End plug sensor device with voltage divider and test point features

Abstract

A sensor for a separable connector includes a plug body, the plug body includes an insulating resin, the plug body is configured to be inserted into the separable connector to encapsulate a high voltage conductor provided in the separable connector. The sensor also includes one or more high voltage capacitors and one or more low voltage capacitors, the one or more high voltage capacitors are encapsulated by the insulating resin and are configured to be electrically connected to the separable connector at a first end portion when the plug body is inserted, and the one or more low voltage capacitors are electrically connected in series to the one or more high voltage capacitors to form a capacitive voltage divider. The sensor also includes a low voltage connector, the low voltage connector is configured to provide a low voltage signal corresponding to a high voltage signal present in the separable connector, the low voltage connector includes a coaxial contact having a first metal contact and a second metal contact.

Description

[0001] The present disclosure is directed to an end plug sensor device having a voltage divider circuit that can be installed and utilized at a point on a power distribution network without requiring interruption by a service technician / facility prior to or during installation. Background Art

[0002] As power distribution becomes more complex due to the advent of renewable energy, distributed generation, and the adoption of electric vehicles, smart power distribution and associated electrical sensing become more useful and even necessary. Available sensing may include voltage, current, and the temporal relationship between voltage and current at various locations within the power distribution network.

[0003] Traditionally, electricity has been generated at a central location and then distributed radially from the generating facilities. As the grid matures and involves more renewable energy, the flow of power in the distribution grid becomes less distinct, i.e., no longer simply flowing from the main generating station. In addition, customers become more aware of the power quality in terms of voltage, harmonics, real / imaginary power magnitudes, etc.

[0004] Many existing relatively high voltage transformers and switchgear have dedicated spaces for cable accessories, especially in higher voltage applications (e.g., 5kV to 69kV or higher). Many of these transformers and switchgear have what is known in the power industry as a dead end. A dead end refers to the absence of exposed relatively high voltage surfaces in the connection between the power cable and the transformer or switchgear. Such cable accessory connections are sometimes referred to as elbows, T-bodies, or separable connectors.

[0005] Many cable accessories are equipped with test points to provide a limited energy signal that can be converted to a nominal fraction of the line voltage present on the shielded and insulated conductors of the cable accessory. The historical use of these test points was to indicate the line voltage present at the transformer or switchgear. Typically, these test points do not provide the voltage ratio accuracy required for modern grid automation power quality and control applications.

[0006] Furthermore, installing new equipment at a particular location in the distribution grid may require a power outage. Such an outage may result in damage to the facility and loss of significant revenue for the facility.

[0007] Due to substantial changes in the global grid structure, the need to develop and provide voltage sensing at the distribution grid is increasing rapidly. With the advent of more power electronics, often incorporating high frequency switching in their power supplies, the injection of noise in the grid continues to increase. Due to these and other issues in the evolving grid, the need for sensing and sensors at the distribution level continues to increase. Summary of the invention

[0008] In one embodiment of the present invention, a sensor for a detachable connector includes a plug body, the plug body includes an insulating resin, and the plug body is configured to be inserted into the detachable connector to encapsulate a high voltage conductor provided in the detachable connector. The sensor also includes one or more high voltage capacitors and one or more low voltage capacitors, the one or more high voltage capacitors are encapsulated by the insulating resin and are configured to be electrically connected to the detachable connector at a first end portion when the plug body is inserted, and the one or more low voltage capacitors are electrically connected in series to the one or more high voltage capacitors to form a capacitive voltage divider. The sensor also includes a low voltage connector, the low voltage connector is configured to provide a low voltage signal corresponding to a high voltage signal present in the detachable connector, the low voltage connector includes a coaxial contact having a first metal contact and a second metal contact.

[0009] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description present embodiments of the disclosed subject matter, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the disclosed subject matter as it is claimed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] Figure 1 is an exploded view of a cable accessory system according to a first embodiment of the present invention, the cable accessory system including a separable connector, an end plug sensor and an insulating cover.

[0011] Figure 2A and Figure 2B According to an embodiment of the present invention Figure 1 Schematic diagram of various sensor configurations used in conjunction with the system.

[0012] Figure 3 is an isometric side view of an end plug sensor according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0013] FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C A schematic diagram of a voltage divider circuit showing possible electrical connections according to the invention.

[0014] Figure 5A is a partial cross-sectional side view of an end cap mounted on an end plug sensor according to another embodiment of the present invention.

[0015] Figure 5B is an exploded view of an end cap showing an embodiment of the components within the end cap portion of the present invention.

[0016] Figure 6 is a front view of the connector positioned within an end cap embodiment of the end plug portion of the present invention.

[0017] Figure 7is a graph showing the output voltage of an end plug sensor device relative to the voltage applied to the input terminal.

[0018] The present disclosure may be more fully understood by considering the following detailed description of various embodiments of the present disclosure together with the accompanying drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] The present disclosure provides a sensor configured as an end plug device (also referred to herein as an end plug sensor or dead end plug) having a voltage divider circuit incorporated therein for insertion at a point on a power distribution network, such as at a separable connector. The end plug sensor can be used at a point on the power distribution network without requiring a service technician / facility to take any additional interruptions before connecting an analysis system (described below) via the disclosed end cap using a live operating lever. The end plug sensor includes a coaxial contact or connector having a first metal contact and a second metal contact, wherein, for example, the coaxial contact can be configured as a metal hexagonal feature having two different contacts or test points to measure voltage. The coaxial contact can provide a periodic or continuous low voltage signal for power grid measurement analysis. The output of the end plug sensor can be a low voltage signal sufficient for the analysis system to sense the presence of voltage or measure an accurate voltage output corresponding to the cable voltage. In addition, the output can be combined with other sensors and / or measurement devices to determine the time / phase relationship of the voltage signal and provide information about faults (voltage spikes, sags).

[0020] As used herein, the term "high voltage" refers to a voltage equal to or greater than a high voltage threshold. The high voltage threshold may be based on the standard, jurisdictional requirements, or end-user requirements applied to the specific system described. For example, high voltage may refer to working at approximately the rated voltage defined in the standard, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard 386 (2016) for a separable insulated connector system for a power distribution system rated at 2.5 kV to 35 kV (classified as phase-to-phase root mean square or rms), which is incorporated herein by reference for any and all purposes. Depending on the application, the high voltage threshold may be equal to or greater than approximately 2.5 kV, approximately 3 kV, approximately 5 kV, approximately 15 kV, approximately 25 kV, approximately 28 kV, approximately 35 kV, approximately 69 kV, or higher voltage (classified as phase-to-phase rms).

[0021] As used herein, the term "low voltage" refers to a voltage that is less than a high voltage. The low voltage may be defined as being at or below a low voltage threshold. The low voltage threshold and the high voltage threshold may be the same threshold or different thresholds. The low voltage may be a fraction or ratio of the high voltage that is less than 1. The low voltage may be defined by a threshold fraction or ratio (e.g., less than or equal to about 1:100). Unless otherwise specified in the disclosure herein, phase-to-ground rms is used to describe the low voltage.

[0022] As used herein, the term "separable connector" refers to a connector or interface for a high voltage system that can be easily established or disconnected by engaging or disengaging the connector at a working interface. A separable connector can be fully insulated and shielded, and can be used to terminate a power cable and insulate it, insulate another electronic component, or connect an insulated power cable to an electrical device, other power cables, or both. A separable connector can be connected to a transformer or a switchgear. Some separable connectors can be used for dead front transformers and switchgear, which refer to connectors between a power cable and a transformer or switchgear in the power industry that do not have an exposed high voltage surface. Non-limiting examples of separable connectors include elbow-shaped separable insulated connectors and T-shaped separable insulated connectors (e.g., T-shaped bodies).

[0023] As used herein, the term "rated voltage" refers to the maximum voltage at which a connector is designed to operate. The rated voltage may be measured as the highest phase-to-ground voltage rms for a single-phase system, or may be measured as the highest phase-to-ground and phase-to-phase voltage rms for a three-phase system. However, any suitable type of rated voltage may be used to describe the maximum operating voltage. Unless otherwise specified in the disclosure herein, the rated voltage refers to phase-to-ground rms.

[0024] As used herein, the term "connector" refers to an interface, connector, or other structure used to electrically or mechanically couple components together. For example, a connector may include a plug or socket, a wire, a cable, a conductor on a substrate, a solder member, a conductive via, or other similar electrical or mechanical coupling member.

[0025] The terms "coupled" or "connected" mean that two elements are attached to each other either directly (directly in contact with each other) or indirectly (with one or more elements between and attaching the two elements).

[0026] Figure 1 A system 100 is shown that includes an end plug sensor 101, a separable connector 130 (also referred to herein as a cable fitting), and an insulating cover 150. The size and shape of the system 100 and its components can be set to meet or otherwise be compatible with applicable standards, jurisdictional requirements, or end-user requirements for a separable insulating connector system. For example, the system 100 can be designed to meet IEEE Standard 386 (2016) for insulating plugs for separable connectors. Specifically, the end plug sensor 101 can be designed to be used as a 600A insulating plug. For another example, the system 100 can be designed to meet similar International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards prevalent in Europe, which can adopt different sizes and shapes for compatibility.

[0027] As shown, the end plug sensor 101 may be in the shape of an insulating plug. The sensor 101 may be inserted into a receptacle 135 of a separable connector 130 and encapsulate or otherwise cover a high voltage conductor or high voltage conductive surface disposed within the cavity. The separable connector 130 may include one, two or more receptacles 135 (e.g., in a T-shaped body).

[0028] The end plug sensor 101 can be inserted in the same manner as a conventional insulating plug. In some embodiments, the sensor 101 can include a shoulder and a tapered portion, and the receptacle 135 has a complementary structure. The high voltage connector of the separable connector 130 can be a screw, and the end plug sensor 101 can include a high voltage connector with complementary threads. The end plug sensor 101 can be threaded onto a threaded high voltage conductor to secure the end plug sensor 101 to the separable connector 130.

[0029] After being inserted and optionally secured, the end plug sensor 101 can cover all or at least some of the high voltage surfaces that would otherwise be exposed in the receptacle 135. The coaxial connector or contact 108 of the end plug sensor 101 can extend out of the receptacle 135 of the separable connector 135. The coaxial contact 108 can include a torque feature, such as a hexagonal outer surface. An insulating cover 150 can be disposed on the end plug sensor 101 to cover the coaxial contact 108. The insulating cover 150 can be frictionally secured to the separable connector 130. The insulating cover 150 can slide over at least a portion of the separable connector 130 and can be pulled away to expose the sensor 101.

[0030] In one embodiment, the end plug sensor 101 comprises a voltage sensor. The end plug sensor 101 is configured to provide an indication that the power cable coupled to the separable connector is "live". In addition, the end plug sensor 101 can provide a low voltage signal corresponding to a high voltage signal present in the separable connector 130. The low voltage signal can be described as a voltage channel.

[0031] In one embodiment, the end plug sensor 101 includes one or more capacitors. In some embodiments, the capacitors include at least a low voltage capacitor and at least a high voltage capacitor. The capacitors can be arranged as a voltage divider to provide a low voltage signal. For example, the low voltage signal can correspond to a divided voltage signal.

[0032] The end plug sensor 101 can provide the accuracy of a low voltage signal representing a high voltage signal, thereby allowing for use in various smart grid applications to diagnose degradation or other problems in a connected transformer, switchgear, or larger connected grid, such as tripping, sagging, expansion, and other events. A higher accuracy sensor can facilitate the detection of smaller events or can facilitate more accurate diagnosis of events. For example, for VOLT VAR control, a certain accuracy (e.g., 0.7%) may be required to detect changes in the system, such as when an on-load tap changer in a transformer changes. Accuracy can be defined as less than or equal to an error value. Non-limiting examples of error values ​​include about 1%, about 0.7%, about 0.5%, about 0.3%, about 0.2%, about 0.1% or less.

[0033] The temperature range that makes the end plug sensor 101 accurate can be described as the operating temperature range. Within the operating temperature range, the accuracy can be less than or equal to the error value of all temperatures in the range. The operating temperature range can be designed to meet standards, jurisdictional requirements, or end-user requirements. Non-limiting examples of operating temperature ranges include lower limits equal to or greater than about -40°C, about -30°C, about -20°C, about -5°C, or higher. Non-limiting examples of operating temperature ranges include upper limits equal to or less than about 105°C, about 85°C, about 65°C, about 40°C, or lower. Non-limiting examples of operating temperature ranges include between about -5°C to about 40°C, about -20°C to about 65°C, about -30°C to about 85°C, about -40°C to about 65°C, and about -40°C to about 105°C.

[0034] The end plug sensor 101 may have a rated voltage or be rated to work in a high voltage system such as system 100. The sensor 101 may be used as a voltage sensor, an insulating plug, or both. The rated voltage may be designed to meet standards, jurisdictional requirements, or end-user requirements. Non-limiting examples of the rated voltage of the sensor 101 in a three-phase system include about 2.5 kV, about 3 kV, about 5 kV, about 15 kV, about 25 kV, about 28 kV, about 35 kV, or about 69 kV (classified as phase-to-phase rms). In some embodiments, the rated voltage is at least 5 kV.

[0035] The frequency range in which the end plug sensor 101 is accurate can be described as an operating frequency range. The frequency response within the operating frequency range can be flat or substantially flat, which can correspond to minimal variation. Non-limiting examples of flatness can include plus or minus (+ / -) about 3dB, about 1dB, about 0.5dB, about 0.1dB. The frequency response can be designed to meet standards, jurisdictional requirements, or end-user requirements. The operating frequency range can extend to about the 50th harmonic of the fundamental frequency of the high voltage signal present in the separable connector 104, or even up to the 63rd harmonic. Non-limiting examples of the operating frequency range can include a fundamental frequency of about 60Hz (or about 50Hz), a 50th harmonic of about 3kHz (or about 2.5kHz), a 63rd harmonic of about 3.8kHz (or about 3.2kHz), and one or more of higher frequencies. The frequency response can also remain stable over all or substantially all operating temperature ranges. Some remote terminal units (RTUs) or intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) can utilize one or more of these higher-order harmonics.

[0036] Figure 2A and Figure 2B Various configurations 200, 220 are shown for use with end plug voltage sensors of the present disclosure, such as the end plug voltage sensor 101. Each configuration 200, 220 includes a high voltage connection 202, one or more high voltage capacitors 204, one or more low voltage capacitors 206, and a low voltage connection 208. In at least some embodiments, optional electronics 209 may also be included as part of a separate body portion 226, such as a modified end cap, such as Figure 5A and Figure 5B As shown. One or more of these components may be enclosed by the plug body 210, the plug body 222, or a portion thereof. The portion enclosed by the plug body 210, the plug body 222 may be considered as a portion of the plug body. The plug body 210, the plug body 222 may be formed of or at least partially of an insulating material such as an insulating resin or other insulating polymer. In some embodiments, the capacitor 204, the capacitor 206 is formed of a different capacitive material than the plug body 210, the plug body 222.

[0037] The high voltage connection 202 may need to withstand the full voltage of a separable connector, such as the separable connector 130. The one or more high voltage capacitors 204 and the plug bodies 210, 222 may need to at least partially withstand the voltage of the separable connector.

[0038] Any suitable resin may be used that has high dielectric strength and mechanical properties suitable for transmitting torque between components. For example, a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin may be used as an insulating resin. In some embodiments, a portion of the plug body may be formed from a different polymer, such as polycarbonate, acetal thermoplastic, or phenolic composite material.

[0039] The high voltage connector 202 may receive a high voltage signal V from a separable connector such as the separable connector 130. H . Specifically, the high voltage connector 202 can be coupled to a high voltage conductor disposed in a separable connector. Specifically, the high voltage connector 202 can encapsulate the high voltage conductor of the separable connector. The high voltage connector 202 can be formed of any suitable conductive material. The high voltage connector 202 can be formed of the same material as the high voltage conductor disposed in the separable connector, which can facilitate thermal-mechanical compatibility. In some embodiments, the high voltage connector 202 includes any suitable conductive material. Non-limiting examples of materials for the high voltage connector 202 include aluminum and copper. Aluminum can be used in 600 ampere systems. Copper can be used in 900 ampere systems.

[0040] One or more high voltage capacitors 204 (also referred to herein as "high side" capacitors, related to the established voltage divider circuit) can be operably connected to the high voltage connector 202 and one or more low voltage capacitors 206 (also referred to herein as "low side" capacitors, related to the established voltage divider circuit). In some embodiments, at least some of the high voltage capacitors 204 are electrically connected in series, electrically connected in parallel, or electrically connected in both ways. One or more low voltage capacitors 206 may be the same or different (for example, in terms of capacitance, rated voltage, size, mounting style, or shape). In some embodiments, more high voltage capacitors 204 may be connected in series for higher sensor rated voltages. When at least a portion of the plug body 210, the plug body 222 is inserted into the detachable connector, the one or more high voltage capacitors 204 may be electrically connected to the detachable connector via the high voltage connector 202. Each of the high voltage capacitors 204 may have a higher rated voltage than each of the low voltage capacitors 206. Non-limiting examples of voltage ratings for the high voltage capacitor 204 include ratings of at least about 2.5 kV, about 3 kV, about 5 kV, about 10 kV, about 15 kV, about 20 kV, about 25 kV, or about 30 kV.

[0041] Each of the high voltage capacitors 204 has a capacitance. In some embodiments, the capacitance can be selected in the range of about 10 pF to about 100 pF. Non-limiting examples of capacitance include about 10 pF, about 30 pF, about 50 pF, about 70 pF, and about 90 pF.

[0042] Each of the high voltage capacitors 204 has an impedance. The magnitude of the impedance at the fundamental frequency (eg, 50 / 60 Hz) may be equal to a large impedance value, such as approximately 100 MΩ.

[0043] Each of the high voltage capacitors 204 may be a ceramic capacitor. Ceramic capacitors may provide accuracy and stability over an operating temperature range. Non-limiting examples of types of ceramic capacitors include Class 1 dielectrics, such as C0G / NP0.

[0044] Each of the high voltage capacitors 204 may be encapsulated by the insulating resin of the plug bodies 210 , 222 .

[0045] One or more low voltage capacitors 206 can be operably connected to one or more high voltage capacitors 204 and a low voltage connector 208. One or more low voltage capacitors 206 can be electrically connected to one or more high voltage capacitors 204 in series. In some embodiments, at least some of the low voltage capacitors 206 are electrically connected in series, in parallel, or in both ways. One or more low voltage capacitors 206 may be the same or different (e.g., in terms of capacitance, rated voltage, size, mounting style, or shape). One or more low voltage capacitors 206 can be electrically connected to one or more high voltage capacitors 204 in series. A low voltage signal V can be provided between one or more low voltage capacitors 206 and one or more high voltage capacitors 204. L The ground V provided at the opposite end of the one or more low voltage capacitors 206 G Can be connected to system ground.

[0046] Each of the low voltage capacitors 206 has a capacitance. In some embodiments, the capacitance may be selected in the range of about 0.1 μF to about 1 μF. Non-limiting examples of capacitance include about 0.1 μF, about 0.3 μF, about 0.5 μF, about 0.7 μF, and about 0.9 μF. The capacitance value may be selected to provide a capacitance ratio of the high voltage capacitor 204 to the low voltage capacitor 206 of about 100:1, about 1,000:1, about 10,000:1, or about 100,000:1.

[0047] Each of the low voltage capacitors 206 has an impedance. The magnitude of the impedance at the fundamental frequency (eg, 50 / 60 Hz) may be equal to a low impedance, such as approximately 10 kΩ.

[0048] Each of the low voltage capacitors 206 may be a ceramic capacitor. Ceramic capacitors may provide accuracy and stability over an operating temperature range. Non-limiting examples of types of ceramic capacitors include Class 1 dielectrics, such as C0G / NP0. Each of the low voltage capacitors 206 may be a surface mount capacitor. The size of each of the low voltage capacitors 206 may be smaller than the size of each of the high voltage capacitors 204.

[0049] Each of the low-voltage capacitors 206 may be encapsulated by the insulating resin of the plug body 210 or the plug body 224 .

[0050] The capacitors 204 and 206 can be used to H Voltage division to provide low voltage signal V L . Low voltage signal V L Can be a high voltage signal V H The low voltage / high voltage ratio (V L / V H ) may be about 1:100, about 1:1,000, about 1:10,000, or about 1:100,000. The low voltage signal V L Can have a maximum voltage less than or equal to about 0.5V, about 1V, about 10V, about 42V, about 100V, or about 300V.

[0051] In one embodiment, the low voltage connector 208 can be configured as a coaxial connector having a first metal contact and a second metal contact. Figure 3 As shown, the end plug sensor 300 includes a high voltage connector 302, one or more high voltage capacitors 304, one or more low voltage capacitors 306, and a low voltage connector 308. In this aspect, the low voltage connector 308 includes a coaxial connector having a first metal contact 312 and a second metal contact 307. Figure 3 As shown, in this embodiment, the outer surface of the second metal contact 307 has a hexagonal shape. In alternative embodiments, the outer surface of the second metal contact may have a different shape, such as a circle, a square, or other polygonal shape. The first metal contact may be shaped as a simple cylindrical contact or pin centrally disposed relative to the second metal contact 307. In addition, an insulating material 311, such as a conventional insulating material, such as a conventional insulating resin, may be disposed between the first metal contact 312 and the second metal contact 307. In addition, the insulating material may surround the outer metal contact to form a torque blocking surface.

[0052] In addition, if Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, one or more low voltage capacitors 306 may be disposed on a substrate 305 such as a printed circuit board (PCB).

[0053] Re-reference Figure 2B , the electronic device 209 may be disposed in the end cap, similar to a modified version of the end cap 150, such as Figure 5A and Figure 5B The end cap 550 is shown and can be operably coupled to one or more low voltage capacitors 206 when mounted on the low voltage connector. The electronic device 209 can receive the low voltage signal V L The electronic device 209 can convert the regulated voltage signal V C Provided to low voltage connections. Electronic device 209 can be connected to ground V G .

[0054] Signal conditioning may be included in the electronics 209. Non-limiting examples of signal conditioning include voltage amplification, voltage filtering, voltage line driving or buffering, current amplification, current integration, current filtering, and current line driving or buffering. The conditioned signal may be capable of being transmitted to an RTU, SAU, IED, or other device via an external cable.

[0055] The memory may be included in the electronics 209. The memory may be provided on a single component or may be provided on two or more discrete components. In some embodiments, the memory may be provided remote from the signal conditioning electronics (e.g., external to the plug body). The memory may be operably coupled to the low voltage connector and store data such as a unique product identifier, manufacturing data, calibration ratios of a voltage divider, and gain values ​​of the signal conditioning electronics. The unique product identifier may correspond to a specific sensor, such as a serial number.

[0056] The calibration ratio may include a voltage ratio and a current ratio for a particular sensor. In a preferred aspect, the sensor may be pre-calibrated before reaching the end user or may be calibrated in the field. In some embodiments, the calibration ratio may be updated as the component ages or certain detachable components age and are recalibrated or otherwise replaced.

[0057] Devices using the sensor may be able to obtain a unique product identifier and calibration ratio. The stored calibration may be automatically read by a connected device so that the stored ratio value is automatically applied by the connected device. Automatic application may save time, may avoid incorrect or erroneous data entry, and may reduce the possibility of other errors compared to manual entry of these values.

[0058] Certain locations within the memory may be left empty to store installation data by the end user at the time of installation. For example, the location, connected equipment, installer name, and voltage phase (usually A, B, or C) may be programmed at installation. This leaves a "built" record within the sensor that can be automatically read at a later time.

[0059] The memory may be present on a bus with several sensors or electronics that can be interrogated to determine characteristics and relationships between connected devices, for example via low voltage connectors.

[0060] The controller may be included in the electronics 209. The controller may manage access to or include memory. In some embodiments, the controller facilitates communication between the sensor and a connected device.

[0061] The controller may include a processor, such as a central processing unit (CPU), a computer, a logic array, or other devices capable of directing data into or out of the sensor. In some embodiments, the controller includes one or more computing devices with storage, processing, and communication hardware. The functions of the controller may be performed by hardware and / or as computer instructions on a non-transient computer-readable storage medium.

[0062] In some embodiments, the end plug system 220 includes a first portion 224 and an end cap 250 that is connectable and detachable to the first portion. The first portion 224 encloses the high voltage connector 202, one or more high voltage capacitors 204, one or more low voltage capacitors 206, and the low voltage connector 208. The end cap 250 houses the electronics 209. The electronics 209 can be replaced or otherwise changed when the sensor is inserted into the separable connector without service interruption.

[0063] Components such as optional electronic device 209 may need to be maintained, replaced or otherwise replaced more frequently than other components such as one or more high voltage capacitors 204, one or more connected low voltage capacitors 206, high voltage connector 202, low voltage connector 208 and plug body 210, plug body 222.

[0064] FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C A schematic diagram is shown of an alternative voltage divider circuit created when connecting an end plug sensor to the receptacle of a separable connector located on a power distribution network.

[0065] For example, the basic connection diagram of the end plug sensor is shown with the end plug installed. Figure 4A In FIG. 1 , the end plug sensor includes a high voltage capacitor 404 and low voltage capacitors 406a to 406e arranged in parallel. In this figure, for ease of manufacturing, the low side capacitors 406a to 406e can be arranged in a package encapsulated in the end plug sensor (see, for example, Figure 3The low side capacitors 406a to 406e are arranged between the high side capacitor 404 and the second metal contact 407 of the low voltage connector 408. With respect to the grounded grid made of the connector (not shown in the figure), a voltage reading can be read at any metal contact 407, metal contact 412 of the low voltage connector 408 by a live operating rod meter to indicate the presence of voltage at the separable connector / cable accessory. The insulating material 411 is arranged between the first metal contact 412 and the second metal contact 407.

[0066] In another alternative form, Figure 4B This configuration can provide accurate voltage measurement. The end plug sensor includes a high voltage capacitor 404 and low voltage capacitors 406a to 406e arranged in parallel. In this figure, for ease of manufacturing, the low side capacitors 406a to 406e can be arranged in a package enclosed in the end plug sensor (see, for example Figure 3 The low-side capacitors 406a to 406e are disposed between the high-side capacitor 404 and the second metal contact 407 of the low-voltage connector 408 and are connected to ground. A voltage division reading (V L ), which second connection is usually locally connected to the ground and is therefore referenced to the same reference point as the grid voltage. Insulating material 411 is provided between the first metal contact 412 and the second metal contact 407. The connection may be via an end cap such as Figure 2B The cover is 250.

[0067] In another alternative form, such as Figure 4C As shown, it is similar to Figure 2A In the illustrated embodiment, the connection with the end cap removed can allow a lineman to access the end plug sensor with a live pole meter to determine if the cable / equipment is energized before performing any work on the cable or cable accessories. In this example, the end plug sensor includes a high voltage capacitor 404 and low voltage capacitors 406a to 406e arranged in parallel. In this figure, for ease of manufacturing, the low side capacitors 406a to 406e can be provided in the enclosure of the end plug sensor (see, e.g. Figure 3 The low-side capacitors 406a to 406e are arranged between the high-side capacitor 404 and the second metal contact 407 of the low-voltage connector 408. The voltage can be measured at the metal contact 412 or the metal contact 407 (VH ) to indicate the presence of voltage at the cable / separable connector / cable fitting. Optionally, a live pole meter with a separate ground reference connection to the grid ground and either metal contact 412 or metal contact 407 may be used to measure the voltage present. This alternative would utilize the internal resistance of the live pole meter and could be used to ensure that the grid is de-energized prior to maintenance work. Insulating material 411 is provided between first metal contact 412 and second metal contact 407.

[0068] FIG. 5A to FIG. 5B A cross-sectional and exploded view of an exemplary end cap 550 is shown, which is shaped as a cover to fit over the head portion 503 of the end plug sensor 500 (see also, for example, Figure 3 The head 303 of the end plug sensor 300 is shown and the outer surface 136 of the cable fitting jack 135 (see Figure 1 ). The end cap 550 includes an opening 553 that is configured to fit tightly over the head portion 503 of the end plug sensor 500, such as via a friction fit. In addition, the inner diameter of the end cap 550 is configured so that the flange portion 557 fits tightly over the outer surface 136 of the cable fitting receptacle that receives the end plug sensor 500.

[0069] When installed, electrical contact is made between the pressure pad 555 and the low voltage connector 508 via the conductive mating elements 558a, 558b disposed on the contact surface of the pressure pad 555. Figure 6 , which shows a bottom view of the non-conductive mating surface 558, a series of conductive contact pins may be provided to individually contact the first metal contact and the second metal contact of the low voltage connector 508. For example, the contact pin 558a is configured to contact the first metal contact (see, e.g. Figure 3 ), and the contact pin 558b is configured to contact a second metal contact (see, e.g. Figure 3 These contact pins may be shaped or configured to penetrate any oxide layer formed on the surface of the low voltage contact 508.

[0070] Mechanical contact between the low voltage contact 508 and the mating surface 558 of the pressure pad 555 may be maintained with a suitable compressive force, such as provided by the spring 556. Alternatively, the contact pins 558a and 558b may include springs to provide a suitable compressive force.

[0071] The housing of the end cap 550 may be formed using a suitable insulating material such as EPDM or silicone rubber. Figure 5AAs shown, in this aspect, the end cap is formed of a material having an insulating portion 554 and a conductive or semi-conductive portion 552. In this embodiment, the outer conductive / semi-conductive portion 552 comprises a conductive EPDM rubber, and the inner insulating portion comprises an insulating EPDM rubber. In one aspect, the conductive EPDM portion 552 can be overmolded onto the insulating EPDM portion 554. Alternatively, the body of the end cap 550 can be formed of an insulating silicone material, wherein the outer surface and the mating inner ring are coated with a conductive coating to provide safety and shielding.

[0072] Additionally, as described above, the end cap may optionally include electronics, such as electronics 209, which may include a substrate, such as printed circuit board 570, that is arranged and configured to fit within the body of end cap 550. In this example, small printed circuit board 570 includes signal conditioning electronics.

[0073] In addition, in this example, the end cap 550 includes a signal output cable 560, which includes a signal line that provides a low voltage signal to an analysis device (such as a data acquisition device or a sensor analysis unit (not shown)); and an optional neutral / ground line to connect to the ground of the data analysis unit. In addition, the ground line 564 will be connected to the local / cable accessory ground.

[0074] The end cap 550 may also include an eyelet or hole 562 configured to receive a hook feature of a conventional "hot rod" or insulating tie rod (not shown). For example, a technician may identify an existing location in the grid by removing the end cap and then using a hot rod meter (FIG. 4a, 4c) as described above to check voltage before engaging work. If an end plug is already installed at a location but has not yet been connected to an RTU or analysis unit, the technician may install the end cap 550 that makes the connection without additional power outages.

[0075] In another alternative aspect, the end cap can be used to provide a consistent seal when in use and provide easy installation / removal and includes a one-way air valve with a release pin that, when depressed / activated, opens the valve and allows air to flow through a shaft formed in the end cap body. Such a device is described in patent application Ser. No. 16 / 585,803, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0076] Thus, the end plug sensor system described herein allows for the deployment of a retrofittable voltage sensor to a power distribution network without requiring utility / customer outages, wherein the voltage signal output is truly proportional to the line voltage.

[0077] For example, the researchers conducted experiments to show accurate voltage division with representative grid voltages. A data acquisition ("DAQ") card was used to generate a 60 Hz sine wave as input to a high voltage amplifier with a nominal gain of 2000. The output of the high voltage amplifier was applied to the high voltage connection 202 of the end plug sensor and an accurate high voltage meter. The output of the end plug sensor low voltage connection 208 and the sine wave applied to the high voltage amplifier were captured simultaneously using the DAQ card. The measurements from the high voltage meter were used to rescale the measurements of the sine wave applied to the high voltage amplifier. The results are provided in Figure 7 , the graph shows a representative grid voltage applied relative to the divided voltage output from the end plug sensor. The left axis is the representative grid voltage and the right axis is the output voltage from the sensor.

[0078] Thus, the end plug sensor system described herein can provide sufficient voltage signals so that the monitoring hardware / analysis unit can detect at least voltage, faults, and including current sensors, power flow and power quality. If calibrated, the end plug sensor can also detect relatively accurate voltage magnitudes. The capacitive voltage divider of the end plug sensor can facilitate measurements beyond the fundamental frequency or base frequency, and can facilitate the use of standard high voltage DC commissioning tests without the presence of additional leakage current through the voltage divider. The end plug sensor can be used in smart grid applications.

[0079] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications and variations of the exemplary embodiments and alternative embodiments described herein may be constructed without departing from the scope of the present invention. Therefore, it should be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the present invention may be implemented in a manner other than that specifically described herein. For example, the exemplary embodiments described herein may be combined with each other in a variety of ways.

[0080] All references and publications cited herein are expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety into this disclosure, except to the extent they may directly conflict with this disclosure.

[0081] Unless otherwise indicated, all scientific and technical terms used herein have the meaning commonly used in the art. The definitions provided herein will facilitate understanding of certain terms frequently used herein and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0082] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing structural dimensions, amounts, and physical properties used in the specification and claims are to be understood as modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the foregoing specification and appended claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by one skilled in the art utilizing the teachings disclosed herein.

[0083] Numerical ranges recited by endpoints include all values ​​subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5) and any range within that range. As used herein, the term "up to" or "not greater than" a value (e.g., up to 50) includes that value (e.g., 50), and the term "not less than" a value (e.g., not less than 5) includes that value (e.g., 5).

[0084] Orientation-related terms such as "end" are used to describe the relative positions of components and are not intended to limit the orientation of the contemplated embodiments.

[0085] References to "one embodiment," "an embodiment," "certain embodiments," or "some embodiments," etc., mean that the particular features, configurations, compositions, or characteristics described in connection with the embodiment are included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Thus, appearances of such phrases in various places throughout the present disclosure are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, the particular features, configurations, compositions, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0086] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" encompass embodiments having plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. As used in this specification and the appended claims, the term "or" is generally used in a sense including "and / or," unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

[0087] As used herein, "having", "including", "comprising", etc. are used in their open sense and generally mean "including but not limited to". It should be understood that "consisting essentially of", "consisting of", etc. are included in "comprising", etc.

[0088] The term "and / or" refers to one or all of the listed elements or a combination of any two or more of the listed elements (eg, cast and / or treated alloy refers to cast, treated, or both cast and treated alloy).

[0089] The phrases "at least one of," "comprising at least one of," and "one or more of" following a list refer to any one of the items in the list and any combination of two or more of the items in the list.

Claims

1. A sensor for a detachable connector, the sensor comprising: a plug body including an insulating resin, the plug body being configured to be inserted into the separable connector to enclose a high voltage conductor provided in the separable connector; one or more high voltage capacitors encapsulated by the insulating resin and configured to be electrically coupled to the separable connector at a first end portion when the plug body is inserted; one or more low voltage capacitors electrically coupled in series to the one or more high voltage capacitors to form a capacitive voltage divider; as well as a low voltage connector configured to provide a low voltage signal corresponding to a high voltage signal present in the separable connector, the low voltage connector comprising a coaxial contact having a first metal contact and a second metal contact, wherein the screw mechanically and electrically couples at least one of the high-voltage capacitors to the one or more low-voltage capacitors; wherein the plug body includes an end cap that is detachable from the plug body, the end cap including the signal conditioning electronic device; and Wherein, the one or more high voltage capacitors, the one or more low voltage capacitors, the low voltage connector and the end cover extend in one direction. 2 . The sensor of claim 1 , comprising a high voltage connector configured to couple to the high voltage conductor disposed in the separable connector and receive the high voltage signal from the separable connector.

3. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the insulating resin is configured to transfer torque from a low voltage first end portion of the plug body to a high voltage second end portion of the plug body to secure the sensor to the separable connector. 4 . The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the low voltage connector further comprises an insulating material disposed between the first metal contact and the second metal contact.

5. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the screw also mechanically and electrically couples at least one of the high-voltage capacitors to another of the one or more high-voltage capacitors.

6. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising a ground connection electrically coupled to the one or more low voltage capacitors.

7. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising a substrate supporting the one or more low voltage capacitors.

8. The sensor of claim 1, wherein at least one of the one or more low-voltage capacitors is disposed on a substrate. 9 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the one or more low-voltage capacitors is encapsulated by the insulating resin.

10. The sensor of claim 1, further comprising signal conditioning electronics configured to be electrically coupled to the one or more low voltage capacitors.

11. The sensor of claim 10, wherein the signal conditioning electronics is detachably connected to the one or more low voltage capacitors via end caps.

12. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the low voltage signal indicates that the high voltage signal has an error of less than or equal to about 1% over an operating temperature range of about -5°C to about 40°C.

13. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the low voltage signal corresponds to the high voltage signal at a ratio between about 1:100 and about 1:100,000.

14. The sensor of claim 1, wherein the one or more high voltage capacitors each have a voltage rating of at least about 3 kV.

15. A network comprising the sensor according to claim 1.

16. A shielded terminal comprising the sensor according to claim 1.

17. A system for measuring voltage at a location of an electrical grid, the system comprising: The sensor according to claim 1, and An end cap, the end cap comprising an outer shell formed of a first material and a second material, wherein the first material comprises an insulating material and the second material comprises a conductive or semiconductive material, the outer shell having an opening configured to cover a test point of a cable fitting; as well as A pressure pad is disposed in the housing and has a mating surface disposed thereon, the mating surface supporting a plurality of contact elements configured to contact the first metal contact and the second metal contact of the low voltage connector.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the mating surface includes a first contact pin for contacting the first metal contact of the low voltage connector and a second pin for contacting the second metal contact of the low voltage connector.

19. The system of claim 17, further comprising a compression device coupled to the pressure pad to provide a pressing force on the conductive mating surface.

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