A dynamic windowing method and device for multi-channel large array images

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of image processing, and more specifically to a method and device for dynamically opening windows for multi-channel, large-area array images. The method comprises: caching multi-channel image data using a burst-mode read / write DDR memory (DDR) to address the difficulty of storing multi-channel images in memory; and windowing the area where the target is located in the image to address the large data volume and long transmission time associated with large-area array images. The method is easy to implement, retains valid star point target information in the image, and effectively addresses the storage difficulty, large data volume, and long transmission time issues associated with multi-channel, large-area array images.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of image processing, and in particular to a dynamic windowing method and device for multi-channel large-area array images. Background Art

[0002] With the passage of time and advancements in science and technology, countries around the world are increasingly prioritizing the exploration of space resources, with major space-faring nations in particular vigorously developing new space technologies. However, since satellites, space stations, and other space equipment are expensive, difficult to maintain, and face complex space environments, being struck by space debris can cause immeasurable damage. Therefore, providing timely and accurate warnings of incoming space targets is of paramount strategic importance.

[0003] Currently, space warning technologies are primarily categorized as active and passive. Passive warning systems, which require no detection signals, are highly concealed. Optical passive warning systems, in particular, have been widely used in space warning due to their high reliability. Optical passive warning systems typically utilize a space warning camera to image the spatial area within its field of view, then transmit the image to a processor for target extraction and identification.

[0004] With the continuous development of image sensor technology and the increasing requirements for early warning cameras in space warning systems, multi-channel large-area image sensors are currently commonly used. These sensors simultaneously output multiple channels of parallel image data, increasing the readout speed of the image sensor and ensuring high image resolution. However, the use of multi-channel large-area image sensors not only increases the difficulty of storing image data in memory, but also increases the amount of image data, resulting in longer image data transmission times. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The embodiments of the present invention provide a method and device for dynamically opening windows for multi-channel large-area array images, which at least solve the problem of difficulty in storing multi-channel images in a memory.

[0006] According to one embodiment of the present invention, a method for dynamic windowing of a multi-channel large array image is provided, comprising the following steps:

[0007] Acquire multiple channels of image data;

[0008] Buffering the multi-channel image data in FIFO1, and writing the multi-channel image data buffered in FIFO1 into DDR, during the buffering process, extracting star point targets in the multi-channel image, and writing the coordinates of the pixels in each star point target into RAM;

[0009] Calculate the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the DDR according to the coordinates of the pixel in each star point target in the multi-channel image;

[0010] According to the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the star point target in the DDR, the multi-channel image data of the window image corresponding to the star point target is read from the DDR, and the multi-channel image data is cached in the FIFO2;

[0011] Read the multi-channel image data of the window image from FIFO2 and read the coordinates of the stored pixels from RAM. According to the preset channel sequence table and the channel sequence number of the pixel, the image data is intercepted from the multi-channel image data to obtain the grayscale value of the pixel.

[0012] Image data is repeatedly intercepted from multiple channels of image data according to a preset channel sequence number table. When all grayscale values ​​of the multiple channels of image data are intercepted and obtained, the dynamic windowing of the image is completed.

[0013] Furthermore, buffering the multiple channels of image data in the FIFO1 and writing the multiple channels of image data buffered in the FIFO1 into the DDR includes:

[0014] Set the DDR working mode to write mode;

[0015] Determine whether FIFO1 is empty. If not, read multiple image data from FIFO1 and write them into DDR in sequence starting from address 0 according to the burst length until the full frame image is written into DDR.

[0016] Furthermore, during the buffering process, the star point targets in the image are extracted, and the coordinates of the pixels in each star point target are written into the RAM as follows:

[0017] Extract the star point targets in the image, obtain the pixel coordinates (x, y) corresponding to the upper left corner and lower right corner of each star point target, and use this to calculate the coordinates of all pixels in the rectangular area with the upper left corner and lower right corner coordinates as vertices, and store the calculation results in RAM in turn.

[0018] Furthermore, according to the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the star point target in the DDR, reading out the multi-channel image data of the window image corresponding to the star point target from the DDR and buffering the multi-channel image data into the FIFO2 specifically includes:

[0019] Set the DDR working mode to read mode;

[0020] Based on the read mode, the coordinates of the pixels in each star point target area are read out from RAM in sequence;

[0021] According to the pixel coordinates read from RAM, the multi-channel image data of the window image corresponding to the star point target is read from DDR in sequence;

[0022] The multiple-channel image data of the window image read from DDR is buffered in FIFO2.

[0023] Furthermore, after reading the multi-channel image data of the window image from FIFO2 and reading the coordinates of the stored pixels from RAM, according to the preset channel sequence number table, the image data is intercepted from the multi-channel image data according to the channel sequence number where the pixel is located, that is, the grayscale value of the pixel is obtained.

[0024] According to the preset channel number table, 16-bit image data is intercepted from the 64-bit image data according to the channel number where the pixel is located.

[0025] Furthermore, it is characterized in that the pixel size is 2048×2048.

[0026] A dynamic windowing device for multi-channel large array images, characterized by comprising:

[0027] A data acquisition module, used for acquiring multi-channel image data;

[0028] The target extraction module is used to buffer the multi-channel image data in FIFO1 and write the multi-channel image data buffered in FIFO1 into DDR. During the buffering process, the star point targets in the multi-channel images are extracted and the coordinates of the pixels in each star point target are written into RAM.

[0029] The target calculation module is used to calculate the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the DDR according to the coordinates of the pixel in each star point target in the multi-channel image;

[0030] The data buffer module is used to read out the multi-channel image data of the window image corresponding to the star point target from the DDR according to the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the star point target in the DDR, and cache the multi-channel image data in the FIFO2;

[0031] Gray value acquisition module, used to read the multi-channel image data of the window image from FIFO2 and read the coordinates of the stored pixels from RAM, and according to the preset channel sequence table and the channel sequence number of the pixel, intercept the image data from the multi-channel image data to obtain the gray value of the pixel;

[0032] The dynamic windowing module repeatedly intercepts image data from multiple channels of image data according to a preset channel sequence table. When all grayscale values ​​of the multiple channels of image data are intercepted and obtained, the dynamic windowing of the image is completed.

[0033] Furthermore, the target extraction module includes:

[0034] A mode preset unit, used to set the DDR working mode to a write mode;

[0035] The judgment unit is used to judge whether FIFO1 is empty. If it is not empty, multiple channels of image data are read out from FIFO1 and written into DDR in sequence starting from address 0 according to the burst length until the full frame image is written into DDR.

[0036] A computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs, which can be executed by one or more processors to implement the steps in any of the above-mentioned dynamic windowing methods for multi-channel large-area array images.

[0037] A terminal device comprises: a processor, a memory and a communication bus; the memory stores a computer-readable program that can be executed by the processor;

[0038] The communication bus realizes the connection and communication between the processor and the memory;

[0039] When the processor executes the computer-readable program, the processor implements any one of the steps in the above-mentioned dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large-area array images.

[0040] The present invention provides a dynamic windowing method and device for multi-channel, large-area array images. The method comprises: caching multi-channel image data using a burst-mode read / write DDR memory (DDR) to address the difficulty of storing multi-channel images in memory; and windowing the image region where the target is located to address the large data volume and long transmission time associated with large-area array images. The method is easy to implement, preserves valid star point target information in the image, and effectively addresses the difficulty of storing multi-channel, large-area array images and the long transmission time associated with large data volumes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] The drawings described herein are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention and constitute a part of this application. The exemplary embodiments of the present invention and their descriptions are used to explain the present invention and do not constitute an improper limitation of the present invention. In the drawings:

[0042] Figure 1 This is a flow chart of the dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large array images of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 2 This is a specific process diagram of the dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large-area array images of the present invention;

[0044] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of a multi-channel large array image of a dynamic windowing method for a multi-channel large array image of the present invention;

[0045] Figure 4This is a module diagram of the dynamic windowing device for multi-channel large array images of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the terminal device of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0047] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the solutions of the present invention, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the embodiments described are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts should fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0048] It should be noted that the terms "first", "second", etc. in the description and claims of the present invention and the above-mentioned drawings are used to distinguish similar objects and are not necessarily used to describe a specific order or sequence. It should be understood that the numbers used in this way can be interchanged where appropriate, so that the embodiments of the present invention described herein can be implemented in an order other than those illustrated or described herein. In addition, the terms "including" and "having" and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions. For example, a process, method, system, product or device that includes a series of steps or units is not necessarily limited to those steps or units clearly listed, but may include other steps or units that are not clearly listed or inherent to these processes, methods, products or devices.

[0049] See also Figure 1 According to an embodiment of the present invention, a dynamic windowing method for a multi-channel large array image is provided, comprising the following steps:

[0050] S101: Acquire multiple channels of image data;

[0051] S102: Buffering the multi-channel image data in FIFO1 and writing the multi-channel image data buffered in FIFO1 into DDR. During the buffering process, extracting star point targets from the multi-channel images and writing the coordinates of the pixels in each star point target into RAM.

[0052] S103: Calculating the storage address of the image data corresponding to each pixel in the DDR according to the coordinates of the pixel in each star point target in the multi-channel image;

[0053] S104: Reading multiple channels of image data corresponding to the window image of the star point target from the DDR according to the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the star point target in the DDR, and buffering the multiple channels of image data into the FIFO2;

[0054] S105: Read the multi-channel image data of the window image from FIFO2 and read the coordinates of the stored pixels from RAM. According to the preset channel sequence table and the channel sequence number of the pixel, the image data is intercepted from the multi-channel image data to obtain the grayscale value of the pixel.

[0055] S106: repeatedly intercepting image data from multiple channels of image data according to a preset channel sequence number table. When all grayscale values ​​of the multiple channels of image data are intercepted and obtained, dynamic windowing of the image is completed.

[0056] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, the present invention provides a dynamic windowing method for multi-channel, large-area image arrays. First, a burst-mode DDR memory is used to cache multi-channel image data, resolving the difficulty of storing multi-channel images in memory. Then, windowing is performed on the target area within the image, addressing the large data volume and long transmission times associated with large-area image arrays.

[0057] This application uses DDR memory in burst read / write mode to cache full-frame images from a multi-channel, large-area array and window the image to the area where star targets are located. The method is easy to implement and not only preserves valid star target information in the image, but also effectively addresses the storage difficulties, large data volumes, and time-consuming transmission issues associated with multi-channel, large-area array images.

[0058] Specifically, the steps of the dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large array images are as follows:

[0059] Step 1: Buffer the multi-channel image data output by the multi-channel large-area image sensor in FIFO1 and write it to DDR (memory). Simultaneously, extract the star points in the image and write the (x, y) coordinates of each pixel in the star point to RAM (random access memory).

[0060] Step 2: Calculate the storage address of the image data corresponding to each pixel in the image in DDR according to the (x, y) coordinates of the pixel.

[0061] Step 3: According to the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the star point target in the DDR, the parallel image data of the window image corresponding to the star point target is read from the DDR and cached into FIFO2;

[0062] The fourth step is to read the parallel image data of the window image from FIFO2, and intercept the 16-bit image data from the 64-bit image data according to the channel number of the pixel, which is the grayscale value corresponding to the pixel in the star target.

[0063] refer to Figures 2 to 3The following describes in detail the dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large-area array images of the present invention using a specific embodiment:

[0064] Step 1: Multi-channel large array image sensors usually output multiple image data line by line and in parallel in rolling shutter mode, such as Figure 3 As shown, it is a four-channel large area array image sensor, which outputs four image data data1[15:0], data2[15:0], data3[15:0], and data4[15:0] in parallel when working.

[0065] When the line and field signals of the image are valid, the four-way parallel image data data[63:0]={data1[15:0],data2[15:0],data3[15:0],data4[15:0]} is stored in FIFO1. At the same time, the DDR working mode is set to write mode, and it is determined whether FIFO1 is empty. If it is not empty, the parallel image data is read from FIFO1 and written to DDR in sequence starting from address 0 according to the burst length until the full frame image is written to DDR. In addition, when the line and field signals of the image are valid, the star point targets in the image are extracted and the pixel coordinates (x nl ,y nl ) and (x nr ,y nr ), and based on this, we can calculate the coordinates (x nl ,y nl ) and (x nr ,y nr ) is the coordinates of all pixels in the rectangular area with the vertex (x ni ,y ni ), and store the results in RAM in turn.

[0066] Step 2: Based on the initial address and burst length when writing the full-frame image into DDR, the storage address of the image data corresponding to any pixel in the image in DDR can be calculated. The calculation method is as follows: Take the DDR with a burst length of 4 and a data bit width of 16 bits as an example, assuming (x ni ,y ni ) is the i-th pixel coordinate of the n-th star target in the image, and the storage address of its corresponding image data in DDR is:

[0067] addr = {y′ ni [10:0],x′ ni [8:0],x′ ni [10:9]}

[0068] Where x′ ni =x ni -1, y′ni =y ni -1.

[0069] Step 3: DDR works in burst read / write mode. When reading and writing DDR, DDR can only be addressed according to the integer multiple of the burst length. After storing the full frame image in DDR, first set the DDR working mode to read mode, and then set the pixel coordinates (x ni ,y ni ) are read out from RAM in sequence, and the read address of DDR is set to addr′={y′ ni [10:0],x′ ni [8:0],2'b0}, and cache the parallel image data of the window image read from DDR into FIFO2.

[0070] Step 4: After all the parallel image data of the window images are cached into FIFO2, the parallel image data are read from FIFO2 in sequence. At the same time, according to the pixel coordinates (x ni ,y ni ) Calculate the lower 2 bits x' of the corresponding storage address addr in sequence ni [10:9], which means the coordinate (x ni ,y ni ) is the channel number of the pixel at the coordinate (x). According to the channel number, 16-bit image data is intercepted from the 64-bit parallel image data in sequence according to the method shown in Table 1, which is the coordinate (x ni ,y ni ) pixel. After intercepting the grayscale values ​​of all the pixels where the star targets are located in the multi-channel image data, dynamic windowing of the image is completed. Table 1 shows the preset interception method for 64-bit multi-channel image data.

[0071]

[0072] Table 1

[0073] refer to Figure 4 , a dynamic windowing device for multi-channel large array images, comprising:

[0074] The data acquisition module 100 is used to acquire multiple channels of image data;

[0075] The target extraction module 200 is used to buffer the multi-channel image data in FIFO1 and write the multi-channel image data buffered in FIFO1 into DDR. During the buffering process, the star point targets in the multi-channel image are extracted and the coordinates of the pixels in each star point target are written into RAM.

[0076] The target calculation module 300 is used to calculate the storage address of the image data corresponding to each pixel in the star target in the multi-channel image according to the coordinates of the pixel;

[0077] The data buffer module 400 is used to read out the multi-channel image data of the window image corresponding to the star point target from the DDR according to the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the star point target in the DDR, and cache the multi-channel image data in the FIFO2;

[0078] Grayscale value acquisition module 500 is used to read the multi-channel image data of the window image from FIFO2 and the coordinates of the stored pixels from RAM, and intercept the image data from the multi-channel image data according to the channel number of the pixel according to the preset channel number table, that is, to obtain the grayscale value of the pixel;

[0079] The dynamic windowing module 600 repeatedly intercepts image data from multiple channels of image data according to a preset channel sequence number table. When all grayscale values ​​of the multiple channels of image data are intercepted and obtained, the dynamic windowing of the image is completed.

[0080] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, the present invention provides a dynamic windowing device for multi-channel, large-area array images, which implements the aforementioned method. First, multi-channel image data is cached using burst-mode DDR memory, resolving the difficulty of storing multi-channel images in memory. Then, windowing is performed on the target area within the image, addressing the issues of large data volumes and lengthy transmission times associated with large-area array images.

[0081] This application uses DDR memory in burst read / write mode to cache full-frame images from a multi-channel, large-area array and window the image to the area where star targets are located. This invention is easy to implement and not only preserves valid star target information in the image, but also effectively solves the problems of difficult storage, large data volumes, and lengthy transmission times associated with multi-channel, large-area array images.

[0082] Furthermore, the target extraction module includes:

[0083] A mode preset unit, used to set the DDR working mode to a write mode;

[0084] The judgment unit is used to judge whether FIFO1 is empty. If it is not empty, multiple channels of image data are read out from FIFO1 and written into DDR in sequence starting from address 0 according to the burst length until the full frame image is written into DDR.

[0085] Based on the above-mentioned dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large-area array images, this embodiment provides a computer-readable storage medium, which stores one or more programs. The one or more programs can be executed by one or more processors to implement the steps in the dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large-area array images as in the above-mentioned embodiment.

[0086] Based on the above-mentioned dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large array images, the present application also provides a terminal device, such as Figure 5 As shown, it includes at least one processor 20; a display screen 21; and a memory 22. It may also include a communications interface 23 and a bus 24. The processor 20, display screen 21, memory 22, and communications interface 23 can communicate with each other via bus 24. The display screen 21 is configured to display a preset user guidance interface in the initial setup mode. The communications interface 23 can transmit information. The processor 20 can call the logic instructions in the memory 22 to execute the dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large array images in the above-mentioned embodiment.

[0087] In addition, the logic instructions in the memory 22 can be implemented in the form of software functional units and can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium when sold or used as an independent product.

[0088] The memory 22, as a computer-readable storage medium, can be configured to store software programs or computer-executable programs, such as program instructions or modules corresponding to the methods in the embodiments of the present disclosure. The processor 20 executes the software programs, instructions, or modules stored in the memory 22 to perform functional applications and data processing, thereby implementing the methods in the above embodiments.

[0089] The memory 22 may include a program storage area and a data storage area, wherein the program storage area may store an operating system and application programs required for at least one function; the data storage area may store data created according to the use of the terminal device, etc.

[0090] In addition, the memory 22 may include a high-speed random access memory and a non-volatile memory, for example, a USB flash drive, a mobile hard disk, a read-only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic disk, or an optical disk, and other media that can store program code, or a temporary storage medium.

[0091] In addition, the specific process of loading and executing the multiple instructions in the storage medium and the processor in the terminal device has been described in detail in the above method and will not be described here one by one.

[0092] The above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this technical field, several improvements and modifications can be made without departing from the principles of the present invention. These improvements and modifications should also be regarded as the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large array images, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Acquire multiple channels of image data; Buffering the multi-channel image data in FIFO1, and writing the multi-channel image data buffered in FIFO1 into DDR, extracting star point targets in the multi-channel image during the buffering process, and writing the coordinates of the pixel in each star point target into RAM; Calculating the storage address of the image data corresponding to each pixel in the DDR according to the coordinates of the pixel in each star point target in the multi-channel image; Reading the multiple-channel image data of the window image corresponding to the star point target from the DDR according to the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the star point target in the DDR, and buffering the multiple-channel image data in FIFO2; Reading the multiple-channel image data of the window image from the FIFO2 and reading the coordinates of the pixel stored in the RAM, and intercepting the image data from the multiple-channel image data according to the channel number of the pixel according to a preset channel number table, that is, obtaining the grayscale value of the pixel; Repeatedly intercepting image data from the multiple channels of image data according to the preset channel sequence number table, and completing dynamic windowing of the image after all grayscale values ​​of the multiple channels of image data are intercepted and obtained; Buffering the multiple channels of image data in the FIFO1 and writing the multiple channels of image data buffered in the FIFO1 into the DDR includes: Setting the DDR operating mode to a write mode; It is determined whether the FIFO1 is empty. If not, the multiple channels of image data are read out from the FIFO1 and written into the DDR in sequence starting from address 0 according to the burst length until the full frame image is written into the DDR.

2. The dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large array images according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the buffering process, the star point targets in the image are extracted, and the coordinates of the pixels in each star point target are written into the RAM as follows: Extract the star point targets in the image, obtain the pixel coordinates (x, y) corresponding to the upper left corner and lower right corner of each star point target, and use this to calculate the coordinates of all pixels in the rectangular area with the upper left corner and lower right corner coordinates as vertices, and store the calculation results in RAM in turn.

3. The dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large array images according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method of reading out the multiple-channel image data of the window image corresponding to the star point target from the DDR according to the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the star point target in the DDR, and buffering the multiple-channel image data into the FIFO2 specifically includes: Setting the DDR operating mode to read mode; Based on the read mode, the coordinates of the pixels in each of the star point target areas are sequentially read out from the RAM; According to the pixel coordinates read out from the RAM, the multiple-channel image data of the window image corresponding to the star point target are read out from the DDR in sequence; The multiple-channel image data of the window image read out from the DDR is buffered in FIFO2.

4. The dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large array images according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step of reading the multiple-channel image data of the window image from the FIFO2 and reading the coordinates of the pixel stored in the RAM, according to a preset channel sequence number table and the channel sequence number of the pixel, image data is intercepted from the multiple-channel image data, that is, the grayscale value of the pixel is obtained; According to the preset channel sequence number table, 16-bit image data is intercepted from the 64-bit image data according to the channel sequence number where the pixel is located.

5. The dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large array images according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The pixel size is 2048×2048.

6. A dynamic windowing device for multi-channel large array images, characterized in that: include: A data acquisition module, used for acquiring multi-channel image data; A target extraction module is used to buffer the multi-channel image data in FIFO1 and write the multi-channel image data buffered in FIFO1 into DDR. During the buffering process, star point targets in the multi-channel image are extracted and the coordinates of the pixels in each star point target are written into RAM. A target calculation module, configured to calculate the storage address of the image data corresponding to each pixel in the star point target in the multi-channel image according to the coordinates of the pixel in the pixel; a data buffer module, configured to read out the multiple-channel image data of the window image corresponding to the star point target from the DDR according to the storage address of the image data corresponding to the pixel in the star point target in the DDR, and cache the multiple-channel image data in the FIFO2; a grayscale value acquisition module, configured to read the multiple-channel image data of the window image from the FIFO2 and read the coordinates of the pixel stored in the RAM, and intercept the image data from the multiple-channel image data according to the channel number of the pixel according to a preset channel number table, thereby obtaining the grayscale value of the pixel; a dynamic windowing module, which repeatedly intercepts image data from the multiple channels of image data according to the preset channel sequence number table, and completes the dynamic windowing of the image after all grayscale values ​​of the multiple channels of image data are intercepted and obtained; The target extraction module includes: A mode preset unit, configured to set the DDR operating mode to a write mode; The judging unit is used to judge whether the FIFO1 is empty. If not, the multiple channels of image data are read out from the FIFO1 and written into the DDR in sequence starting from address 0 according to the burst length until the full frame image is written into the DDR.

7. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that The computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs, which can be executed by one or more processors to implement the steps in the dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large-area array images as described in any one of claims 1 to 5.

8. A terminal device, characterized in that: include: processor, memory, and communication bus; The memory stores a computer-readable program executable by the processor; The communication bus realizes the connection and communication between the processor and the memory; When the processor executes the computer-readable program, the processor implements the steps of the dynamic windowing method for multi-channel large-area array images described in any one of claims 1 to 5.

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