Optoelectronic light emitting device and method for manufacturing an optoelectronic light emitting device

Abstract

An optoelectronic light-emitting device, comprising: • a carrier (11), and at least one pixel (13), the at least one pixel having three light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c), in particular LEDs, • wherein the light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) of the pixel (13) are arranged on an upper side (17) of the carrier (11) and each light-emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) has a midpoint (M), and • wherein the light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are arranged around a center point (Z) located on the upper side (17) of the carrier (11) so that the midpoints (M) of the light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are located on a circular track (K) around the center point (Z) and having a defined radius (R).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This patent application claims priority from German application DE 102018133655.1, the disclosure content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

[0002] The invention relates to an optoelectronic lighting device comprising a carrier and at least one pixel, wherein the at least one pixel comprises three light-emitting elements, in particular LEDs (LED=Light Emitting Diode). Background Art

[0003] In the case of optoelectronic luminescent devices which are integrated, for example, into interior elements of motor vehicles, it is desirable that these be designed to be particularly compact. Summary of the Invention

[0004] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an optoelectronic lighting device which can be designed compactly.

[0005] This object is achieved by an optoelectronic lighting device having the features of the invention. Preferred embodiments and developments of the invention are described below.

[0006] The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to the invention comprises a carrier and at least one pixel having three light-emitting elements, in particular LEDs, wherein the light-emitting elements of the pixel are arranged on the upper side of the carrier and each light-emitting element has a midpoint, and wherein the light-emitting elements are arranged around an imaginary center point on the upper side of the carrier such that the midpoints of the light-emitting elements lie on an imaginary circular orbit around the center point and having a defined radius.

[0007] By arranging the light-emitting elements on the upper side of the carrier such that their center points lie on a circular path around the center point, the light-emitting elements can be arranged particularly close to one another, provided the radius or diameter of the circular path is selected accordingly. Each light-emitting element can be fixed to the upper side of the carrier using an adhesive material that initially flows and then hardens. Due in particular to the arrangement of the light-emitting elements, creeping of adhesive onto the light-emitting elements, also known as "creeping," can be avoided even when the light-emitting elements are relatively close to one another, without requiring, for example, grooves or the like on the upper side of the carrier to accommodate excess adhesive material.

[0008] Each luminous point can have a base body, in particular a cuboid, with a quadrilateral base surface. The respective imaginary diagonals in the base surface can extend between opposite corners of the base surface or the base body, respectively. The base surface extends in a plane that extends parallel to the bottom or top side of the base body.

[0009] The radius of the circular path can correspond to at least half the length of the diagonal line. This ensures that the light-emitting elements can be arranged around the center point so that their midpoints lie on the circular path. The midpoints of the respective light-emitting elements can be defined by the intersection of the diagonals.

[0010] The radius of the circular path may correspond to the sum of half the length of the diagonal and a predetermined safety distance. The safety distance makes it possible, in particular, to arrange the light-emitting elements along the circular path around the center point without colliding with one another.

[0011] The safety distance may be in the range between 0 μm and 60 μm. For example, the safety distance may be at least approximately 10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm, 40 μm, 50 μm or 60 μm.

[0012] Each light-emitting element can have a base body, in particular a rectangular parallelepiped or cube-shaped body, with a quadrilateral base surface, wherein the corners of the base body of each light-emitting element are at least approximately located on an imaginary line extending between the midpoint of the respective light-emitting element and the center point. Thus, the light-emitting elements are arranged on the upper side of the carrier in a rotational manner compared to a conventional arrangement. In particular, the respective corners of the light-emitting elements are directed toward the center point. This results in a relatively large free space between the light-emitting elements despite the compact, nearly close arrangement of the light-emitting elements. This prevents creep of the uncured adhesive material used to secure the light-emitting elements to the carrier.

[0013] In the case of light-emitting elements, the above arrangement in which the corner of the base of each light-emitting element lies on an imaginary line extending between the midpoint of the corresponding light-emitting element and the center point can correspond to the light-emitting element being rotated 120° around the center point and relative to adjacent light-emitting elements.

[0014] Each light-emitting element can have a base body with a quadrilateral base surface, wherein the light-emitting elements are arranged on the upper side of the carrier such that the mutually opposing side surfaces of the base bodies of adjacent light-emitting elements do not extend parallel to one another. Thus, each light-emitting element can be rotated relative to an adjacent light-emitting element, for example. The axis of rotation preferably passes through the center point and is perpendicular to the upper side of the carrier. This allows the light-emitting elements to be rotated by 120° relative to one another.

[0015] The light emitting elements can be evenly spaced apart from each other when viewed from the circumference of the circular track, thereby achieving a uniform distribution of the light emitting elements around the center point and along the circumference of the circular track.

[0016] The light-emitting element can be adhered or bonded to the upper side of the carrier.

[0017] The optoelectronic lighting device may also have an optical fiber into which the light emitted by the light-emitting element can be coupled in. In this case, provision may be made for the end of the optical fiber provided for this coupling in to be arranged at a distance above the light-emitting element.

[0018] An optical element, such as a lens, may optionally be arranged between the end of the optical fiber and the light emitting element, in particular in order to improve the efficiency of the input coupling into the optical fiber.

[0019] The optical fiber can be arranged above the light-emitting element in such a way that an imaginary longitudinal axis of the optical axis passes at least substantially through the center point. The end of the optical fiber provided for coupling in is thus centered above the light-emitting element. This allows for a simple and uniform coupling in of the respective light emitted by the three light-emitting elements.

[0020] The optoelectronic light-emitting device may have a marking, which is particularly formed on the top side of the carrier. The carrier may be, for example, a lead frame, wherein the marking is located at a location where the non-conductive insulation has been removed. The marking may thus be formed by a metal region, in particular a copper region, surrounded by an insulating material. The marking may not only be in the form of a dot, but may also have other shapes, such as a cross-shaped marking or a marking consisting of multiple dots or a combination of dots and a line.

[0021] The marking can be used to determine the nominal position of an imaginary center point and / or a corresponding nominal position for positioning the midpoint of the light-emitting element. For example, a machine that arranges the light-emitting elements on the upper side of the carrier can be designed to recognize the marking and, based on the marking, fully automatically determine the nominal position of the center point and / or a corresponding nominal position for positioning the midpoint of the light-emitting element. The machine can then arrange the light-emitting elements on the carrier in a corresponding manner and, if necessary, connect the light-emitting elements to the wiring.

[0022] The present invention further relates to a method for producing an optoelectronic light-emitting device, wherein the method comprises the following steps:

[0023] · forming a marking on the upper side of the carrier,

[0024] determining, in particular by means of at least one predetermined rule and starting from the marking, an imaginary center point on the upper side of the carrier,

[0025] Starting from the marking and / or the center point and, in particular using at least one further predetermined rule, determining three imaginary position points for the three light-emitting elements of the pixel, such that the three position points lie on an imaginary circular path around the center point, the circular path having a defined radius,

[0026] The three luminous points are arranged on the upper side of the carrier such that the center point of each luminous element is arranged at one of the three locations.

[0027] This method can be performed, for example, by the aforementioned machine for arranging light-emitting elements on a carrier, such as a lead frame. The rule for determining the center point starting from the marking can, for example, predetermine coordinates that indicate the position of the center point relative to the marking. The machine can then determine a hypothetical center point starting from the marking based on these coordinates.

[0028] The rule for determining three imaginary position points for the three light-emitting elements of a pixel may, for example, include that the three light-emitting elements are evenly spaced apart from one another in the circumferential direction of the circular track.

[0029] According to a further development of the method, the end of the optical fiber can be arranged at a distance above the light-emitting element using the marking and / or the center point such that the imaginary longitudinal axis of the optical fiber at least substantially passes through the center point. Thus, the optical fiber can be arranged above the light-emitting element such that it is centrally located above the light-emitting element. This allows for uniform coupling of the light emitted by the light-emitting element into the optical fiber.

[0030] According to a development of the method, each luminous point can have a base having a quadrilateral, in particular a square or rectangular, base area, wherein the respective imaginary diagonal extends between two opposite corners, and wherein the radius of the circular path is defined such that it is at least equal to or greater than half the length of the diagonal. In this method, the radius of the circular path can be defined such that it corresponds to the sum of half the length of the diagonal and a predetermined safety distance.

[0031] In particular, provision can be made in this method for the light-emitting elements to be arranged on the carrier at uniform spacings from one another, as viewed in the circumferential direction of the circular track.

[0032] It may be provided that the light-emitting elements are arranged such that a corner of the base body of each light-emitting element lies at least approximately on an imaginary line extending between the midpoint of the respective light-emitting element and the center point. It may also be provided that the light-emitting elements are arranged on the upper side of the carrier such that the mutually opposing side surfaces of the base bodies of adjacent light-emitting elements do not extend parallel to one another. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] The present invention is described below by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0034] Figure 1 Schematically shows a top view of a variant of an optoelectronic device according to the invention,

[0035] Figure 2 Schematically shows Figure 1 A perspective view of the device,

[0036] Figure 3 A diagram schematically shows a variant of the method according to the invention for producing an optoelectronic light-emitting device,

[0037] Figure 4 schematically shows an exemplary design of a marking on a carrier of an optoelectronic light-emitting device,

[0038] Figure 5 A further exemplary embodiment of a marking on a carrier of an optoelectronic light-emitting device is schematically shown, and

[0039] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of a fiber optic Figure 1 A side sectional view of an optoelectronic light-emitting device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0040] Figure 1 and Figure 2 The optoelectronic light-emitting device shown in the embodiment includes a carrier 11 such as a lead frame, and at least one pixel 13, which in the example shown is designed as an RGB pixel and has three light-emitting elements 15a, 15b and 15c. Each light-emitting element 15a, 15b and 15c is designed as an LED. In order to realize an RGB pixel, one of these light-emitting elements can emit blue light, one of these light-emitting elements can emit red light, and one of these light-emitting elements can emit green light. Here, RGB stands for red, green and blue, and by corresponding individual control of the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b and 15c, different colors can be realized in a manner known per se corresponding to the RGB color model.

[0041] exist Figure 1 and Figure 2 In the optoelectronic light-emitting device of FIG. 1 , the light-emitting elements 15 a, 15 b, and 15 c of the pixels 13 are arranged on the upper side 17 of the carrier 11. Each light-emitting element 15 a, 15 b, and 15 c has a midpoint M. Furthermore, the light-emitting elements 15 a, 15 b, and 15 c are arranged around an imaginary center point Z on the upper side 17 of the carrier 11 such that the midpoints M of the light-emitting elements 15 a, 15 b, and 15 c are located on an imaginary circular orbit K around the center point Z having a defined radius R.

[0042] Each light emitting element has a base body 19 having a quadrilateral (here a square) base area. A corresponding imaginary diagonal line D extends between two opposite corners E of the base body 19 .

[0043] The midpoint M of the respective light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c is defined by the intersection of the diagonal lines D. Furthermore, the radius R of the circular path K can correspond to at least half the length of the diagonal line D. Preferably, the radius R of the circular path K corresponds to the sum of half the length of the diagonal line D and a predetermined safety distance S. If the safety distance S is greater than 0, the corners E of the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c facing the center point Z do not touch at the center point Z, but are spaced apart from the center point Z by a distance corresponding to the safety distance S. The safety distance S can be, for example, 40 μm, although other values ​​are also possible, for example, within a range between 0 μm and 60 μm.

[0044] As in Figure 1 As can be seen in FIG, the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c are arranged so that the angle E of each light-emitting element facing the center point Z is at least approximately located on an imaginary line extending between the midpoint M of the corresponding light-emitting element and the center point Z. Furthermore, the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c are arranged so that the opposing side surfaces SF of the base bodies 19 of adjacent light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c do not extend parallel to each other. Furthermore, the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c are evenly spaced apart from each other as viewed in the circumferential direction U of the circular track.

[0045] In particular, the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c can be arranged on the carrier 11 such that, for example, the first light-emitting element 15a is oriented such that the angle E facing the center point Z lies on an imaginary line extending between the midpoint M of the first light-emitting element 15a and the center point Z. The second light-emitting element 15b can be arranged such that it is rotated at least substantially 120° about the center point Z relative to the first light-emitting element 15a. In a corresponding manner, the third light-emitting element 15c can be arranged such that it is rotated another 120° about the center point Z starting from the second light-emitting element 15b.

[0046] In order to fix the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b and 15c on the upper side 17 of the carrier 11, the light-emitting elements can be adhered or glued by means of an adhesive. Figure 1 As shown, the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c are arranged along the circumferential direction U of the circular track K, thereby creating a relatively large free space between the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c. This prevents the adhesive from creeping onto the lateral outer surfaces of the light-emitting elements, and in particular prevents the light-emitting surface on the upper side of the light-emitting elements from being at least partially covered. In particular, Figure 1 The configuration shown in allows a more compact arrangement of the light emitting elements 15a, 15b and 15c, in particular compared to, for example, a light emitting element arrangement in which the midpoints M of the light emitting elements form a triangle and the mutually opposing side surfaces of the base body 19 are oriented parallel to each other (see Figure 3Here, the minimum distance between mutually opposite, parallel-oriented side surfaces can be approximately 60 μm, in particular if T-grooves are etched into the carrier 11 , which serve to accommodate excess adhesive in order to prevent it from creeping onto the upper side of the light-emitting element.

[0047] In accordance with Figure 1 and Figure 2 The arrangement of the light emitting elements 15a, 15b and 15c in the configuration of can be performed by a machine. The laying of the electrical conductors 21 on the upper side of the respective light emitting elements in order to electrically connect the light emitting elements to the corresponding contact points 23 on the upper side of the carrier 11 can also be performed by a machine. Figure 1 and Figure 2 When arranging the light emitting elements 15a, 15b, 15c, the minimum possible distance may be limited by the placement accuracy of the machine.

[0048] As reference Figure 6 As shown, the optoelectronic light-emitting device can also include an optical fiber 25, wherein the end 25a of the optical fiber 25 is arranged at a distance above the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c. The imaginary longitudinal axis L of the optical fiber passes at least substantially perpendicularly through the center point Z. The optical fiber 25 is thus centered above the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c, allowing for particularly efficient and uniform incoupling of the light emitted by the three light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c. In this case, the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c are preferably configured as surface emitters, so that these light-emitting elements have light exit surfaces on their upper sides. In this case, the upper sides of these light-emitting elements face the end 25a of the optical fiber 25.

[0049] Figure 3 For illustrating a method for producing an optoelectronic light-emitting device, for example according to Figure 1 and Figure 2 In this method, a marking 27 is formed on the top side 17 of the carrier 11.

[0050] The mark can be designed as a cross, for example. Figure 3 As shown. Carrier 11 may be, for example, a lead frame. In this regard, marking 27 may be exposed copper surrounded by an unremoved surrounding insulating layer. Marking 27 may be automatically detected, for example, by a machine used to lay down light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c. The machine may then use marking 27 to determine the nominal position of an imaginary center point Z and / or a corresponding nominal position for locating midpoint M of light-emitting elements 15a, 15b, and 15c.

[0051] In particular, the method can provide for determining the center point Z starting from the marking 27 using predefined rules. For example, a coordinate system KS can be defined in the plane of the upper side 17 of the carrier 11. In the coordinates of this coordinate system KS, for example, it can be specified how the center point Z is shifted relative to the marking 27. Figure 3 As shown by way of example in FIG, the center point Z can be shifted by the distance a relative to the marking 27 in the X direction, for example.

[0052] In this method, starting from the marking 27 and / or the center point Z, three imaginary position points for locating the center point M of the three light-emitting elements 15a, 15b and 15c of the pixel of the optoelectronic device are determined, in particular with the help of other predetermined rules. In this case, the three position points are determined in such a way that they lie on a circular track K around the center point Z, which has a defined radius R (see Figure 1 ).

[0053] Furthermore, three light-emitting elements 15 a , 15 b and 15 c are arranged by machine on the upper side 17 of the carrier 11 , so that the center point M of each light-emitting element 15 a , 15 b and 15 c is arranged at one of the three points.

[0054] By means of the marking 27 and / or the center point Z, the end 25a of the optical fiber 25 (see Figure 6 ) can also be arranged at a distance above the light-emitting elements 15a, 15b and 15c so that the longitudinal axis L of the optical fiber 25 passes at least substantially through the center point Z.

[0055] like Figure 4 As shown, the mark 27 can be displayed not only in the form of a cross, but also with the aid of other symbols. Figure 4 The mark 27 can be displayed as a cubic "5".

[0056] according to Figure 5 , the mark 27 can be formed by a plurality of small circles surrounding the midpoint of a circle.

[0057] Reference Signs List

[0058] 11 Carrier

[0059] 13 pixels

[0060] 15a Light-emitting element

[0061] 15b Light-emitting element

[0062] 15c Light-emitting element

[0063] 17 upper side

[0064] 19 Matrix

[0065] 21 Electrical conductors

[0066] 23 Contact Areas

[0067] 25 Fiber Optic

[0068] 25a end

[0069] 27 Marks

[0070] M midpoint

[0071] Z Center

[0072] K Circular Track

[0073] R Radius

[0074] D Diagonal

[0075] E angle

[0076] S Safety distance

[0077] SF side surface

[0078] U Circumferential direction

[0079] L vertical axis

[0080] KS coordinate system

[0081] a road section

Claims

1. An optoelectronic light-emitting device, comprising: A carrier (11), and at least one pixel (13), the at least one pixel having three light emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c), wherein the light emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) of the pixel (13) are arranged on the upper side (17) of the carrier (11), and each light emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) has a midpoint (M), and wherein the light emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are arranged around a center point (Z) located on the upper side (17) of the carrier (11) such that the midpoints (M) of the light emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are located on a circular track (K) around the center point (Z) and having a defined radius (R); Each light emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) has a base (19) with a quadrilateral base surface, wherein the corner (E) of the base (19) of each light emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) is located on a line extending between the midpoint (M) of the corresponding light emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) and the center point (Z); and The light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are arranged on the upper side (17) of the carrier (11) such that mutually facing side surfaces (SF) of the base bodies (19) of adjacent light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) do not extend parallel to each other.

2. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to claim 1, It is characterized in that Each light-emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) has a base body (19) with a quadrilateral base area, wherein a corresponding diagonal line (D) extends between two opposite corners (E), wherein the radius of the circular track (K) corresponds to at least half the length of the diagonal (D), and / or The midpoint (M) of the corresponding light emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) is defined by the intersection of the diagonal lines (D).

3. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to claim 2, It is characterized in that The radius (R) of the circular path (K) corresponds to the sum of half the length of the diagonal (D) and a predefined safety distance (S).

4. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The light emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are evenly spaced apart from each other when viewed in the circumferential direction of the circular track (K).

5. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, It is characterized in that The light emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are adhered or bonded.

6. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, It is characterized in that The optoelectronic lighting device has an optical fiber (25), wherein an end (25a) of the optical fiber (25) is arranged at a distance above the light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c).

7. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to claim 6, It is characterized in that The longitudinal axis (L) of the optical fiber (25) passes through the center point (Z).

8. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 3, It is characterized in that The optoelectronic lighting device has a marking (27) for determining a desired position of the center point (Z) and / or a corresponding desired position of a midpoint (M) of the lighting elements (15a, 15b, 15c).

9. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The light emitting element is an LED.

10. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to claim 3, It is characterized in that The safety distance (S) is in the range between 0 μm and 60 μm.

11. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to claim 3, It is characterized in that The safety distance (S) is 10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm, 40 μm, 50 μm or 60 μm.

12. The optoelectronic light-emitting device according to claim 5, It is characterized in that The light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are adhered or bonded to the upper side (17) of the carrier (11).

13. The optoelectronic light emitting device according to claim 8, It is characterized in that The marking (27) is formed on the top side (17) of the carrier (11).

14. The optoelectronic light emitting device according to claim 8, It is characterized in that The marker (27) is constructed of copper.

15. A method for producing an optoelectronic light-emitting device, wherein in the method: A marking (27) is formed on the upper side (17) of the carrier (11), Starting from said mark (27), a center point (Z) is determined, Starting from the mark (27) and / or the center point (Z), three imaginary position points are determined for the three light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) of the pixel (13), so that the three position points are located on a circular track (K) around the center point (Z), the circular track having a defined radius (R), The three light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are arranged on the upper side (17) of the carrier (11) so that the midpoint (M) of each light-emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) is arranged at one of the three position points; It is characterized in that Each light emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) has a base (19) with a quadrilateral base surface, wherein the light emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are arranged so that an angle (E) of the base (19) of each light emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) is located on a line extending between a midpoint (M) of the respective light emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) and the center point (Z), and / or Each light-emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) has a base body with a quadrilateral bottom surface, wherein the light-emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are arranged on the upper side (17) of the carrier (11) so that the mutually opposite side surfaces (SF) of the base bodies (19) of adjacent light-emitting elements do not extend parallel to each other.

16. The method according to claim 15, It is characterized in that The end (25a) of the optical fiber (25) is arranged at a distance above the light-emitting element by means of the marking (27) and / or the center point (Z) so that the longitudinal axis (L) of the optical fiber (25) passes through the center point (Z).

17. The method according to claim 15 or 16, It is characterized in that Each light-emitting element (15a, 15b, 15c) has a base body (19) with a quadrilateral base area, wherein a corresponding diagonal line (D) extends between two opposite corners (E), The radius (R) of the circular track (K) is defined such that the radius is at least equal to or greater than half the length of the diagonal line (D).

18. The method according to claim 17, It is characterized in that The radius (R) of the circular path (K) is defined in such a way that it corresponds to the sum of half the length of the diagonal (D) and a predefined safety distance (S).

19. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 16, It is characterized in that Viewed from the circumferential direction (U) of the circular track (K), the light emitting elements (15a, 15b, 15c) are arranged on the carrier (11) at uniform intervals from one another.

20. The method according to claim 15, It is characterized in that By means of the marking (27) and / or the center point (Z), the end (25a) of the optical fiber (25) is arranged at a distance above the corresponding light exit surface so that the longitudinal axis (L) of the optical fiber (25) passes through the center point (Z).

21. The method according to claim 18, It is characterized in that The safety distance (S) is in the range between 0 μm and 60 μm.

22. The method according to claim 18, It is characterized in that The safety distance (S) is 10 μm, 20 μm, 30 μm, 40 μm, 50 μm or 60 μm.

23. The method according to claim 15, It is characterized in that The center point (Z) is determined by means of at least one predetermined rule, and The three hypothetical position points are determined with the aid of at least one further predefined rule.

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