Electrical short-circuit protection circuit with a centralized or discrete positive-pole co-line structure and a power vehicle

Abstract

The present invention discloses an electrical short - circuit protection circuit and a power vehicle with a centralized or discrete positive - pole common - line structure, including two positive - pole common - line structures: centralized and discrete. The centralized structure is suitable for small vehicles, and the discrete structure is suitable for large vehicles. The centralized structure includes an instrument, a front - vehicle switch, front - vehicle electrical appliances, rear - vehicle electrical appliances, a positive - pole wire, a negative - pole wire, a rear - vehicle electrical - appliance associated wire harness, a converter, and a storage battery. The discrete structure includes a main control module, 1 - 256 controlled modules, 2 - 256 location - area electrical appliances, a positive - pole wire, a negative - pole wire, a communication bus, a converter, and a storage battery. The said structure is beneficial to reducing vehicle costs and improving reliability. Using these two structures, an electrical short - circuit protection circuit with a centralized positive - pole common - line structure, a single - path electrical short - circuit protection circuit with a discrete positive - pole common - line structure, and a multi - path electrical short - circuit protection circuit with a discrete positive - pole common - line structure are realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Automotive electronics technology, specifically in the field of power vehicles such as electric vehicles, fuel vehicles, hydrogen fuel vehicles, and solar vehicles. Background Art

[0002] For the convenience of description, the present invention defines the following terms:

[0003] "Front-of-vehicle switch" refers to all switches near the instrument in front of a small vehicle, such as a reverse switch, horn switch, gear switch, cruise switch, wiper switch, windshield washer switch, and various lamp switches;

[0004] "Front-of-vehicle electrical appliance" refers to all electrical appliances near the instrument in front of a small vehicle, such as: horn, wiper, windshield washer, audio, and various lamps;

[0005] "Rear-of-vehicle electrical appliance" refers to all electrical appliances at the rear of a small vehicle, such as: rear wiper, glass heater, and various rear taillights;

[0006] "Master control module" refers to a module in the body electrical bus control system of a large vehicle, the module that dominates in the master-slave communication mode, such as the master module that dominates communication in LIN communication. However, in the multi-master communication mode, such as CAN communication, there is no master control module, and all modules have the same status.

[0007] "Controlled module" refers to a module in the body electrical bus control system of a large vehicle, the module that is dominated in the master-slave communication mode, such as the slave modules that are dominated in LIN communication;

[0008] "Area electrical appliance" refers to local electrical appliances in the body electrical bus control system of a large vehicle, including oil valves, gas valves, door controls, window lifters, lamps, etc. Electrical appliances, and their positions are very close. For example: left front turn signal, left front position lamp, left front fog lamp, left front courtesy lamp, etc.;

[0009] "Area switch" refers to local electrical appliance switches in the body electrical bus control system of a large vehicle, and their positions are very close. For example, various switches on the combination instrument, various switches on the left door, various switches on the right door, etc. However, there are no switches in many places on the vehicle, and in this case, the "area switch" is empty;

[0010] "Outlet wire" refers to the connection wires between the front-of-vehicle electrical appliances, rear-of-vehicle electrical appliances, front-of-vehicle switches and the instrument, or the connection wires between the area switches, area electrical appliances and the master control module, controlled module;

[0011] "Switch tube" generally refers to a Darlington tube, IGBT tube, or MOS tube. It is agreed that the current inflow end of the controlled circuit is referred to as the "positive pole", and the current outflow end is referred to as the "negative pole";

[0012] "N-type switching tube" refers to N-channel field effect transistor, NPN Darlington transistor, NPN IGBT transistor;

[0013] "Other intelligent electrical components" refer to intelligent electrical components other than the main control module or the controlled module in the discrete positive-pole common-line structure of the present invention, such as motor controllers, chargers, high-power DC / DC converters, ABS, airbags, power steering, automatic transmissions, automatic air conditioners, automatic sunroofs, solar controllers, fuel cell stack controllers and other electrical components;

[0014] "Power vehicle" refers to a vehicle with power drive on board, including various electric vehicles, fuel vehicles, hydrogen fuel vehicles, solar vehicles, etc.

[0015] The traditional structure is negative-pole common-line, that is, the ground wire. One end of all the electrical appliances on the vehicle is directly connected to the negative wire. But the problem here is that the control of the switch must use the high-side control mode. The switching tubes used in the high-side control mode are all p-type. Such as p-channel field effect transistors, pnp Darlington transistors, pnp IGBT transistors. But these types of tubes are expensive, have large internal resistance, generate a lot of heat, and have poor reliability. In addition, the electrical wiring is complex, it is difficult to achieve electrical short-circuit protection, and it often causes vehicle fires. Summary of the Invention

[0016] The object of the present invention is that all electrical appliances share a common positive pole, and its control can use the low-side control mode, so that n-type switching tubes can be used, reducing costs and increasing the reliability of the switching tubes. Because n-type switching tubes are inexpensive, have low on-resistance, generate little heat, and have high reliability, and the supply is sufficient. In addition, the vehicle adopts a bus control system, replacing the traditional spider-web electrical wiring with a data communication bus, which can greatly reduce the number of wire ends and plugs, and greatly reduce the amount of wire used. It is also convenient to achieve electrical short-circuit protection for the entire vehicle and prevent fires.

[0017] Centralized positive-pole common-line structure:

[0018] The electrical short-circuit protection circuit of the centralized positive-pole common-line structure includes an instrument, a motor controller, a front vehicle switch, front vehicle electrical appliances, rear vehicle electrical appliances, a positive wire, a negative wire, a converter, a battery and a main wire.

[0019] The main wire includes a positive wire, a negative wire, a rear vehicle electrical appliance connection harness and a motor controller connection harness.

[0020] The positive wire is connected to the converter, which is the source of current. But for some small vehicles, in order to save costs, the converter is not installed. In this case, the positive wire is connected to the positive pole of the battery.

[0021] The negative wire is connected to the negative pole of the battery.

[0022] The positive electrode wire connects the electrical appliances in the front of the vehicle and the electrical appliances in the rear of the vehicle. This is the greatest technical feature of the present invention and the biggest difference from the traditional mode.

[0023] The other end of the electrical appliances in the rear of the vehicle is all connected to the instrument through the associated wire harness of the electrical appliances in the rear of the vehicle.

[0024] The switch in the front of the vehicle is connected to the instrument.

[0025] The instrument and the motor controller include an MCU and a communication interface, so as to communicate and exchange data between the two, thereby reducing the number of wires between the two.

[0026] The PCB traces of the circuit board of the instrument complete the connection relationships of the switch in the front of the vehicle, the electrical appliances in the front of the vehicle, and the electrical appliances in the rear of the vehicle. There is no direct connection of wires between the outgoing wires of the electrical appliances in the front of the vehicle except for the positive electrode wire, and there is no direct connection of wires between the outgoing wires of the electrical appliances in the rear of the vehicle except for the positive electrode wire. In this way, the traditional branch wire heads are eliminated. This not only reduces the cost but also increases the reliability.

[0027] The switch in the front of the vehicle, the electrical appliances in the front of the vehicle, and the electrical appliances in the rear of the vehicle are not directly connected to the negative electrode wire, but are connected to the negative electrode wire after being processed by the instrument.

[0028] For the application of fuel vehicles, the present invention has no motor controller and the associated wire harness of the motor controller.

[0029] The technical key point of the centralized positive electrode co-line structure is that all electrical appliances are connected to the positive electrode wire, and the other end of the electrical appliances is connected to the instrument. After being processed by the instrument, it is connected to the negative electrode wire to form a complete electrical circuit.

[0030] The electrical short-circuit protection circuit of the centralized positive electrode co-line structure:

[0031] The protection circuit fully applies the above-mentioned centralized positive electrode co-line structure.

[0032] The instrument includes an MCU circuit, a single-channel comparison circuit, a single-channel switch circuit, and a single-channel sampling resistor circuit.

[0033] The MCU circuit is respectively connected to the switch in the front of the vehicle and collects its switch state, and then sends it to other intelligent electrical components on the vehicle, such as the motor controller, through the communication interface.

[0034] The single-channel switch circuit includes a switching tube. Since it is low-end control, an N-type switching tube can be used. This reduces the cost and improves the reliability.

[0035] The single-channel switch circuit is connected to the multi-channel switch in the front of the vehicle, and the negative electrodes of all electrical appliances are concentrated together through the switch in the front of the vehicle and connected to the positive electrode of the switching tube.

[0036] Further, the negative electrode of the switching tube is connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit and finally to the negative wire. The voltage across the sampling resistor reflects the current of the entire vehicle.

[0037] The MCU circuit is connected to the single-channel switching circuit to control the switching tube, thereby achieving centralized switching control of all on-vehicle electrical appliances. Only when the switching tube is turned on, the on-vehicle electrical appliances can be powered on and work.

[0038] The single-channel comparison circuit is connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit or the positive electrode of the switching tube to detect the total current of all on-vehicle electrical appliances.

[0039] The single-channel comparison circuit has two input modes: high-end comparison and low-end comparison. If cost savings are desired, the internal resistance of the switching tube is used instead, and the current is detected by measuring the conduction voltage of the switching tube. In this case, the high-end comparison mode is used, the single-channel comparison circuit is connected to the positive electrode of the switching tube, and the sampling resistor is not required. The negative electrode of the switching tube is connected to the negative wire. If increased reliability and flexibility are desired, the current is detected by the voltage across the sampling resistor. In this case, the low-end comparison mode is used, the single-channel comparison circuit is connected to the positive electrode of the sampling resistor, and the negative electrode of the sampling resistor is connected to the negative wire.

[0040] The single-channel comparison circuit is connected to the MCU circuit to transmit the result of current detection to the MCU.

[0041] When the MCU detects that the current is greater than the rated value, it turns off the switching tube to achieve electrical short-circuit protection. After the short-circuit fault is eliminated, it continues to work.

[0042] Discrete positive common-line structure:

[0043] The discrete positive common-line structure includes a main control module, 1 to 256 controlled modules, 2 to 256 zone electrical appliances, other intelligent electrical components, 1 to 256 zone switches, a positive wire, a negative wire, a communication bus, a converter, and a storage battery.

[0044] The number of the controlled modules and zone electrical appliances is determined according to the complexity of the vehicle model and the layout of the electrical appliances.

[0045] The main control module and the controlled module are for a master-slave communication mode bus control system, such as LIN, RS485, etc. In a multi-master communication mode bus control system, there is no distinction between the main control and the controlled.

[0046] The positive wire is connected to the converter, which is the source of current. However, for some small vehicles, the converter is not installed to save costs. In this case, the positive wire is connected to the positive electrode of the storage battery.

[0047] The negative wire is connected to the negative electrode of the storage battery.

[0048] The positive wire is connected to all the area electrical appliances, which is the greatest technical feature of the present invention and the biggest difference from the traditional mode.

[0049] The outgoing wires of all the area electrical appliances are connected to the main control module or the controlled module nearby. Connecting nearby can reduce the length of the wires and save the wire cost.

[0050] The area switch is connected to the main control module or the controlled module nearby. Not every main control module and controlled module is connected to an area switch, and there is none in some parts of the vehicle body. Moreover, the number of area switches in some parts is more and in some is less.

[0051] Data is exchanged between the main control module, all the controlled modules, and other intelligent electrical components through the communication bus. This is the essence of the vehicle body electrical bus control system. The wires of the communication bus are determined according to the communication mode, where 1 wire is required for LIN communication and 2 wires are required for CAN communication.

[0052] The connection relationship between the area electrical appliances and the area switch is completed by the pcb traces of the circuit board for the main control module and the controlled module. There is no direct wire connection between the outgoing wires of the area electrical appliances except for the positive wire, and there is no direct wire connection between the area switch and the area electrical appliances. In this way, the traditional branch wire heads are eliminated. This not only reduces the cost but also increases the reliability.

[0053] None of the area switches and area electrical appliances are directly connected to the negative wire, but are connected to the negative wire after being processed by the main control module or the controlled module. The control of the area electrical appliances by the main control module or the controlled module can use an n-type switching tube.

[0054] The technical key point of the discrete positive wire common structure is that all area electrical appliances are respectively connected to the positive wire, the outgoing wires of the electrical appliances are connected to the main control module or the controlled module nearby, and after being processed, they are connected to the negative wire to form a complete electrical loop.

[0055] The other intelligent electrical components include a communication interface and exchange data with the main control module or the controlled module through the communication bus.

[0056] The discrete positive wire common structure is mainly applied to the vehicle body electrical bus control system.

[0057] A single-circuit electrical short-circuit protection circuit with a discrete positive wire common structure:

[0058] The protection circuit fully applies the discrete positive wire common structure.

[0059] The main control module or the controlled module includes an mcu circuit, a single-circuit comparison circuit, a multi-way switch circuit, and a single-circuit sampling resistor circuit.

[0060] The MCU circuit is respectively connected to the location switches and collects their switch states for transmission to other main control modules or controlled modules.

[0061] The multi-way switch circuit includes multiple switching tubes. The anodes of the multiple switching tubes are respectively connected to the cathodes of the location electrical appliances, and then the cathodes of the multiple switching tubes are centrally connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit and finally connected to the negative wire. One switching tube controls one electrical appliance.

[0062] The MCU circuit is connected to the multi-way switch circuit and controls the switching tubes respectively, thereby realizing the on / off control of the location electrical appliances respectively. Each pin of the MCU controls one switching tube, and one-way switching tubes control one-way location electrical appliances.

[0063] The single-channel comparison circuit is connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit to detect the total current of the location electrical appliances. The voltage across the sampling resistor reflects the total current of all electrical appliances.

[0064] The single-channel comparison circuit is connected to the MCU circuit and is used to transmit the result of the current detection to the MCU.

[0065] When the MCU detects that the current is greater than the rated value, it simultaneously turns off the multiple switching tubes, thereby realizing the centralized short-circuit protection of multiple electrical appliances. As long as there is a short circuit in an electrical appliance, the MCU shuts down all the electrical appliances on the vehicle.

[0066] After the MCU realizes the centralized short-circuit protection of multiple electrical appliances, it respectively "tests the electricity" for each electrical appliance to judge the truly short-circuited electrical appliance, makes a fault mark and isolates it, and the remaining normal electrical appliances resume normal operation.

[0067] The "testing the electricity" means separately and instantaneously powering on each electrical appliance, while turning off the electricity of all other electrical appliances, within a time range of about 10 μs to 1 s. All location electrical appliances are tested once. This process is called "testing the electricity".

[0068] A multi-way electrical appliance short-circuit protection circuit with a discrete positive-pole common-line structure:

[0069] The protection circuit fully applies the discrete positive-pole common-line structure.

[0070] The main control module or the controlled module includes an MCU circuit, a multi-channel comparison circuit, a multi-way switch circuit, and a multi-channel sampling resistor circuit.

[0071] The MCU circuit is respectively connected to the location switches and collects their switch states for transmission to other main control modules or controlled modules.

[0072] The multi-way switch circuit includes multiple switching transistors. The anodes of the multiple switching transistors are respectively connected to the cathodes of the location electrical appliances, and then the cathodes of the multiple switching transistors are respectively connected to the multi-way sampling resistor circuit and finally connected to the negative wire. One switching transistor controls one electrical appliance.

[0073] The MCU circuit is connected to the multi-way switch circuit to control the switching transistors respectively, so as to realize the on / off control of the location electrical appliances respectively. Each pin of the MCU controls one switching transistor.

[0074] The multi-way comparison circuit is respectively connected to the multi-way sampling resistor circuit or the multi-way switch circuit to respectively detect the respective currents of the location electrical appliances.

[0075] The multi-way comparison circuit has two input modes: high-end comparison and low-end comparison. If cost savings are desired, the internal resistance of the switching transistor is used instead, and the current is detected by measuring the conduction voltage of the switching transistor. In this case, the high-end comparison mode is used. The multi-way comparison circuit is respectively connected to the anodes of the switching transistors, and the sampling resistors are not needed. The cathodes of the switching transistors are connected to the negative wire. If increased reliability and flexibility are desired, the current is detected by the voltage of the sampling resistor. In this case, the low-end comparison mode is used. The multi-way comparison circuit is respectively connected to the anodes of the sampling resistors, and the cathodes of the sampling resistors are collectively connected to the negative wire.

[0076] The multi-way comparison circuit is respectively connected to the MCU circuit to respectively transmit the results of the current detection to the MCU. When the MCU finds that the current of some electrical appliances is greater than the rated value, the corresponding switching transistors are turned off, so as to realize the short-circuit protection of each electrical appliance respectively. Each set of electrical appliances has a separate comparison circuit. After troubleshooting, it continues to work.

[0077] An electric vehicle for electrical short-circuit protection with a common anode structure:

[0078] The electric vehicle applies the electrical short-circuit protection circuit with a centralized common anode structure, or applies the single-way electrical short-circuit protection circuit with a discrete common anode structure, or applies the multi-way electrical short-circuit protection circuit with a discrete common anode structure.

[0079] The effects of the present invention are as follows: The system can use n-type switching transistors; moreover, the wiring of the vehicle body electrical appliances is solved by using the PCB traces of the instrument, the main control module, or the controlled module, reducing the number of wire ends and plugs; the location switches, location electrical appliances, main control module, and controlled module are connected nearby, and a bus control system is adopted to replace the traditional spider-web type electrical wiring with a data communication bus, which can also greatly reduce the number of wire ends and plugs and greatly reduce the amount of wire used. It is also convenient to realize the short-circuit protection of the vehicle electrical appliances and prevent the occurrence of fires. Finally, the purpose of reducing costs and increasing reliability is achieved. Description of the Drawings

[0080] Figure 1 It is a module diagram of a centralized positive electrode co-line structure;

[0081] Figure 2 It is a module diagram of a discrete positive electrode co-line structure;

[0082] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of a low-end control circuit of an electrical appliance;

[0083] Figure 4 It is a single-channel electrical appliance short-circuit protection module circuit of a discrete positive electrode co-line structure;

[0084] Figure 5 It is a multi-channel electrical appliance short-circuit protection module circuit of a discrete positive electrode co-line structure;

[0085] Figure 6 It is a centralized positive electrode co-line structure electrical appliance short-circuit protection module circuit;

[0086] Figure 7 Structural diagram of a motor controller. Specific implementation mode

[0087] Centralized positive electrode co-line structure:

[0088] Figure 1 It is a module diagram of a centralized positive electrode co-line structure.

[0089] The centralized positive electrode co-line structure includes: instrument 1, front vehicle switch 2, front vehicle electrical appliance 3, main wire 4, rear vehicle electrical appliance 5, battery 7, converter 8, motor controller 9.

[0090] Among them, the main wire 4 includes a positive wire, a negative wire, a rear vehicle electrical appliance associated wire harness, and a motor controller associated wire harness.

[0091] The battery 7 is the power source of the entire vehicle. The current of the battery 7 comes out and connects to the converter 8 and the motor controller 9.

[0092] The converter 8 is a DC / DC voltage converter, which converts the voltage of the battery to the voltage suitable for the vehicle body electrical appliances. Usually, it is 12V for small cars and 24V for large cars. The output of the converter 8 is connected to the positive wire. Now, for many small electric vehicles, in order to save costs, the voltage of the battery can also be directly used. In this case, the converter 8 can be omitted, and the positive electrode of the battery is directly connected to the positive wire.

[0093] The positive electrodes of all the rear vehicle electrical appliances 5 are connected to the positive wire, and the negative electrodes are connected to the instrument 1 through the rear vehicle electrical appliance associated wire harness in the main wire 4, and then connected to the negative wire after being processed by the instrument 1 to form a complete electrical appliance loop.

[0094] The positive poles of all the electrical appliances 3 in front of the vehicle are connected to the positive wire, and the negative poles are connected to the instrument 1. After being processed by the instrument 1, they are all connected to the negative wire to form a complete electrical circuit. The electrical appliances 3 in front of the vehicle also lead the positive wire to the instrument 1 to supply power to the instrument 1.

[0095] The vehicle front switch 2 is connected to the instrument 1.

[0096] The instrument 1 and the motor controller 9 include an MCU and a communication interface. They can communicate with each other and exchange data, thereby reducing the number of wires and plugs between them.

[0097] Figure 7 It is a structural diagram of the motor controller. The structure of the motor controller 9 is as Figure 7 shown.

[0098] It includes an MCU1, a motor control function circuit 2, and a communication function circuit 3. Among them, the MCU1 is connected to the motor control function circuit 2 and the communication function circuit 3.

[0099] Among them, these two parts, the MCU1 and the motor control function circuit 2, are within the scope of traditional motor controllers and are not within the scope of optimization of the present invention. Engineers in this industry are very familiar with them and will not be repeated here.

[0100] The MCU1 has to complete two aspects of functions: on the one hand, it is traditional motor control, and on the other hand, it is to complete the communication of the present invention.

[0101] The communication function circuit 3 is the newly added content for the present invention to simplify the wiring. The selection of the communication function circuit 3 mode must be compatible with the said instrument, otherwise communication cannot be completed.

[0102] The selectable communication modes include: uart, lin, can, i2c, 485, gpio analog communication, etc. Other communication methods have relatively high costs and are generally rarely selected.

[0103] After the communication hardware circuit is completed, communication with the instrument can be carried out according to the agreed protocol in software.

[0104] The instrument 1 is the control center of the entire centralized positive common line structure and is directly or indirectly connected to all the electrical appliances on the vehicle. The instrument 1 is connected to the vehicle front switch 2, the electrical appliances 3 in front of the vehicle, and the electrical appliances 5 behind the vehicle.

[0105] The instrument 1 connects the negative poles of all the electrical appliances on the vehicle together. If centralized switch control needs to be realized, an n-type switching tube is used for control and finally connected to the negative wire.

[0106] The main wire 4 is connected to the instrument 1, the electrical appliances 5 behind the vehicle, and the motor controller 9.

[0107] Electrical short-circuit protection circuit for the centralized positive common line structure:

[0108] Figure 6 It is a circuit for the short - circuit protection module of a centralized positive - pole co - linear structure electrical appliance.

[0109] The instrument includes an MCU circuit 6, a single - channel comparison circuit 7, a single - channel switch circuit 1, a single - channel sampling resistor circuit 5, a power supply circuit 8, and a vehicle - front switch circuit 2.

[0110] The MCU circuit 6 is respectively connected to the vehicle - front switch and can collect the state of the vehicle - front switch.

[0111] The MCU circuit 6 includes an MCU chip and a communication interface, which is used to communicate and exchange data with other intelligent electrical components, such as communicating with a motor controller.

[0112] The MCU circuit 6 includes a shaping circuit, which is used to adjust the voltage of the vehicle - front switch to the range allowed by the input port of the MCU chip. It may also include pull - up and pull - down resistors.

[0113] The single - channel switch circuit 1 includes a switching tube. Since it is low - end control, an N - type switching tube can be used to reduce costs and improve reliability.

[0114] The single - channel sampling resistor circuit 5 includes a sampling resistor, and the voltage across the sampling resistor reflects the total current of all vehicle electrical appliances.

[0115] The single - channel switch circuit 1 is connected to the vehicle - front switch circuit 2. The negative poles of all electrical appliances are concentrated together after passing through the vehicle - front switch and then connected to the positive pole of the switching tube. The negative pole of the switching tube is connected to the sampling resistor and finally connected to the negative - pole wire.

[0116] The MCU circuit 6 is connected to the single - channel switch circuit 1 to control the switching tube inside, thereby realizing centralized switching control of all vehicle electrical appliances. Only when the switching tube is turned on, the vehicle electrical appliances can be powered on and work. The single - channel switch circuit 1 includes a drive circuit for the switching tube. The specific drive circuit varies according to the type of the switching tube.

[0117] The single - channel comparison circuit 7 is connected to the single - channel sampling resistor circuit 5 or the single - channel switch circuit 1 to detect the total current of all vehicle electrical appliances.

[0118] The single - channel comparison circuit 7 has two input modes: high - end comparison and low - end comparison. If cost savings are desired, the internal resistance of the switching tube is used instead, and the current is detected by measuring the conduction voltage of the switching tube. In this case, the high - end comparison mode is used, and the single - channel comparison circuit 7 is connected to the positive pole of the switching tube, and the sampling resistor is not needed. The negative pole of the switching tube is connected to the negative - pole wire. If increased reliability and flexibility are desired, the current is detected by the voltage of the sampling resistor. In this case, the low - end comparison mode is used, and the single - channel comparison circuit 7 is connected to the positive pole of the sampling resistor, and the negative pole of the sampling resistor is connected to the negative - pole wire.

[0119] The single-channel comparison circuit 7 contains an operational amplifier chip, and the most common one is LM358. If there is a comparator inside the MCU chip in the MCU circuit 6, the single-channel comparison circuit 7 can be omitted. At this time, the MCU circuit 6 is connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit 5 or the single-channel switch circuit 1.

[0120] The single-channel sampling resistor circuit 5 contains a sampling resistor, and its resistance value is determined according to the total current. Generally, it is taken as 12mR to 1R.

[0121] The power supply circuit 8 is connected to the MCU circuit 6, the single-channel comparison circuit 7, and the single-channel switch circuit 1, and it supplies power to the instrument. It outputs two paths of power. One path is a low voltage of 2.7V to 5.0V to supply power to the chip, and the other path is a high voltage of 9V to 20V to supply power to drive the switching tube.

[0122] The front vehicle switch circuit 2 contains various socket interfaces of the front vehicle switch, and uses PCB traces to complete the connection relationship between the front vehicle switch, the front vehicle electrical appliances, and the rear vehicle electrical appliances, simplifying the electrical wiring, including simplifying the wire ends and plugs.

[0123] If only simple electrical short-circuit protection is to be achieved and costs are to be saved, then the MCU circuit 6 can be omitted, and the single-channel comparison circuit 7 is connected to the single-channel switch circuit 1. That is, the single-channel comparison circuit 7 directly controls the switching tube in the single-channel switch circuit 1.

[0124] Discrete positive-pole common-line structure:

[0125] Figure 2 It is a module diagram of the discrete positive-pole common-line structure.

[0126] Figure 2 Only 3 controlled modules are drawn here. This is just a schematic diagram, and in actual products, it can be more or less, depending on the complexity of the vehicle.

[0127] Figure 2 Only 4 in-zone electrical appliances are drawn here. This is just a schematic diagram, and in actual products, it can be more or less, depending on the complexity of the vehicle.

[0128] Figure 2 Only 4 in-zone switches are drawn here. This is just a schematic diagram, and in actual products, it can be more or less, depending on the complexity of the vehicle. And according to the change of vehicle layout, there may be no in-zone switch near some controlled modules. For example, there is no in-zone switch near the left rear module and the right rear module of the car.

[0129] The discrete positive-pole common-line structure includes a main control module 5, a controlled module 1, a controlled module 2, a controlled module 3, other intelligent electrical components 15, in-zone electrical appliances 7, in-zone electrical appliances 8, in-zone electrical appliances 9, in-zone electrical appliances 10, in-zone switches 11, in-zone switches 12, in-zone switches 13, in-zone switches 14, a converter 4, and a storage battery 6.

[0130] The battery 6 is the power source for the entire vehicle. The current from the battery comes out and connects to the converter 4.

[0131] The converter 4 is a DC / DC voltage converter that converts the voltage of the battery to a voltage suitable for vehicle electrical appliances. Usually, it is 12V for small cars and 24V for large vehicles. The output of the converter connects to the positive wire. Now, for many small electric vehicles, in order to save costs, the voltage of the battery can also be used directly. In this case, the converter 4 can be omitted, and the positive pole of the battery 6 is directly connected to the positive wire.

[0132] The discrete positive - common - line structure consists of several units. Each unit includes a main control module or a controlled module, a location electrical appliance, and a location switch. Some of these units can be without a location switch.

[0133] Figure 2 Among them, the main control module 5, the location electrical appliance 11, and the location switch 7 form a unit; the controlled module 1, the location electrical appliance 8, and the location switch 12 form a unit; the controlled module 2, the location electrical appliance 9, and the location switch 13 form a unit; the controlled module 3, the location electrical appliance 10, and the location switch 14 form a unit.

[0134] Figure 2 As shown, there is a communication bus connection between each main control module, controlled module, and other intelligent electrical appliance components to achieve bus control of vehicle electrical appliances. Replacing the traditional spider - web - like electrical wiring with a data communication bus can also greatly reduce the number of wire ends and plugs, and significantly reduce the amount of wire used.

[0135] Figure 2 As shown, the positive pole of each location electrical appliance is connected to the positive wire, and the negative pole is connected to the main control module or the controlled module nearby.

[0136] Figure 2 As shown, each main control module and controlled module is connected to the negative wire.

[0137] Figure 2 As shown, each location switch is connected to the main control module or the controlled module nearby.

[0138] The working principle of each unit is the same. Below, taking the unit of the main control module 5, the location electrical appliance 7, and the location switch 11 as an example, an implementation example of the discrete positive - common - line structure is described.

[0139] Both ends of each component of the location switch 11 are directly connected to the main control module 5, and there is no wire connection between each component.

[0140] The positive pole of each component of the location electrical appliance 7 is connected to the positive wire, and the negative pole of each component is directly connected to the main control module 5. There is no wire connection between the negative poles of each component of the location electrical appliance 7.

[0141] The electrical connection relationship between each component of the location switch 11 is completed by the main control module 5 using its PCB traces.

[0142] The electrical connection relationship between each component of the location electrical appliance 7 is completed by the main control module 5 using its PCB traces.

[0143] The electrical connection relationship between the location switch 11 and the location electrical appliance 7 is completed by the main control module 5 using its PCB traces.

[0144] The main control module 5 is the control center of the entire unit. It connects the location electrical appliance 7 and the location switch 11. The location electrical appliance 7 has a positive wire led out to connect to the main control module for power supply.

[0145] The main control module 5 exchanges data with other controlled modules via the communication bus.

[0146] The negative poles of the electrical components in the location electrical appliance 7 are controlled by the location switch 11 in some cases and by N-type switching tubes in some cases. When controlled by N-type switching tubes, it is necessary to manage them with the help of an MCU intelligent chip.

[0147] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the low-end control circuit for electrical appliances, which exactly shows the management of the location electrical appliance with the help of an MCU intelligent chip, and also exactly shows the application scenarios and advantages of using N-type switching tubes.

[0148] Figure 3 It is assumed in the middle that multiple lights and multiple motors are controlled. Their positive poles are connected to the positive wire, and their negative poles are connected to the switching tubes and then to the negative wire to form a current loop in this way. The switching tubes are connected to the negative poles of the electrical appliances. This control method is "low-end control". This is the advantage of applying common positive wire.

[0149] The mcu circuit controls multiple N-type switching tubes with multiple pins. K11, K1n, K21, K2n represent multiple N-type switching tubes. The negative poles of all switching tubes are connected to the negative wire. N-type switching tubes refer to NPN Darlington tubes, NPN IGBT tubes, or N-type MOS tubes. When K11, K1n, K21, K2n are turned on, the above-mentioned location electrical appliances start to work.

[0150] Neither the location electrical appliance 7 nor the location switch 11 is connected to the negative wire by a wire, but is connected to the negative wire after being processed by the main control module 5.

[0151] Single-channel electrical appliance short-circuit protection circuit with discrete common positive wire structure:

[0152] Figure 4 It is the circuit of the single-channel electrical appliance short-circuit protection module with discrete common positive wire structure.

[0153] The master control module or the controlled module includes an MCU circuit 6, a single-channel comparison circuit 7, a multiplexer circuit 9, a single-channel sampling resistor circuit 5, and a power supply circuit 8.

[0154] The MCU circuit 6 is respectively connected to the location switches and can collect the states of the switches.

[0155] The MCU circuit 6 includes an MCU chip. The MCU also includes a communication interface for communicating and exchanging data with other master control modules or controlled modules.

[0156] The MCU circuit 6 includes a shaping circuit for adjusting the voltage of the location switches to the range allowed by the input port of the MCU chip. It may also include pull-up and pull-down resistors.

[0157] The multiplexer circuit 9 includes multiple switching transistors. Since it is a low-end control, N-type switching transistors can be used to reduce costs and improve reliability.

[0158] The multiplexer circuit 9 is connected to the location electrical appliances. The negative electrodes of all electrical appliances are respectively connected to the positive electrodes of these switching transistors, and the negative electrodes of the switching transistors are centrally connected to the sampling resistor and finally connected to the negative wire.

[0159] The single-channel sampling resistor circuit 5 includes a sampling resistor, and the voltage across the sampling resistor reflects the total current of the location electrical appliances.

[0160] The MCU circuit 6 is connected to the multiplexer circuit 9 to control the switching transistors inside, thereby realizing single-channel switch control of the location electrical appliances. One switching transistor for one electrical appliance. Only when the switching transistor is turned on, the electrical appliance on this path will have power and can work. The multiplexer circuit 9 includes a drive circuit for the switching transistors. The specific drive circuit varies according to the type of switching transistor.

[0161] The single-channel comparison circuit 7 is connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit 5 to detect the total current of the location electrical appliances on the vehicle.

[0162] The single-channel sampling resistor circuit 5 includes a sampling resistor, and its resistance value is determined according to the total current magnitude, generally taking 12 mR to 1 R.

[0163] The single-channel comparison circuit 7 is connected to the positive electrode of the sampling resistor, and the negative electrode of the sampling resistor is connected to the negative wire.

[0164] The single-channel comparison circuit 7 includes an operational amplifier chip, and the most common one is LM358. If there is a comparator inside the MCU chip in the MCU circuit 6, the single-channel comparison circuit 7 can be omitted. At this time, the MCU circuit 6 is connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit 5.

[0165] The power supply circuit 8 is connected to the MCU circuit 6, the single-channel comparison circuit 7, and the multi-channel switch circuit 9, and it supplies power to the main control module or the controlled module. It outputs two power supplies. One is a low voltage of 2.7V to 5.0V for powering the chip, and the other is a high voltage of 9V to 20V for powering the switch tube drive.

[0166] The MCU circuit 6 and the multi-channel electronic switch 9 include various socket interfaces for on-vehicle location switches and location electrical appliances, and the connection relationship between the location electrical appliances and the location switches is completed by PCB routing, simplifying the electrical wiring, including simplifying the wire ends and plugs.

[0167] Multi-channel electrical short-circuit protection circuit with discrete positive-pole common-line structure:

[0168] Figure 5 It is a multi-channel electrical short-circuit protection module circuit with discrete positive-pole common-line structure.

[0169] The main control module or the controlled module includes the MCU circuit 6, the multi-channel comparison circuit 7, the multi-channel switch circuit 9, the multi-channel sampling resistor circuit 5, and the power supply circuit 8.

[0170] The MCU circuit 6 is respectively connected to the location switches and can collect the states of the switches.

[0171] The MCU circuit 6 includes an MCU chip. The MCU also includes a communication interface for communicating and exchanging data with other main control modules or controlled modules.

[0172] The MCU circuit 6 includes a shaping circuit for adjusting the voltage of the location switches to the range allowed by the input port of the MCU chip. It may also include pull-up and pull-down resistors.

[0173] The multi-channel switch circuit 9 includes multiple switch tubes. Since it is low-end control, N-type switch tubes can be used to reduce costs and improve reliability.

[0174] The multi-channel sampling resistor circuit 5 includes multiple sampling resistors, and the voltage across the sampling resistors reflects the current of a single-channel electrical appliance.

[0175] The multi-channel switch circuit 9 is connected to the location electrical appliances, and the negative poles of all electrical appliances are respectively connected to the positive poles of these switch tubes. The negative poles of the switch tubes are respectively connected to the sampling resistors and finally connected to the negative wire.

[0176] The MCU circuit 6 is connected to the multi-channel switch circuit 9 to control the switch tubes inside, thereby realizing single-channel switch control of the location electrical appliances, with one switch tube for one electrical appliance. Only when the switch tube is turned on, the electrical appliance of this path has power and can work. The multi-channel switch circuit 9 includes a drive circuit for the switch tubes. The specific drive circuit varies according to the type of switch tube.

[0177] The multi-channel comparison circuit 7 is connected to the multi-channel sampling resistor circuit 5 or the multi-channel switch circuit 9 to detect the current of the location electrical appliance.

[0178] The multi-channel comparison circuit 7 has two input modes: high-end comparison and low-end comparison. If cost savings are desired, the internal resistance of the switching transistor is used instead, and the current is detected by measuring the conduction voltage of the switching transistor. In this case, the high-end comparison mode is used, the multi-channel comparison circuit 7 is connected to the positive pole of the switching transistor, and the multi-channel sampling resistor circuit 5 is not needed. The negative pole of the switching transistor is connected to the negative wire. If increased reliability and flexibility are required, the current is detected by the voltage of the sampling resistor. In this case, the low-end comparison mode is used, the multi-channel comparison circuit 7 is connected to the positive pole of the sampling resistor, and the negative pole of the sampling resistor is connected to the negative wire.

[0179] The multi-channel comparison circuit 7 contains an operational amplifier chip, and the most common one is LM358. If there are enough comparators inside the MCU chip in the MCU circuit 6, the multi-channel comparison circuit 7 can be omitted. At this time, the MCU circuit 6 is connected to the multi-channel sampling resistor circuit 5 or the multi-channel switch circuit 9.

[0180] The multi-channel comparison circuit 7 requires multi-channel comparators, and each location electrical appliance requires one comparator.

[0181] The multi-channel sampling resistor circuit 5 contains multiple sampling resistors, and their resistance values are determined according to the total current size, generally taking 12 mR to 1 R.

[0182] The power supply circuit 8 is connected to the MCU circuit 6, the multi-channel comparison circuit 7, and the multi-channel switch circuit 9, and it supplies power to the main control module or the controlled module. It outputs two power supplies. One is a low voltage of 2.7 V to 5.0 V to supply power to the chip, and the other is a high voltage of 9 V to 20 V to supply power to drive the switching transistor.

[0183] The MCU circuit 6 and the multi-channel electronic switch 9 contain various socket interfaces for the on-vehicle location switches and location electrical appliances, and the connection relationship between the location electrical appliances and the location switches is completed by PCB wiring, simplifying the electrical wiring, including simplifying the wire ends and plugs.

[0184] An electrical short-circuit protection power vehicle with a common positive line structure:

[0185] The power vehicle applies the centralized common positive line structure or the discrete common positive line structure.

[0186] The above embodiments and the descriptions in the specification only illustrate the principle of the present invention and one example thereof. According to this principle, there will be various changes and improvements, and these changes and improvements all fall within the scope of the patent protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. An electrical short - circuit protection circuit with a centralized or discrete positive - line - common structure, characterized in that: The centralized positive - line - common structure is suitable for small electric vehicles. The centralized positive - line - common structure includes an instrument, a front - vehicle switch, front - vehicle electrical appliances, rear - vehicle electrical appliances, a positive line, a negative line, a rear - vehicle - electrical - appliance associated wiring harness, a converter, and a storage battery. The instrument and the motor controller exchange data through a communication interface. The centralized positive - line - common structure includes an electrical short - circuit protection circuit; the positive line is connected to the converter or the positive pole of the storage battery; the negative line is connected to the negative pole of the storage battery; the positive line is connected to the front - vehicle electrical appliances and the rear - vehicle electrical appliances, and the other ends of the front - vehicle electrical appliances and the rear - vehicle electrical appliances are all connected to the instrument; the front - vehicle switch is connected to the instrument; The discrete positive - line - common structure is suitable for large electric vehicles. The discrete positive - line - common structure includes a main control module, 1 - 256 controlled modules, 2 - 256 location - area electrical appliances, 1 - 256 location - area switches, a positive line, a negative line, a communication bus, and a storage battery; the positive line is connected to the converter or the positive pole of the storage battery; the negative line is connected to the negative pole of the storage battery; the positive line is connected to all the location - area electrical appliances, and the other ends of all the location - area electrical appliances are connected to the main control module or the controlled module nearby; the location - area switches are connected to the main control module or the controlled module nearby; the main control module, all the controlled modules, and other intelligent electrical components exchange data through the communication bus to achieve body - electrical - bus control; none of the location - area switches and the location - area electrical appliances are directly connected to the negative line by a wire, but are connected to the negative line after being processed by the main control module or the controlled module; the discrete positive - line - common structure includes a single - path electrical short - circuit protection circuit or a multi - path electrical short - circuit protection circuit.

2. A centralized positive - line - common structure, characterized in that: The structure belongs to one of the structures in the electrical short - circuit protection circuit with a centralized or discrete positive - line - common structure as described in claim 1; the structure includes an instrument, a front - vehicle switch, front - vehicle electrical appliances, rear - vehicle electrical appliances, a positive line, a negative line, a rear - vehicle - electrical - appliance associated wiring harness, a converter, a storage battery, a motor controller, and a motor - controller associated wiring harness; the instrument and the motor controller include an MCU and a communication interface for communication and data exchange between the two.

3. According to the centralized positive - line - common structure described in claim 2, characterized in that: The connection relationship of the front - vehicle switch, the front - vehicle electrical appliances, and the rear - vehicle electrical appliances is completed by the PCB traces of the instrument circuit board; there is no direct wire connection between the outgoing lines of the front - vehicle electrical appliances except for the positive line, and there is no direct wire connection between the outgoing lines of the rear - vehicle electrical appliances except for the positive line.

4. According to the centralized positive - line - common structure described in claim 2, characterized in that: None of the front - vehicle switch, the front - vehicle electrical appliances, and the rear - vehicle electrical appliances are directly connected to the negative line by a wire, but are connected to the negative line after being processed by the instrument.

5. According to the centralized positive - line - common structure described in claim 2, characterized in that: The structure includes an electrical short-circuit protection circuit; the electrical short-circuit protection circuit includes an MCU circuit, a single-channel comparison circuit, a single-channel switch circuit, and a single-channel sampling resistor circuit; the MCU circuit is respectively connected to the vehicle front switch and collects its switch state; the single-channel switch circuit includes a switching tube and is connected to the vehicle front switch, and the negative electrodes of all electrical appliances are concentrated together through the vehicle front switch and connected to the positive electrode of the switching tube, then the negative electrode of the switching tube is connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit and finally connected to the negative wire; the MCU circuit is connected to the single-channel switch circuit to control the switching tube, so as to realize the centralized switch control of all on-vehicle electrical appliances; the single-channel comparison circuit is connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit or the switching tube to detect the total current of all on-vehicle electrical appliances; the single-channel comparison circuit is connected to the MCU circuit to transmit the result of current detection to the MCU; when the MCU finds that the current is greater than the rated value, it turns off the switching tube to realize electrical short-circuit protection.

6. A discrete positive-pole common-line structure, characterized in that: The structure belongs to one of the electrical short-circuit protection circuits of a centralized or discrete positive-pole common-line structure described in claim 1; the structure includes a main control module or a controlled module, a location switch, location electrical appliances, a positive wire, a negative wire, a communication bus, and a storage battery; the structure includes a single-channel electrical short-circuit protection circuit or a multi-channel electrical short-circuit protection circuit.

7. According to a discrete positive-pole common-line structure described in claim 6, characterized in that: The main control module and the controlled module complete the connection relationship between the location electrical appliances and the location switch through the PCB traces of the circuit board; there is no direct connection of wires between the outgoing wires of the location electrical appliances except for the positive wire, and there is no direct connection of wires between the location switch and the location electrical appliances.

8. According to a discrete positive-pole common-line structure described in claim 6, characterized in that: The single-channel electrical short-circuit protection circuit includes an MCU circuit, a single-channel comparison circuit, a multi-channel switch circuit, and a single-channel sampling resistor circuit; the MCU circuit is respectively connected to the location switch and collects its switch state; The multi-channel switch circuit includes a plurality of switching tubes, the positive electrodes of the plurality of switching tubes are respectively connected to the negative electrodes of the location electrical appliances, then the negative electrodes of the plurality of switching tubes are collectively connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit and finally connected to the negative wire; the MCU circuit is connected to the multi-channel switch circuit to respectively control the switching tubes, so as to respectively realize the switch control of the location electrical appliances; the single-channel comparison circuit is connected to the single-channel sampling resistor circuit to detect the total current of the location electrical appliances; the single-channel comparison circuit is connected to the MCU circuit to transmit the result of current detection to the MCU; when the MCU finds that the current is greater than the rated value, it simultaneously turns off the plurality of switching tubes to realize the centralized short-circuit protection of the location electrical appliances.

9. According to a discrete positive-pole common-line structure described in claim 8, characterized in that: After the MCU realizes the centralized short - circuit protection of the location - based electrical appliances, it respectively uses "testing electricity" to judge the truly short - circuited electrical appliances, makes fault marks for isolation, and the remaining normal electrical appliances resume normal operation.

10. A discrete positive - pole common - line structure according to claim 6, characterized in that: The multi - path electrical appliance short - circuit protection circuit includes an MCU circuit, a multi - path comparison circuit, a multi - path switch circuit, and a multi - path sampling resistor circuit; the MCU circuit is respectively connected to the location switches and collects their switch states; The multi - path switch circuit includes multiple switching tubes. The positive poles of the multiple switching tubes are respectively connected to the negative poles of the location - based electrical appliances, then the negative poles of the multiple switching tubes are respectively connected to the multi - path sampling resistor circuit, and finally connected to the negative line; the MCU circuit is connected to the multi - path switch circuit to respectively control the switching tubes, thereby respectively realizing the on - off control of the location - based electrical appliances; the multi - path comparison circuit is respectively connected to the multi - path sampling resistor circuit or the multi - path switch circuit to respectively detect the respective currents of the location - based electrical appliances; the multi - path comparison circuit is respectively connected to the MCU circuit to respectively transmit the results of current detection to the MCU; when the MCU finds that the current of some electrical appliances is greater than the rated value, it turns off the corresponding switching tubes, thereby respectively realizing the short - circuit protection of each electrical appliance.

11. A power vehicle, characterized in that: The electrical system of the power vehicle applies a centralized positive - pole common - line structure according to any one of claims 2 to 5, or applies a discrete positive - pole common - line structure according to any one of claims 6 to 10.

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