System and method for field in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method and system for in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process in the field, the system comprising a simulated rainmaker, a slope runoff water collection device, a soil water water collection device, a slope runoff flow collector, a soil water flow collector and a data acquisition processor; wherein the slope runoff water collection device comprises a slope runoff flow collection frame and a slope runoff flow collection trough; the soil water water collection device comprises a bottom surface, a water retaining plate arranged on the periphery of the bottom surface part and a water collection port arranged on the water retaining plate; the slope runoff flow collector and the soil water flow collector are provided with pressure sensors at the bottom, which can read the pressure of the fluid in the collector in real time; the data acquisition processor is connected to the pressure sensors in the slope runoff flow collector and the soil water flow collector, and is used to collect and process data.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical fields of soil science and hydrology, and more specifically to a system and method for field in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process. Background Art

[0002] Surface water and soil water are inseparable entities in the hydrological cycle and are both part of the "four waters". Water movement plays a vital role in the distribution pattern and storage capacity of soil water. In soil water, preferential flow is an important water and solute movement process in the soil, and is also the main factor in the hydrological cycle of forest land. This non-equilibrium flow that does not conform to Darcy's law is widely present in soils of various ecological environments. The existence of preferential flow not only changes the movement of soil water, but also changes the movement of surface runoff, that is, there is a close relationship between preferential flow and matrix flow and surface runoff. However, most of the current studies on surface water and soil water use separate observation methods or simulation methods, which have some shortcomings. For example, if the movement process of soil water is simulated and observed alone, the lack of information on source and sink items will cause the loss of hydrological information, which will lead to large errors in the simulation results; if the movement of surface water is simulated alone, some fluids will cause large simulation errors due to infiltration.

[0003] Therefore, a new technology and device are needed that can efficiently and accurately observe or simulate the water movement in the actual ground and soil, so as to at least partially eliminate the problems existing in the prior art. Summary of the invention

[0004] In order to solve the problems existing in the above-mentioned prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method and system for in-situ observation of the slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process in the field, which can simultaneously observe the migration of surface water and soil water, and then quantitatively analyze the water movement to construct a relatively complete water balance system in the water migration process.

[0005] According to one aspect of the present invention, a system for in-situ observation of the water migration process of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow is provided, comprising: a simulated rainfall device (10), a slope runoff water collection device (20), a soil water water collection device (30), a slope runoff flow collector (40), a soil water flow collector (50) and a data acquisition processor (60);

[0006] The slope runoff water collection device (20) comprises a slope runoff collection frame (21) and a slope runoff collection trough (22); the slope runoff collection frame (21) is used to be arranged on a field slope to be observed, the slope runoff collection frame (21) comprises an opening (211), after the rainfall in the simulated rainmaker (10) falls on the field slope to be observed, the slope runoff flows through the opening (211) into the slope runoff collection trough (22); and then enters the slope runoff flow collector (40);

[0007] The soil water collection device (30) comprises a bottom surface (31), a water retaining plate (32) arranged on the periphery of the bottom surface, and a water collection port (33) arranged on the water retaining plate; the soil water collection device (30) is used to be arranged in the underground soil layer of the field slope to be observed, so as to collect the matrix flow and the preferential flow from the rainfall in the simulated rainfall device (10) after it flows through the soil, and then enter the soil water flow collector (50) through the water collection port (33).

[0008] The slope runoff collector (40) and the soil water collector (50) are provided with pressure sensors at the bottom, which can read the pressure of the fluid in the collector in real time;

[0009] The data acquisition processor (60) is connected to the pressure sensors in the slope runoff flow collector (40) and the soil water flow collector (50) and is used to collect and process data.

[0010] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a sediment-proof cloth is provided on the slope runoff collecting trough (22).

[0011] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a mud and sand prevention cloth is provided on the water collection port (33).

[0012] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the slope runoff collecting trough (22) comprises a water collecting pipe (221) and a water collecting transition portion (222), one end of the water collecting transition portion (222) is used to be adjacent to the opening (211), and the other end is connected to the water collecting pipe (221), and the anti-silt cloth is arranged on an inclined surface (222') of the water collecting transition portion (222) which gradually narrows toward the water collecting pipe (221).

[0013] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the slope runoff collecting trough (22) further comprises a cover (223) for the water collecting transition portion (222).

[0014] According to another aspect of the present invention, a method for in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process is provided, comprising:

[0015] (1) Treat the field slope sample plots, including clearing debris on the surface, digging out the soil downstream of the slope to form a vertical soil profile downstream, and forming an underground horizontal water collection profile at the bottom of the vertical soil profile;

[0016] (2) arranging a slope runoff water collection device (20) on the treated slope to define a test slope, and arranging a soil water water collection device (30) in an underground horizontal water collection profile, wherein the underground horizontal water collection profile corresponds to the test slope;

[0017] (3) using a tracer solution, such as a dye solution, preferably a brilliant blue solution, to perform a simulated rainfall test on the test slope;

[0018] (4) using a collector and a data acquisition processor (60) to collect and record in real time the dynamic amount of the slope runoff flowing out through the slope runoff collection device (20) and the soil flow flowing out through the soil water collection device (30);

[0019] (5) After the simulated rainfall ends, the slope runoff water collection device (20) and the test slope are covered with a waterproof covering, and after a predetermined time, the waterproof covering and the slope runoff water collection device (20) are removed;

[0020] (6) selecting a horizontal section excavation area and a vertical section excavation area in the test slope surface, excavating in the horizontal section excavation area and the vertical section excavation area respectively to sequentially form a plurality of horizontal sections and a plurality of vertical sections, and recording the sections using a recording device such as an image acquisition device when forming each horizontal section and each vertical section; and

[0021] (7) Analyze the runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process using the dynamic quantities of step (4) and the records and analysis results of step (6).

[0022] According to an embodiment of the present invention, in step (4), the slope runoff water collection device (20) and the soil water water collection device (30) are both provided with anti-sediment cloth to prevent sediment and the like from flowing into the collector.

[0023] According to an embodiment of the present invention, a buffer zone is provided between the horizontal profile excavation area and the vertical profile excavation area and the boundary of the test slope surface.

[0024] According to an embodiment of the present invention, in step (6), a buffer zone is provided between the horizontal section excavation area and the vertical section excavation area.

[0025] According to an embodiment of the present invention, in step (6), for the horizontal profile excavation area and the vertical profile excavation area, the area closer to the vertical profile of the soil in step (1) is excavated first to form the multiple horizontal profiles or the multiple vertical profiles, and then another area is excavated.

[0026] According to an embodiment of the present invention, step (6) also includes taking soil samples from each section during the process of excavating to form multiple horizontal sections and multiple vertical sections for analyzing the horizontal and vertical migration characteristics of preferential flow, and the analysis results can be used in step (7).

[0027] The slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process observation system and method of the present invention can simultaneously observe the surface runoff and soil water migration law under the existence of preferential flow, and is simple to operate and can be applicable to various land use types. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] The same reference numerals in the accompanying drawings indicate the same or similar components or parts. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that these drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. The objects and features of the present invention will become more apparent in view of the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0029] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a field in-situ observation system for slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 2 It is a structural schematic diagram of a slope runoff water collection device according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 3 A schematic structural diagram of a soil water flow collector according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 4 A schematic flow chart of a method for field in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 5 A schematic diagram of a horizontal cross-sectional excavation area and a vertical cross-sectional excavation area according to one embodiment of the present invention; and

[0034] Figure 6 Schematic diagram of horizontal and vertical cross-section excavation according to one embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process observation system and method of the present invention are further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present invention.

[0036] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a field in-situ observation system for slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration according to one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 It is a structural schematic diagram of a slope runoff water collection device according to one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the structure of a soil water flow collector according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0037] refer to Figure 1-3 According to the field in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water transport system of the present invention, it can include a simulated rainmaker 10, a slope runoff water collection device 20, a soil water water collection device 30, a slope runoff flow collector 40, a soil water flow collector 50 and a data acquisition processor 60.

[0038] The simulated rainmaker 10 is a device for simulating natural rainfall, which is arranged above the slope to be observed to simulate natural rainfall. The simulated rainmaker 10 is well known in the art, and for example, a rotating downspout rainfall nozzle technology can be used to simulate rainfall, which will not be described in detail herein. Tap water or natural lake water can be used for simulation experiments, and appropriate tracers can be added to the water for subsequent observations. For example, dye tracers such as brilliant blue solution can be used, and other dye tracers (rhodamine, methylene blue, acid red, etc.) and other types of tracers, such as isotope tracers ( 3 H. 18 O, etc.), inorganic anion tracers (Cl - ,I - Br - When dye tracers are used, the flow characteristics of the fluid in the soil can be observed by taking images, for example, using a high-resolution camera.

[0039] The slope runoff water collection device 20 includes a slope runoff collection frame 21 and a slope runoff collection trough 22. As shown in the figure, the slope runoff collection frame 21 is set on the field slope to be observed, and the slope runoff collection frame 21 includes an opening 211. After the rainfall in the simulated rainmaker 10 falls on the field slope to be observed, the slope runoff flows through the opening 211 into the slope runoff collection trough 22; and then enters the slope runoff flow collector 40.

[0040] The slope runoff collecting trough 22 may include a water collecting pipe 221, a water collecting transition part 222 and a cover 223. One end of the water collecting transition part 222 is used to be adjacent to the opening 211, and the other end is connected to the water collecting pipe 221. The cover 223 is used to cover the water collecting transition part 222 to prevent water from evaporating or splashing. A silt-proof cloth 224 may also be provided on the inclined surface 222' of the water collecting transition part 222 that gradually narrows toward the water collecting pipe 221 to prevent surface runoff from carrying silt into the slope runoff flow collector 40.

[0041] The soil water collecting device 30 includes a bottom surface 31, a water retaining plate 32 disposed on the periphery of the bottom surface, and a water collecting port 33 disposed on the water retaining plate. Figure 3 As shown, the bottom surface 31 of the soil water collection device 30 is rectangular, with water retaining plates 32 formed on three sides, and no water retaining plate 32 is provided on the other side, so as to facilitate the insertion of the soil water collection device 30 into the underground horizontal water collection profile during use. A water collection port 33 is provided on a water retaining plate, and the soil water collection device 30 is provided in the underground horizontal water collection profile to collect the matrix flow and preferential flow from the simulated rainmaker 10 after the rainfall flows through the soil, and then enters the soil water flow collector 50 through the water collection port. In addition, in order to prevent sediment from entering the soil water flow collector 50, a sediment-proof cloth can be provided on the water collection port 33.

[0042] The slope runoff flow collector 40 and the soil water flow collector 50 are respectively configured to receive fluids from the slope runoff water collection device 20 and the soil water water collection device 30. The collector can be, for example, cylindrical, with a known caliber, and has a pressure sensor (such as SIN-P300 from Sinomeasure, with a range of 0-50KPa) arranged at the bottom of the collector, which can monitor the pressure of the fluid in the collector in real time. The data acquisition processor 60 is connected to the pressure sensors in the slope runoff flow collector 40 and the soil water flow collector 50 for collecting and processing data. In this way, the dynamic change data of slope runoff and soil flow can be calculated in combination with the changes in the caliber of the collector and the pressure value.

[0043] Figure 4 A schematic flow chart of a method for field in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process according to one embodiment of the present invention; Figure 5 A schematic diagram of a horizontal cross-sectional excavation area and a vertical cross-sectional excavation area according to one embodiment of the present invention; and Figure 6 Schematic diagram of horizontal and vertical cross-section excavation according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0044] refer to Figure 4-6According to an embodiment of the present invention, the method for in-situ observation of the slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process may include the following steps:

[0045] First, select an appropriate slope sample in the field, for example, select a relatively flat slope area without obvious water accumulation, and then process the field slope sample, including removing the surface dead and fallen objects and cutting the surface weeds, digging out the soil downstream of the slope to form a vertical soil profile downstream (preferably the profile is a natural soil profile), and carefully remove the roots exposed outside the profile with scissors, and use a small brush to carefully clean the remaining loose soil in the profile. According to the geological conditions and the results of the simulated rainfall pre-test, set the digging depth, dig an underground horizontal profile at the bottom of the vertical soil profile to form an underground horizontal water collection profile. The specific size refers to the size of the soil water collection device 30 to be arranged, and use a small brush to clean the surface below the horizontal plane to prevent too much sediment from being brought into the collected soil water.

[0046] Then, the device of the present invention is set on the treated slope. More specifically, the surface runoff collecting frame 21 of the slope runoff collecting device 20 is set on the treated slope to define the test slope; the slope runoff collecting trough 22 is connected to the surface runoff collecting frame 21, and is thus set in front of the vertical profile of the soil. Among them, a part of the surface runoff collecting frame 21 can be inserted into the soil of the slope, thereby fixing the entire slope runoff collecting device 20. In addition, the soil water collecting device 30 is inserted into the underground horizontal water collection profile. The soil water collecting device 30 can be made of metal material, such as stainless steel, to facilitate insertion.

[0047] A simulated rainmaker 10 is provided to perform a simulated rainfall test. A simulated rainfall test is performed on the test slope using a tracer liquid, such as a dye solution, preferably a brilliant blue solution. More specifically, a brilliant blue solution is prepared according to the rainfall required for the test, and the prepared brilliant blue solution is added to the simulated rainmaker as a tracer to perform a simulated rainfall test.

[0048] The slope runoff collector 40 and the soil water collector 50 are used to collect the slope runoff flowing out of the slope runoff collection device 20 and the soil flow flowing out of the soil water collection device 30 in real time; the slope runoff collection device 20 and the soil water collection device 30 can be provided with anti-sediment cloth to prevent sediment and the like from flowing into the collector; and the data acquisition processor 60 is used to collect and process real-time data. For example, the acquisition processor 60 can be a paperless recorder (Sinomeasure, SIN-R2000), which can be set to take a pressure reading every 30 seconds, and the dynamic change data of the slope runoff and the soil flow can be calculated through the changes in the collector caliber and the pressure value. Among them, the collection time of rainwater flow and data collection is consistent with the simulated rainfall test, or can be slightly delayed until no water flows out.

[0049] After the simulated rainfall is finished, the simulated rainmaker can be removed first, and then the slope runoff water collection device 20 and the test slope can be covered with a waterproof cover. For example, a plastic waterproof canvas can be used to cover the research point to prevent the input of rainfall and the output of surface evaporation, and to prevent the dyeing profile from being affected by rainfall, wild animals, etc. After a predetermined time, such as 24 hours, the waterproof cover and the slope runoff water collection device 20 are removed.

[0050] Afterwards, a horizontal profile excavation area and a vertical profile excavation area are selected in the test slope, and excavation is performed in the horizontal profile excavation area and the vertical profile excavation area respectively to form multiple horizontal profiles and multiple vertical profiles in sequence, and a recording device such as an image acquisition device is used to record the profile features when forming each horizontal profile and each vertical profile.

[0051] Considering that the excavation of the slope before the deployment of the test device and the insertion and removal of the device will affect the soil structure at the edge, as well as the differences in the boundary part of the simulated precipitation test, in order to avoid the influence of the boundary effect, the soil profile can be excavated in the middle core area at a certain distance (buffer zone) from the surface runoff collector frame 21; in addition, a similar buffer zone can be set between the horizontal profile excavation area and the vertical profile excavation area. The fluid flow characteristics can be analyzed based on the above-mentioned multiple horizontal profiles and multiple vertical profiles.

[0052] For the convenience of digging, the area close to the vertical profile of the soil, that is, the downstream area, can be dug first, and then other areas can be dug.

[0053] In the process of excavating to form multiple horizontal profiles and multiple vertical profiles, soil samples may also be taken for analysis of flow characteristics of preferential flow in vertical and horizontal directions.

[0054] Finally, the dynamic change data of slope runoff and soil flow and the above-mentioned fluid flow characteristics can be used to analyze the runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process. For example, taking photos can reflect the water migration situation, and the occurrence of preferential flow can be judged based on the stained area; the sample contains tracer substances, which can be extracted and calculated to quantitatively estimate the water migration amount; dyed and undyed roots and gravel can also be dug out from the cross-section soil samples, and the influence of roots and gravel on preferential flow can be analyzed, etc.

[0055] Embodiments: The specific implementation process of the device and method of the present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with embodiments.

[0056] An experiment was conducted on a forest slope in Beijing using brilliant blue solution as a tracer to simulate rainfall.

[0057] (1) Remove the fallen leaves and weeds on the surface, and dig a vertical soil section in the downhill direction with a shovel. The section is 50 cm deep, and the size of the dug area and the surface runoff collector frame 21 is 1.2 m × 0.6 m. Use scissors to carefully remove the roots outside the vertical section, and use a small brush to carefully clean the remaining loose soil on the section. Subsequently, dig a 1.2 m × 0.6 m underground horizontal section at a depth of 45 cm from the vertical soil section, with a thickness of 5 cm, and use a small brush to clean the lower surface of the horizontal section to prevent excessive sediment from being brought into the collected soil water in subsequent experiments. Then, a soil water collection device 30 (made of soft iron sheet, with a size of 1.2 m × 0.6 m × 0.05 cm) is arranged in the horizontal section; then, the simulated rainmaker 10, the slope runoff collection device 20, the slope runoff flow collector 40, the soil water flow collector 50, and the data acquisition processor 60 are arranged.

[0058] (2) According to the required rainfall of 40 mm / 24 h (heavy rain), a brilliant blue solution with a concentration of 4 g / L was used; the dye tracer test was calculated based on the surface area of ​​the dyed sample plot and the actual consumption. The brilliant blue solution required for this test was 28.8 L. The prepared brilliant blue solution was added to the simulated rainmaker as a tracer to conduct a simulated rainfall test. After the simulated rainfall test began, the profile runoff and infiltrated soil flow were collected in real time through the slope runoff flow collector 40 and the soil water flow collector 50, respectively. The experiment was set to take a pressure reading every 30 seconds, and a paperless recorder (Sinomeasure, SIN-R2000) was used to record and process the data. The dynamic change data of slope runoff and soil flow can be calculated through the numerical changes of the collector caliber and pressure.

[0059] (3) After the simulated rainfall test is completed, the simulated rainfall device is removed first, and the research point is covered with a plastic waterproof canvas to prevent the input of rainfall and the output of surface evaporation, and to prevent the dyeing profile from being affected by rainfall, wild animals, etc. 24 hours after the tracer test is completed, the slope runoff water collection device 20 and the waterproof canvas are slowly removed.

[0060] (4) The soil staining section was excavated in the middle core area (1.1m×0.5m) 5cm (buffer distance) away from the surrounding of the iron trough. The excavation depth of the experimental section was 40cm. A small shovel was used to carefully excavate from the top of the section to the bottom. After the section was carefully cleaned with a brush, a high-resolution digital camera (Canon 5DMARK-IID, made in Japan) with a tripod was used to take vertical section photos. The vertical staining section was photographed with a measuring ruler and a grayscale colorimetric card. The lens focal length was 25mm and the photo resolution was 300dip. A parasol was used during the shooting process to avoid the influence of excessive exposure on the section shooting. The section soil samples (including roots and gravel) were excavated with a ring knife for later analysis of the vertical migration characteristics of preferential flow.

[0061] (5) Use a small shovel to carefully dig out the soil layers at intervals of 10 cm from the top of the section to the bottom. Repeat step (4) to dig a total of 5 vertical sections.

[0062] (6) Remove the buffer zone soil (0.1 m × 0.5 m × 0.4 m) between the vertical and horizontal sections, and take the first layer of horizontal section staining image. The horizontal section size is 0.5 m × 0.5 m. Use a tripod to take horizontal photos. The photography process is the same as the vertical staining section photography. Use a ring knife to take samples for the analysis of the horizontal migration characteristics of preferential flow.

[0063] (7) Dig horizontal sections at vertical intervals of 10 cm. When digging the section, use a small shovel to carefully dig from the left end of the section to the right, and trim the excavated section. Repeat step (6). The excavation depth of this test section is 40 cm, and 4 layers are excavated, resulting in a total of 5 horizontal section photos.

[0064] The sampling process may include, for example, dividing the cross section of each layer into units, for example, 10 cm*10 cm as one unit, and then sampling each unit using a ring knife.

[0065] (8) Thereafter, the runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process is analyzed based on the dynamic change data in step (2) and the vertical and horizontal profiles obtained in steps (4)-(7) and the samples taken.

[0066] For example, a model can be constructed based on the information and data obtained above to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the water migration process. Models include soil water flow movement models, surface runoff movement models, etc. These models are well known in the art and will not be described in detail here.

[0067] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; it can be a direct connection, or it can be indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, or it can be the internal communication of two components. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present invention can be understood according to specific circumstances. In addition, in the description of the present invention, unless otherwise specified, "plurality" means two or more.

[0068] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A system for in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process, characterized in that: include: A simulated rainfall device (10), a slope runoff water collection device (20), a soil water water collection device (30), a slope runoff flow collector (40), a soil water flow collector (50), and a data acquisition processor (60); The slope runoff water collection device (20) comprises a slope runoff collection frame (21) and a slope runoff collection trough (22); the slope runoff collection frame (21) is used to be arranged on a field slope to be observed, the slope runoff collection frame (21) comprises an opening (211), after the rainfall in the simulated rainmaker (10) falls on the field slope to be observed, the slope runoff flows through the opening (211) into the slope runoff collection trough (22); and then enters the slope runoff flow collector (40); The soil water collection device (30) comprises a bottom surface (31), a water retaining plate (32) arranged on the periphery of the bottom surface, and a water collection port (33) arranged on the water retaining plate; the soil water collection device (30) is used to be arranged in the underground soil layer of the field slope to be observed, so as to collect the matrix flow and the preferential flow from the rainfall in the simulated rainfall device (10) after it flows through the soil, and then enter the soil water flow collector (50) through the water collection port (33). The slope runoff collector (40) and the soil water collector (50) are provided with pressure sensors at the bottom, which can read the pressure of the fluid in the collector in real time; The data acquisition processor (60) is connected to the pressure sensors in the slope runoff flow collector (40) and the soil water flow collector (50) and is used to collect and process data.

2. The system for in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process according to claim 1, characterized in that: A sediment-proof cloth is arranged on the slope runoff collecting trough (22).

3. The system for in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process according to claim 1, characterized in that: The water collection port (33) is provided with a mud and sand prevention cloth.

4. The system for in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process according to claim 2, characterized in that: The slope runoff collecting trough (22) comprises a water collecting pipe (221) and a water collecting transition portion (222); one end of the water collecting transition portion (222) is used to be adjacent to the opening (211), and the other end is connected to the water collecting pipe (221); the anti-silt cloth is arranged on an inclined surface (222') of the water collecting transition portion (222) that gradually narrows toward the water collecting pipe (221).

5. The system for in-situ observation of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process according to claim 4, characterized in that: The slope runoff collecting trough (22) also includes a cover (223) for the water collecting transition portion (222).

6. A method for in-situ observation of the water migration process of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow in the field, using the system for in-situ observation of the water migration process of slope runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow in the field according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: include: (1) Treat the field slope sample plots, including clearing debris on the surface, digging out the soil downstream of the slope to form a vertical soil profile downstream, and forming an underground horizontal water collection profile at the bottom of the vertical soil profile; (2) arranging a slope runoff water collection device (20) on the treated slope to define a test slope, and arranging a soil water water collection device (30) in an underground horizontal water collection profile, wherein the underground horizontal water collection profile corresponds to the test slope; (3) Using tracer fluid, simulated rainfall test was conducted on the test slope; (4) using a collector and a data acquisition processor (60) to collect and record in real time the dynamic amount of the slope runoff flowing out through the slope runoff collection device (20) and the soil flow flowing out through the soil water collection device (30); (5) After the simulated rainfall ends, the slope runoff water collection device (20) and the test slope are covered with a waterproof covering, and after a predetermined time, the waterproof covering and the slope runoff water collection device (20) are removed; (6) selecting a horizontal section excavation area and a vertical section excavation area in the test slope surface, excavating in the horizontal section excavation area and the vertical section excavation area respectively to sequentially form a plurality of horizontal sections and a plurality of vertical sections, and recording the section using a recording device when each horizontal section and each vertical section is formed; and (7) Based on the dynamic quantities of step (4) and the results of step (6), the runoff-matrix flow-preferential flow water migration process is analyzed.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that In step (4), the slope runoff water collection device (20) and the soil water water collection device (30) are both provided with anti-silt cloth.

8. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that A buffer zone is provided between the horizontal section excavation area, the vertical section excavation area and the boundary of the test slope surface.

9. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that In step (6), a buffer zone is provided between the horizontal section excavation zone and the vertical section excavation zone.

10. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that Step (6) also includes taking soil samples from each section during the process of excavating to form multiple horizontal sections and multiple vertical sections for analyzing the horizontal and vertical migration characteristics of the preferential flow.

11. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that The tracer solution is a dye solution.

12. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that The tracer solution is a brilliant blue solution.

13. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that The recording device is an image acquisition device.

Images