types of food-borne intoxications. One type is characterized by the symptoms of nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramps. The second type is manifested primarily by abdominal cramps and diarrhea. Infections attributed to Bacillus subtilis which belongs to Bacillus species, include bacteremia, endocarditis, pneumonia, and septicemia in patients in compromised immune states.

[0060] A compound disclosed herein may be administered prophylactically for immunizing a subject against anthrax or other infectious diseases. For example, a compound may be administered to a human who has been exposed or is at risk of exposure to Bacillus anthracis or Bacillus anthracis spores. Such administration may be made, for example, to military or security force personnel, mail handlers, clinicians or laboratorians who may have close contact with Bacillus anthracis spores, civilians or industrial workers who may be exposed to infected animals or their products, newborns or children, elderlies, or the public at large. In some examples, a compound disclosed herein may be administered post-exposure for preventing the development of serious disease conditions. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0061] In some aspects, compounds described herein may be administered for treating a viral infection. Viruses gain infamy through a combination of large infection rates and death, even when their strength has been relatively subdued. Rabies, measles and chickenpox are still notorious, even though vaccines and medications have drastically reduced their deadliness. Some viruses are either no longer a threat or not perceived as threatening. For example, smallpox has been eradicated, and there has not been a polio case of American origin since 1979.

[0062] Other viruses are still active and pose a serious threat to health. Viruses including coronaviruses (e.g., COVID-19), hepatitis, HIV, and influenza still cause mass infection and significant death rates. COVID-19 is transmitted through respiratory droplets and uses receptor-mediated entry into a human host via angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) that is expressed in lung tissue, as well as oral and nasal mucosa, kidney, testes, and the gastrointestinal tract. Modulation of ACE2 levels in these gateway tissues may decrease disease susceptibility. See Wang et al., In Search of Preventative Strategies: Novel Anti-Inflammatory High-CBD Cannabis Sativa Extracts Modulate ACE2 Expression in COVID-19 Gateway Tissues (April 17, 2020), doi: 10.20944 / preprints202004.0315.v1. The cannabinoid analogs as described herein may modulate ACE2 expression and may have utility in the treatment of a coronavirus such as COVID-19.

[0063] There are three different virus types that are made distinct by their shape. The cylindrical helical virus type is associated with the tobacco mosaic virus. Envelope viruses, such as influenza and HIV, come covered in a protective lipid envelope. Most animal viruses are classified as icosahedral and are nearly spherical in shape.

[0064] The viruses within these categories share similar characteristics. They are made up of RNA or DNA, and are coated with either a protein, lipid or glycoprotein. They also are parasitic, meaning they cannot replicate without a host. Viruses are also the most abundant biological form of life on the planet. While they cannot be cured, a vaccination can be effective to prevent their spread.

[0065] In one example, the virus is a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis, coronavirus (e.g., COVID-19), influenza, or the common cold. In another example, the virus is herpes simplex virus (HSV) or human papillomavirus (HPV). Low-risk mucosal Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO HPVs such as HPV-6 and HPV-11 cause genital warts (condyloma accuminata), whereas the high-risk HPVs cause squamous intraepithelial lesions that can progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The vast majority of human cervical cancers are associated with high-risk HPV infections. HPV-16 is by far the most prevalent mucosal high-risk HPV type, followed by HPV-18 and HPV-31. Approximately 20% of oral cancers, particularly oropharyngeal carcinomas in patients that lack the classical risk factors of tobacco and alcohol abuse, are also high-risk HPV positive. Other anogenital tract malignancies that are also frequently associated with high-risk HPV infections include penile and vulvovaginal cancers as well as anal carcinomas, which frequently occur in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated AIDS.

[0066] The compounds disclosed herein may have anti-inflammatory activity. For example, a compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of an inflammation-inducing molecule. The disclosed compounds may have an anti- inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of substance P(SP), calcitonin gene- related peptide (CGRP), glutamate, or a combination thereof. A compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of SP, CGRP, glutamate, or a combination thereof released from a sensory neuron by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.

[0067] Prostaglandins mediate a local inflammatory response and are involved in all inflammatory functions through action on prostaglandin receptors and mediate inflammatory signaling including chemotaxis (macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils), vasodilation and algesia. However, the PG-mediated inflammatory response is self-limiting (resolving). The principle resolution factor is a prostaglandin called 15dPGJ2, which is an endogenous agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) signaling. PPAR-γ signaling pathway 1) induces apoptosis of macrophage M1 cells, thereby reducing the levels of Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines and 2) promotes differentiation of monocytes into macrophage M2 cells. Macrophage M2 cells produce and release Th2 anti-inflammatory cytokines. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0068] Compounds disclosed herein may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of an inflammation inducing prostaglandin. A compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of an inflammation inducing prostaglandin released from a sensory neuron by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%. A compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of an inflammation inducing prostaglandin released from a sensory neuron in a range from, e.g., about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, about 10% to about 90%, about 20% to about 90%, about 30% to about 90%, about 40% to about 90%, about 50% to about 90%, about 60% to about 90%, about 70% to about 90%, about 10% to about 80%, about 20% to about 80%, about 30% to about 80%, about 40% to about 80%, about 50% to about 80%, or about 60% to about 80%, about 10% to about 70%, about 20% to about 70%, about 30% to about 70%, about 40% to about 70%, or about 50% to about 70%.

[0069] The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes. All PPARs are known to heterodimerize with the retinoid X receptor (RXR) and bind to specific regions on the DNA of target genes called peroxisome proliferator hormone response elements (PPREs). PPARs play essential roles in the regulation of cellular differentiation, development, and metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid, protein), and tumorigenesis of higher organisms. The family comprises three members, PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and PPAR-δ (also known as PPAR-β). PPAR-α is expressed in liver, kidney, heart, muscle, adipose tissue, as well as other tissues. PPAR-δ is expressed in many tissues but markedly in brain, adipose tissue, and skin. PPAR-γ comprises three alternatively-spliced forms, each with a different expression pattern. PPAR-γ1 is expressed in virtually all tissues, including heart, muscle, colon, kidney, pancreas, and spleen. PPAR-γ2 is expressed mainly in adipose tissue. PPAR-γ3 is expressed in macrophages, large intestine, and white adipose tissue. Endogenous ligands for the PPARs include free fatty acids and eicosanoids. PPAR-γ is activated by PGD2 (a prostaglandin), whereas PPAR-α is activated by leukotriene B4. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0070] A compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell and increasing the levels of IL-10 released from a Th2 cell. A compound may have an anti- inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%, and capable of increasing the levels of IL-10 released from a Th2 cell by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.

[0071] A compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of stimulating some or all PPAR signaling pathways. It is contemplated that such a compound therefore may act as a PPAR pan-agonist or possibly as a selective PPAR agonist.

[0072] A compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of modulating Th1 and Th2 cytokines. A compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-12 (IL- 12), or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell. A compound may have an anti- inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell by, e.g., at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90%. A compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of reducing the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, or a combination thereof released from a Th1 cell in a range from, e.g., about 5% to about 100%, about 10% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, about 30% to about 100%, about 40% to about 100%, about 50% to about 100%, about 60% to about 100%, about 70% to about 100%, about 80% to about 100%, or about 10% to about 90.

[0073] A compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of increasing the levels of IL-10 released from a Th2 cell. A compound may have an anti-inflammatory activity capable of increasing the levels of IL-10 released from a Th2 cell by, e.g., at least 10%, Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95%.

[0074] In some aspects, a cannabinoid analog as described herein is administered to an individual in need thereof for the treatment of a substance addiction, such as alcohol, tobacco, opioid, prescription drugs, cocaine, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, hallucinogens, inhalants, phencyclidine, or other drug addictions. Such treatments also are inclusive of treating withdrawal in dependency on benzodiazepines, opiates, or alcohol, as well as symptoms experienced by patients with substance use disorders, such as anxiety, mood symptoms, pain, and insomnia.

[0075] In addition to anxiety that is associated with substance use disorders, the cannabinoid analogs may be effective for treating other types of anxiety disorders, such as post- traumatic stress disorder, general anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

[0076] In other aspects, a cannabinoid analog as described herein may be administered to an individual in need thereof for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, fibromyalgia, epilepsy or neuropsychiatric disorders that are linked to epilepsy, such as neurodegeneration, neuronal injury, and psychiatric diseases. The cannabinoid analogs may be effective for potentiating the anticonvulsant activity of other active agents such as phenytoin and diazepam.

[0077] In still other aspects, a cannabinoid analog as described herein may be used in as an antipsychotic for treating patients with schizophrenia. The cannabinoid analogs also may be effective to reduce intraocular pressure, such as in the treatment of glaucoma.

[0078] In yet other aspects, a cannabinoid analog as described herein may be administered to an individual in need thereof for the treatment of cancer. The cannabinoid analog may be effective to block cancer cells from spreading around the body and invading an area entirely; for suppressing the growth of cancer cells and / or promoting the death of cancer cells. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0079] The cannabinoid analogs as described herein may be useful in the treatment of Type 1 diabetes, which is caused by inflammation when the immune system attacks cells in the pancreas; as well as acne, which is caused, in part, by inflammation and overworked sebaceous glands on the body. The anti-inflammatory properties of the compounds may lower the production of sebum that leads to acne, including acne vulgaris, the most common form of acne.

[0080] The cannabinoid analogs as described herein may be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease, and particularly to prevent the development of social recognition deficit in subjects when administered in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Other examples of disorders that may be treated by the cannabinoid analog as described herein include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and cachexia. In some circumstances, the compounds may produce an appetite-enhancing effect, for example in AIDS patients or individuals with Alzheimer’s disease who refuse food.

[0081] The cannabinoid analogs as described herein may be useful in the treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis (MS) or spinal cord injury, movement disorders, such as Tourette’s syndrome, dystonia, or tardive dyskinesia. MS patients may experience benefits on ataxia and reduction of tremors.

[0082] Analgesic properties of the cannabinoid analogs may prove beneficial, for example, in the treatment of neuropathic pain due to multiple sclerosis, damage of the brachial plexus and HIV infection, pain in rheumatoid arthritis, cancer pain, headache, menstrual pain, chronic bowel inflammation and neuralgias.

[0083] The cannabinoid analogs as described herein may be useful in the treatment of asthma. Experiments examining the anti-asthmatic effect of THC or cannabis date mainly from the 1970s, and are all acute studies. The effects of a cannabis cigarette (2% THC) or oral THC (15 mg), respectively, approximately correspond to those obtained with therapeutic doses of common bronchodilator drugs (salbutamol, isoprenaline). Since inhalation of cannabis products may irritate the mucous membranes, oral administration or another alternative delivery system would be preferable. Very few patients developed bronchoconstriction after inhalation of THC. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0084] An improvement of mood in reactive depression has been observed in several clinical studies with THC. There are additional case reports claiming benefit of cannabinoids in other psychiatric symptoms and diseases, such as sleep disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorders, and dysthymia. Various authors have expressed different viewpoints concerning psychiatric syndromes and cannabis. While some emphasize the problems caused by cannabis, others promote the therapeutic possibilities. Quite possibly cannabis products may be either beneficial or harmful, depending on the particular case. The attending physician and the patient should be open to a critical examination of the topic, and a frankness to both possibilities.

[0085] In a number of painful syndromes secondary to inflammatory processes (e.g. ulcerative colitis, arthritis), cannabis products may act not only as analgesics but also demonstrate anti-inflammatory potential. For example, some patients employing cannabis report a decrease in their need for steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Moreover there are some reports of positive effects of cannabis self-medication in allergic conditions. It is as yet unclear whether cannabis products may have relevant effects on causative processes of autoimmune diseases.

[0086] There are a number of positive patient reports on medical conditions that cannot be easily assigned to the above categories, such as pruritus, hiccup, ADS (attention deficit syndrome), high blood pressure, tinnitus, chronic fatigue syndrome, restless leg syndrome, and others. Different authors have described several hundred possible indications for cannabis and THC. For example, 2.5 to 5 mg THC were effective in three patients with pruritus due to liver diseases. Another example is the successful treatment of a chronic hiccup that developed after a surgery. No medication was effective, but smoking of a cannabis cigarette completely abolished the symptoms.

[0087] Cannabis products often show very good effects in diseases with multiple symptoms that encompassed within the spectrum of THC effects, for example, in painful conditions that have an inflammatory origin (e.g., arthritis), or are accompanied by increased muscle tone (e.g., menstrual cramps, spinal cord injury), or in diseases with nausea and anorexia accompanied by pain, anxiety and depression, respectively (e.g. AIDS, cancer, hepatitis C). Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0088] Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered by any suitable route. For example, the compositions may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally, via an implanted reservoir, or ingested as a dietary supplement or food. In some embodiments, a composition is provided in an inhaler, which may be actuated to administer a vaporized medium that is inhaled into the lungs. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Most often, the pharmaceutical compositions are readily administered orally and ingested. V. Dosage and pharmaceutical compositions

[0089] Suitable doses may vary over a wide range depending on a variety of factors including the type and / or severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health, age, and / or weight of the individual, the frequency of treatments, the rate of release from the composition, and other diseases present. This dose may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age, and weight of the subject. For example, higher doses may be administered for treatments involving conditions that are at an advanced stage and / or life threatening. Dosage regimens also may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response.

[0090] Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated together with one or more acceptable pharmaceutical or food grade carriers or excipients. As used herein, the term “acceptable pharmaceutical or food grade carrier or excipient” means a non-toxic, inert solid, semisolid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. For example, sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer’s solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.

[0091] Pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by any suitable technique and is not limited by any particular method for its production. For example, purified cannabinoids can be combined with excipients and a binder, and then granulated. The granulation can be dry-blended with any remaining ingredients, and compressed into a solid form such as a tablet.

[0092] Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered by any suitable route. For example, the compositions may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally, via an implanted reservoir, or ingested as a dietary supplement or food. In some embodiments, a composition is provided in an inhaler, which may be actuated to administer a vaporized medium that is inhaled into the lungs. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Most often, the pharmaceutical compositions are readily administered orally and ingested.

[0093] Pharmaceutical compositions may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with acceptable pharmaceutical or food grade acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated composition or its delivery form.

[0094] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include acceptable pharmaceutical or food grade emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the active compounds, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, and perfuming agents. Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO

[0095] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, lozenges, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, acceptable pharmaceutical or food grade excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and / or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof, and j) sweetening, flavoring, perfuming agents, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, lozenges, tablets and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.

[0096] The solid dosage forms of tablets, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract or, optionally, in a delayed or extended manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Tablet formulations for extended release are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,244.

[0097] Compositions may contain a cannabinoid analog or compounds, alone or with other therapeutic compound(s). A therapeutic compound is a compound that provides pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or animals. A therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be used in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or solvate of a salt, e.g., a hydrochloride. Additionally, therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be provided as racemates, or as individual enantiomers, including the R- or S-enantiomer. Thus, the therapeutic compound disclosed herein may comprise a R-enantiomer only, a S-enantiomer only, or Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO a combination of both a R-enantiomer and a S-enantiomer of a therapeutic compound. In some aspects, the therapeutic compound may have anti-inflammatory activity, such as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). NSAIDs are a large group of therapeutic compounds with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-pyretic properties. NSAIDs reduce inflammation by blocking cyclooxygenase. NSAIDs include, without limitation, aceclofenac, acemetacin, actarit, alcofenac, alminoprofen, amfenac, aloxipirin, aminophenazone, antraphenine, aspirin, azapropazone, benorilate, benoxaprofen, benzydamine, butibufen, celecoxib, chlorthenoxacin, choline salicylate, clometacin, dexketoprofen, diclofenac, diflunisal, emorfazone, epirizole; etodolac, etoricoxib, feclobuzone, felbinac, fenbufen, fenclofenac, flurbiprofen, glafenine, hydroxylethyl salicylate, ibuprofen, indometacin, indoprofen, ketoprofen, ketorolac, lactyl phenetidin, loxoprofen, lumiracoxib, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, metamizole, metiazinic acid, mofebutazone, mofezolac, nabumetone, naproxen, nifenazone, niflumic acid, oxametacin, phenacetin, pipebuzone, pranoprofen, propyphenazone, proquazone, protizinic acid, rofecoxib, salicylamide, salsalate, sulindac, suprofen, tiaramide, tinoridine, tolfenamic acid, valdecoxib, and zomepirac.

[0098] NSAIDs may be classified based on their chemical structure or mechanism of action. Non-limiting examples of NSAIDs include a salicylate derivative NSAID, a p-amino phenol derivative NSAID, a propionic acid derivative NSAID, an acetic acid derivative NSAID, an enolic acid derivative NSAID, a fenamic acid derivative NSAID, a non- selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, a selective cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitor, and a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. An NSAID may be a profen. Examples of a suitable salicylate derivative NSAID include, without limitation, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), diflunisal, and salsalate. Examples of a suitable p-amino phenol derivative NSAID include, without limitation, paracetamol and phenacetin. Examples of a suitable propionic acid derivative NSAID include, without limitation, alminoprofen, benoxaprofen, dexketoprofen, fenoprofen, flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, indoprofen, ketoprofen, loxoprofen, naproxen, oxaprozin, pranoprofen, and suprofen. Examples of a suitable acetic acid derivative NSAID include, without limitation, aceclofenac, acemetacin, actarit, alcofenac, amfenac, clometacin, diclofenac, etodolac, felbinac, fenclofenac, indometacin, ketorolac, metiazinic acid, mofezolac, nabumetone, naproxen, oxametacin, sulindac, and zomepirac. Examples of a suitable enolic acid (oxicam) derivative NSAID include, without limitation, droxicam, isoxicam, Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO lornoxicam, meloxicam, piroxicam, and tenoxicam. Examples of a suitable fenamic acid derivative NSAID include, without limitation, flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, and tolfenamic acid. Examples of a suitable selective COX-2 inhibitors include, without limitation, celecoxib, etoricoxib, firocoxib, lumiracoxib, meloxicam, parecoxib, rofecoxib, and valdecoxib.

[0099] A therapeutically effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein generally is in the range of about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 100 mg / kg / day. An effective amount may be, e.g., at least 0.001 mg / kg / day, at least 0.01 mg / kg / day, at least 0.1 mg / kg / day, at least 1.0 mg / kg / day, at least 5.0 mg / kg / day, at least 10 mg / kg / day, at least 15 mg / kg / day, at least 20 mg / kg / day, at least 25 mg / kg / day, at least 30 mg / kg / day, at least 35 mg / kg / day, at least 40 mg / kg / day, at least 45 mg / kg / day, or at least 50 mg / kg / day. In some examples, an effective amount of a therapeutic compound may be in the range of about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 10 mg / kg / day, about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 15 mg / kg / day, about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 20 mg / kg / day, about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 25 mg / kg / day, about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 30 mg / kg / day, about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 35 mg / kg / day, about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 40 mg / kg / day, about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 45 mg / kg / day, about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 50 mg / kg / day, about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 75 mg / kg / day, or about 0.001 mg / kg / day to about 100 mg / kg / day. In other examples, an effective amount of a therapeutic compound disclosed herein may be in the range of, e.g., about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 10 mg / kg / day, about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 15 mg / kg / day, about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 20 mg / kg / day, about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 25 mg / kg / day, about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 30 mg / kg / day, about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 35 mg / kg / day, about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 40 mg / kg / day, about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 45 mg / kg / day, about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 50 mg / kg / day, about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 75 mg / kg / day, or about 0.01 mg / kg / day to about 100 mg / kg / day.

[0100] In addition to pharmaceutical compositions, compounds described herein may be formulated as an elixir, a beverage, a chew, a tablet, a lozenge, a gum, or the like. According to another aspect, the pharmaceutical compositions may also be formulated as a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle such as a capsule, tablet, syrup, lozenge, inhaler, e-cigarette, chewable gum, nasal spray, transdermal patch, liquid, transmucosal vehicle, hydrogel, nanosome, liposome, noisome, nanoparticle, nanosphere, Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO microsphere, microparticle, microemulsion, nanosuspension, or micelle. The compositions may also be formulated, for example, as dietary supplements or nutraceuticals.

[0101] The description of embodiments of the disclosure is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise form disclosed. While specific embodiments of, and examples for, the disclosure are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the disclosure, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize. For example, while method steps or functions are presented in a given order, alternative embodiments may perform functions in a different order, or functions may be performed substantially concurrently. The teachings of the disclosure provided herein can be applied to other procedures or methods as appropriate. The various embodiments described herein can be combined to provide further embodiments. Aspects of the disclosure can be modified, if necessary, to employ the compositions, functions and concepts of the above references and application to provide yet further embodiments of the disclosure. Moreover, due to biological functional equivalency considerations, some changes can be made in protein structure without affecting the biological or chemical action in kind or amount. These and other changes can be made to the disclosure in light of the detailed description. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A compound having a structure of Formula (I):Formula (I) wherein R1and R2are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, protected hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycle; wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl or acyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NRARB, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO2-alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycle; wherein RAand RBare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4alkyl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl, whether alone or as part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, —COOH, —C(O)—C1-4alkyl, —C(O)O—C1-4alkyl, NRCRD, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO2-alkyl; wherein RCand RDare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl; R3 and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, acyl, —SO2- alkyl, —SO2-aryl and —SO2-heteroaryl; wherein the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NRERF, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl, —SO2-alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and wherein REand RFare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4alkyl; wherein the aryl or heteroaryl, whether alone or as part of a substituent group, is optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from theAtty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO group consisting of halogen, —OH, alkyl, —O-alkyl, NRGRH, —S-alkyl, —SO-alkyl and —SO2-alkyl; wherein RGand RHare each independently selected from hydrogen and C1-4 alkyl; and each _________ represents a single or double bond, with the proviso that within a 5-membered ring, one or two _________ is a double bond and the remaining _________ are single bonds; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

2. The compound of claim 1 which has a structure of Formula (IA):Formula (IA) wherein one _________ is a single bond and the other _________ is a double bond; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

3. The compound of claim 1 which has a structure of Formula (II):Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WO Formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

4. The compound of claim 3, wherein R2is C1-C4straight-chained or branched alkyl.

5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R4is H.

6. The compound of claim 4, wherein R4 is CH3.

7. The compound of claim 3, wherein R2 is C5-C10 straight-chained or branched alkyl.

8. The compound of claim 6, wherein R4 is H.

9. The compound of claim 6, wherein R4 is CH3.

10. The compound of claim 3, which has a structure selected from the group consisting of:Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WOor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

11. A compound of claim 3 which has the structure:Atty Dkt No.009806.00143\WOor a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof.

12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of any preceding claim and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle therefor.

13. Use of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 for treating anxiety, addiction, depression, pain, epilepsy, a sleep disorder or an eating disorder.

14. Use of the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13, wherein the addiction is an addiction to tobacco.

15. Use of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 for treating a bacterial infection or a viral infection.

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