249 results about "Zooid" patented technology

The invention relates to a composition for identifying epinephelus fuscoguttatus, epinephelus coioides and hybrid offspring and application, and belongs to the field of molecular biology, the composition comprises a pair of primers and a group of probes, and the sequences are shown as SEQ ID NO.1-4. The invention further provides a kit for identifying the epinephelus fuscoguttatus, the epinephelus coioides and the hybrid offspring thereof, and the kit is used for identifying the epinephelus fuscoguttatus and the hybrid offspring of the epinephelus coioides and the hybrid offspring of the epinephelus coioides and the hybrid offspring of the epinephelus coioides. The kit comprises the composition disclosed by the invention. The composition can be used for rapidly identifying epinephelus fuscoguttatus, epinephelus coioides and hybrid filial generation gold and tiger hybrid spots of the epinephelus coioides, the epinephelus coioides and the hybrid filial generation gold and tiger hybrid spots of the epinephelus coioides and the epinephelus coioides and the hybrid filial generation gold and tiger hybrid spots of the epinephelus

A marine zooplankter identification method based on in-situ images and deep learning is used for processing a multi-stage series deep learning architecture constructed for all in-situ images, and comprises the following steps: quickly positioning and framing zooplankter individuals under a complex background based on a YOLOv8 skeleton construction model; performing pixel-level fine segmentation on individuals in the in-situ image by using a U-Net model, and extracting an accurate contour to obtain a high-quality individual image; and finally, inputting the image into a PlanktonNet network innovatively designed based on a ViT architecture, and through adaptive small-size slice embedding and introduction of a convolution word embedding layer, improving small-scale target feature extraction capability, and realizing high-precision and fine-grained classification of genera and species. The method has the advantages that target detection, semantic segmentation and recognition tasks are organically fused, the problems of low recognition efficiency and low automation degree in the prior art are effectively solved, and marine zooplankton can be quickly and accurately recognized from in-situ images on a large scale.

The invention relates to the field of intelligent breeding, aims to solve the problems that traditional cattle breeding is inaccurate in monitoring and early warning, extensive in feeding control and insufficient in environment control linkage, and provides a fine management method and system. The method comprises the steps of system initialization and individual binding, multi-dimensional data acquisition, physiological state accurate early warning, dynamic adaptive feeding, environment linkage regulation and control and data statistics optimization. The system correspondingly comprises an individual identification and data acquisition module, an improved physiological state monitoring and early warning module, a dynamic adaptive feeding control module, an environment regulation and control module, a data storage and analysis module and a system operation and maintenance module. Multi-dimensional data are collected through the intelligent neck ring, an individual adaptation algorithm is adopted for early warning of the health state, an exclusive feeding scheme is generated, and the breeding environment is regulated and controlled in a linkage mode. The method and the system improve the health rate and the breeding efficiency of cattle herds, reduce feed waste, and are suitable for large-scale cattle breeding fine management scenes.

The invention relates to the technical field of computer vision, in particular to a fish monitoring management system and method based on multi-source data analysis. The method comprises the following steps: performing video image acquisition and enhancement on a target fish school through multi-angle imaging equipment to obtain an enhanced video sequence; performing fish body swimming posture extraction on the enhanced video sequence to obtain a fish body feature original data set; performing body surface feature point classification on the fish body feature original data set to obtain a classification feature point set; constructing a fish body morphological feature vector according to the classification feature point set; performing fish body skeleton positioning and tracking according to the fish body morphological feature vector to obtain skeleton movement trajectory data; and performing body curvature quantification on the skeleton movement track data to obtain body curvature feature data. According to the method, the problem of unmarked individual identification of common cultured fishes is solved through dual biological characteristics of form fingerprints and behavior gaits, and technical support is provided for fine management of aquaculture.

The invention provides a method for breeding all-male hybrid pelteobagrus fulvidraco through hybridization of double super-male populations, which comprises the following steps: S1, respectively constructing super-male maintenance lines of pelteobagrus fulvidraco and pelteobagrus vachelli by utilizing a sex reversal technology and a sex molecular marker; s2, carrying out artificial propagation on the maintenance line, and propagating the super male fish in batches; s3, partially replacing estrogen with an androgen antagonist for the propagated supermale fish, and synergistically inducing the supermale fish to obtain superfemale fish; s4, performing specific nutrient enrichment cultivation on the super female fish and the super male parent fish; and S5, carrying out reciprocal cross artificial propagation on the super-female fish and the super-male fish between the two super-male groups to obtain a heterozygous super-male group, namely commercial fry of the all-male hybrid pelteobagrus fulvidraco. According to the technical scheme, super-female fishes can be efficiently induced in batches, high-density breeding of parent fishes is achieved, and the effect and efficiency of artificial breeding are remarkably improved; the bred hybrid all-realgar catfish is high in individual uniformity, the growth speed is increased by 20%, and the male rate reaches 100%.

The invention discloses a method for efficient maturation of ovaries of industrially cultured plectropomus leopardus. The method comprises the following steps: screening healthy plectropomus leopardus individuals from a plectropomus leopardus population as parent fishes; putting the fish in an indoor culture pond for water adaptation to obtain high-quality parent fish; performing induced culture on the high-quality parent fish, wherein the induced culture comprises nutrient enrichment and temperature induction; the temperature induction time is less than or equal to 35 days to promote the ovary maturation of the parent fish. Through an indoor induction mode combining low-temperature energy storage, gradient rewarming and nutrient enrichment feed, the maturation rate of the female plectropomus leopardus ovary can be remarkably increased to 85% or above, and the maturation period is shortened to be within 40 days. The method is suitable for a standardized breeding process of an indoor parent fish breeding workshop, effectively realizes synchronous maturation and quality improvement of the parent fish group ovary, provides a stable parent guarantee for indoor artificial breeding of plectropomus leopardus, and has a good popularization and application prospect.

The invention relates to the technical field of computer vision, in particular to a video recognition method and system for zoo animals, and the method comprises the steps: data collection, animal detection and tracking, animal feature extraction, individual recognition and decision making, system optimization and continuous learning, and data management and application. According to the video identification method and system for the zoo animals, non-intrusive and high-precision animal individual identification can be realized based on deep learning and computer vision technologies and in combination with unique biological characteristics of the animals, so that efficient, accurate and non-intrusive animal management is realized, and the video identification efficiency is improved. Therefore, powerful technical support is provided for zoo operation and scientific research.

The invention relates to a primer probe combination and a kit for detecting eDNA of Chinese sturgeons and application of the primer probe combination and the kit. Specific primers and TaqMan probes are designed for a D-loop region of Chinese sturgeon mitochondrial DNA, and efficient specific amplification and absolute quantification of Chinese sturgeon eDNA in an environmental sample are realized by optimizing a reaction system and amplification conditions. Compared with the prior art, the method is simple and convenient to operate, does not need to perform harmful sampling on Chinese sturgeon individuals, is suitable for resource monitoring and protection evaluation in a large-range and dynamic environment, and has high sensitivity, high accuracy and high practical value.

The invention relates to the technical field of animal molecular genetics, molecular marker breeding and aquatic genetic breeding, in particular to a Koi-TAT gene related to golden and silver scale traits of fancy carp, an SNP molecular marker, a primer pair and application. According to the invention, a functional gene highly associated with the Koi gold and silver scale character is found, a specific molecular marker and a detection method are developed on the basis of the gene, and by utilizing the molecular marker and the detection method disclosed by the invention, an individual with excellent gold and silver scale character can be efficiently identified, and the molecular marker is suitable for molecular-assisted selective breeding and early-stage seed selection. The invention provides an important molecular tool for phenotype genetic improvement of aquarium fish, also provides a basis for molecular mechanism research of gold and silver scale formation, and has a wide application prospect.

The invention discloses a health monitoring and alarming system and method for animal individuals in a zoo, belongs to the field of zoo animal health monitoring, and solves the technical bottleneck through cooperation of a sensing layer, an edge computing layer and a cloud analysis layer. The system particularly sets differentiated threshold values for animals of different age groups, genders and health conditions, the dynamic baseline adjustment and multi-source data fusion algorithm is combined, the anomaly detection precision is remarkably improved, meanwhile, a grading alarm mechanism and feedback driven model optimization form a closed loop, the conversion from passive response to active early warning is achieved, and the system is suitable for the animal health monitoring and early warning of animals of different age groups, genders and health conditions. Potential health risks can be identified 12-24 hours in advance, and efficient and accurate technical support is provided for animal health management.

The invention relates to the technical field of phenotype measurement in aquatic genetic breeding, in particular to a macrobrachium rosenbergii small-size shrimp high-throughput phenotype measurement method and measurement system. According to the method, a camera obscura environment is constructed through a white shooting bottom plate, a dark extinction inner wall and an LED area array light source in a measuring box body, and illumination is adaptively adjusted by combining rough segmentation of a preview and analysis of a local gray histogram, so that stable bimodal gray distribution is formed between a shrimp body and a background. On the basis, a segmentation-key point combined deep learning model is adopted, a shrimp body mask and a standard key point are output at the same time, topological consistency loss constraints of a framework side length proportion and an included angle are introduced in training, and key point mismarking and drifting caused by the transparent body color are remarkably reduced. According to the method, rapid, non-contact, high-precision and high-throughput measurement of macrobrachium rosenbergii small-specification individual phenotype parameters and weight is realized, and a high-quality structured phenotype database is provided for genetic evaluation and multi-character combined selection.

The invention discloses a multi-source array animal intelligent monitoring and driving method and system based on target recognition, and relates to the technical field of animal prevention and control, and the method comprises the steps: based on the collection data of a multi-source sensor array, extracting the distribution behavior parameters of animal individuals, obtaining an individual behavior feature data set, and obtaining an individual behavior feature data set; according to the number of back-and-forth movement times of the animal individuals in the monitoring boundary area, the single staying duration and the ratio of the entering depth to the exiting frequency, an animal heuristic behavior judgment result is generated; according to the animal heuristic behavior judgment result and the historical driving event record, calculating adaptability parameters of the group to acousto-optic driving stimulation, setting an adaptability critical threshold judgment standard, and generating an animal group driving adaptability evaluation result; and generating a driving control signal containing the starting instruction and the adjusting parameter. The method has the advantages of animal heuristic behavior recognition and driving adaptability evaluation, and solves the problem of poor long-term prevention and control effect in the prior art.

The invention discloses an X-chromosome specific molecular marker of micropterus salmoides and application of the X-chromosome specific molecular marker. On the basis of a whole genome sequencing technology, the X chromosome specific molecular marker of micropterus salmoides is obtained. Aiming at the molecular marker, the invention also provides a detection primer pair and a detection method of the molecular marker, and by detecting the molecular marker, rapid and accurate screening of YY supermale fish individuals can be realized to obtain a YY supermale fish population. The obtained YY super-male fish group and a proper female fish group are jointly fed and bred, and then the micropterus salmoides all-male fingerling can be obtained. If the YY super-male fish group and the YY pseudo-female fish group are jointly bred and bred, largemouth bass offspring which is all YY super-male fish can be obtained. Compared with a traditional all-male breeding method of the largemouth black bass, the all-male breeding method of the largemouth black bass is beneficial to simplifying all-male breeding steps of the largemouth black bass, shortening breeding time, and beneficial to cultivation of all-male largemouth black bass fingerlings and popularization of single-male breeding of the largemouth black bass.

To provide a water tank and a culture method capable of improving a survival rate when culturing aquatic organisms having relatively strong territorial consciousness.SOLUTION: A water tank 20 for culturing a plurality of aquatic organisms in water includes a storage part 30 in which an internal space R capable of storing water is provided, a partition part 40 which partitions the internal space R into at least two or more sections, and a control part 50 which controls the partition part 40 to: The passage part 50 is configured to allow an individual organism having a predetermined size among the plurality of aquatic organisms to pass from one section to another section adjacent to each other among the plurality of sections and not to allow an individual organism larger than the individual organism having the predetermined size to pass, and the lid part 60 (switching part) is configured to switch between the passage allowing state in which the individual organism having the predetermined size is allowed to pass through the passage part 50 and the passage restricting state in which the individual organism is restricted from passing through the passage part 50.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 3

Developed and provided is a method for creating an area-restricted search type arthropod which belongs to the class Insecta or Arachnida and has high selection efficiency.　An area-restricted search type arthropod having high selection efficiency is created by measuring the expression level of a cGMP-dependent protein kinase gene in each test individual in a homogeneous individual group and selecting a test individual of which the expression level is significantly higher than that of a wild-type control individual.

The application relates to the technical field of Chinese soft-shelled turtles, in particular to primers, a kit and a method for identifying the genders of Chinese soft-shelled turtles and application. The genomic DNA of male and female individuals of Chinese soft-shelled turtles is respectively subjected to PCR amplification by using the primer pair, and male-specific fragments and female-specific fragments can be obtained. The primer pair, the kit and the method provided in the embodiments can effectively distinguish female individuals and male individuals of Chinese soft-shelled turtles.

This invention discloses a multi-unit composite stress tiered breeding device and method for juvenile large yellow croaker, belonging to the field of aquaculture breeding technology. The device uses a central control unit as its sole core, forming a fully integrated unidirectional closed-loop drive system. Four independent breeding units are connected through a transparent channel with a centrally located aeration head, forming a physical flow-limiting isolation structure. Each unit independently regulates water temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, creating a multi-factor composite stress gradient. The breeding method employs a three-factor linear equal-gradient synergistic progressive setting, utilizing the juvenile fish's autonomous adaptation and avoidance instincts to achieve cross-unit migration and natural selection. Combined with contour recognition and dynamic tracking algorithms, it monitors the fish population status and mortality rate in real time, and identifies superior offspring with comprehensive stress resistance through secondary verification under extreme stress. This invention offers high screening accuracy and automation, increasing the survival rate of superior individuals by over 40%, reducing labor costs by over 60%, and allowing for flexible adjustment of device parameters. It can be extended to the stress resistance breeding of other marine economic fish species.

The application discloses a method for breeding Ptereleotris radiata by using siRNA molecules interfering with melanin tyr gene expression, wherein the sequence of the siRNA molecules is shown as SEQ ID NO. 6-35, and the siRNA molecules can interfere with the expression of melanin tyr gene in the skin tissue of Ptereleotris radiata. The siRNA sequence is designed and synthesized by using the melanin gene of Ptereleotris radiata, and a powder injection preparation containing the siRNA is obtained. The powder injection preparation is dissolved and injected into the body of Ptereleotris radiata. The individuals with faded melanin in the skin tissue of Ptereleotris radiata are screened out for breeding of parent fish and cross breeding, and the offspring of Ptereleotris radiata is obtained, wherein the skin tissue traits of the offspring are the same as those of the parent fish. By using the breeding method provided by the application, the melanin in the skin tissue of Ptereleotris radiata can be reduced and stably inherited, a foundation for obtaining Ptereleotris radiata varieties is laid, and the economic value of Ptereleotris radiata is improved.

The invention provides a seed production method of a new purple golden crassostrea gigas strain with a high meat yield, and belongs to the technical field of aquaculture. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, preliminarily screening out a class group with two shells which are purple golden and purple mainly, 1-3 golden shells and high meat yield as a core group; the method comprises the following steps: selecting crassostrea gigas individuals with alternately purple and golden shells and high meat percentage as an optimal population by adopting a head cutting selection method, taking the optimal population as a breeding population, and carrying out filial generation breeding according to a conventional shellfish breeding method to obtain a new purple and golden shell strain F1 with high meat percentage; further purifying the purple golden shell character in a family breeding mode to form a second-generation breeding family F2; and then a plurality of generations of continuous purification are carried out to obtain the new crassostrea gigas strain with purple gold color, high meat yield and stable ovum shape. The survival rate, the growth speed and the fatness degree of the new purple golden crassostrea gigas strain with the high meat percentage are greatly improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of Daroul yellow rat training, and discloses a Daroul yellow rat water bottle drinking training method suitable for group rearing, comprising the following steps: S1, training pre-adaptation stage: configuring group adaptive drinking utensils and reasonably arranging the drinking utensils; s2, a group demonstration guiding stage: selecting high-response individuals in the group for preferential guiding to form demonstration; s3, in an autonomous cooperative training stage, each individual in the group is guided to autonomously complete a coherent water drinking action; s4, a group stability strengthening stage, wherein the autonomous drinking water environment is kept continuous and stable; s5, in a group feeding special optimization stage, behavior conflicts in group feeding are monitored; the invention aims to provide a Daroul yellow rat water bottle water drinking training method suitable for group feeding so as to solve the problems that water supply is unstable and is greatly influenced by vegetable freshness; intestinal flora disorder is easily caused, and the feeding death rate is increased; the water intake cannot be accurately controlled, and the accuracy of experimental data is influenced.

The invention discloses a molecular sequence and a primer for sex identification of grassland caterpillars and application of the molecular sequence and the primer. The nucleotide sequences of the molecular marker are as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2; wherein a nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 is female, and a nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is male. The invention also provides a primer group for amplifying the molecular fragment, and the nucleotide sequences of the primer group are shown as SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4. Wherein the size of a strip capable of being amplified by a female individual is 484 bp, and the size of a strip capable of being amplified by a male individual is 199 bp. According to the molecular marker and the primer group provided by the invention, sex identification can be carried out on grassland caterpillars, larvae, incomplete pupae and cocoons with unknown sex, the accuracy is high, the speed is high, and a reliable method is provided for monitoring the field sex ratio of the grassland caterpillars.

The invention relates to the technical field of intelligent automatic grading, in particular to an automatic grading fishing method and system for perches based on living body dynamic perception. The method comprises the following steps: acquiring multi-source perch state sensing data, and based on the multi-source perch state sensing data, performing cross-modal fusion analysis of living body behaviors and physiological appearances according to preset body shape reference parameters to obtain a body shape-stress fusion evaluation information set; based on this, analyzing the matching relationship between the perch body type state, the stress state and the grading fishing target pool, and generating a perch differentiation grading guide strategy set; on the basis, dynamic flow direction regulation and control are carried out through a bubble curtain, the stress perch individuals are drained to the redundant pool, after the stress states of the stress perch individuals are relieved through anti-stress treatment in the redundant pool, secondary flow guide distribution is carried out on the stress perch individuals according to body type evaluation, and a perch automatic grading catching log is output. And the automation level and the sorting accuracy of aquaculture grading fishing are improved.

The invention provides a sex-linked molecular marker-assisted all-male silurus asotus breeding method, which belongs to the technical field of silurus asotus sex breeding, and comprises the following steps: step 1, screening a molecular marker SSR-Y1 linked with silurus asotus Y chromosome, and the gene base sequence of the molecular marker SSR-Y1 is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1; 2, designing a specific primer pair SSR-Y1: F: 5 '-ATGTCGATCCGAGACCT-3' and a specific primer pair SSR-Y1: R: 5 '-TGCAGATCGTCGATAGG-3', and carrying out amplification on the specific primer pair SSR-Y1: F: 5 '-ATGTCGATCGAGACCT-3'; 3, extracting the genome DNA of an individual to be detected, and amplifying the SSR-Y1 marker through PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction); 4, judging the gender according to an amplification product, wherein male individuals show 350bp bands, and female individuals do not have bands; and 5, selecting a male parent with the genetic sex of XY, and hybridizing the male parent with the common female XX to obtain an all-male offspring XY. According to the invention, the SSR-Y1 marker is adopted, and the SSR-Y1 marker has the advantages of strong specificity, high accuracy, no consumption of a large amount of manpower and low cost; the genetic sex of the catfish is rapidly identified through PCR amplification, the production process of unisexual fish fries of the catfish is simplified by means of a molecular marker-assisted breeding technology, the breeding speed is increased, and the cost is saved.

The application relates to the technical field of Chinese soft-shelled turtles, in particular to primers, a kit and a method for identifying the genders of Chinese soft-shelled turtles and application. The genomic DNA of male and female individuals of Chinese soft-shelled turtles is respectively subjected to PCR amplification by using the primer pair, and male-specific fragments and female-specific fragments can be obtained. The primer pair, the kit and the method provided in the embodiments can effectively distinguish female individuals and male individuals of Chinese soft-shelled turtles.

The application relates to a device and method for three-dimensional high-efficiency breeding of black-spotted side-blotched frogs, and belongs to the technical field of three-dimensional breeding of black-spotted side-blotched frogs. A buckle on an upper net cage is embedded into a clamping groove of a bottom disc, so that the upper net cage and the bottom disc are combined into a net cage; the net cage is placed on a bottom tray; a first electric motor is started; a first chain is pulled; the bottom tray is driven to move upwards to a suitable height; at this time, the motor under the track of the bottom tray works to drive the track to make the net cage move towards a frame layer; the motors under the tracks of corresponding first track conveying devices, second track conveying devices and third track conveying devices work respectively, so that the net cage can be pulled into the respective frame layers. The application can increase the survival rate of the black-spotted side-blotched frogs, reduce the incidence, increase the proportion of excellent individuals, reduce the labor cost, realize multi-season and larger volume breeding, and greatly increase the income of the breeders.

The present invention provides a specific DNA fragment, primers, and applications thereof for identifying the sex of greenfin pufferfish, as well as a method for identifying the sex of greenfin pufferfish, relating to the technical field of fish sex identification. The present invention compares the genomes of male and female greenfin pufferfish and screens a male-specific fragment of greenfin pufferfish across the entire genome. The sequence information of this fragment in male greenfin pufferfish is shown in SEQ ID NO:1, and the greenfin pufferfish sex-specific DNA fragment is specifically amplified only in male individuals. The present application combines the dissection method and experimentally verifies that this specific DNA fragment can be used as a molecular marker for sex identification of greenfin pufferfish, thereby achieving molecular biological detection of the sex of greenfin pufferfish.

The present application relates to the technical field of animal health monitoring, and relates to a wild animal non-invasive genome monitoring and population health evaluation system. A time indication marker is generated based on the ratio of a predetermined indicator bacteria genus, and microenvironment data is input into a pre-trained microbial succession model to intelligently infer the actual exposure time of the sample in the wild. Then, the initial intestinal flora map of the sample at the instant of discharge is reconstructed. The high-fidelity flora map after reconstruction is further deeply coupled with health evaluation to realize scientific diagnosis and early warning of the physiological state of wild animal individuals. The accuracy of health evaluation, nutritional status analysis and pathogen detection is greatly improved, and major misjudgments such as misjudging environmental bacteria as pathogenic bacteria or misdiagnosing flora natural decay as ecological imbalance are avoided. A stable and reliable technical tool is provided for wild animal protection management.

The invention belongs to the technical field of breeding of aquatic animals, and particularly relates to a breeding method for breeding XX pseudo male fishes by using Chrysophila multistriata. The invention relates to a breeding method for breeding XX pseudo-male fishes by using Christia polyrrhiza, which comprises the following steps of: feeding a feed containing an aromatase inhibitor to Christia polyrrhiza fry with proper day age for induction to obtain pseudo-male fishes with physiological male property and genetic female property; the method comprises the following steps: performing PIT living body electronic marking, then collecting a tail fin tissue sample, performing PCR detection by utilizing a genetic sex specific molecular marker of the Chrysophila polyrrhiza, and screening out pseudo male individuals with female genetic sex and male physiological sex; the obtained pseudo male fish individuals serve as male parents, normal genetic female fishes serve as female parents, intensive cultivation and artificial spawning induction are conducted, and fertilized eggs are obtained; the obtained fertilized eggs are collected and hatched, and pseudo male fishes with all genotypes being XX are obtained. According to the method, the genetic all-female rate of the breeding offspring reaches 100%, and the production purity of the offspring seeds is greatly improved.

The invention relates to the technical field of environment monitoring, in particular to an internet-of-things-based breeding environment monitoring system for pond turtles, and the system comprises a turtle movement trajectory tracking module which is used for collecting real-time images of an incubator, comparing pixel differences among continuous image frames to carry out background subtraction, and recognizing a moving foreground target. According to the method, the pixel differences between image frames are continuously compared, the geometric center point of the moving target is calculated, continuous recording of the moving tracks of the water tortoise individuals in the cultivation box is achieved, the moving area is gridded, the occurrence probability is calculated by counting the frequency that coordinates fall into all units, an objective data basis is provided for environment optimization, and the method is suitable for large-scale popularization and application. Meanwhile, multiple groups of temperature sensors are arranged at key positions such as a spawning area and a drying platform, multiple paths of environment sensing redundant numerical values are obtained, the state range is predicted according to a water body thermal inertia model, multiple paths of readings are updated and calibrated, deviation data are effectively recognized and eliminated, and the reliability of environment monitoring data and the fault tolerance of the system are improved.