A gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face

Abstract

This invention discloses a gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face. It utilizes a ring-shaped suction pipe and suction head to extract gas from the upper corner of the longwall face, providing a large suction range. Simultaneously, it employs a coal dust adsorption box and coal dust adsorption blocks to adsorb and treat the coal dust carried in the gas. The device is characterized by comprising a suction component for extracting gas from the upper corner, an adsorption component for adsorbing coal dust in the gas flow, and a telescopic component for height adjustment of the suction and adsorption components. The adsorption component is mounted on the telescopic component, and the suction component is mounted on the adsorption component. One end of the adsorption component is connected to the suction component, and the other end of the adsorption component is connected to the telescopic component.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face, which is a device for extracting and treating gas accumulated at the upper corner of a longwall face, and belongs to the field of underground gas treatment technology in coal mines. Background Technology

[0002] During coal mining, the goaf near the longwall face typically contains a large amount of methane gas. The upper corner, located at the junction of the longwall face and the longwall roadway, is prone to methane accumulation due to poor ventilation. This accumulation creates eddies that are difficult to remove, and when the methane concentration exceeds a certain level, it can easily lead to safety accidents. Existing upper corner methane treatment devices use a single suction pipe, resulting in a small suction area and slow suction speed. This can easily lead to untimely methane extraction and accumulation in the upper corner, affecting underground production safety.

[0003] Meanwhile, the existing gas treatment device in the upper corner cannot adsorb and treat the coal dust carried in the gas being pumped. The coal dust will cause blockage or even damage to the pump as the gas flows, affecting the pumping operation.

[0004] CN205743985U discloses a gas extraction device for the upper corner of the mining face, belonging to the field of coal mine safety technology. The technical solution adopted includes a roadway adjacent to the mining face, with multiple boreholes set from the adjacent roadway to the upper corner of the mining face. Casings are embedded in the boreholes, and control valves are installed on the casings. The casings are connected to a compressed air ejector device, which is installed in the adjacent roadway. However, this device uses a single casing to extract gas, resulting in a small extraction area and slow extraction speed. This easily leads to untimely gas extraction and accumulation in the upper corner, affecting underground production safety. At the same time, this device cannot adsorb and treat coal dust carried in the extracted gas. Coal dust, flowing with the gas, can cause blockage or even damage to the extraction machine, affecting the extraction operation.

[0005] Publication number CN211116104U discloses a high-efficiency gas extraction device for the upper corner of a longwall face, including a mobile riser extraction device for the goaf and a temporary sealing device for the goaf expansion airbag. The mobile riser extraction device includes an extraction pipe extending from the return airway into the goaf, with a tee on it. The two ends of the tee on the horizontal plane are connected to the extraction pipe, and the end on the vertical plane is connected to a riser. The riser has a screen hole and a cover plate on its end face. The bottom of the extraction pipe has a base, and the bottom of the base has a lifting device. The temporary sealing device for the goaf expansion airbag includes an expansion airbag located at the upper corner of the longwall face, with an air hole and a pressure gauge on it. This device cannot adsorb coal dust carried in the extracted gas. The coal dust will cause blockage or even damage to the extraction machine as it flows with the gas, affecting the extraction operation.

[0006] Publication number CN216043857U discloses a mobile gas extraction device for the upper corner of a coal mine longwall face. The gas extraction device includes an extraction box, a steel pipe, a hose, a gas extraction pipe, a plugging layer, and a fixed support. An extraction pipe hole is provided at the center of the back of the extraction box. One end of the steel pipe is connected to the extraction pipe hole, and the other end of the steel pipe, the hose, and the gas extraction pipe are connected in sequence. The back of the extraction box is connected to the fixed support. This device cannot adsorb coal dust carried in the extracted gas. The coal dust will cause blockage or even damage to the extraction machine as it flows with the gas, affecting the extraction operation. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To improve the above situation, the present invention provides a gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face. This device uses a ring-shaped suction pipe and a suction head to suction gas from the upper corner of the longwall face, with a large suction range. At the same time, it uses a coal dust adsorption box and a coal dust adsorption block to adsorb and treat the coal dust carried in the gas.

[0008] The gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to the present invention is implemented as follows: The gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to the present invention includes a suction component for suction treatment of gas in the upper corner, an adsorption component for adsorbing coal dust in the gas flow, and a telescopic component for height adjustment of the suction component and the adsorption component.

[0009] The characteristic feature is that the adsorption component is disposed on the telescopic component, and the suction component is disposed on the adsorption component.

[0010] Preferably, one end of the adsorption component is connected to the suction component, and the other end of the adsorption component is connected to the telescopic component.

[0011] The suction assembly consists of an annular suction tube, a suction head, an auxiliary suction port, a suction connecting tube, and a main suction port.

[0012] The outer ring of the annular suction tube has multiple suction connecting tubes evenly spaced, and the inner ring of the annular suction tube has multiple suction connecting tubes evenly spaced.

[0013] Preferably, the plurality of suction connecting tubes on the outer ring of the annular suction tube and the plurality of suction connecting tubes on the inner ring of the annular suction tube are staggered.

[0014] One end of the suction connecting tube is connected to the annular suction tube, and the other end is connected to the suction head. The suction head has a main suction hole in the middle, and the other end of the suction connecting tube is connected to the main suction hole.

[0015] Preferably, the suction head has a cylindrical structure.

[0016] The suction head has multiple auxiliary suction holes equidistantly spaced on its sidewall, and these auxiliary suction holes are connected to the main suction hole.

[0017] The adsorption assembly consists of a support drainage pipe, a sealing door mounting groove, a coal dust adsorption box, a connecting cylinder, a sealing door, a limiting slot, a limiting block, a coal dust adsorption block, a fixing plate, a connecting hole, a fixing slot, and a filter hole. Multiple support drainage pipes are equidistantly placed at one end of the coal dust adsorption box. One end of each support drainage pipe extends into and connects to the coal dust adsorption box, while the other end is bent upwards at an obtuse angle and connects to an annular suction pipe.

[0018] Preferably, the coal dust adsorption box has a cylindrical structure, and the diameter of the coal dust adsorption box is one-third of the diameter of the annular suction pipe.

[0019] The other end of the coal dust adsorption box is connected to one end of the connecting cylinder.

[0020] Preferably, the connecting cylinder has a cylindrical structure, and the diameter of the connecting cylinder gradually decreases from one end to the other.

[0021] The side wall of the coal dust adsorption box has a groove for installing a sealing door.

[0022] Preferably, the sealing door mounting groove has an arc-shaped structure, the arc length of which is half the circumference of the coal dust adsorption box, and the sealing door mounting groove is a through groove.

[0023] Limiting slots are provided at both ends of the mounting groove of the sealing door.

[0024] Preferably, the limiting slot has a rectangular structure, and the limiting slot is connected to the sealing door mounting slot.

[0025] The sealing door is detachably placed in the sealing door mounting groove.

[0026] Preferably, the sealing door and the sealing door mounting groove correspond to each other.

[0027] Limiting blocks are positioned at both ends of the sealed door, and the limiting blocks correspond to limiting slots. The limiting blocks can be detachably placed within the corresponding limiting slots.

[0028] The fixing plate is placed inside the coal dust adsorption box.

[0029] Preferably, the fixing plate is located at the other end of the coal dust adsorption box.

[0030] The fixing plate has a fixing slot, and the fixing slot has multiple connecting holes.

[0031] One end of the connecting hole is connected to the fixing slot, and the other end is connected to the connecting cylinder.

[0032] The coal dust adsorption block is detachably placed in the fixed slot, and the coal dust adsorption block is in contact with the bottom of the fixed slot.

[0033] Preferably, the coal dust adsorption block has a rectangular structure.

[0034] The coal dust adsorption block has multiple filter holes at equal intervals.

[0035] Preferably, the angle between the centerline of the filter hole and the centerline of the coal dust adsorption box is an acute angle.

[0036] Preferably, the plurality of filter holes and the plurality of connecting holes are staggered along the fixed plate.

[0037] The telescopic assembly consists of a telescopic rod, a suction hose, and a suction cylinder.

[0038] One end of the suction cylinder is connected to the other end of the connecting cylinder, and the other end of the suction cylinder is connected to the telescopic rod.

[0039] The suction hose is connected to and communicates with the side wall of the suction cylinder;

[0040] Furthermore, the coal dust adsorption block has a rectangular structure, with the center of the side of the coal dust adsorption block away from the fixed plate recessed inward. Multiple filter holes are equidistantly opened on the coal dust adsorption block, and the center line of the filter holes is parallel to the side wall of the coal dust adsorption box. A second filter hole is opened on the side of the coal dust adsorption block, and the center line of the second filter hole is perpendicular to the center line of the filter hole.

[0041] Beneficial effects.

[0042] 1. It can extract gas from the upper corner of the longwall face.

[0043] Second, the annular suction pipe can increase the gas suction range and improve the suction speed.

[0044] Third, it can adsorb and treat coal dust carried in gas, preventing it from clogging the suction machine. Attached Figure Description

[0045] Figure 1 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of a gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall mining face according to the present invention;

[0046] Figure 2 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of a gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to the present invention, which only shows the structure at the suction head.

[0047] Figure 3 This is a three-dimensional structural diagram of a gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to the present invention, which only shows the structure at the sealing door.

[0048] Figure 4This is a schematic diagram of the structure of a gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall mining face according to the present invention;

[0049] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of a gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to the present invention; it only shows the structure at the coal dust adsorption block.

[0050] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of an embodiment 2 of the gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to the present invention, which only shows the structure at the coal dust adsorption block.

[0051] In the attached diagram

[0052] The components are: annular suction pipe (1), suction head (2), auxiliary suction hole (3), suction connecting pipe (4), main suction hole (5), support drainage pipe (6), sealing door mounting groove (7), coal dust adsorption box (8), connecting cylinder (9), telescopic rod (10), suction hose (11), suction cylinder (12), sealing door (13), limit slot (14), limit block (15), coal dust adsorption block (16), fixing plate (17), connecting hole (18), fixing slot (19), filter hole (20), and second filter hole (21). Detailed Implementation

[0053] Example 1:

[0054] The present invention discloses a gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face, comprising a suction component for suctioning gas from the upper corner, an adsorption component for adsorbing coal dust in the gas flow, and a telescopic component for adjusting the height of the suction component and the adsorption component.

[0055] Its characteristic is that the adsorption component is disposed on the telescopic component, and the suction component is disposed on the adsorption component.

[0056] Preferably, one end of the adsorption component is connected to the suction component, and the other end of the adsorption component is connected to the telescopic component.

[0057] The suction assembly consists of an annular suction tube (1), a suction head (2), an auxiliary suction hole (3), a suction connecting tube (4), and a main suction hole (5).

[0058] The outer ring of the annular suction tube (1) has multiple suction connecting tubes (4) arranged at equal intervals, and the inner ring of the annular suction tube (1) has multiple suction connecting tubes (4) arranged at equal intervals.

[0059] Preferably, the plurality of suction connecting tubes (4) on the outer ring of the annular suction tube (1) and the plurality of suction connecting tubes (4) on the inner ring of the annular suction tube (1) are staggered.

[0060] One end of the suction connecting tube (4) is connected to the annular suction tube (1), and the other end is connected to the suction head (2). The suction head (2) has a suction main hole (5) in the middle. The other end of the suction connecting tube (4) is connected to the suction main hole (5).

[0061] Preferably, the suction head (2) has a cylindrical structure.

[0062] The suction head (2) has multiple auxiliary suction holes (3) evenly spaced on its side wall. The auxiliary suction holes (3) are connected to the main suction hole (5).

[0063] The adsorption assembly consists of a support drainage pipe (6), a sealing door mounting groove (7), a coal dust adsorption box (8), a connecting cylinder (9), a sealing door (13), a limiting slot (14), a limiting block (15), a coal dust adsorption block (16), a fixing plate (17), a connecting hole (18), a fixing slot (19), and a filter hole (20). Multiple support drainage pipes (6) are equidistantly placed at one end of the coal dust adsorption box (8). One end of each support drainage pipe (6) extends into the coal dust adsorption box (8) and connects to it. The other end is bent upwards at an obtuse angle and connects to the annular suction pipe (1).

[0064] Preferably, the coal dust adsorption box (8) has a cylindrical structure, and the diameter of the coal dust adsorption box (8) is one-third of the diameter of the annular suction pipe (1).

[0065] The other end of the coal dust adsorption box (8) is connected to one end of the connecting cylinder (9).

[0066] Preferably, the connecting cylinder (9) has a cylindrical structure, and the diameter of the connecting cylinder (9) gradually decreases from one end to the other.

[0067] The side wall of the coal dust adsorption box (8) has a sealing door mounting groove (7).

[0068] Preferably, the sealing door mounting groove (7) has an arc-shaped structure, the arc length of which is half the circumference of the coal dust adsorption box (8), and the sealing door mounting groove (7) is a through groove.

[0069] Limiting slots (14) are opened at both ends of the sealing door mounting groove (7).

[0070] Preferably, the limiting slot (14) has a rectangular structure, and the limiting slot (14) is connected to the sealing door mounting slot (7).

[0071] The sealing door (13) is detachably placed in the sealing door mounting groove (7).

[0072] Preferably, the sealing door (13) and the sealing door mounting groove (7) correspond to each other.

[0073] Limiting blocks (15) are provided at both ends of the sealing door (13). The limiting blocks (15) and limiting slots (14) correspond to each other. The limiting blocks (15) can be detachably placed in the corresponding limiting slots (14).

[0074] The fixing plate (17) is placed inside the coal dust adsorption box (8).

[0075] Preferably, the fixing plate (17) is located at the other end of the coal dust adsorption box (8).

[0076] The fixing plate (17) has a fixing slot (19), and the fixing slot (19) has multiple connecting holes (18).

[0077] One end of the connecting hole (18) is connected to the fixing slot (19), and the other end is connected to the connecting cylinder (9).

[0078] The coal dust adsorption block (16) is detachably placed in the fixed slot (19), and the coal dust adsorption block (16) is in contact with the bottom of the fixed slot (19).

[0079] Preferably, the coal dust adsorption block (16) has a rectangular structure.

[0080] The coal dust adsorption block (16) has multiple air filter holes (20) at equal intervals.

[0081] Preferably, the angle between the centerline of the filter hole (20) and the centerline of the coal dust adsorption box (8) is an acute angle.

[0082] Preferably, the plurality of filter holes (20) and the plurality of connecting holes (18) are staggered along the fixing plate (17).

[0083] The telescopic assembly consists of a telescopic rod (10), a suction hose (11), and a suction cylinder (12).

[0084] One end of the suction cylinder (12) is connected to the other end of the connecting cylinder (9), and the other end of the suction cylinder (12) is connected to the telescopic rod (10).

[0085] The suction hose (11) and the suction cylinder (12) are connected to each other and communicate with each other;

[0086] Preferably, the outer layer of the coal dust adsorption block (16) is composed of a non-woven fabric layer, and the coal dust adsorption block (16) contains an adsorbent.

[0087] Preferably, a mounting plate is installed at the end of the telescopic rod (10).

[0088] In use, the treatment device is fixed to the roadway floor below the upper corner of the mining face using the mounting plate and the telescopic rod (10). In the initial state, the suction hose (11) is connected to the suction machine. When the suction machine is started, under the action of negative pressure, the gas carrying coal dust is sucked into the annular suction pipe (1) through the main suction hole (5) and auxiliary suction hole (3) on the suction head (2), and then introduced into the coal dust adsorption box (8) through the support drainage pipe (6). The gas enters the filter hole (20) on the coal dust adsorption block (16). Under the adsorption action of the coal dust adsorption block (16), the coal dust carried in the gas is adsorbed and separated. The gas after coal dust treatment enters the suction cylinder (12) through the connecting hole (18) and the connecting cylinder (9). In the process of gas extraction at the upper corner of the longwall face, the gas extraction range can be adjusted by adjusting the length of the telescopic rod (10) to drive the extraction assembly. At the same time, multiple devices can be set up in different areas at the upper corner of the longwall face to cooperate with each other for gas extraction, so that the gas extraction range covers the entire upper corner of the longwall face. When the adsorption effect of the coal dust adsorption block (16) weakens after the device has been used for a period of time, the sealing door (13) is pulled out from the sealing door installation groove (7) by sliding the limiting block (15) in the limiting groove (14) to replace the coal dust adsorption block (16). After the replacement is completed, the sealing door (13) is placed in the sealing door installation groove (7).

[0089] Example 2:

[0090] The difference between this embodiment and embodiment 1 is that the coal dust adsorption block (16) is a rectangular structure. The middle part of the side of the coal dust adsorption block (16) away from the fixed plate (17) is recessed inward. Multiple air filter holes (20) are equidistantly opened on the coal dust adsorption block (16). The center line of the air filter hole (20) is parallel to the side wall of the adsorption box of the coal dust adsorption box (8). A second air filter hole (21) is opened on the side of the coal dust adsorption block (16). The center line of the second air filter hole (21) is perpendicular to the center line of the air filter hole (20). When in use, the middle part of the side of the coal dust adsorption block (16) away from the fixed plate (17) is recessed inward, which can gather the gas entering the coal dust adsorption box (8) to the coal dust adsorption block (16). Then, through the air filter hole (20), the second air filter hole (21) and the interior of the coal dust adsorption block (16) make more sufficient contact, so that the coal dust adsorption block (16) can more fully adsorb the coal dust carried in the gas.

[0091] The multiple suction connecting pipes (4) on the outer ring of the annular suction pipe (1) and the multiple suction connecting pipes (4) on the inner ring of the annular suction pipe (1) are staggered, which can expand the suction angle and range of the suction head (2) connected to the suction connecting pipe (4) and perform suction treatment on the gas near the annular suction pipe (1).

[0092] The connecting cylinder (9) has a cylindrical structure. The diameter of the connecting cylinder (9) gradually decreases from one end to the other. This design allows the gas after coal dust removal to be collected into the suction cylinder (12) and easily sucked out from the suction hose (11).

[0093] The sealing door mounting groove (7) is an arc-shaped structure. The arc length of the sealing door mounting groove (7) is half the circumference of the coal dust adsorption box (8). The sealing door mounting groove (7) is a through groove design, which facilitates the removal and installation of the sealing door (13) and facilitates the replacement of the coal dust adsorption block (16).

[0094] The design of an acute angle between the center line of the air filter hole (20) and the center line of the coal dust adsorption box (8) can prolong the time that the gas in the coal dust adsorption box (8) stays in the air filter hole (20) when it enters the coal dust adsorption block (16) through the air filter hole (20), so that the coal dust carried in the gas can be fully adsorbed by the coal dust adsorption block (16).

[0095] The design of multiple air filter holes (20) and multiple connecting holes (18) staggered along the fixed plate (17) allows the gas to stay in the coal dust adsorption box (8) after entering it, and be fully adsorbed by the coal dust adsorption block (16) and will not immediately enter the connecting cylinder (9) through the connecting hole (18).

[0096] The limiting block (15) works in conjunction with the limiting slot (14) to limit and fix the sealing door (13), thereby sealing the coal dust adsorption box (8) and preventing gas leakage.

[0097] The telescopic rod (10) works in conjunction with the suction cylinder (12) to drive the annular suction pipe (1) to move up and down, thereby adjusting the gas extraction range.

[0098] The purpose is to achieve the goal of extracting gas from the upper corner of the mining face through the annular suction pipe (1) and the suction head (2), with a large suction range, and at the same time, to adsorb and treat the coal dust carried in the gas through the coal dust adsorption box (8) and the coal dust adsorption block (16).

[0099] It should be further noted that, in order to keep the description simple and clear, the above specific embodiments only describe the differences between them and other embodiments. However, those skilled in the art should know that the above specific embodiments are also independent technical solutions.

Claims

1. A gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face, comprising a suction component for extracting gas from the upper corner, an adsorption component for adsorbing coal dust in the gas flow, and a telescopic component for height adjustment of the suction component and the adsorption component, characterized in that: The adsorption component is mounted on the telescopic component, and the suction component is mounted on the adsorption component. One end of the adsorption component is connected to the suction component, and the other end of the adsorption component is connected to the telescopic component. The suction component consists of an annular suction tube, a suction head, auxiliary suction holes, suction connecting tubes, and a main suction hole. Multiple suction connecting tubes are evenly spaced on the outer ring of the annular suction tube, and multiple suction connecting tubes are evenly spaced on the inner ring of the annular suction tube. One end of each suction connecting tube is connected to the annular suction tube, and the other end is connected to the suction head. The suction head has a main suction hole in the middle, and the other end of the suction connecting pipe is connected to the main suction hole. The suction head has a cylindrical structure, and multiple auxiliary suction holes are equidistantly opened on the side wall of the suction head. The auxiliary suction holes are connected to the main suction hole. The adsorption assembly consists of a support drainage pipe, a sealing door mounting groove, a coal dust adsorption box, a connecting cylinder, a sealing door, a limit slot, a limit block, a coal dust adsorption block, a fixing plate, a connecting hole, a fixing groove, and a filter hole. Multiple support drainage pipes are equidistantly placed at one end of the coal dust adsorption box. One end of each support drainage pipe extends into the coal dust adsorption box and is connected to it. The other end is bent upwards at an obtuse angle and connected to the annular suction pipe. The other end of the coal dust adsorption box is connected to one end of the connecting cylinder. A sealing door mounting groove is opened on the side wall of the coal dust adsorption box, and limit slots are correspondingly opened at both ends of the sealing door mounting groove. The device includes a card slot, a rectangular card slot, and a sealing door mounting slot. The sealing door is detachably placed in the sealing door mounting slot. The sealing door and the sealing door mounting slot are correspondingly positioned. Limiting blocks are placed at both ends of the sealing door, and the limiting blocks and the limiting card slots are correspondingly positioned. The limiting blocks are detachably placed in their respective limiting card slots. A fixing plate is placed inside the coal dust adsorption box, located at the other end of the coal dust adsorption box. The fixing plate has a fixing card slot with multiple connecting holes. One end of each connecting hole is connected to the fixing card slot, and the other end is connected to the connecting cylinder. A coal dust adsorption block is detachably placed in the fixing card slot, and the coal dust adsorption block is in contact with the bottom of the fixing card slot. The coal dust adsorption block has a rectangular structure and multiple filter holes are equidistantly opened on it.

2. The gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to claim 1, characterized in that... The telescopic assembly consists of a telescopic rod, a suction hose, and a suction cylinder. One end of the suction cylinder is connected to the other end of the connecting cylinder, and the other end of the suction cylinder is connected to the telescopic rod. The suction hose is connected to the side wall of the suction cylinder and they are in communication.

3. A gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to claim 1, characterized in that... The coal dust adsorption block has a rectangular structure. The center of the side of the coal dust adsorption block away from the fixed plate is recessed inward. Multiple filter holes are equidistantly opened on the coal dust adsorption block. The center line of the filter holes is parallel to the side wall of the adsorption box of the coal dust adsorption block. A second filter hole is opened on the side of the coal dust adsorption block. The center line of the second filter hole is perpendicular to the center line of the filter hole.

4. A gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to claim 1, characterized in that... The multiple suction connecting tubes on the outer ring of the annular suction tube and the multiple suction connecting tubes on the inner ring of the annular suction tube are distributed alternately.

5. A gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to claim 1, characterized in that... The coal dust adsorption box has a cylindrical structure, and its diameter is one-third of the diameter of the annular suction pipe.

6. A gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to claim 1, characterized in that... The connecting cylinder has a cylindrical structure, and its diameter gradually decreases from one end to the other.

7. A gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to claim 1, characterized in that... The sealing door mounting groove has an arc-shaped structure, and the arc length of the sealing door mounting groove is half the circumference of the coal dust adsorption box. The sealing door mounting groove is a through groove.

8. A gas treatment device for the upper corner of a longwall face according to claim 1, characterized in that... The angle between the center line of the air filter hole and the center line of the coal dust adsorption box is an acute angle, and the multiple air filter holes and multiple connecting holes are staggered along the fixed plate.

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