Endoscope protecting sleeve

Abstract

The present application provides an endoscope protecting sleeve, and relates to the technical field of medical instruments. The endoscope protecting sleeve comprises a pipe sleeve. One tail end of the pipe sleeve is provided with a pipe opening. The interior of the pipe sleeve is a pipe cavity communicating with the pipe opening. Pipelines of a plurality of radial sizes are included in the pipe cavity. The pipelines of different radial sizes fit endoscopes of different radial sizes, respectively. In the pipeline, the radial size of the pipeline decreases step by step or gradually in the direction away from the pipe opening. The tail ends of endoscopes of different radial sizes can fit in the pipe cavity of the endoscope protecting sleeve. The pipe sleeve comprises a pipe frame and a plurality of semi-ring sleeves. The pipe frame comprises two fixing rods. After the tail end of an endoscope with a corresponding outer diameter size passes through the pipe opening, the tail end of the endoscope can be correspondingly clamped to a pipeline of the corresponding outer diameter size, so that the tail end of the endoscope can be stably mounted in the pipe sleeve after passing through the pipe opening.

Description

Endoscope protective cover

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to a short-term patent application entitled “Endoscope Protective Cover” filed with the Intellectual Property Department of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China on September 5, 2022, with application number 32022059549.2, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] The present application relates to the technical field of medical devices, and specifically to an endoscope protective cover. Background Art

[0004] An endoscope is a medical testing instrument that integrates an image sensor, optical lens, light source, and mechanical device. It can penetrate the human body to capture images for diagnosis. When an endoscope needs to be stored after use, it is usually covered with a protective cover to protect the end of the endoscope where the lens is located.

[0005] Currently, there are two types of protective covers commonly used for endoscopes. One type is designed with protective covers of corresponding inner diameters for endoscopes of different outer diameters. The disadvantage of this type of protective cover is that each protective cover is only suitable for and compatible with one type of endoscope. As the number of endoscopes increases, the number of types of protective covers also increases.

[0006] As a result, some manufacturers have developed another type of protective cover that can accommodate endoscopes of various sizes. This type of protective cover features multiple silicone films along the length of the lumen housing the endoscope. These films are provided with cross-shaped grooves. These grooves serve as the assembly and positioning ports for the cover. Once the endoscope passes through the cross-shaped grooves, the silicone films clamp the surface of the endoscope, preventing it from loosening and protecting it.

[0007] This protective cover has the following defects when used: when the radial size of the endoscope is large, the silicone film can still clamp the surface of the endoscope and play a protective role; however, when the radial size of the endoscope is small, the silicone film often cannot clamp the surface of the endoscope well, which may cause the endoscope to loosen from the protective cover, making the endoscope not well protected.

[0008] Application Contents

[0009] In response to the shortcomings of the existing technology, the present application provides an endoscope protective cover, which solves the problem that the endoscope protective cover cannot be used for multiple different endoscopes at the same time and the clamping is not reliable.

[0010] To achieve the above objectives, the present application is implemented through the following technical solutions: an endoscope protective cover, comprising a tube cover, one end of the tube cover is provided with a tube opening, and the interior of the tube cover is a tube cavity connected to the tube opening;

[0011] The lumen includes tubes of various radial sizes, and the tubes of different radial sizes are respectively adapted to endoscopes of different radial sizes;

[0012] In the pipeline, the radial dimension of the pipeline decreases step by step or gradually in a direction away from the pipeline opening.

[0013] Preferably, the pipe sleeve includes a pipe rack and a plurality of semi-ring sleeves; the pipe rack includes two fixing rods; each of the semi-ring sleeves spans between the two fixing rods, and its two ends are respectively connected to the two fixing rods.

[0014] Preferably, the two axis lines of the two fixing rods constitute an axis plane; the plurality of semi-rings are arranged in an array to form a first semi-ring group and a second semi-ring group;

[0015] The first semi-ring set is distributed on the first side of the axial plane, and the second semi-ring set is distributed on the second side of the axial plane; and the semi-ring sets constituting the first semi-ring set and the semi-ring sets constituting the second semi-ring set are staggered on the pipe rack.

[0016] Preferably, the thickness of the middle portion of the semi-annular sleeve is smaller than the thickness of the two ends of the semi-annular sleeve; the middle portion of the semi-annular sleeve refers to the portion of the semi-annular sleeve connected between the two ends.

[0017] Preferably, a through opening is provided in the middle of each of the semi-ring sleeves.

[0018] Preferably, a hanging ear is provided at the other end of the pipe sleeve away from the pipe opening.

[0019] Preferably, the sleeve is made of an elastic material; the elastic material includes rubber or silicone.

[0020] Preferably, the nozzle is covered with a film made of the elastic material, and the film is provided with a groove.

[0021] Preferably, the groove is configured to have one of a "X" shape, a "M" shape, and a "Y" shape.

[0022] Preferably, the film is further provided with dotted slots, and the dotted slots are distributed along the grooves.

[0023] Preferably, the film includes a first state and a second state, and the film can be unidirectionally transformed from the first state to the second state. When the film is in the first state, the endoscope does not enter the lumen, and when the film is in the second state, the endoscope can at least partially enter the lumen.

[0024] Preferably, the composition comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40%-50% PLA, 20%-30% peanut protein powder, 10%-5% lignocellulose, 10%-5% surface-modified chitin whiskers, 5-2.5% silicone rubber, 5-2.5% hard clay, 5-2.5% photosensitizer, 2.5-1% toughening agent, 10%-5% amylose, and 5-2.5% dehydroacetic acid.

[0025] Working principle: PLA is polylactic acid, also known as polylactide, which is a polyester polymer obtained by polymerizing lactic acid as the main raw material. In addition to being biodegradable, PLA has good biocompatibility, glossiness, transparency, feel and heat resistance. Peanut protein powder refers to the selection of high-quality peanuts, which are produced by removing the red skin, cold pressing at 60°C, and filtering to produce peanut oil; the cold-rolled cake is a product obtained by crushing, subcritical biotechnology low-temperature extraction, crushing and sterilization. Wood cellulose is toxic, odorless, pollution-free, and non-radioactive, and has excellent flexibility and dispersibility. Surface-modified chitin whiskers can be dissolved in dimethylacetamide or concentrated acid containing 8% lithium chloride. Silicone rubber refers to a rubber with a main chain composed of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms, and the silicon atom is usually connected to two organic groups. Silicone rubber is non-toxic, tasteless, odorless, does not adhere to human tissue, and has an anti-coagulant effect. It has very little reactivity to body tissues and is particularly suitable as a medical material. Hard clay is plastic, and wet clay can be molded into various shapes without breaking and can remain unchanged for a long time. The photosensitizer prevents the cured protective cover from yellowing and aging. The toughening agent can increase the flexibility of the adhesive film layer of the protective cover. Amylose has properties similar to those of fiber. The film made of amylose has good transparency, flexibility, tensile strength and water insolubility, and can be used in the production of sealing materials, packaging materials and water-resistant and pressure-resistant materials. It has a certain antibacterial effect under acid and alkaline conditions, especially the strongest inhibitory effect on mold. The endoscope protective cover made of the above raw materials has good degradability, and can also make the endoscope protective cover have a certain transparency, toughness and anti-aging, and has a certain antibacterial effect.

[0026] This application provides an endoscope protective cover. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0027] The present invention can be adapted to endoscope tips of different radial sizes through the lumen of the endoscope protective sleeve. When an endoscope tip with a corresponding outer diameter passes through the tube opening, the endoscope tip can be correspondingly engaged with a pipe of the corresponding outer diameter, so that the endoscope tip can be stably assembled in the tube sleeve after passing through the tube opening. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] One or more embodiments are exemplarily illustrated by pictures in the corresponding drawings. These exemplifications do not constitute limitations on the embodiments. Elements with the same reference numerals in the drawings are represented as similar elements. Unless otherwise stated, the figures in the drawings do not constitute proportional limitations.

[0029] FIG1 is a perspective view of an endoscope protective cover provided in an embodiment of the present application;

[0030] FIG2 is a cross-sectional view of an endoscope protective cover provided in an embodiment of the present application, showing the cross-sectional view along the AA direction in FIG1 ;

[0031] FIG3 is a front view of an endoscope protective cover provided in an embodiment of the present application, showing the situation observed in the direction B in FIG1 ;

[0032] FIG4 is a three-dimensional diagram of another endoscope protective cover provided in an embodiment of the present application.

[0033] Among them, 100, endoscope protective cover; 10, tube sleeve; 11, tube mouth; 12, tube cavity; 121, pipeline; 122, pipeline; 123, pipeline; 13, semi-ring sleeve; 14, fixing rod; X1, axis; X2, axis; R1, first semi-ring sleeve group; R2, second semi-ring sleeve group; 131, middle part of semi-ring sleeve; 132, end; 133, through-mouth; 20, ear; 15, film; 151, groove; 152, dotted slot. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present application clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present application, not all of the embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present application and are not intended to limit the present application. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative work are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0035] It should be noted that when an element is described as being "fixed to" another element, it may be directly on the other element, or one or more elements may be interposed therebetween. When an element is described as being "connected to" another element, it may be directly connected to the other element, or one or more elements may be interposed therebetween. The terms "vertical," "horizontal," "left," "right," and similar expressions used in this specification are for illustrative purposes only.

[0036] Example 1:

[0037] As shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 , the endoscope protective cover 100 provided in the embodiment of the present application may include: a tube cover 10 .

[0038] One end of the tube sleeve 10 is provided with a tube opening 11, and the interior of the tube sleeve 10 is a tubular lumen 12 connected to the tube opening 11. The tube opening 11 is used for the end of the endoscope provided with a lens (hereinafter referred to as the "endoscope end") to pass through, and the tubular lumen 12 is used to accommodate the endoscope end passing through the tube opening 11.

[0039] The lumen 12 includes tubes of various radial sizes (a first tube 121, a second tube 122, and a third tube 123), each of which is adapted to accommodate endoscopes of varying radial sizes. The radial sizes of the tubes gradually decrease from the tube opening 11 toward the tube opening 11.

[0040] Specifically, the pipe may include a first pipe 121, a second pipe 122, and a third pipe 123. The radial dimensions of the first pipe 121, the second pipe 122, and the third pipe 123 gradually decrease from one end of the pipe opening 11 to the direction away from the pipe opening 11 in the lumen 12, and respectively correspond to large endoscopes, medium endoscopes, and small endoscopes. In the embodiment of the present application, the radial dimension of the large endoscope may be 13 to 20 mm, the radial dimension of the medium endoscope may be 8 to 12 mm, and the radial dimension of the small endoscope may be 2.5 to 5 mm.

[0041] It should be noted that the so-called "gradual" means that the radial dimension of the endoscope lumen 12 is a set of values ​​that gradually decrease from large to small as the endoscope protective cover 100 moves from the tube opening 11 to the direction away from the tube opening 11 within the tube lumen 12. The values ​​show a step-wise change from large to small, which is different from the radial dimension of the endoscope lumen 12 that continuously decreases in a tapered manner from the tube opening 11 to the direction away from the tube opening 11. Of course, the radial dimension of the endoscope lumen 12 may also continuously decrease in a tapered manner from the tube opening 11 to the direction away from the tube opening 11.

[0042] Through the above design, the endoscope protective cover 100 can adapt its lumen 12 to endoscope tips of different radial sizes. When an endoscope tip with a corresponding outer diameter passes through the tube opening 11, the endoscope tip can be correspondingly engaged with a pipe of the corresponding outer diameter, allowing the endoscope tip to be stably assembled within the tube cover 12 after passing through the tube opening 11. In some situations (such as transportation, storage, and disinfection), the endoscope protective cover 100 can reliably cover and protect the endoscope tip.

[0043] In the embodiment of the present application, the tube sleeve 10 or the endoscope protective cover 100 can be entirely manufactured and formed using an elastic material, and the elastic material can be but is not limited to the currently more common rubber or silicone.

[0044] In some embodiments, in order to prevent the endoscope tip from loosening and falling out of the endoscope protective cover 100 after being housed in the endoscope protective cover 100, the radial dimensions of each tube of the endoscope protective cover 100 can be designed to be slightly smaller than the radial dimensions of the corresponding endoscope tip assembled on each tube.

[0045] When the endoscope tip passes through the tube opening 11, because the radial dimension of the lumen of the endoscope protective cover 100 is smaller than the radial dimension of the endoscope tip, the endoscope tip can squeeze the inner wall of the tube to cause the tube to be squeezed and deformed. As a result, the tube generates a certain elastic covering force, so that the endoscope tip can be firmly covered in the tube lumen 12.

[0046] As shown in Figure 2, in some embodiments, the sleeve includes a frame and multiple half-rings 13. The frame includes two fixed rods 14; each half-ring 13 spans between the two fixed rods 14, with its ends connected to the two fixed rods 14. Thus, the two fixed rods 14 and the multiple half-rings 13 are connected to form the overall frame of the endoscope protective sleeve 100.

[0047] Specifically, the two fixing rods 14 can be parallel to each other or can be close to each other at a predetermined angle. The axis lines (X1, X2) of the two fixing rods 14 form a plane, which is referred to as the axis plane for ease of description.

[0048] As shown in Fig. 3, on the pipe sleeve 10, the axial plane consisting of the axial center line (X1, X2) is a dividing line, and a plurality of semi-ring sleeves 13 can be divided into a first semi-ring sleeve group R1 and a second group of semi-ring sleeve group R2. After a plurality of semi-ring sleeves 13 are arranged in the form of an array into the first semi-ring sleeve group R1, they are distributed on a first side of the axial plane. After a plurality of semi-ring sleeves 13 are arranged in the form of an array into the second semi-ring sleeve group R2, they are distributed on a second side of the axial plane. Moreover, the semi-ring sleeves 13 of the first semi-ring sleeve group R1 and the semi-ring sleeves 13 of the second semi-ring sleeve group R2 are staggered on the pipe rack.

[0049] Of course, the semi-ring sleeves 13 of the first semi-ring sleeve group R1 and the semi-ring sleeves 13 of the second semi-ring sleeve group R2 can also be arranged relatively on the pipe rack, that is, the two ends of the semi-ring sleeves 13 on the first side (the first semi-ring sleeve group R1) and the two ends of the semi-ring sleeves 13 on the second side (the second semi-ring sleeve group R2) are connected at the same position on the two fixed rods 14, and the semi-ring sleeves 13 on the first side (the first semi-ring sleeve group R1) and the semi-ring sleeves 13 on the second side (the second semi-ring sleeve group R2) form a ring.

[0050] Compared with the relative arrangement of the semi-annular sleeves 13 on both sides, the staggered distribution of the semi-annular sleeves 13 on both sides can distribute the covering force at the end of the endoscope along the length direction of the endoscope. The covering force of the endoscope protective cover 100 on the end of the endoscope is more dispersed, which can prevent the end of the endoscope from being unable to smoothly enter the lumen 12 or being unable to be smoothly removed from the lumen 12 due to excessive covering force.

[0051] As shown in FIG1 , in some embodiments, the thickness of the middle portion 131 of the semi-annular sleeve is less than the thickness of the end portions 132 of the semi-annular sleeve. It should be noted that the middle portion 131 of the semi-annular sleeve refers to the portion of the semi-annular sleeve 13 connected between the two ends 132 of the semi-annular sleeve, and the end portions 132 of the semi-annular sleeve refer to the two ends of the semi-annular sleeve 13 for connecting with the fixing rod 14; and the thickness refers to the dimensional parameter of the endoscope protective sleeve 100 in the radial direction.

[0052] The advantage of this design of the semi-annular sleeve 13 is that the semi-annular sleeve 13 is connected to the fixed rod 14 with the thicker end 132, which can ensure the connection strength between the semi-annular sleeve 13 and the fixed rod 14. In the process of the endoscope end entering the lumen of the endoscope protective cover 100, the thinner middle part 131 of the semi-annular sleeve is conducive to better deformation, so that the endoscope end can more easily enter the lumen 12 of the endoscope protective cover 100.

[0053] Continuing to refer to FIG1 , in some embodiments, each half-ring 13 may have a through opening 133 in the middle. The design of the through opening 133 helps further enhance the elastic deformation capability of the middle portion 131 of the half-ring, so that after the endoscope tip enters the lumen 12, each half-ring 13 can wrap around the surface of the endoscope with a more appropriate elastic wrapping force, thereby providing a pre-tightening force to prevent the endoscope from being loosened from the endoscope protective cover 120.

[0054] The tube mouth 11 is provided with a film 15 made of the above-mentioned elastic material, which covers the tube mouth 11. The film 15 is provided with a groove 151. The thickness of the film 15 in the groove 151 is thinner than the thickness of the film 15 outside the groove 151. This facilitates that when the endoscope tip is covered with the endoscope protective cover 100, the film 15 can be easily pierced by the endoscope tip due to the thin groove 151, thereby allowing the endoscope tip to smoothly enter the lumen 12.

[0055] In the embodiment of the present application, the groove 151 can be set to a "cross" shape, a "M" shape, or a "Y" shape. Its shape can be designed into a suitable shape according to actual needs. The embodiment of the present application does not specifically limit the shape of the groove 151.

[0056] As shown in Figure 4 , in some embodiments, to facilitate puncturing of the film 15 , a plurality of slots 152 communicating with the lumen 12 may be formed on the film 15 at the bottom of the groove 151 along the extending direction of the groove 151. The slots 152 are arranged in a dotted line pattern within the groove 151. For ease of description, the slots 152 arranged in a dotted line pattern are hereinafter referred to as "dotted line slots 152."

[0057] When the endoscope tip is used to pierce the film, the film is designed with dotted slots 152, and the film is torn along the direction of the dotted slots 152 to form an opening. The endoscope tip passes through the opening and extends into the lumen 12. Thus, the design of dotted slots 152 can effectively reduce burrs on the edge of the opening after the film 15 is torn, thereby improving the film 15's ability to cover and position the endoscope tip.

[0058] It should be noted that the groove 151 and the dotted slot 152 structure on the above-mentioned film 15 not only facilitate the endoscope end to pierce the film 15, but also have a certain identification function, that is, the user can judge whether the endoscope protective cover 100 has been used by the state of the groove 151 and the dotted slot 152, thereby avoiding the user from using the endoscope protective cover 100 multiple times. For example, when the groove 151 and the dotted slot 152 are pierced and an opening is pierced on the film 15, at this time, the endoscope protective cover 100 is obviously in use or has been used, and the user can replace it with another endoscope protective cover 100 for use.

[0059] In some embodiments, the film 15 includes a first state and a second state, and the film 15 can be unidirectionally transformed from the first state to the second state. When the film 15 is in the first state, the endoscope has not entered the lumen 12. When the film 15 is in the second state, the endoscope can at least partially enter the lumen 12. It can be understood that the first state of the film 15 refers to a state in which the groove 151 and / or the dotted slot 152 located thereon are not punctured. At this time, the endoscope has not entered the lumen 12. The second state of the film 15 refers to a state in which the groove 151 and / or the dotted slot 152 located thereon are punctured. At this time, an opening is punctured on the film 15, and the endoscope tip can pass through the opening and extend into the lumen 12.

[0060] As shown in FIG2 , in some embodiments, a hook 20 can be provided at the other end of the tube sleeve 10, which is away from the tube opening 11, according to actual needs. The hook 20 is connected between the ends of the two fixing rods 14. After the endoscope is assembled in the endoscope protective cover 100, the hook 20 can be used to hang the endoscope protective cover 100 containing the endoscope at a designated location, thereby saving space.

[0061] Example 2:

[0062] An embodiment of the present application provides an endoscope protective cover, comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40%-50% PLA, 20%-30% peanut protein powder, 10%-5% lignocellulose, 10%-5% surface-modified chitin whiskers, 5-2.5% silicone rubber, 5-2.5% hard clay, 5-2.5% photosensitizer, 2.5-1% toughening agent, 10%-5% amylose, and 5-2.5% dehydroacetic acid.

[0063] Example 3:

[0064] An embodiment of the present application provides an endoscope protective cover, comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 40% PLA, 20% peanut protein powder, 5% lignocellulose, 5% surface-modified chitosan whiskers, 5% silicone rubber, 5% hard clay, 5% photosensitizer, 2.5% toughening agent, 10% amylose, and 2.5% dehydroacetic acid.

[0065] Although the embodiments of the present application have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations may be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present application, and the scope of the present application is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. An endoscope protective sleeve, including a pipe sleeve (10), wherein one terminal end of the pipe sleeve (10) is provided with a pipe opening (11), and an interior of the pipe sleeve (10) is a pipe cavity (12) that is communicated with the pipe opening (11);the pipe cavity (12) internally includes pipes (121, 122, 123) with a variety of radial dimensions, and the pipes with different radial dimensions are adapted to endoscopes with different radial dimensions, respectively;in the pipes, the radial dimensions of the pipes are successively or gradually decreased from the pipe opening (11) in a direction away from the pipe opening (11);wherein the pipe sleeve (10) includes a pipe frame and a plurality of half-ring sleeves (13); the pipe frame includes two fixing rods (14); each of the half-ring sleeves (13) is spanned between the two fixing rods (14), with two ends connected to the two fixing rods (14), respectively;wherein two axis lines (X1, X2) of the two fixing rods (14) constitute an axis plane; the plurality of half-ring sleeves (13) are arranged into a first half-ring sleeve set (R1) and a second half-ring sleeve set (R2) in a form of an array;the first half-ring sleeve set (R1) is distributed on a first side of the axis plane, and the second half-ring sleeve set (R2) is distributed on a second side of the axis plane; furthermore, the halfring sleeves (13) composing the first half-ring sleeve set (R1) and the half-ring sleeves (13) composing the second half-ring sleeve set (R2) are distributed in a staggered manner on the pipe frame.

2. The endoscope protective sleeve according to Claim 1, wherein thicknesses of middle portions (131) of the half-ring sleeves are smaller than those of two terminal ends (132) of the half-ring sleeves (13); the middle portions (131) of the half-ring sleeves refer to portions on the half-ring sleeves (13) that are connected between the two terminal ends (132).

3. The endoscope protective sleeve according to Claim 1, wherein a through hole (133) is provided in the middle portion (131) of each of the half-ring sleeves (13).

4. The endoscope protective sleeve according to Claim 1, wherein the other terminal end of the pipe sleeve (10) that is away from the pipe opening (11) is provided with a hanging lug (20).

5. The endoscope protective sleeve according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the pipe sleeve (10) is made of and molded by an elastic material; the elastic material includes rubber or silicone rubber.

6. The endoscope protective sleeve according to Claim 5, wherein the pipe opening (11) is covered with a thin film (15) made of the elastic material, and the thin film (15) is provided with a groove (151).

7. The endoscope protective sleeve according to Claim 6, wherein the groove (151) is2023339701   30 Apr 2026arranged to have one of a “+” shaped appearance, a “*” shaped appearance, and a character “Y” shaped appearance.

8. The endoscope protective sleeve according to Claim 7, wherein the thin film (15) is further provided with dotted slot holes (152), and the dotted slot holes (152) are distributed along the groove (151).

9. The endoscope protective sleeve according to Claim 6, whereinthe thin film includes a first state and a second state, and the thin film can be unidirectionally transformed from the first state to the second state; when the thin film is in the first state, an endoscope does not enter the pipe cavity; when the thin film is in the second state, the endoscope can at least partially enter the pipe cavity.

10. The endoscope protective sleeve according to Claim 1, wherein the endoscope protective sleeve includes the following parts by weight of raw materials: 40%-50% of PLA, 20%-30% of peanut protein powder, 10%-5% of lignocellulose, 10%-5% of surface-modified chitin whiskers, 5%-2.5% of silicone rubber, 5%-2.5% of hard clay, 5%-2.5% of a photosensitizer, 2.5%-1% of a toughening agent, 10%-5% of amylose, and 5%-2.5% of dehydroacetic acid.

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