Weevil attractant kits and compositions and their use

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of attracting (luring) insect individuals, such as for research and / or monitoring and / or crop protection purposes. More in particular the invention relates to attracting insect individuals selected from various weevil species from the subfamily Curculioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Description

[0001] WEEVIL ATTRACTANT KITS AND COMPOSITIONS AND THEIR USE

[0002] FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0003] The present invention relates to the field of attracting (luring) insect individuals, such as for research and / or crop protection purposes. More in particular the invention relates to attracting insect individuals selected from various weevil species from the subfamily Curculioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). For this the invention provides improved kits and compositions comprising a number of compounds, that are semiochemical attractants for a weevil species from the subfamily Curculioninae, together with verbenone (or an analog). Methods and uses connected to the kits and compositions are also provided.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] Weevils, including weevils from the subfamily Curculioninae, are notorious pests of various cultivated plants causing considerable damage. Most species have a limited host plant range. For example, Anthonomus musculus feeds primarily on blueberry and cranberry flower(bud)s, Anthonomus eugenii is a major pest of all species of cultivated peppers (Capsicum spp.), Anthonomus grandis is a pest of cotton, Anthonomus rubi impacts strawberry plants, Anthonomus pomorum is a pest of apple crops, Anthonomus signatus is a pest of strawberry, Curculio caryae feeds on pecan and related host plants.

[0006] Combating weevils from the subfamily Curculioninae in many cases makes use of attracting individuals with semiochemicals, in particular pheromones, in combination with trapping and / or killing. For detecting weevil populations and monitoring their development, both for pest management and research purposes, attracting individuals also is of relevance. For various weevil species in the subfamily Curculioninae the constituents of the natural pheromone have been identified and commercial pheromone compositions are available. Reference may for example be made to the overview experiment presented in Tewari et al. (2014). Further overviews are presented in Tumlinson et al. (1969), Eller et al. (1994) and Szendrei et al. (2011). For example, seven common aggregation pheromone components, viz. (Z)-2- isopropenyl- 1 -methylcyclobutaneethanol (1), (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2), (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3), (Z)-(3,3- dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4), (E)-(3,3 dimethyl cyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5), (E)-(3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol (6) and (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6- octadienoic acid (7) have been identified for the genus Anthonomus (see Szendrei et al. (2011) and Tewari et al. (2014)). The chemical structures of these compounds are presented in figure 1. A commercial pheromone designed to attract Anthonomus grandis containing four of these seven compounds has been marketed by Hereon (Hereon Environmental, Emigsville, PA) onder the name Grandlure. The four pheromone components included in the Grandlure composition are the following (as presented in figure 1): compound 1 (Grandlure I), compound 2 ((Z) Grandlure II), compound 4 (Grandlure III), compound 5 (Grandlure IV) (see Tumlinson et al. (1969) and Mitlin et al (1974)). A pheromone attractant kit designed to attract Anthonomus eugenii is marketed by Trece Inc (Adair OK, USA) under their Pherocon® brand designated as PEW (pepper weevil) pheromone. This pheromone attractant kit consists of a dual lure system of a first vial containing a composition (PEW I) containing compounds 2, 3, 4 and5 and a second vial containing a composition (PEW II) containing compounds 6 and 7. The Pherocon PEW kits can be obtained via Koppert Mexico (Marques, Queretaro, Mexico).

[0007] There is an ongoing need in the art for improved attractants for attracting weevil individuals from species from the subfamily Curculioninae. The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that weevil individuals from species from the subfamily Curculioninae are more strongly attracted to attracting semiochemicals, when these attracting semiochemicals are combined with verbenone (4,6,6- trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) and / or verbenone analogs.

[0008] Verbenone is known in the prior art as an antiaggregant semiochemical repelling individuals from weevil species from the genus Dendroctomus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and from other weevil species from the subfamily Scolytinae (see US9877477, Fettig et al (2015), Gaylord et al. (2020), Fettig and Munson, 2020). US 10542749 reports a combination of verbenone with wintergreen oil as effective in repelling individuals from Anthonomus grandis. There is thus no report in the prior art of verbenone being involved in attracting weevil individuals from the subfamily Curculioninae.

[0009] During the course of the research leading to the present invention the inventors have surprisingly observed attraction of weevil individuals from the subfamily Curculioninae to verbenone, when in combination with a number of other semiochemical attractants, in particular compounds form the aggregation pheromone. The observed attracting effects of the combination of verbenone with the semiochemical attractants was higher than when using the semiochemical attractants without verbenone.

[0010] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0011] The invention according to a first aspect relates to a kit of parts comprising: a dispenser comprising a verbenone compound selected from verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) or a verbenone analogue; a number of dispensers comprising a number of semiochemical attractants for individuals of a target insect species selected from the subfamily Curculioninae; optionally an insect trap suitable for trapping individuals of the target species.

[0012] According to a further aspect the invention relates to a composition comprising:

[0013] (i) a verbenone compound selected from verbenone (4,6,6- trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) or verbenone analogue;

[0014] (ii) a number of semiochemical attractant for individuals of a target insect species selected from the subfamily Curculioninae;

[0015] (iii) optionally a carrier.

[0016] Yet a further aspect of the invention relates to the use of a verbenone compound selected from verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) or a verbenone analogue for attracting individuals of a target insect species selected from the subfamily Curculioninae, wherein in said use the verbenone compound is used in combination with a semiochemical attractant for the target insect species. Also for this aspect of the invention attracting the target insect species preferably is for trapping and / or killing the individuals, such as for pest control e.g., in crop protection.

[0017] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0018] Figure 1 presents the structures of chemical compounds relevant for the invention.

[0019] Figure 2 presents the layout of the experimental design of experiment 1.

[0020] Figure 3 presents results from experiment 1, in particular the number of pepper weevil adults captured on sticky cards per treatment on different monitoring dates.

[0021] Figure 4 presents further results from experiment 1, in particular the number of pepper weevil adults counted around the traps of the treatments on different monitoring dates. Figure 5 presents additional results from experiment 1, in particular the average number of pepper weevil adults per treatment of the experiment.

[0022] Figure 6 presents results from experiment 2, in particular the accumulate capture of A. eugenii adults per treatment of the experiment.

[0023] Figure 7 presents results from experiment 3, in particular the effect of different components of commercial pepper weevil pheromone plus verbenone.

[0024] Figure 8 presents results from experiment 4, in particular the number of captured boll weevils per trap per treatment of the experiment.

[0025] Figure 9 presents an overview of taxa of target insect species for which the various combinations of the verbenone compound with compound (2) and optional additional compounds are considered for use as an attractant are.

[0026] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027] The kit of parts of the invention comprises a dispenser comprising a verbenone compound, such as verbenone and / or an analog, and a number of dispensers comprising a semiochemical attractant for individuals of an insect species selected from the subfamily Curculioninae.

[0028] When referring to verbenone in connection to the present invention, reference is made to 2-pinen-4-one or 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one. Verbenone can be isolated from essential oil from plants from the genus Verbena, such as Verbena officinalis. It can also be synthesized from the more common terpene oc-pinen (see e.g. US2911442). The skilled person will know that for verbenone different stereoisomers exist. Reference to verbenone, may be to any of its stereoisomer forms including (L) verbenone, (S) Verbenone, (-) Verbenone (CAS 1196-01-6, compound Va in figure 1) and its isomer D-Verbenone, (R) Verbenone, (+) Verbenone (CAS 18309-32-5, compound Vb in figure 1) or any Verbenone containing isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium) and Carbon (13 Carbon) at any position in its structure. It is preferred that the verbenone is (-)-verbenone (CAS 1196-01-6) also synonymously designated as (S)- verbenone, (IS)-verbenone or (S)-(-)-verbenone (compound Va in figure 1).

[0029] Verbenone analogs have also been shown to have the enhancing effect on the attracting activity of semiochemicals on individuals from species from the subfamily Curculioninae. The invention therefore is not limited to verbenone, but also extends to such verbenone analogues. Suitable verbenone analogues may for example be selected from verbanone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]heptan-2-one, compound Vc in figure 1), verbenol (2-pinen-4-ol or 4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-ol) and oc-pinene. The skilled person will understand that also for verbenone, verbenol and oc-pinene different stereochemical isomers exist. When a general reference is made to a “verbenone compound”, this includes any stereoisomer of verbenone or of a verbenone analogue discussed above, in particular verbenone and / or verbenol and / or oc-pinene, including cis-verbenol (compound Vd in figure 1) or trans-verbenol (compound Ve in figure 1), (-)-oc-pinene (compound Vf in figure 1), or (+)-oc-pinene (compound Vg in figure 1). The term “verbenone compound” can thus be replaced by “verbenone and / or an analogue” in particular by “verbenone or an analogue” and vice versa.

[0030] In the kit of parts of the invention, the verbenone compound is present in a dispenser. The term “dispenser” and its plurals and synonymous terms should be understood to mean any suitable means for dispensing an amount of the verbenone compound. Dispensing meaning releasing, in particular releasing for dispersion and / or distribution. Due to the relative high volatility and low concentration for effectiveness, verbenone and its analogues can be passively dispersed by evaporation. For this the verbenone compound may be present as such in a container which allows passage of vapour of the verbenone compound from the interior of the container to the exterior of the container. For this the container may have a number of openings connecting an interior space of the container, where the verbenone compound is present, with the exterior space of the container. The term “a number of’ should be understood to mean “at least one”, such as “one or more”, for example “a plurality”. Preferably, a number of is any number selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, most preferably, 1, 2 or 3. Transfer from the verbenone compound from the interior of a container to the exterior may also proceed via diffusion through a material. For example, it is known that semiochemicals may diffuse through polymers such as silicone or polypropylene. It is thus not necessary that openings are provided that connect an interior space of the container, where the verbenone compound is present, with the exterior space of the container.

[0031] Alternatively, the verbenone compound may be in a composition comprising the verbenone compound preferably together with a carrier. The carrier may be any suitable carrier in liquid, gel, paste or solid form from which the verbenone may diffuse for distribution. Systems for distribution of semiochemicals by diffusion from a liquid, gel, paste or solid are known in the art (see e.g. Heusink et al. (2011)) and can be used in analogy for the distribution of verbenone. The composition may further comprise additional compounds like UV- stabilizers, antioxidants and / or surfactants.

[0032] According to certain embodiments, the dispenser may actively dispense the verbenone or the verbenone composition, such as by spraying. For this it is preferred that the composition comprising the verbenone is in a liquid form. Any spraying device suitable to create a spray of a liquid may be used.

[0033] The verbenone compound may be present in the dispenser in a composition in a range between 0.001 % by weight to 100% by weight, such as 50 % by weight to 99%, % by weight or as pure verbenone (100 % by weight). As is the case for many other semiochemicals, the verbenone compound exerts its activity in vapour and / or gaseous form. The contents of the verbenone compound in the composition in the dispenser thus should be sufficient to release sufficient vapor and / or gaseous verbenone compound, depending on the (environmental) circumstances, as can be determined by the skilled person. The skilled person will further understand that spraying and / or misting will change the dynamics of evaporation and vapor formation. The amount of the verbenone compound present in the dispenser is not of high relevance for the activity of the verbenone compound but, as the skilled person will understand, may influence the duration of its activity (there should be sufficient verbenone compound for evaporation and / or vapor formation). 0.3 to 5.0 g, such as 0.5 to 1.5 g of verbenone compound can effectively be used.

[0034] As the skilled person knows, verbenone may be isolated from essential oils of Rosmarinus officinalis and Artemisia diffusa plants, but can also be chemically synthesized by oxidation of oc-pinene. Similarly, verbenone compounds have known natural and synthetic sources. The different forms of verbenone are commercially available in various grades from different suppliers. The chemical structures of (+) and (-) verbenone are presented in figure 1 as compounds Vb and Va respectively.

[0035] The verbenone compound, such as verbenone, in the dispenser maybe a pure verbenone compound but preferably is in a composition comprising the verbenone compound together with a carrier. As the skilled person will know a carrier may be used to lower the effective concentration of a semiochemical and / or may help in forming a presentation form better suitable for application and / or dispersal of the semiochemical. Selection of suitable carriers are within the ambit of the skilled person. The carrier may be a single compound, such as a suitable solvent, or may be a more complex formulation comprising multiple compounds. According to certain preferred embodiments the carrier comprises a polymer or wax matrix such as in the SPLAT system marketed by ISCA (see US78887828 and Gaylord et al. 2020).

[0036] The container holding the verbenone compound, preferably in a verbenone composition, may be any container suitable for holding the verbenone compound and similar semiochemicals. For dispensing the verbenone compound the container preferably is openable, such as via a lid or a different opening. Alternatively, the container may be constructed from a material that allows transmission of the verbenone compound, such that is released to the environment. When a container from a material that allows transmission of verbenone is used, the contained preferably is packaged in a packaging that does not allow transmission of the verbenone compound.

[0037] The target insect species from the subfamily Curculioninae, preferably is selected from: - (a) the tribe Anthonomini, in particular selected from the genus Anthonomus, such as Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus eugenii, Anthonomus rubi, Anthonomus musculus, Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Anthonomus bisignifer, Anthonomus pomorum, Anthonomus signatus, Anthonomus Santacruzi, the genus Acalyptops, the genus Achia, the genus Adelus, the genus Anthonomopsis, the genus Apopnictus, the genus Assuanensius, the genus Atractomerus, the genus Botanebius, the genus Brachonyx, the genus Brachyogmus, the genus Bradybatus, the genus Chelonychus, the genus Cioness, the genus Cionomimus, the genus Cionopsis, the genus Coccotorus, the genus Cremastorhynchus, the genus Dietzianus, the genus Ephelops, the genus Epimechus, the genus Huaca, the genus Eepidoops, the genus Eonchophorellus, the genus Loncophorus, the genus Macrobrachonyx, the genus Magdalinops, the genus Melexeras, the genus Nanops, the genus Narberdia, the genus Neomastix, the genus Neosphinctocraerus , the genus Omogonus, the genus Onychoenemis, the genus Parendoeopsis, the genus Phacellopterus, the genus Pseudanthonomus, the genus Pseudopoophagus, the genus Smicraulax, the genus Sphincticraerus, the genus Synnadophila, or the genus Telphasia',

[0038] - (b) the tribe Curculionini, in particular selected from the genus Curculio, such as Curculio analis, Curculio budjumkanensis, Curculio caryae, Curculio discreticoxis, Curculio elephas, Curculio glandium, Curculio imitator, Curculio lateritius, Curculio nucum, Curculio pellitus, Curculio propinquus, Curculio quincunx, Curculio reichei, Curculio rishwani, Curculio rubidus, Curculio sellatus, Curculio venosus, Curculio villosus, Curculio alliariae, Curculio aterrimus, Curculio cornutus, Curculio emeritus, Curculio indus, Curculio mucoreus, Curculio purpureus, Curculio pusio, Curculio quinquemaculatus, Curculio rufipes, the genus Archarius, the genus Aviranus, the genus Carponinophilus, the genus Carponinus, the genus Ergania, the genus Indoxx, the genus Koreoculio, the genus Eabaninus, the genus Megaoculus, the genus Pagumia, the genus Pimelata, the genus Pseudobalaninus, the genus Pseudoculio, the genus Shigizo or the genus Timola.

[0039] Selection of the target species from the genus Anthonomus or the genus Curculio, is preferred, more preferably the target species is selected from A. grandis, A. eugenii, A. rubi, A. musculus or C. caryae, more preferably A. grandis or A. eugenii, most preferably A. eugenii. In the early phases of the research leading to this invention, the inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that verbenone increases the attraction of individuals from the species Anthonomus grandis and Anthonomus eugenii to their pheromones. Szendrei et al. (2011) discloses that (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2) is a common major constituent of the pheromone attractant from species from the genus Anthonomus species and related Curculio species. Based on the surprising findings of the inventors, it may thus be expected that the observed effects of verbenone on increasing attraction of both Anthonomus grandis and Anthonomus eugenii to their respective pheromone attractants must be connected to the common major pheromone constituent (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2) and that similar effects may be expected for other related weevils within the subfamily Curculioninae and in particular within the tribes Anthonomini and Curculionini. It may further be expected that the addition of further semiochemical attractants that form part of the pheromone attractant complex of species within the subfamily Curculioninae, and in particular within the tribes Anthonomini and Curculionini, will further enhance the attraction of such species.

[0040] In preferred embodiments of the kit of parts of the invention the number of dispensers comprising the semiochemical attractant for the target species comprises a dispenser containing (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (CAS 26532-23-0). This compound is presented in figure 1 as compound 2 and in this application, reference to (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol may further by made as “compound 2”, “compound (2)”, “Grandlure II” and similar terms. Compound 2 is commercially available from different suppliers and may be synthesized as disclosed by Tumlinson et al. (1969).

[0041] In the different embodiments of the invention, the semiochemical attractant for the target species may be in a composition preferably comprising a carrier similar to what is disclosed above for the verbenone composition. Also, the container may have features similar to those referred to above for the verbenone composition. According to certain embodiments verbenone and the semiochemical attractant, preferably compound 2, may be present in a single composition in a single dispenser. The kit of parts may comprise a number of semiochemical attractants for individuals of the target insect species. In the embodiments wherein the semiochemical attractant comprises compound (2), a number of further semiochemical attractants preferably is selected from the list consisting of (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanol (1), (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3), (Z)-(3, 3 -dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4), (E)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5), (E)-(3,7- dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol (6) and (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7). Within the context of the present invention, the phrase “a number of’ should be construed as meaning “one or more”, and includes “a plurality”, and specific numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. More preferably the number of semiochemical attractant comprises a plurality of further semiochemical attractants. Compounds (1), (3), (4), (5), (6) and (7) together with compound (2) form a pool of the constituents of the aggregation pheromone of species from the subfamily Curculionidae, in particular from the tribe Anthonomini, such as the genus Anthonomus, including A. eugenii, A. grandis, A, rubi, A. musculus and form the tribe Curculionini, such as the genus Curculio, including C. caryae (see Szendrei et al. (2011)). Thus, the presence of one or more of these compounds will add to the attraction of such species, depending on the species (see e.g. Szendrei et al. (2011)). In addition, from this pool of compounds, in combination with a verbenone compound, such as Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, Vg, Vf, preferebaly Va or Vb, most preferably Va, and compound (2) an attracting semiochemical combination could be designed with an overlapping attracting activity towards multiple species from the indicated taxa.

[0042] More preferably the number of semiochemical compounds are selected from (Z)-2-(3,3- dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2) together with (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l- methylcyclobutaneethanol (1) and / or (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3). The combination of compound (2) and (1) is a relevant combination for attracting A. grandis, C. caryae and A. rubi, whereas the combination of compound (2) and (3) is a relevant combination for attracting A. eugenii. The combination of compounds (2) and (1) and (3) together with verbenone provides an overlapping attraction towards these species.

[0043] According to certain embodiments, the number of semiochemical attractants preferably comprises at least one compound selected from (Z)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4) and (E)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5), and preferably comprise both compounds. Compounds (4) and (5) are relevant constituents of the aggregation pheromone of A. musculus, A. grandis and C. caryae (see Szendrei et al. (2011)). Thus, their presence will add to the attraction of these and related species.

[0044] The invention further relates to embodiments wherein the number of semiochemicals comprises compounds (2) and (3) and (4) and (5) and (6) and (7). This combination of compounds is in particular useful for attracting A. eugenii. The invention also relates to embodiments wherein the number of semiochemicals comprises compounds (1) and (2) and (4) and (5). This combination of compounds is in particular useful for attracting A. grandis and C. caryae. The invention also relates to embodiments wherein the number of semiochemicals comprises compounds (2) and (4) and (5) and (6). This combination of compounds is in particular useful for attracting A. musculus. The invention also relates to embodiments wherein the number of semiochemicals comprises compounds (1) and (2) and 5-methyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-l-ol (8). Compounds (8), 5- Methyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-l-ol (or lavandulol) was not discussed so far. It is a relevant component of the aggregation pheromone of A. rubi (see Szendrei (2011)). The combination of compounds (2), (1) and (8) therefore is in particular useful for attracting A. rubi.

[0045] Combinations of verbenone and compound 2 together with compounds (1), (3)-(7) envisaged in the present invention are presented in table 1 below. In table 1, an “X” marks whether a certain compound is present in a combination of compounds. Combinations are coded in the rightest column in accordance with the compounds present. In the coding “Vx” revers to verbenone or a verbenone analogue and in particular "Vx” may be any of “Va” ((-) verbenone), “Vb” ((+) verbenone), “Vc” “Verbenon”, “Vd” (cis-verbenol), “Ve” (trans-verbenol), “Vf ’ ((-)-oc-pinene), “Vg” (+)- oc-pinene. The numbers (l)-(7) corresponds to the number of compounds (l)-(7). Thus, by way of example, combination Vx21345 comprises verbenone compound (any of Va- Vg) together with compounds (2), (1), (3), (4), (5). Thus, Vx21345 would include Va21345, Vb21345, Vc21345, Vd21345, Ve21345, Vf21345, Vg21345. “Vx” preferably is “Va” ((-) verbenone) or “Vb” ((+) verbenone) and most preferably “Vx” is “Va” ((-) verbenone). The invention therefore explicitly comprises all combinations of table 1, wherein Vx is Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, Vf, Vg and in particular is Va or Vb, most preferably Va. In table 1 combinations which are preferred are presented in bold font. Combinations which are most preferred apart from a presentation in bold font are also underlined. Table 1. Combinations of invention ofverbenone compounds and compound 2 together with other compounds (1), (3)-(7). The combination of the verbenone compound with compound (2) and optionally other compounds selected from compounds (1), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) provides an enhanced attraction of weevil individuals from the subfamily Curculioninae, in comparison to the attraction by the (combination of) compound(s) in the absence of verbenone.

[0046] An overview of taxa of target insect species for which the various combinations of the verbenone compound with compound (2) and optional additional compounds are considered for use as an attractant are presented in figure 9.

[0047] In figure 9, the combination of taxa of target insects and compound combinations Vx2- Vx2134567 and Vx2234567 from table 1 considered in the present invention are labeled CT1-CT5529. Where a CT code is presented at the cross point of a compound combination and a target insect taxon, the respective combination is envisaged in the present invention. Combinations of target insect taxa, with compound combinations that are preferred are presented with a bold CT code. For combinations of target insect taxa and compound combinations that are more preferred, the CT code is presented bold and underlined. From the bold and bold / underlined CT combinations of figure 9, the combinations connected to A. grandis, A. eugenii, A. rubi, A. musculus, C. caryae have a higher preference. The invention explicitly relates to all CT1-CT5529 combinations (presented in figure 9), wherein Vx is “Va” ((-) verbenone), “Vb” ((+) verbenone), “Vc” “Verbenon”, “Vd” (cis-verbenol), “Ve” (trans-verbenol), “Vf” ((-)-oc-pinene), “Vg” (+)- oc-pinene, preferably “Va” ((-) verbenone) or “Vb” ((+) verbenone). Most preferably in the CT1-CT5529 combinations (presented in figure 9) Vx is “Va” ((-) verbenone). When the number of selected semiochemical attractants includes (E)-(3,7-dimethyl-2,6- octadien-l-ol (6) and / or (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7) and / or 5-Methyl-2- (prop-l-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-l-ol (8), preferably (E)-(3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol (6) and (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7), and a part from these compounds also (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2) and / or (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l- methylcyclobutaneethanol (1) and / or (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3), it is preferred that the (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7) and / or 5-Methyl-2- (prop-l-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-l-ol (8) are in a sperate dispenser from said (Z)-2-(3,3- dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2) and / or (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l- methylcyclobutaneethanol (1) and / or (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3). Some commercially available pheromones do not combine compounds (6) and / or (7) and / or compound (8) with compounds (2), (1), (3) in a single dispenser. Thus, (6) and / or (7) and / or (8), may need to be added in a separate dispenser, if it is desired to use them. It is advantageous, if the verbenone compound is used together with commercially available pheromone compositions.

[0048] As discussed above, it is most preferred that the semiochemical attractant includes compound (2). However, inclusion of compound (2) in the selection of the semiochemical attractant is not required for the invention. The skilled person will know that other semiochemicals may attract species from the subfamily Curculionidae. For example, it is know that the other compounds (1), (3), (4), (5), (6), (7), (8) have attracting activity on different species from the subfamily Curculionidae. In particular, it is known that compound (1) is a relevant component of the aggregation pheromone of A. grandis, C. caryae and A. rubi, whereas compound (3) is relevant for attracting A. eugenii and compounds (4) and (5) are relevant for attracting A. musculus (see Szendrei (2011)). The number of semiochemical attractants selected thus alternatively may comprise compound (1) and / or compound (3) and / or compound (4) and / or compound

[0049] (5), and their combinations, optionally together with further compounds selected from

[0050] (6), (7), (8). Preferred selections within this alternative are (1) and (4), for example for attracting A. grandis, and C. caryae-, (1) and (5) for example for attracting A. grandis, and C. caryae-, (1) and (5), for example for attracting A. eugenii-, (3) and (7) for example for attracting A. eugenii-, (4) and (5), for example for attracting A. grandis, A. musculus, C. caryae; (4) and (6), for example for attracting A. musculus.

[0051] Other semiochemicals that are known to attract certain weevils from the subfamily Curculioninae may for example be selected from fl-Caryophyllene (CAS 87-44-5), (Z)- 3-Hexen-l-ol (CAS 928-96-1), perylene (CAS 198-55-0), E,E, alpha-famesene (CAS502-61-4), 3-carene (13466-78-9). ^-Caryophyllene (CAS 87-44-5) for example is known to attract A. grandis and A. pomorum (see for example Collatz et al. (2013)). (Z)-3-Hexen-l-ol (CAS 928-96-1), perylene (CAS 198-55-0) and E,E, alpha-farnesene (CAS502-61-4), 3-carene (13466-78-9) are known to attract A. pomorum (see for example Kalinova (2000)). These semiochemical attractants according to the invention may alternatively be used in combination with the verbenone compound of the invention. In general, attracting semiochemical plant volatiles from a host plant of the target species can be selected as the semiochemical attractant for use in combination with the verbenone compound of the invention. Again, also for these embodiments of the invention the verbenone compound in particular is selected from “Va” ((-) verbenone), “Vb” ((+) verbenone), “Vc” “Verbenon”, “Vd” (cis-verbenol), “Ve” (trans- verbenol), “Vf” ((-)-oc-pinene), “Vg” (+)-oc-pinene, preferably Va” ((-) verbenone) or “Vb” ((+) verbenone), most preferably “Va” ((-) verbenone).

[0052] The kit of parts further optionally comprises a number of insect traps, preferably a plurality of insect traps. The number of insect traps should be suitable for trapping individuals of the target taxa, in particular from the above indicated taxa from the subfamily Curculionidae. Traps suitable for capturing individuals of the subfamily Curculionidae, in particular sticky cards (or sticky traps) are well known in the art and are common for use in monitoring and capturing various insects, including weevils, including weevils from the subfamily Curculionidae. For example, reference may be made to Tewari et al. (2014), Szendrei et al. (2011), and WO2011 / 156762. It is most preferred that the number of traps is a number of sticky card trap. Examples of such sticky card traps are the Horiver range of products from Koppert (Berkel and Rodenrijs, The Netherlands).

[0053] According to a preferred embodiment the number of insect traps included in the kit of parts of the invention thus comprises a body having a surface, preferably a flat surface, wherein said surface contains an adhesive. According to certain preferred embodiments traps comprise a plurality of surfaces. An adhesive should be construed to mean a compound or material to which insect individuals, in particular selected from the target species, will adhere or stick. Non-limiting examples of adhesives include, but are not limited to glue, starch, honey, pectin, gluten, an adhesive tape. According to a preferred embodimenta trap further comprises means for attachment, suitable to attach the trap in the target area, such as a cropping environment, where the target species is to be trapped. Suitable attachment means for attachment may for example be a string or wire for attachment to a plant, to a pole or stick positioned in the ground or to a wire spanned in the target area. Alternatively, the means for attachment may be an opening or hook suitable for attachment to a plant, pole or wire. The means for attachment may be an integral part of the body of the trap or may be connected thereto. As the skilled person will know, sticky card traps and other traps preferably have a colour that further attracts the target species. For target species from the subfamily Curculioninae a yellow surface, preferably a green-yellow-fluorescent surface, is often used to attract the target species. Such a yellow surface according to some embodiments may be characterized by a peak reflectance between 535-575 nm, preferably between 540-570 nm, more preferably between 541-565 nm, such as 541-550 nm or 555-565 nm. The surface of the body of the trap preferably comprises a section having such reflectance features. A surface having a different colour, such as a white surface, may alternatively be used. It is preferred that the surface has a significant reflectance, such as over 25%, over 30%, over 35%, or over 40% at a wavelength in the UV range, in particular below 400 nm, such as between 400-200 nm, preferably between 400-300 nm, more preferably between 400-350 nm. The surface preferably is bright in colour, thus preferably at the peak of its reflectance, the reflectance is over 50%, such as over 55%, or over 60%, preferably over 65%, such as over 70% or over 75%, more preferably over 80%, such as over 85% or over 90%. As the skilled person will know, reflectance can be measured using spectroradiometry.

[0054] When the kit of parts of the invention comprises a number of traps, it is further preferred that the kit comprises means for attaching the dispenser comprising verbenone and / or the number of dispensers comprising a number semiochemical attractants for individuals of the target insect species to a number of traps. Said means may be means separate from the dispenser comprising verbenone and / or the number of dispensers comprising the number semiochemical attractants, like tape, wire or a string. Alternatively, said attachment means may be connected to a number of dispensers and / or the number of traps of the kit of parts. For example, when a dispenser is a container, the attachment means may be an attachment section comprising a receiving opening suitable to receive the body of the container. For example, if the container is a vial having a circular circumference, the attachment means may be a ring having a receiving opening with a diameter suitable to receive the vial connected to a trap. It should be emphasized that attachment of the dispensers is not required and according to some embodiments it is sufficient that the dispenser comprising verbenone and / or the number of dispensers comprising a number semiochemical attractants are in the proximity, that is within several meters, preferably within one metre of the number of traps. The kit of parts preferably comprises instructions for use of the dispenser comprising verbenone in combination with the number of dispensers comprising a number semiochemical attractants for individuals of the target insect species for attracting the target species. The instructions may contain written information and / or may contain info graphical information. The instructions may be in printed form. Alternatively, the instructions may be in electronic form. Electronic information may be stored on an electronic data carrier, such as a memory device, for example a CD ROM or a Flash Memory device or may be accessible online by providing a digital address, such as an interlink, pointing to a server location where the information is stored.

[0055] The invention further relates to a composition comprising:

[0056] (i) a verbenone compound, selected from verbenone (4,6,6- trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one), or an analogue;

[0057] (ii) a number of semiochemical attractants for individuals of a target insect species selected from the subfamily Curculioninae, wherein preferably the number of semiochemical attractants comprises (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl- cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2);

[0058] (iii) optionally a carrier.

[0059] Such a composition may be part of the kit of parts of the invention. Its features have already been discussed in the discussion of the kit of parts of the invention. It is emphasized that the variations of the features discussed in connection to the kit of parts of the invention also apply to the composition of the invention. In particular the target species may be selected as indicated in connection to the description relating to the kit of parts. In addition, the composition of the invention includes all the combinations of table 1, wherein Vx is “Va” ((-) verbenone), “Vb” ((+) verbenone), “Vc” “Verbenon”, “Vd” (cis-verbenol), “Ve” (trans- verbenol), “Vf ’ ((-)-oc-pinene), “Vg” (+)-oc-pinene, and preferably is Va or Vb and most preferably is “Va” ((-) verbenone). In addition, the composition of the invention includes all the combinations of CT1-CT5529 (, presented in figure 9) wherein Vx is Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, Vf, Vg and in particular wherein Vx is Va or Vb and most preferably is Va. US 10542749 and the related patent US 1095943 disclose repellent compositions for Coleoptera comprising verbenone in combination with an anti-aggregation pheromone, in particular a methyl salicylate source, such as wintergreen oil. Wintergreen oil according to these patents is extracted from plants from the genus Gaultheria and its components are methyl salicylate (98%), oc-pinene, myrcene, delta-3 -carene, limonene, 3,7-guaiadiene and delta-cadinene. The disclosure of US 10542749 and US 1095943 includes a reference test composition comprising apart from verbenone (+) and Wintergreen oil also the Grandlure attractant of Anthonomus grandis. This reference test composition by no means is an embodiment of the invention of US 10542749 and / or US 1095943 but instead, in support of the repellent effect of verbenone and wintergreen oil, is included to show that their combination reduces the attractant activity the Grandlure pheromone has on Anthonomus grandis.

[0060] It will be clear that for the present invention a compound repelling to the target species preferably should not be included in a substantially repelling amount in the composition of the invention, nor in the dispensers of the kit of parts of the invention or any other aspect of the invention. According to a preferred embodiment the composition of the invention does not comprise an extract from a plant from the genus Gaultheria, most preferably not in an amount that has a repellent effect on the target species, in particular when selected as Anthonomus grandis. Tests for determining whether a compound has a repellent effect on a target species are known to the skilled person and are for example disclosed in US 10542749 and / or US 1095943. According to an alternative preferred embodiment, the composition preferably does not comprise methyl salicylate, most preferably not in an amount that has a repellent effect on the target species, in particular when selected as Anthonomus grandis. According to yet a further preferred embodiment of the composition, when methyl salicylate is present, it is present in an amount that does not have a repellent effect on the target species, in particular when selected as Anthonomus grandis. The amount of methyl salicylate in the composition according to certain embodiments preferably is below 5% (w / w), such < 2.5 %, < 1%, < 0.5%, <0.1%, < 0,05%, < 0,01% (w / w). According to a further preferred embodiment of the composition of the invention, when methyl salicylate is present, at least one, such as at least two, at least three or at least 4 compounds from the list consisting of myrcene, delta-3-carene, limonene, 3,7-guaiadiene and delta-cadinene is / are absent in the composition. More preferably, at least one of these compounds is absent in the composition. According to a further preferred embodiment the composition does not comprise methyl salicylate together with at least one, such as at least two, at least three, at least four, compounds selected from oc-pinene, myrcene, delta-3 -carene, limonene, 3,7-guaiadiene, delta-cadinene, more preferably at least three of these compounds. It is preferred that when methyl salicylate is present, together with at least one compound from the list consisting of oc-pinene, myrcene, delta-3-carene, limonene, 3,7-guaiadiene and delta-cadinene that the relative amount of these compounds is such that the amount of methyl salicylate is not about 98% (w / w) of the total amount of methyl salicylate and the at least one compound present. It is alternatively preferred that when methyl salicylate is present, together with at least one compound from the list consisting of oc- pinene, myrcene, delta-3 -carene, limonene, 3,7-guaiadiene and delta-cadinene that the relative amount of these compounds is such that the amount of methyl salicylate is less than 97% (w / w), such as < 90% (w / w), < 80% (w / w) or more than 99% (w / w) of the total amount of methyl salicylate and the at least one compound present.

[0061] The composition of the invention comprises a carrier. The selection of a suitable carrier is within the ambit of the skilled person. The carrier may suitably be selected from an oil, such as a vegetable oil, for example soy oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, palm oil or a mineral oil. Alternatively, the carrier may be selected from a wax, such as paraffin wax, or from a polymer wherein the compounds of the composition can be suitably dissolved or dispersed. Optionally the composition may contain further additives such as emulsifiers, for example sorbitan esters, such as span 60, or ethoxylated sorbitan esters (Tweens) and / or antioxidants, such as tocopherols. The skilled person will therefore understand that the carrier may be a mixture of carrier materials and additives forming a matrix wherein the compounds of the composition can be suitably dissolved or dispersed comparable to the SPLAT system as disclosed for example in US 10542749 and US 1095943.

[0062] A further aspect of the invention relates to the use of a verbenone compound selected from verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) or a verbenone analogue, for attracting individuals from a target insect species selected from the subfamily Curculioninae. In said use the verbenone compound is used in combination with a semiochemical attractant for the target insect species. The use of the verbenone compound according to this aspect should be understood within the context of the above description of the kit of parts and the composition of the invention.

[0063] It is emphasized that the variations of the features discussed in connection to the kit of parts of the invention also apply to the use of verbenone according to the invention, where it is recognizable that these variations also are applicable to the use. In particular the target species may be selected as indicated in connection to the description relating to the kit of parts. In addition, the use of the invention includes all the combinations of table 1, wherein Vx is “Va” ((-) verbenone), “Vb” ((+) verbenone), “Vc” “Verbenon”, “Vd” (cis-verbenol), “Ve” (trans-verbenol) and preferably is Va or Vb and most preferably is “Va” ((-) verbenone). In addition, the use of the invention includes all the combinations of CT1-CT5529 (, presented in figure 9) wherein Vx is Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, Vf, Vg and in particular wherein Vx preferably is Va or Vb and most preferably is Va ((-) verbenone).

[0064] Attracting the target species may be beneficial for multiple purposes in particular for trapping the individuals of the target species. Trapping may be for monitoring purposes such as in a cropping environment or during customs clearance procedures of foreign agricultural goods, to detect the presence of (potentially) harmful pests. For such purposes it is beneficial that the attraction of target species is improved. Alternatively trapping may be for crop protection, by removing individuals of the target species from the cropping environment. For this purpose, trapping preferably is combined with killing the individuals of the target species and preferably the trapping is mass trapping. The individuals of the target species may for example be killed by adhesion to an adhesive surface, drowning and / or deprivation from food and / or water when trapped. Alternatively, individuals of the target insect species may be attracted to a location where the individuals do less harm, as part of a push-pull strategy. Such a strategy may be without or with killing attracted individuals of the target insect species.

[0065] According to a preferred embodiment, the attracting is done in the vicinity of a number of plants, preferably a plurality of plants, in particular a crop, that is a food source for the target organism, wherein the crop contains reproductive structures selected from one or more selected from flowers, buds and / or fruits. It is known that individuals from species from the subfamily Curculioninae are strongly attracted to flowers, buds and / or fruits of the host plant serving as their food, because these reproductive plant structures are their primary food source. In the presence of such reproductive plant structures, it is therefore particularly difficult to attract individuals from species from the subfamily Curculioninae to an alternative attractant. At the same time, most damage is done when pest insects from the subfamily Curculioninae feed on these reproductive plant structures. Thus, attracting individuals from a target species from the subfamily Curculioninae is preferably done in the vicinity of a number of plants, in particular a crop, that is a food source for the target organism.

[0066] The invention will be further discussed with reference to the following non-limiting experiments.

[0067] EXPERIMENT 1

[0068] FIELD TRIAL ANTHONOMUS EUGENII

[0069] Goals. Demonstrate the efficacy of Verbenone (in the experiments on occasions also referred to as weevilure) to enhance the capture of pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii) in open field situation with and without pepper crop. In a second trial without pepper crop the effect of distance in the capture of weevil individuals was also evaluated.

[0070] Treatments:

[0071] Tl: Verbenone

[0072] T2: PEW

[0073] T3: PEW + Verbenone

[0074] T4: Control

[0075] Capturing of weevil individuals was done with Horiver® monitoring yellow traps, available via Koppert Mexico (Marques, Queretaro, Mexico), to which dispensers containing and releasing the different attractant compositions were connected. The attractant dispenser of Tl contained 1.0 g of (lS)-(-)-(-)-Verbenone at 94% purity, obtained from Sigma Aldrich, in Omnilure dispensers (Koppert, Mexico). T2 contained the commercial pheromone PEW of Trece Inc. (Adair, OK, United States), obtained via local supplier Pheromis. The product includes two dispensers in which a first dispenser (I) contains the aggregation pheromone composition. Its active ingredients are ((Z)-2- (3, 3 -dimethylcyclohexylidene) ethanol (2), (E)-2-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) ethanol (3), (Z)-(3, 3 -dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4), (E)-(3,3- dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5) and. The second dispenser (II) contains a food attractant formed by the mixture of (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol (6) and (E)- 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7). To distinguish the two dispensers, the food attractant (II) is marked with a circle and the aggregation attractant (I) is marked with a triangle. In the T3 treatment (MIX) thus 3 dispensers were used, the two (I+II) of the Trece PEW pheromone and the one containing verbenone. In the T4 control the Horiver® yellow traps was used without a semiochemical.

[0076] Location: The test was performed in an experimental station in Mexico (Guanajuato state). On this location a sweet pepper crop (Capsicum aniuium) was maintained in production in 12 rows, each 52 m in length. The pepper plants were cultivated with 3 plant per square meter amounting to approximately 2,184 pepper plants. Before the treatments were started, the crop had a high infestation of pepper weevil (Anlhonomits eugenii). The treatments were arranged according to Figure 2. Each circle represented the treatments and its distribution in the field. Each treatment was replicated three times. During the whole duration of the experiment, the pepper plants presented reproductive structures like buds, flowers and fruits.

[0077] In each treatment plot one Horiver® monitoring yellow trap was placed. Two times per week the number of weevils per trap was registered together with the number of weevils in four plants around the treatment plots.

[0078] Results

[0079] The captures of pepper weevil adults per treatment are presented in figure 3. The mix of T3 (corresponding to PEW plus Verbenone) clearly registered the maximum captures compared to the other treatments. In general, at least four times as many adults were captured compared to the other treatments (Figure 3). In Figure 4, the adults counted (by manual picking) on plants within 1 meter around the traps of the treatments is presented. During the period of the experiment, the plants presented reproductive structures (buds, flowers and fruits) that are known to strongly attract the pepper weevils. For the different treatments comparable numbers were counted on the surrounding plants (within 1 meter) on the first monitoring date, but on the following monitoring dates a clear difference was registered between treatments, with higher numbers for the T3 Mix (PEW +Verbenone). The number of adults counted in the 1 meter around the treatment traps followed the same tendency as the number of adults on the traps for the different treatments.

[0080] In figure 5, for the whole of the test period, the average of the number of counted weevil individuals (from left to right T1-T4) captured on the traps combined with the number of adults counted on surrounding plants (within 1 meter) is presented (average ± SE). The results indicated a significant difference between treatments. Bars followed by different letters indicated significate difference (P=0.0001; F=197.56 g / =3) when analyzed by linear mixed with repeated means with SPSS software V32 for Windows.

[0081] The T3 combination of Verbenone with pheromone attractant (PEW) attracted the highest number of pepper weevils. In general, the numbers of attracted weevil individuals were more than three times as much for the verbenone combination of T3 compared to the pheromone attractant (PEW) alone (T2). The number of weevil individuals attracted with PEW pheromone attractant alone (T2) was low and very close to Verbenone alone (Tl) and control (T4). A low level of attraction to the PEW pheromone attractant is normal when it is used when the plant presents reproductive structures like buds, flowers and fruits, as the pheromone needs to compete with these attractive plant parts in attracting the weevils. In this test these plant reproductive structures were presented all time during the trials. Still, with the combination (MIX T3) of verbenone with PEW pheromone attractant, considerable amounts of weevil individuals were attracted.

[0082] EXPERIMENT 2

[0083] EVALUATION OF DURATION OF EFFECTS

[0084] The duration of the attracting effect of dispensers containing verbenone on pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii) was tested in field conditions.

[0085] The trial was established outside of a greenhouse in Mexico (Guanajuato region) where sweet peppers (Capsicum aniuium) are grown. Four treatments were established. The experimental units consisted in commercial pepper weevil pheromone (PEW) of Trece Inc. (Adair, OK, United States, and Omnilure dispensers (Koppert, Mexico) loaded with 1.0 g Verbenone ((lS)-(-)-(-)-Verbenone at 94% purity, obtained from Sigma Aldrich) and a combination of both. For all treatments a yellow roller trap (Koppert Mexico) of 90 cm of wide, and 2.5 m long was used. The treatments were arrangement in the following form:

[0086] Tl: Blank (only yellow roller trap).

[0087] T2: PEW (replaced @ 4 weeks).

[0088] T3: PEW (replaced @ 4 weeks) + verbenone (Replaced @ 8 weeks). T4: PEW (replaced @ 4 weeks) + verbenone (Replaced @ 4 weeks). T5: PEW (Replaced @ 8 weeks) + verbenone (Replaced @ 8 weeks).

[0089] Every week traps were reviewed and the number of captured adults was registered. After registration, captured individuals were removed.

[0090] Results

[0091] The cumulative capture of adult A. eugenii is presented in figure 6 (from left to right TITS). In the eight weeks of the trial, the treatment formed by PEW combined with verbenone changed at four weeks (T4) resulted in the highest number of pepper weevil captures, followed by PEW plus verbenone but changing the PEW at four weeks and maintained the verbenone per eight weeks (T3). In the same way the statistical analysis showed significant differences between the treatments P=0.0001, F=20.7 gl=4., and the HDS=0.63 Tukey, a=0.05. The highest number of captures was obtained in the treatment wherein PEW and verbenone dispensers were replaced at four weeks (T4). The treatment wherein only PEW was replaced and verbenone was maintained for eight weeks (T3) also maintained high numbers of captures. The treatment of PEW alone, captured low numbers of pepper weevil after four weeks. This behavior is normal and correspond with the supplier's technical advice to replace the PEW pheromone at 4 weeks. It was also noticeable that the addition of verbenone results in a long-lasting increased effect of weevil attraction (T5). EXPERIMENT 3

[0092] VERBENONE EFFECT IN COMBINATION WITH DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF COMMERCIAL PEW PHEROMONE

[0093] In this experiment the two individual components of the commercial pheromone PEW (Trece Inc. (Adair, OK, United States)) were assessed in combination with verbenone ((lS)-(-)-(-)-Verbenone at 94% purity, obtained from Sigma Aldrich). The separate components of PEW are formed by a dispenser containing the aggregation pheromone (Dispenser I, marked with Triangle mark), and a dispenser containing a food attractant (Dispenser II, marked with a circle). The constituents of the compositions in the two dispensers is detailed in experiment 1.

[0094] This experiment was performed in Amexhe, Guanajuato region of Mexico, in the experimental station between May 13thand Jun 24th. The trial was established outside of a greenhouse where sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) were grown. Due to the season the populations of pepper weevils was small. In the experiment the number of adult pepper weevils captured on yellow sticky traps (Horiver from Koppert Mexico) plus the treatments detailed below were monitored.

[0095] Verbenone was presented in Omnilure dispensers (Koppert Mexico), while the PEW pheromone was used as supplied by the supplier.

[0096] The sampling was done two times per week during four weeks. Results

[0097] In figure 7, the average of captured pepper weevils per treatment is presented (from left to right T1-T4). Despite the small pepper weevil population the statistical analysis presented a significate difference P=0.001, F=8.1, gl=3. With the test means of Tukey, the T3 and T4 treatments resulted in the same effect and both these treatments registered a higher capture compared to Weevilure alone (T 1 ) . For the T4 combination of verbenone plus PEW O (Food attractant) the number of captured weevils was very low and similar to verbenone alone (Tl). Tukey a=0.05.

[0098] Conclusions

[0099] The results of this experiment confirm the results from the experiments presented above, that an improved attraction of pepper weevils is obtained when known commercial semiochemicals are combined with verbenone. The results furthermore clearly show that verbenone’ s effects are obtained by the combination with the semiochemicals present in the dispenser containing the aggregation pheromone (PEW A).

[0100] EXPERIMENT 4

[0101] TRIALS WITH RELATED WEEVILS

[0102] The cotton boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is the main pest in Cotton, and is related to A. eugenii. The species share some components of their aggregation pheromone (see for example Szendrei et al. (2011) and Tewari et al. (2014)), and the behavior in the plant is very similar. A. grandis female arrive to the crops and start to feed on buds, flower and fruits, but the females show preference for buds, and also prefer this structure for laying eggs. The larval and pupal stages are found exclusively inside of the boll, and when the adult emerge from puparium it makes a hole in the boll as an exit from the boll. The principal tool for management of boll weevils is the application of chemicals and due to the cryptic biology and the selection pressure for resistant specimens, for the control many chemical applications are often required. Monitoring is crucial in all programs, and in this crop growers use lures containing an aggregation pheromone. In this experiment the effect of addition of verbenone to current pheromone attractants of monitoring systems for Anthonomus grandis is tested. The trial was development in open filed with commercial cotton crop, in San Pedro, Coahuila, Mexico.

[0103] The effect of verbenone ((lS)-(-)-(-)-verbenone at 94% purity, obtained from Sigma Aldrich) on cotton boll weevil (BW) attraction by two commercial BW pheromone formulations was evaluated. The first BW pheromone formulation was a BW pheromone formulation marketed under the Pherocon® brand (product code 3419-25) by Trece Inc. (Adair, OK, United States). The second formulation was the grandlure formulation from the USDA supplied from Comite Estatal de Sanidad Vegetal from Coahuila.

[0104] The Pherocon pheromone and the USDA grandlure pheromone both contained the following compounds:

[0105] (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanol ( 1 ) ; (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2); (Z)-(3, 3 -dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4); (E)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5).

[0106] The treatments were arrangement in the next form:

[0107] Tl: Pherocon + verbenone (WL)

[0108] T2: USDA + verbenone (WL)

[0109] T3: Pherocon

[0110] T4: USDA

[0111] T5: control (Horiver trap only)

[0112] In these treatments the amount of verbenone used was 500 microliters in an omnilure dispenser (Koppert, Mexico). The commercially available Pherocon and USDA products were used as supplied.

[0113] For each treatment one “Horiver” yellow sticky trap (Koppert Mexico) was used. When it was necessary to change any trap, all the traps in all treatments were changed to reduce any bias. During a trial period of 4 weeks (starting in week 44), two times per week the number of captured cotton boll weevils was recorded and trapped individuals were removed from the trap. For statistical analyzing all data was transformer with Log(y+1.5) for cover all normality test, and the Analysis was done using a SPSS software for windows.

[0114] Results

[0115] The responses of boll weevil was positive, and the number of captured individuals per trap was affected by the treatments. The number of captured boll weevils per trap per treatment (average ± SE) is presented in Figure 8 (from left to right T1-T5). The analysis revealed significant differences P=0.0001; Fp, 5i)= 8.5 (bars with same letter indicate no significate differences). With the Bonferroni test three groups were formed with T1 and T2 with higher captures of boll weevil adults, the second group were former by T3 and T4 and all results were separate from the control (T5). Bonferroni test a= 0.05. The treatments with the addition of verbenone registered two times more captures compared with any of the commercial formulation alone (without addition of verbenone).

[0116] Conclusion

[0117] The results from this experiment together with the information from the other experiments clearly support that the improving effects verbenone has on the attraction of weevil target organisms by semiochemical atractants, are not limted to Anthonomus eugenii, but also extend to other weevils of the subfamily Curculionidae.

[0118] EXPERIMENT 5

[0119] TRIAL WITH VERBENONE ISOMERS AND ANALOGS

[0120] The aim of this trial was to demonstrate the effects of different verbenone isomers and analogs.

[0121] The trial was run at a greenhouse facility in Mexico (Queretaro region) with 6 ha of sweet pepper at the end of the cycle. The experiment was performed outside of the green house at 10 meter from the green house edge. Four blocks each containing four treatments were established, one block on the north, one on the south side and two blocks on the east side. The trial started on week 21 and finished on week 25. Evaluation of the number of captured pepper weevil adults was done weekly, with 2 evaluations in week 21 (21-1 and 21-2). The sweet pepper crop in the greenhouse was in the last phase of the season with high incidence of pepper weevils.

[0122] Randomized complete blocks were used. Four Block were used with a Linear mixed model with treatments as a fixed factor and blocks nested in weeks as a random factor. All data was analyzed using SPSS V23 for windows.

[0123] In all treatments, a commercial pheromone of pepper weevil (PEW of Trece Inc. (Adair, OK, United States) was used, as used in experiments 1-3) plus 0.5 ml of verbenone isomer / analog contained in an omnilure dispenser (Koppert, Mexico). Each treatment had four replicates distributed in the four blocks around the green house. Yellow sticky traps (Trece Inc. (Adair, OK, United States) were used for monitoring the pepper weevil capture. After registering the number of adults per sticky trap, the captured adults were removed from the trap. When necessary the sticky traps were replaced by a new one. The dispenser with treatment and commercial pheromone were maintained for the duration of the experiment.

[0124] The four treatments T1-T4 were the following verbenone isomers and analogs:

[0125] T1 Verbanone (Fig. 1, compound Vc)

[0126] T2 Cis-Verbenol (Fig. 1, compound Vd)

[0127] T3 (R)-Verbenone or (+)-verbenone (Fig. 1, compound Vb)

[0128] T4 (S)-Verbenone or (-)-verbenone (Fig. 1, compound Va)

[0129] Results

[0130] The average number of captured adult pepper weevils per treatment is presented in table 2 below.

[0131] The data shows that in weeks 21, 22 only small numbers of weevils were captured across all treatments, whereas the totals for the period were considerably higher for weeks 23 and 24. This may indicate that only small numbers of weevils were present in the area during weeks 21-22 and that numbers increased after that period. The data further shows that during the weeks of the highest captures (weeks 23-24) most captures were in the T4 treatment followed by the T3 treatment. When setting the cumulative capture in weeks 23-24 for T4 (PEW pheromone + (-) verbenone) at 100%, treatment T3 was around 70% as effective. For treatments T2 and T1 this was respectively 57% and 42%.

[0132] Given the fact that ((lS)-(-)-(-)-verbenone (T4) increases the attraction of target organisms from the subfamily Curculioninae to semiochemical attractants by a factor of more than 3 times (see experiment 1), the effects of all tested alternative treatments Tl, T2, T3 can be considered relevant. For further analogues similar to the tested compounds, such as trans-verbenol (compound Ve in figure 1), (-)-oc-pinene (compound Vf in figure 1), or (+)-oc-pinene (compound Vg in figure 1), similar effects may be expected. In connection to this it should also be noted that oc-pinene oxidises to verbenone. List of non-patent references

[0133] Collatz et al. (2013), A host-plant-derived volatile blend to attract the apple blossom weevil Anthonomus pomorum - the essential volatiles include a repellent constituent. Pest Manag Sci. 2013 Sep; 69(9): 1092- 1098.

[0134] Eller et al. (1994), Aggregation pheromone for the pepper Weevil, anthonomus eugenii cano (coleoptera:Curculionidae): identification and Field activity. Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 20, No. 7, 1994.

[0135] Fettig et al (2015), A Novel Semiochemical Tool for Protecting Pinus contorta From Mortality Attributed to Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae. Journal of economic entomology Vol. 108, no. 1.

[0136] Fettig and Munson (2020), Efficacy of verbenone and a blend of verbenone and nonhost volatiles for protecting lodgepole pine from mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Agricultural and Forest Entomology, Volume 22, Issue 4, November 2020, pages 373-378.

[0137] Gaylord et al. (2020), Verbenone Inhibits Attraction of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Pheromone-Baited Traps in Northern Arizona. Journal of Economic Entomology, 113(6), 2020, 3017-3020.

[0138] Heusink et al. (2011), Focus on: The use of semiochemical slow-release devices in integrated pest management strategies. Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 2011 15(3), 459-470.

[0139] Kalinov'a et al. (2000), Can chemical cues from blossom buds influence cultivar preference in the apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum)? Entomol Exp Appl 95:47-52 (2000).

[0140] Mitlin et al. (1974)), Biosynthesis of grandlure, the pheromone Of the boll weevil, anthonomus grandis, from acetate, mevalonate, and glucose. J. Insect Physiol. 1974 Vol. 20, p p. 1825 to 1831. Szendrei et al. (2011), Identification and Field Evaluation of Attractants for the Cranberry Weevil, Anthonomus musculus Say. J Chem Ecol (2011) 37:387-397. Tewari et al. (2014), Use of Pheromones in Insect Pest Management, with Special Attention to Weevil Pheromones (chapter 9 of Integrated Pest Management Current Concepts and Ecological Perspective 2014, Pages 141-168).

[0141] Tumlinson et al. (1969), Sex Pheromones Produced by Male Boll Weevil: Isolation, Identification, and Synthesis. Science vol. 166 Nov 1969 p. 1010-1012.

Claims

Claims1. Kit of parts comprising: a dispenser comprising a verbenone compound selected from verbenone (4,6,6-trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) or a verbenone analogue; a number of dispensers comprising a number semiochemical attractants for individuals of a target insect species selected from the subfamily Curculioninae, wherein preferably the number of semiochemical attractants comprises (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2); optionally an insect trap suitable for trapping individuals of the target insect species.

2. Kit of parts according to claim 1, wherein the verbenone compound is selected from (-) verbenone (Va), (+) verbenone (Vb), verbanon (Vc), cis-verbanol (Vd), trans-verbanol (Ve), (-)-oc-pinene (Vf), or (+)-oc-pinene (Vg), preferably (-) verbenone (Va) or (+) verbenone (Vb), most preferably (-) verbenone (Va).

3. The kit of parts according to any of the claim 1-2, wherein the target insect species is selected from:- (a) the tribe Anthonomini, in particular selected from the genus Anthonomus, such as Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus eugenii, Anthonomus rubi, Anthonomus musculus, Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Anthonomus bisignifer, Anthonomus pomorum, Anthonomus signatus, Anthonomus Santacruzi, the genus Acalyptops, the genus Achia, the genus Adelus, the genus Anthonomopsis, the genus Apopnictus, the genus Assuanensius, the genus Atractomerus, the genus Botanebius, the genus Brachonyx, the genus Brachyogmus, the genus Bradybatus, the genus Chelonychus, the genus Cioness, the genus Cionomimus, the genus Cionopsis, the genus Coccotorus, the genus Cremastorhynchus, the genus Dietzianus, the genus Ephelops, the genus Epimechus, the genus Eluaca, the genus Eepidoops, the genus Eonchophorellus, the genus Eoncophorus, the genus Macrobrachonyx, the genus Magdalinops, the genus Melexeras, the genus Nanops, the genus Narberdia, the genus Neomastix, the genus Neosphinctocraerus , the genus Omogonus, the genus Onychoenemis, the genus Parendoeopsis, the genus Phacellopterus, the genus Pseudanthonomus, thegenus Pseudopoophagus, the genus Smicraulax, the genus Sphincticraerus, the genus Synnadophila, or the genus Telphasicr,- (b) the tribe Curculionini, in particular selected from the genus Curculio, such as Curculio analis, Curculio budjumkanensis, Curculio caryae, Curculio discreticoxis, Curculio elephas, Curculio glandium, Curculio imitator, Curculio lateritius, Curculio nucum, Curculio pellitus, Curculio propinquus, Curculio quincunx, Curculio reichei, Curculio rishwani, Curculio rubidus, Curculio sellatus, Curculio venosus, Curculio villosus, Curculio alliariae, Curculio aterrimus, Curculio cornutus, Curculio emeritus, Curculio indus, Curculio mucoreus, Curculio purpureus, Curculio pusio, Curculio quinquemaculatus, Curculio rufipes, the genus Archarius, the genus Aviranus, the genus Carponinophilus, the genus Carponinus, the genus Ergania, the genus Indoxx, the genus Koreoculio, the genus Labaninus, the genus Megaoculus, the genus Pagumia, the genus Pimelata, the genus Pseudobalaninus, the genus Pseudoculio, the genus Shigizo or the genus Timola.

4. The kit of parts according to any of the claims 1-3, wherein the number of semiochemical attractants comprises (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2), preferably together with at least one compound selected from the list consisting of (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanol (1), (E)-2-(3,3- dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3), (Z)- (3, 3 -dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4), (E)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5), (E)-3,7- dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol (6) and (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7), more preferably (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2) together with (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanol (1) and / or (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl- cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3), and for example comprises compounds (2) and (3) and (4) and (5) and (6) and (7) from this list, or the combination of compounds (1) and (2) and (4) and (5).

5. Kit of parts according to any of the claims 1-4 wherein the number of semiochemical attractants comprise at least one compound selected from (Z)- (3, 3 -dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4) and (E)-(3,3- dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5), and preferably comprise both compounds.

6. Kit of parts according to any of the claims 1-5, comprising a dispenser comprising a semiochemical attractant selected from (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6- octadien-l-ol (6) and / or (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7) and / or 5- Methyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-l-ol (8), preferably (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6- octadien-l-ol (6) or (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7), more preferably (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol (6) and (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7), wherein when (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2) and / or (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanol (1) and / or (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl- cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3) is present in a dispenser, preferably the (E)-3,7- dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol (6) and / or (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7) and / or 5-Methyl-2-(prop-l-en-2-yl)hex-4-en-l-ol (8) are in a sperate dispenser from said (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2) and / or (Z)-2- isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanol (1) and / or (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl- cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3).

7. Kit of parts according to any of the claims 1-6, comprising a number of insect traps, suitable for capturing individuals from the family Curculionidae, for example a number of insect traps selected from an adhesive trap.

8. Kit of parts according to claim 7, wherein the number of insect traps comprise a body having a number of trapping surfaces, preferably a number of flat trapping surfaces, containing an adhesive.

9. Composition comprising:(i) A verbenone compound selected from verbenone (4,6,6- trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) or a verbenone analogue;(ii) a number of semiochemical attractants for individuals of a target insect species selected from the subfamily Curculioninae, wherein preferably the number of semiochemical attractants comprises (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl- cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2);(iii) optionally a carrier;wherein the composition preferably does not comprise methyl salicylate, more preferably not in an amount that has a repellent effect on the selected target species.

10. Composition according to claim 9, wherein the verbenone compound is selected from (-) verbenone (Va), (+) verbenone (Vb), verbanon (Vc), cis-verbanol (Vd), trans-verbanol (Ve), (-)-oc-pinene (Vf), or (+)-oc-pinene (Vg), preferably (-) verbenone (Va) or (+) verbenone (Vb), most preferably (-) verbenone (Va).

11. Composition according to any of the claims 9-10, wherein the number of semiochemical attractants comprises (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2), preferably together with at least one compound selected from the list consisting of (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanol (1), (E)-2-(3,3- dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3), (Z)- (3, 3 -dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4), (E)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5), (E)-3,7- dimethyl-2,6-octadien-l-ol (6) and (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7), more preferably (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2) together with (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanol (1) and / or (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl- cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3), and for example comprises compounds (2) and (3) and (4) and (5) and (6) and (7) from this list, or compounds (1) and (2) and (4) and (5).

12. Composition according to any of the claims 9-11, comprising at least one compound selected from (Z)-(3, 3 -dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4) and (E)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5), and preferably comprising both compounds.

13. Composition according to any of the claims 9-12, wherein the carrier material is selected from an oil, such as a vegetable oil, for example soy oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, palm oil; a mineral oil; a wax, such as paraffin wax; a polymer or a mixture thereof, wherein the composition optionally further comprises a number of additives selected from emulsifiers, such as sorbitan esters and / or ethoxylated sorbitan esters, and antioxidants, such as tocopherols.

14. Use of a verbenone compound selected from verbenone (4,6,6- trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one) or a verbenone analogue, for attracting individuals from a target insect species selected from the subfamily Curculioninae, wherein in said use the verbenone compound is used in combination with a number of semiochemical attractants for the target insect species, wherein preferably the number of semiochemical attractants comprises (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2).

15. Use according to claim 14, wherein the verbenone compound is selected from (-) verbenone (Va), (+) verbenone (Vb), verbanon (Vc), cis-verbanol (Vd), transverbanol (Ve), (-)-oc-pinene (Vf), or (+)-oc-pinene (Vg), preferably (-) verbenone (Va) or (+) verbenone (Vb), most preferably (-) verbenone (Va)16. Use according to any of the claims 14-15, wherein the target insect species is selected from:- (a) the tribe Anthonomini, in particular selected from the genus Anthonomus, such as Anthonomus grandis, Anthonomus eugenii, Anthonomus rubi, Anthonomus musculus, Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Anthonomus bisignifer, Anthonomus pomorum, Anthonomus Santacruzi, Anthonomus signatus, the genus Acalyptops, the genus Achia, the genus Adelus, the genus Anthonomopsis, the genus Apopnictus, the genus Assuanensius, the genus Atractomerus, the genus Botanebius, the genus Brachonyx, the genus Brachyogmus, the genus Bradybatus, the genus Chelonychus, the genus Cioness, the genus Cionomimus, the genus Cionopsis, the genus Coccotorus, the genus Cremastorhynchus, the genus Dietzianus, the genus Ephelops, the genus Epimechus, the genus Huaca, the genus Eepidoops, the genus Eonchophorellus, the genus Eoncophorus, the genus Macrobrachonyx, the genus Magdalinops, the genus Melexeras, the genus Nanops, the genus Narberdia, the genus Neomastix, the genus Neosphinctocraerus , the genus Omogonus, the genus Onychoenemis, the genus Parendoeopsis, the genus Phacellopterus, the genus Pseudanthonomus, the genus Pseudopoophagus, the genus Smicraulax, the genus Sphincticraerus, the genus Synnadophila, or the genus Telphasia',- (b) the tribe Curculionini, in particular selected from the genus Curculio, such as Curculio analis, Curculio budjumkanensis, Curculio caryae, Curculiodiscreticoxis, Curculio elephas, Curculio glandium, Curculio imitator, Curculio lateritius, Curculio nucum, Curculio pellitus, Curculio propinquus, Curculio quincunx, Curculio reichei, Curculio rishwani, Curculio rubidus, Curculio sellatus, Curculio venosus, Curculio villosus, Curculio alliariae, Curculio aterrimus, Curculio cornutus, Curculio emeritus, Curculio indus, Curculio mucoreus, Curculio purpureus, Curculio pusio, Curculio quinquemaculatus, Curculio rufipes, the genus Archarius, the genus Aviranus, the genus Carponinophilus, the genus Carponinus, the genus Ergania, the genus Indoxx, the genus Koreoculio, the genus Labaninus, the genus Megaoculus, the genus Pagumia, the genus Pimelata, the genus Pseudobalaninus, the genus Pseudoculio, the genus Shigizo or the genus Timola.

17. Use according to any of the claims 14-16, wherein the number of semiochemical attractants comprises (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2), preferably together with at least one compound selected from the list consisting of (Z)-2-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanol (1), (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl- cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3), (Z)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4), (E)-(3,3-dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5), (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6- octadien-l-ol (6) and (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienoic acid (7), more preferably (Z)-2-(3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexylidene) ethanol (2) together with (Z)-2- isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobutaneethanol (1) and / or (E)-2-(3,3-dimethyl- cyclohexylidene) ethanol (3), and for example comprises compounds (2) and (3) and (4) and (5) and (6) and (7) from this list, or compounds (1) and (2) and (4) and (5).

18. Use according to any of the claims 14-17, wherein the number of semiochemical attractants comprises at least one compound selected from (Z)-(3,3- dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (4) and (E)-(3,3- dimethylcyclohexylidene) acetaldehyde (5), and preferably comprising both compounds.

19. Use according to any of the claims 14-18, wherein the verbenone is present in the kit of parts of claims 1-8 or the composition of claims 9-13.

20. Use according to any of the claims 14-19, wherein the attracting is for trapping and / or killing the individuals of the target species, such as for monitoring or pest control, preferably in crop protection.

21. Use according to claim any of the claims 14-20 wherein the attracting is done in the vicinity of a number of plants, preferably a plurality of plants, in particular a crop, that is a food source for the target organism, wherein the number of plants preferably contains reproductive structures selected from flowers, buds and / or fruits.

Images