Method for charging an electrically driven vehicle

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for charging an electrically driven vehicle (12) using a rapid charging station (1), the rapid charging station comprising at least one internal combustion engine and at least one fuel tank and / or a fuel cell and / or at least one generator and / or at least one buffer battery and / or at least one high-power capacitor and / or at least one photovoltaic element and / or at least one flywheel storage, at least one charging device and / or a grid connection, at least one open-loop control unit or closed-loop control unit and at least one wireless data transmission device.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a method for charging an electrically driven vehicle using a rapid charging station, wherein the rapid charging station comprises at least one internal combustion engine and at least one fuel tank and / or a fuel cell and / or at least one generator and / or at least one buffer battery and / or at least one high-power capacitor and / or at least one photovoltaic element and / or at least one flywheel storage, at least one charging device and / or a grid interface, at least one open-loop control unit or closed-loop control unit and at least one wireless data transmission device. Background Art

[0002] Such a fast charging station is known, for example, from US 20100060093 A1.

[0003] Currently, internal combustion engines are used to drive work machines in the construction industry or agriculture.

[0004] Due to increasing environmental protection regulations in the area of ​​noise emissions and exhaust gas emissions, the operation of such machines in densely populated areas is becoming increasingly difficult.

[0005] In the case of small diesel engines, the costs for the exhaust gas treatment systems required by the legislator increase in an uneconomical proportion to the basic engine costs. Therefore, it will become necessary in the future to drive working machines in the low power range (such as small excavators, wheel loaders, dump trucks, work platforms, telescopic forklifts, etc.) purely electrically. However, there are currently no charging facilities available for such equipment. Therefore, the application of such machinery is currently limited to areas with developed electricity. This leads to low market acceptance of such equipment, because the area of ​​use of the equipment is strongly restricted.

[0006] The currently achievable operating time of such small working machines is insufficient due to the lack of charging options, or the required battery size makes the use of such devices uneconomical due to the costs for the electrical energy storage device. Summary of the invention

[0007] The object of the present invention is to specify a method for operating a self-contained rapid charging station which allows a fleet of small, electrically driven work machines to be kept in operation continuously.

[0008] The object of the invention is achieved by a method according to the invention for charging electrically driven vehicles using a rapid charging station. According to the invention, the charge state of the battery of the individual vehicles is transmitted to the rapid charging station; the driving configuration of the vehicles is recorded and evaluated, and the best possible charging interval is proposed as a function of the transmitted operating state of the individual vehicles.

[0009] The advantage here is that a sufficient energy supply can always be ensured regardless of local conditions. This is because if there is an adequately dimensioned grid connection, the buffer battery, high-power capacitors and flywheel storage can be charged in this way in order to subsequently charge the electric vehicle with this. If there is no or only an inadequately dimensioned grid connection, either the internal combustion engine and the generator coupled thereto or the photovoltaic element or the fuel cell charges the buffer battery, high-power capacitors and flywheel storage.

[0010] A rapid charging device called a "POWERTREE" can advantageously enable rapid charging of various working machines operating on a high current system at the same time.

[0011] Depending on the needs of the fleet of working machines to be powered, the power tree can be configured with different implementation parameters and also has an inverter so that it is equipped for all voltage and frequency requirements. An internal combustion engine is used as the drive device, and a gas engine, a gasoline engine, a diesel engine or a hydrogen engine is used depending on the emission requirements. Alternatively, a fuel cell can also be used to ensure operation without noise emissions and exhaust gas emissions. In addition, there is the following option: the power tree is integrated into the existing power grid and the unit is thus operated completely emission-free on site as a pure electric charging station. The costs for the legally compliant exhaust gas treatment of the internal combustion engine are only incurred once and are therefore spread over an arbitrarily large number of working machines. The exhaust gas treatment can be perfectly coordinated with the purpose of use. In addition, it is advantageously provided that the fast charging device has at least one particle filter and / or at least one exhaust gas catalytic converter in the exhaust gas line, so that the internal combustion engine used can always be operated at an optimized operating point. This leads to significant fuel savings and emission reductions, requires only one exhaust gas management, and avoids the problem of regeneration of the soot filter caused by low-load applications in small working machines, and even less the question of whether an SCR system should be used for cost reasons.

[0012] An entire fleet of electrically driven work machines can be operated at any desired location without requiring all installations.

[0013] Advantageously, the rapid charging device can be operated with natural gas or hydrogen and / or gasoline or diesel. The desired fuel for the entire vehicle fleet can be quickly changed by selecting the corresponding power supply tree. Another advantageous further development provides that the rapid charging device has at least one roof, and that the roof is designed to be openable and closable. This enables a protected charging process during charging operation and enables easier transportation between the corresponding locations of use.

[0014] The fast charging station has at least one open-loop control unit or closed-loop control unit, which records and evaluates the driving profile of the electric vehicles in order to propose the best possible charging intervals based on the transmitted operating status of the respective electric vehicle, which are displayed in the cockpit for each vehicle. In an advantageous embodiment, it is provided that the open-loop control unit or closed-loop control unit autonomously calls the vehicle to the power tree for charging parking.

[0015] Another advantageous further development provides that the rapid charging station has at least one antenna, wherein the antenna is connected to the open-loop control unit or the closed-loop control unit so that smooth and cable-free or wireless communication between the power tree and the electric vehicle is possible.

[0016] Another advantageous further development provides that the rapid charging station has at least one power supply device or communication supply device, and that the at least one power supply device or communication supply device is cascadable. In this way, the facility can be expanded cost-effectively depending on the requirements on site.

[0017] Advantageously, the electric working machine can be operated continuously in the manner described above.

[0018] The rapid charging unit power tree is arbitrarily expandable and can therefore be adapted to the respective fleet size and power requirements.

[0019] The use of fuel cells enables the power tree to be operated completely emission-free.

[0020] All working machines to be powered are wirelessly integrated into the charge management of the power tree. Fuzzy logic is used to determine the optimal recharging time for the individual machines based on the respective charge status and the optimized recharging time is optimally integrated into the working cycle of the individual machines.

[0021] The communication between the power tree and the vehicle or the battery of the respective vehicle is carried out as follows: the vehicle type, the vehicle identification number, the battery type, the battery identification number, the battery cell type, the battery cell connection, the battery construction date, the battery charge state, the charge state of the individual cells of the battery, the maximum permissible charging current, the battery temperature, the minimum and maximum temperatures of the individual cells, the minimum and maximum temperatures of the battery cooling, the type of battery cooling, the number of charging cycles of the battery, the type of charging process (fast charging or standard charging or slow charging), the detection of the load configuration of the battery at the construction site, the prediction of the charging requirement based on the driving cycle of the machine by means of fuzzy logic, the manual charging request of the vehicle operator, the desired time, the desired Type of charging (fast charging, standard charging, current), charging request with respect to the desired current quantity within a predetermined unit of time, current quantity delivered, time of delivery of current, accounting data for the delivery of current, security code for the delivery of current, security code for accounting, type of charging plug, geographical location of the charging plug for estimating the distance to the power supply tree, type of induction system, geographical location of the induction system for estimating the distance to the power supply tree, geographical location of the battery to be charged for estimating the distance to the power supply tree, geographical location of the vehicle to be charged for estimating the distance to the power supply tree, time specification of the charging process on the vehicle, so as to be stored there or in a cloud-based server and further processed, so as to then be converted into specific control instructions, such as "the vehicle now drives to the power supply tree by the shortest route to charge the battery", and transmitted to the vehicle by means of a wireless path. In addition, the power supply tree has a wirelessly remote-controlled aerial vehicle, by means of which an overview of the construction site can be regularly generated and transmitted by means of a wireless path to the power supply tree or a controller or server of the power supply tree, so as to be stored there or in a cloud-based server and further processed. This redundant location information helps fine-tune the entire system and record the construction progress at the construction site. Blockchain.

[0022] The "map" of the construction site and the transmitted data sets can be made available by means of blockchain technology, which continuously presents an expandable list of data sets that are linked or "chained" to one another by means of cryptographic methods. In blockchains known worldwide (e.g. Bitcoin), an irreversible, unforgeable time stamp is generated and recorded with a certificate that proves possession of the stored data and its exact content at that moment.

[0023] The power tree 1 comprises a generator unit 2 which is driven by means of an internal combustion engine 3. Alternatively, a fuel cell is used or an available power grid is fed. In addition, there are An intermediate storage in the form of a storage cell 4 and / or a high-power capacitor 5. This makes it possible to provide the energy density necessary for the rapid charging of the individual working machines. Another embodiment provides that the rapid charging station 1 has a flywheel storage, which is either installed in the rapid charging station 1 or, depending on the capacity requirements, is electrically coupled to the rapid charging station 1 in a 20" or 40" container to be provided. In particular in an urban environment, such a flywheel storage can be used in the vicinity of urban railways or trams for the intermediate storage of the braking energy of these trains. In another alternative configuration, it is provided that the rapid charging station 1 has a photovoltaic module, which is arranged or electrically coupled at or on a power tree and is arranged on an available free surface or on a provided container. Energy is transmitted to the device by means of an automatically coupled high-current connection 6 or alternatively via an inductive surface 7.

[0024] IEC 62196 is an international standard for a range of plug types and charging modes for electric vehicles and is maintained by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The standard is valid in Germany as DIN standard DIN EN 62196. It consists of several parts that have been adopted successively. Part 3 was published in June 2014. The standardization process for Part 4 (plug connections for light electric vehicles) started in June 2015.

[0025] The standard adopts the IEC-61851 definition for the signal pin that switches on the charging current - the charging station remains voltage-free until the electric vehicle is connected. The vehicle is then unable to operate during the charging process.

[0026] The IEC-62196-1 charging model for signal pins and part 1 definitions are incorporated into other technical regulations. In addition to the IEC 60309 "CEE form" three-phase plug, the charging model is also adopted for the North American SAE-J1772 interface (designed by Yazaki), the Japanese CHAdeMO plug and the European Mennekes plug (VDE-AR-E2623-2-2). Each of these interfaces forms the basis of the energy supplier's power supply service station network.

[0027] IEC 62196-1 is concerned with plug connectors (plugs), sockets, inlets and assembled cables for electric vehicles, which are used in cable-connected charging systems. Specifically, for 690V AC voltage at 50 to 60Hz with rated current up to 250A; for 600V DC voltage with rated current up to 400A.

[0028] Charging mode is based on IEC61851-1 specification:

[0029] IEC61851-1 "Mode 1" - Slow charging on a household socket (Schuko) with guard contacts;

[0030] IEC61851-1 "Mode 2" - Single-phase to three-phase charging via fixed coded signals on the plug side,

[0031] IEC61851-1 "Mode 3" - Charging with a specific charging plug system for electric vehicles, which has pilot contacts and control contacts;

[0032] IEC61851-1 "Mode 4" - with fast charging controlled by an external charging device.

[0033] Class 1 charging mode is intended for single-phase or three-phase alternating current with a current strength of up to 16 amperes. The cable includes phase, neutral and protective earth. In order to enable the charging process, the pilot contact is not mandatory here. Plugs and cables that can withstand less than 16 amperes are not reported via signaling, but rather the maximum current strength is registered on the device itself. It is not necessary to use IEC-60309 industrial plugs, but simpler plug systems such as the Schuko plug system can be used.

[0034] The Class 2 charging mode is intended for device currents of up to 32 amperes, as this often occurs not only in single-phase configurations but also in three-phase configurations. The signaling to the vehicle is limited to fixed values, the pilot contacts for open charging can be bridged by plugging in. The industrial plug according to IEC 60309 ensures the current carrying capacity on the grid side by means of the housing size, which is signaled in the plug on the vehicle side according to the different connection adapters for 16 A or 32 A. Other industrial plugs with specifications of 32 A and above can also be used. When connecting to Schuko, an ICCB in the cable is required for the high charging powers, which ensures Class 2 signaling to the vehicle.

[0035] The class 3 charging mode is intended for fast charging up to 250 A. A simple plug with pilot contacts according to class 2 can be used, but the charging current is limited to 32 A. For higher charging currents, a suitable charging mode must be identified. The physical parameters of the corresponding charging system up to 250 A, such as the cable diameter and the pin diameter in the plug, are adopted with reference to the IEC 60309 standard. The maximum permissible charging current or the availability of digital communication is encoded with the aid of pulse width modulation. The availability of digital communication forms the basis for controlled charging of electric vehicles in order to influence the charging process in a targeted manner.

[0036] The category 4 charging mode is intended for rapid charging with direct current up to 400 A. Suitable signaling allows unsuitable charging plugs to be de-energized.

[0037] In the IEC 62196-1 standard, reference is made to the plug types in IEC 60309. These plug types are also widely used as charging plugs for electric vehicles, but the following charging plug system was created specifically for use in the automotive sector. The goal here is to connect the battery management of the vehicle to the smart grid of the energy supplier.

[0038] The IEC 62196-2 standard describes in part the types of plugs used to connect to AC power. ETSI and CEN-CENELEC began work in June 2010 on a mandate from the European Commission for a unified charging plug. The committee expects results in mid-2011. The turnaround for IEC 62196-2 began on December 17, 2010, with an end date of May 20, 2011. The completed IEC standard was published on October 13, 2011. This timeline was made possible by the ability to support the standard with existing standardization of charging plug systems.

[0039] The following types of charging plugs are included in the IEC62196-2 standard:

[0040] IEC 62196-2 “Type 1” – Single-phase vehicle couplers adopt the specifications of SAE J1772 / 2009;

[0041] IEC62196-2 "Class 2" - Single-phase and three-phase vehicle couplers adopt the specifications of VDE-AR-E2623-2-2;

[0042] IEC62196-2 "Type 3" - Single-phase and three-phase vehicle couplers with baffles adopts the proposal of the EVPlug Alliance.

[0043] Other plug types according to IEC 62196-1 are the Framatome plug from EDF, the SCAME plug from Italy and the CEEplus plug variant from Switzerland.

[0044] Public charging stations according to IEC 62196 with defined connection sockets (e.g. SAE J1772 or CEEplus) can also be used with other plug types by means of an adapter - of course, the current is not activated until the signal pin according to IEC-61851 reports the presence of an electric vehicle. In addition, the current is limited to 16 A until a signal according to the IEC-62196 standard is detected, which opens a charging mode with a higher current intensity. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0045] Further advantageous embodiments of the invention are apparent from the description of the drawings, in which the exemplary embodiments shown in the drawings are described in more detail.

[0046] Figure 1 A fast charging station is shown with two electric construction vehicles being charged;

[0047] Figure 2 Three cascaded fast charging stations are shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] The power tree has an extendable top 8, similar to the top of a parasol, which protects the easily transportable fast charging unit from the weather and serves as a delivery location for connecting high current to the work machine. The power tree looks like a tree and is movable so that if the electric vehicle becomes immobilized, it can be moved towards the vehicle.

[0049] Data on the charge status / cell management and storage temperature of the individual working machines is transmitted bidirectionally and wirelessly to a central data processing device of the power tree.

[0050] Cableless transmission methods are data transmission methods that use free space (air or vacuum) as the transmission medium. No cables in the form of electrical conductors (wires) or optical conductors are required for transmission—primarily methods in the radio frequency range are therefore also referred to as wireless transmission methods.

[0051] The transmission takes place via directed or non-directed electromagnetic waves, wherein the frequency band used can range from a few hertz (low frequencies) to several hundred terahertz (visible light), depending on the application and the technology used.

[0052] Cable-free conveying methods are used primarily in areas of application where cable-connected conveying technology cannot be used.

[0053] The main non-medium-connected delivery methods are:

[0054] Bluetooth, WLAN, Zigbee, NFC, Wibree or WiMAX in the radio frequency range as well as IrDA and optical direction-directed communication (FSO) in the infrared frequency range or the optical frequency range, RFID, mobile radio, GSM, UMTS and LTE (here GERAN, UTRAN or E-UTRAN is used as air interface), radio (in particular antenna television and satellite television and radio broadcasting).

[0055] A public land mobile network (PLMN) is understood to be a public land-based mobile radio network. One of the best-known standardized PLMNs is the GSM network. The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a circuit-switched cellular communication network in which two participants communicate with one another via a distinct (virtual) line.

[0056] The GSM network is divided into three different subsystems:

[0057] The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) contains the components that provide facilities for connecting between the network (or NSS) and mobile participants via the air interface. Important network elements are the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC).

[0058] The network subsystem (NSS) forms the central component of the GSM network and is responsible for call switching and participant management. In addition to other mobile switching stations, connections to national or international fixed networks can also be established. The most important network element is the mobile switching center (MSC), which is described below.

[0059] The Intelligent Network Subsystem (IN) does not contain a subdivision of components and consists of a database that provides additional services. For example, deposits can be managed in real time via a prepaid service.

[0060] The individual components will be explained in more detail below.

[0061] A mobile station (MS) represents a terminal participant of a GSM network, usually in the form of a mobile phone. The most important component of an MS is the SIM card. The SIM card contains mainly a password, which is important for authenticating the MS but is not transmitted.

[0062] In addition to the Integrated Circuit Card Identification Number (ICCID) that uniquely identifies the SIM card, each participant is provided with a unique number that uniquely identifies the participant worldwide in the GSM network. This International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) consists of three components. The first three digits form the Mobile Country Code (MCC), which identifies the country (e.g. 262 for Germany). The next two digits form the Mobile Network Code (MNC), which identifies the provider (e.g. 01 for T-Mobile). In Germany, the Federal Network Agency decides on the assignment of the MNC to the respective operator.

[0063] At the international level, decisions are made by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is responsible for the IMSI specification. The last ten digits of the IMSI are individually assigned to the participant by the respective provider and are called the Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN).

[0064] In addition to the IMSI, a telephone number, i.e. the Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN), is also assigned to the MS. Multiple telephone numbers can be assigned to one IMSI, since the IMSI (rather than the MSISDN) acts as the primary key. Therefore, the telephone number can be changed at any time without having to replace the SIM card, since the MSISDN is not permanently stored on the SIM card. The MSISDN consists of a country code (CC) (e.g. 49 for Germany) and the three-digit area code of the network operator, the national destination code (NDC) (e.g. (0)1622). The base transceiver station (BTS) forms the interface between the cable connection and the air interface. The BTS can theoretically cover an area with a radius of up to 35 km. In most BTSs, especially in urban areas, the radius is only 3 to 4 km, and in residential areas the radius is even only a few hundred meters, and this covered area is also called a cell. During the connection, the call data is sent via the BTS, which can be switched during the connection process. The transmission power and therefore also the range of action may deviate depending on the residential density, wherein the terminal equipment is usually a limiting component. A cell has a unique ID (cell ID) and is usually constructed in a honeycomb shape.

[0065] Multiple (about 20) cells are combined into a location area (LA).

[0066] A location area is defined by a unique number, the location area identifier (LAI), which consists of the above-mentioned MCC, MNC and a personalized identifier, the location area code (LAC). The tasks of the BTS mainly include radio channel management, signal modulation and data encryption and decryption. The antenna only covers an area of ​​180° at most, so usually multiple antennas are installed on a radio tower, often three antennas each with a coverage range of 120°. There are more than 52,000 base stations in Germany.

[0067] The base station controller (BSC) forms the central unit of the BSS and centralizes the connections of all the BTSs connected to it. The connection management is realized via a switch matrix, which dispatches the data from the individual BTSs to the MSC (see below) and vice versa from the MSC to the individual BTSs. The so-called A-bis interface (BTS & BSC) is mainly realized by means of 2 Mbit lines, which are divided into virtual channels with a bandwidth of 64 kBit / s. In addition to controlling the BTSs (e.g. by power regulation), the tasks of the BSC mainly consist of organizing cell changes (handovers). As long as the source BTS and the target BTS are located in the same BSS, the handover is only the task of the BSC.

[0068] If the two radio towers are located in different BSSs, the management responsibility for the handover is transferred to the MSC. In the case of a weak signal strength for the MS, the BSC is responsible for deciding to which cell the handover should take place. The BSC also has a database in which status information about the entire BSS is stored, for example, all cells of the location area of ​​the BSS and all signal strengths of the individual participants.

[0069] This component is introduced in order to relieve the MSC from the load so that the network structure from the MSC to the end participants can be represented as a tree topology.

[0070] The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) forms the main component of the NSS, which manages and controls a plurality of BSSs. The most important tasks of this component are the charging and authorization of mobile stations and the associated recording of call data. As soon as the MS is switched on, it registers with the MSC and is reachable for other participants. The establishment of connections and the forwarding of SMS are controlled by the component. If the MS changes location area, the MS must perform a location area update, i.e. inform the responsible MSC in which location area the MS is located. The MSC can therefore search for the MS in the location area when a connection is received by sending a paging request to all cells (BTS) located in the location area. A large mobile radio network consists of dozens or even hundreds of mutually independent MSCs. In order to forward and store short messages (SMS), in addition to the MSC there is also a Short Message Service Center (SMSC), which is responsible for sending and managing SMS. The MSC manages the mobile participants using a database, which is described below.

[0071] The Home Location Register (HLR) represents the most important database in the GSM network. The Home Location Register is a static register that is fixedly assigned to each participant with the help of the IMSI as the primary key. The HLR contains the IMSI, basic services (e.g. telephone, SMS, data services, FAX), additional services (e.g. CLIR5), the assignment of the IMSI to the call number (MSISDN), and the authentication center (AC) that stores authentication information (e.g. the key of the SIM card). The MSRN (Mobile Station roaming number) is a temporary ID used to find participants in the external network.

[0072] Each MSC has its own database containing extracts from the HLR. This so-called Visitor Location Register (VLR) can be considered a temporary HLR, which contains the participants registered with the "MSC's own" BTS. When checking whether a mobile station is within the influence area of ​​an MSC, it is no longer necessary to query the global HLR, but only the local VLR. This allows for higher performance connection establishment and lower load on the HLR.

[0073] The HLR stores static information, while the VLR mainly contains dynamic data, such as IMSI, TMSI, telephone number (MSISDN), LAI (=MCC+MNC+LAC), MSRN, and switching number.

[0074] The Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) is a temporary ID that is transmitted instead of the IMSI. This is intended to ensure the anonymity of the participant and to avoid mobile profiling.

[0075] The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) manages the hardware identification number of the mobile station, the so-called International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). Every mobile phone has such a globally unique hardware number.

[0076] The IMEI consists of a Type Allocation Code (TAC), which, in addition to the allocation authority (the first two digits), also identifies the device type. The TAC is followed by a personalized serial number (SNR) and then a checksum.

[0077] The EIR is divided into three different lists: the "white" list contains all existing IMEIs, the "grey" list contains the IMEIs that are published for tracking, and the "black" list contains the IMEIs of stolen or blocked mobile phones. Stolen mobile phones can be queried via the blacklist and located if necessary, so that changing the SIM card is not enough to cover up the theft. The change of the IMEI is difficult to do on the software side, but it is possible to emulate the IMEI with respect to the network. The EIR is an additional database, the use of which depends on the provider.

[0078] The air interface or Um interface refers to the air interface between the mobile station and the BTS.

[0079] The air interface of GSM is divided into three layers as described below.

[0080] Two different multiplexing techniques are used on the physical layer 1 of the Um interface in order to enable as many participants as possible to communicate simultaneously. The first method divides the frequency of each cell among multiple participants and is therefore called frequency division multiple access (FDMA). The second technique divides the channel into multiple time slots (bursts) and is called time division multiple access (TDMA). Therefore, each carrier frequency with a bandwidth of 200kHz can enable up to 8 participants to communicate simultaneously with the help of TDMA. Thus, a TDMA frame consists of 8 time slots and is transmitted in 4.615ms. Assuming that a BTS transmits radio on n different frequencies, 8n-2 time slots are obtained by subtracting the 2 channels used for signaling on the first carrier frequency.

[0081] The GSM burst first includes a guard time, which is a time buffer in which no data is transmitted. This is due to the mobility of the participants, which have different distances from the BTS and the data may therefore arrive with a time delay. In order for the receiver to be able to identify the beginning and end of the burst, a known bit pattern (three zeros) called a "tail" is sent together. The always identical bit pattern is located in the middle of the burst, which is used for error correction. With the help of this pattern (also called training sequence), signal distortions, such as those caused by reflected propagation / multiple propagation, can be compensated. Then there is also a so-called stealing flag, which indicates whether user data or signaling information is located in the data field. Each GSM burst lasts 577μs and transmits 114Bit user data via the logical channel mentioned below.

[0082] For synchronization, frequency correction and access, the burst has another format. Since there are more signaling channels than time slots, 51 TDMA frames are combined in GSM into a continuously repeated multiframe, in which it is determined which logical channels are transmitted in which burst (time slots 0 and 1 within a TDMA frame). In addition to this common configuration, it is also possible to use only the first time slot for signaling channels that are beneficial to user data channels. The user data channel is arranged in a repeated 26 multiframe, which extends in parallel with the 51 multiframes. The above division only applies to each frame on the first carrier frequency. All other frequencies contain only 26 multiframes and therefore all 8 bursts can be used for user data.

[0083] The LAPDm protocol is used at the link layer (layer 2) of the air interface. The LAPDm protocol is a modification of the link access procedure (LAPD) for the ISDN D channel for the D channel. m stands for modified. There are three different formats of LAPDm frames with a length of 184 bits. If there is no user data to be sent, the A format is used as a "blank filling" frame. The B format is used to transmit SDCCH, FACCH and SACCH, where the maximum length of the user data depends on the channel. Finally, there is also a Bbis format, which is used to transmit BCCH, PCH and AGCH, that is, only downlink. Since the messages of these channels are sent to all participants in a location area, there is no identification number in the Bbis frame. The construction of the LADPm frame should be illustrated below using the B format as an example, in which, for example, the SDCCH (the SDCCH, for example, conveys text messages) can be located. The B-frame first includes the following fields, which fill the frame with 184 bits, because some channels transmit less signal data than other channels. The field containing the frame length of the signal data (including segmentation information) and the last field in each field each have a length of 8 bits. The control field describes the frame type and tells whether it is an information frame, a supervisory frame (e.g. to signal readiness to receive) or an unnumbered frame (e.g. connection setup / connection teardown). There is no frame checksum as in LAPD for ISDN, since the first layer already takes care of error correction.

[0084] The Address field provides more precise information about the frame. The 2-bit long Link Protocol Discriminator (LPD) encodes the Cell Broadcast Service (CBS) with 01 and is always 00 otherwise. The Service Access Point Identifier (SAPI) (3 bits) classifies the signal data (e.g., 0 for CC / MM / RR (see below) or 3 for Supplementary Service (SS) and SMS), while the Command or Response (C / R) field encodes 0 for command frames and 1 for response frames. Finally, the Extended Address (EA) field marks whether another address octet follows and therefore always has the value 1 in LDAPm because the Address field is the last address octet.

[0085] The third layer of the air interface distinguishes between message types, which are in turn divided into groups. The type ID contains a protocol discriminator (PD), which divides notifications or messages into groups. Possible groups are Radio Resource Management (RR) with PD=6, Mobility Management (MM) with PD=5, Call Control (CC) with PD=3, Call Independent Supplementary Services (SS) with PD=8, SMS Notifications with PD=9. Each group is equipped with different message types. Thus, for example, the Immediate Assignment message type belongs to the RR group, the message types related to location updating belong to the MM group, and the messages for call control (e.g. connect, disconnect) belong to the CC group.

[0086] The top ten messages for Radio Resource Management (RR) are listed below as they are the most important for enabling user data connections. RR messages also include Class Label Query, Measurement Report, Encryption Mode Command, Encryption Mode Complete, Assignment Command, Assignment Complete, Channel Release, and Handover. Paging Request 1 is a paging request directed to all BTSs within a location area. The receiver of a call or SMS is searched.

[0087] System Information Type 1 means that the BTS reports which channels (cell allocations) it has. Channels are identified by ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number, uplink frequency and downlink frequency).

[0088] System information type 2 refers to the frequency of transmitting the neighboring cells (broadcast channel) of the BTS.

[0089] System information type 3 refers to information about a cell, such as a cell ID, LAC, and parameters related to available channels.

[0090] System information type 4 refers to information that partially contains previous GPRS-related messages and channel attributes.

[0091] System information type 5 refers to the channels to which the MS can log during a call.

[0092] System information type 6 is used to inform the MS where the MS is located (Cell-ID and LAC).

[0093] A channel request refers to a channel request including a reason by an MS, for example as a response to a paging request, an (emergency) call or a location update.

[0094] Immediate assignment refers to responding to a channel request and assigning a dedicated user data channel (see SDCCH in the channel overview).

[0095] The paging response refers to the negotiation of parameters for establishing a call, such as which encryption algorithm the MS and MTS support, the power of the MS, and possible frequency bands of the MS.

[0096] The communication between the mobile station and the BTS is divided into various logical channels.

[0097] In which combination the individual channels appear within a multiframe is different and depends on the network operator. The uplink is defined by the direction MS->BTS, while the downlink is defined by the direction MS<-BTS.

[0098] Broadcast Channel (BCH) is used by BTS for point-to-multipoint channels to corresponding MSs. These channels are downlink channels.

[0099] The frequency correction channel (FCCH) contains so-called frequency correction bursts, which are unmodulated signals that are used for synchronization (finding the start of the 51-multiframe) and subsequently for frequency error correction between MS and BTS.

[0100] With the help of the synchronization channel (SCH), the MS can find the cell or BCCH of the BTS and synchronize with it.

[0101] The Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) serves as an identification channel for the cells. The location area code (LAC), MCC, MNC, cell ID, uplink frequency and downlink frequency (ARFCN) as well as the frequencies of the neighboring cells are primarily announced via this channel. The following frame numbers, with which requests for PCH (see below) or requests to send are sent, also belong to the information spectrum of the BCCH: Which frame numbers can be used for requests for RACH.

[0102] The Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH) is used to send specialized information (eg, news, weather, traffic) to all participants within range.

[0103] Although logically the CBCH is a broadcast channel, from a technical point of view the CBCH is subsumed under the SDCCH (see below), in which time slots the CBCH also transmits. Announcements sent by said channel are not acknowledged by the mobile phone.

[0104] The Common Control Channel (CCCH) is primarily used to establish connections and in most cases involves multiple participants.

[0105] The Paging Channel (PCH) informs the MS about incoming data, such as calls or SMS. A paging request is sent to all cells in the location area where the participant to be called is located. The IMSI or TMSI is used as the calling name.

[0106] A mobile station can send a communication request to a BTS via a random access channel (RACH). The request usually contains an access request to a dedicated (dedicated) channel. For this purpose, the MS sends a channel request message. Since the different participants are not synchronized with each other, uncontrollable conflicts may occur. Therefore, RACH is a pure uplink channel.

[0107] After successful communication on RACH, the Access Grant Channel (AGCH) informs the MS about the initial allocation to SDCCH with an immediate assignment notification. The allocation of SDCCH and TCH is decided by the BSC.

[0108] A dedicated control channel (DCCH) is a special channel involving only one participant. It is similar to the data channel of ISDN except for the TCH. All DCCHs are both uplink and downlink channels (MS<->BTS).

[0109] A Standalone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) is used for signaling and initial establishment of calls between an MS and a BTS when there is therefore no TCH (see below) for use by the participant. In addition, the SDCCH contains signaling data that does not require a TCH, such as location updates or sending or receiving SMS.

[0110] The Fast Associated Control Channel (FACC) is a control channel for transmitting urgent signaling data, such as handover commands, during the existence of a connection. Since such urgent signaling messages occur relatively rarely, the FACCH does not have its own bursts for use. Instead, the bursts are transmitted instead of user data and the stealing flag is set in the GSM burst. The bursts are implemented in the time slots of the TCH (see below) and are technically associated with the TCH.

[0111] The Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) contains signal measurements of the active cell and neighboring cells in the uplink. Based on these results, for example, a handover or power adjustment can be set. The power adjustment is transmitted in the downlink of the SACCH together with the timing information. Since this information concerns the active connection, the SACCH is established together with the TCH.

[0112] A traffic channel (TCH) is a speech channel or a user data channel and corresponds to the basic channel of ISDN. GSM uses different types of TCHs.

[0113] First, a full-rate voice traffic channel (TCH / FS) and a half-rate traffic channel (TCH / HS) are distinguished. Based on this, TCHs of different transmission rates can be defined, such as using TCH / F9.6 at 9.6 Kb / s for TCH / F within a DCCH, in order to prevent interference between adjacent cells. In order to run frequency hopping, at least one of the following information is required:

[0114] -Cell Allocation (CA): A list of all available frequencies (ARFCN) in this cell (sent by BCCH);

[0115] - Mobile Allocation (MA): Selects a frequency from the CA list along with the hopping sequence;

[0116] - Hopping Sequence Number (HSN): a value between 0 and 63 giving the hop length;

[0117] - Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO): frequency number, which is also between 0 and 63 (value range of MA). With the help of this offset, the MS is distributed over all available frequencies within the TDMA frame.

[0118] - Frame Number (FN): Variable value containing a counter that changes the frequency hopping sequence.

[0119] In the immediate assignment on the AGCH, MAIO and HSN are also sent together with the newly allocated SDCCH. During a voice connection, frequency hopping also pursues the following intention: protect the connection from attacks. It has been proven that only slightly more calculations and bandwidth are required to bypass this protection.

[0120] The following examples shall illustrate the above mentioned channels and GSM components in use in selected scenarios. Specific encryption and authentication aspects have not been considered in the following scenarios.

[0121] The following scenario describes the establishment of a conversation channel on the call recipient side.

[0122] The BSC receives a paging request with the recipient's IMSI, TMSI and location area from the MSC. The BSC then sends a paging request to all BTSs in the given location area, which the BSC retrieves from its database. All BTSs further transmit the paging request to all participants located in the range of action via the PCH. The participants involved respond on the RACH and obtain their own SDCCH assigned via the AGCH (Immediate Assignment Notification), on which the MS and MSC agree with each other on the establishment of a voice connection. Encryption or authentication is performed here. Once this is done, the MSC sends an assignment request to the BSC together with an instruction to establish a TCH. The BSC then activates an idle TCH in the BTS and informs the MS via the SDCCH about the assigned TCH. The MS then switches to the given TCH and confirms successful reception to the BTS via the FACCH, which is also confirmed via the FACCH. Finally, the MS sends an assignment completion to the BSC via the BTS (FACCH).

[0123] If the participant moves beyond the range of a BTS, the participant must be transferred to a radio cell with better signal quality. This form of transfer is called handover. The handover is initiated by the BSC based on the signal values ​​measured via the SACCH of the current cell and the adjacent cells. Based on these measurement data, the BSC can decide which cell the MS should change to. Before the change can be made, the BSC must activate the TCH in the new BTS. The BSC then sends a handover command via the FACCH via the old BTS. The command contains the new frequency and the time slot number of the new TCH. The MS can then synchronize with the new BTS by sending a handover access message in four consecutive bursts. In the fifth burst, the participant sends a SABM message (protected connection request) to the BTS, which sends a confirmation to the BSC if it is correctly identified. Finally, the BSC must also release the old TCH. If the new cell is outside the influence of the BSC, the responsible MSC must be involved for a successful handover, because the BSCs are not connected to each other. In a handover during an active connection (as described here), even if the handover occurs within a BSC, the MSC is finally notified informally.

[0124] WLAN can operate in different modes depending on the hardware equipment and the needs of the operator.

[0125] The WLAN infrastructure mode is similar in structure to a mobile radio network: The wireless access point (usually in the form of a router) coordinates all clients and sends small data packets, so-called "beacons" (English: "beacon light", see German: "Bake"), to all stations in the reception area at adjustable intervals (usually ten times per second). The beacon contains, among other things, information such as the network name ("Service Set Identifier", SSID), a list of supported transmission rates and encryption type.

[0126] The "beacon" greatly simplifies connection establishment, since the client only needs to know the network name and optionally some parameters for encryption. At the same time, the continuous sending of beacon packets enables monitoring of reception quality - even when no user data is being sent or received. Beacons are always sent at the minimum transmission rate (1MBit / s), so successful reception of a "beacon" does not guarantee a stable connection to the network.

[0127] Devices that meet the Bluetooth SIG standard transmit as short-range devices (SRD) in the unlicensed ISM band (industrial, scientific and medical band) between 2.402GHz and 2.480GHz. The device is allowed to operate worldwide without permission. However, interference may be caused, for example, by WLAN, cordless phones (DECT phones in Europe have different frequency bands) or microwave ovens operating in the same frequency band. In order to achieve stability against interference, a frequency hopping method (Frequencyhopping, frequency hopping) is used, in which the frequency band is divided into 79 channels at a spacing of 1MHz, and the channels are switched up to 1600 times in one second. However, there are also data packet types (multi-slot data packets) that do not switch frequencies so frequently. There is a frequency band at the lower end and the upper end as a protection band (English "guard band", protection band) relative to the adjacent frequency range. Theoretically, the data transmission rate can reach 706.25kbit / s when receiving and 57.6kbit / s when sending (asymmetric data transmission).

[0128] Starting with version 2.0+EDR, data can be transmitted up to three times faster with EDR (Enhanced Data Rate), ie at approximately 2.1 Mbit / s. Already starting with version 1.1, a Bluetooth device can maintain up to seven connections simultaneously, wherein the participating devices must share the available bandwidth (shared medium).

[0129] Bluetooth supports the transmission of both voice and data. However, most devices can only manage three participants in a piconet while simultaneously transmitting voice, which is necessary.

[0130] The transmitted data can also be encrypted.

[0131] In addition to the transmission power, the actually achievable range depends on a number of parameters. These include, for example, the sensitivity of the receiver and the design of the transmitting and receiving antennas used in the radio communication path. The range may also be influenced by environmental characteristics, such as walls as obstacles in the radio communication path. Due to differences in length and safety mechanisms, the type of data packet may also have an influence on the achievable range, which is between 10 and 100 m outdoors.

[0132] In order to achieve higher transmission rates in the globally available 2.45-GHz-ISM band, the Bluetooth Technology Alliance plans Alternate MAC / PHY Bluetooth extensions; here, Bluetooth extends the PHY layer and MAC layer of the IEEE-802.11 specification.

[0133] Contactless, cable-connected inductive charging plug systems charge the battery contactlessly by induction after inserting the inductive element into a slot on the side, front or rear of the vehicle. An electrically driven vehicle can be charged, for example, in 3 hours with a stationary 7 kW charger or in approximately 15 hours with a 1.2 kW charger. Higher charging currents result in even shorter charging times.

[0134] One embodiment provides that a charging system for electric vehicles is installed in the surface of a roadway or a construction site. Energy can then be transmitted contactlessly by means of induction during driving or when parking. In another embodiment, it is provided that inductive charging takes place at a parking position that is additionally provided for this purpose and is controlled by a fast charging station. Another embodiment provides that a short overhead line section is provided at the parking position, which is arranged so that it can be reached by an electric vehicle with an extendable pantograph. Another embodiment provides that energy is stored in a flywheel and / or in particular in a capacitor storage device in the power tree. For example, in urban areas, braking energy, such as the braking energy of a tram, can be transmitted via overhead lines to a flywheel in a container located at the edge of a railway or a construction site, in order to charge the vehicle at the construction site.

[0135] The method enables short intermediate charges or short charging times that can be planned in a well-planned manner and offers the possibility of significantly reducing the required battery capacity and thus the vehicle costs without restricting the autonomy of the vehicle too much.

[0136] The power tree has the main function of battery management 10 for the individual working machines 12 and allocates optimized charging times at the power tree or at the cascaded accessories of the power tree to the different working machines, as in Figure 2 As disclosed in . The control of the power tree determines the appropriate charging time period based on the respective charging state of the electric vehicle 12, which is transmitted to the power tree by means of a wireless path, in order to keep the electric vehicle always ready for operation. The electric vehicle also transmits the air pressure of its tires, the charge state of its battery and the temperature of the battery. The power tree recognizes the working behavior and time management of the individual working machines by means of fuzzy logic and continuously optimizes the charging process.

[0137] Thus, the energy reserves still available can be displayed to the machine operator at any time and the optimized charging time can be suggested. However, the machine operator can report special requirements about charging times to the power tree, and then take these special requirements into account in the overall power management of all machines.

[0138] The modular design of the power supply tree makes it possible to expand the basic module at a cost-effective rate with the help of power supply devices or communication supply devices 11 if necessary with the help of an otherwise pure "power supply tree", as is the case in Figure 2 As shown in .

[0139] Reference numerals list

[0140] 1 Power Tree / Fast Charging Station

[0141] 2 Generator units / Generators

[0142] 3 Internal combustion engine / internal combustion engine

[0143] 4 Memory cells / buffer batteries

[0144] 5 High Power Capacitors

[0145] 6 High current connection / charging device

[0146] 7 Induction surface / charging device

[0147] 8 Top

[0148] 9 Antenna

[0149] 10 Data processing device (computer) battery management

[0150] 11 Communication transmission device

[0151] 12 Operating machinery

Claims

1. A method for charging a fleet of electrically driven vehicles (12) using a rapid charging station (1), the rapid charging station being used for charging the fleet of electrically driven vehicles (12), the rapid charging station comprising at least one internal combustion engine (3) and at least one fuel tank and / or fuel cell and / or at least one generator (2) and / or at least one buffer battery (4) and / or at least one high-power capacitor (5) and / or at least one photovoltaic element and / or at least one flywheel storage, at least one charging device (6, 7) and / or a grid interface, at least one open-loop control unit or closed-loop control unit and at least one wireless data transmission device, all vehicles to be powered in the fleet being incorporated into the charging management of the rapid charging station, wherein: transmitting the charging status of the batteries of the respective vehicles (12) to the fast charging station (1), The driving configuration of each vehicle (12) of the fleet is recorded and evaluated by the open-loop control unit or the closed-loop control unit, Propose the best possible charging interval based on the transmitted operating state of the respective vehicle (12), and A recharging time for each vehicle (12) is determined based on the respective charge state and the recharging time is incorporated into the operating cycle of each vehicle (12) of the fleet.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that A geographical location of a vehicle (12) to be charged is transmitted to the rapid charging station (1) for estimating the distance to the rapid charging station (1).

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The charging requirements of each vehicle (12) are predicted based on the driving cycle.

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