Footwear sole construction

Abstract

The present invention relates to footwear sole structures. A sole structure for a footwear article includes a system of support structures. Each support structure includes a tubular body with inwardly curved walls that compress under load to attenuate forces or impacts and return to a resting state when the load is removed.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of an application filed on September 19, 2019, with application number 201980059086.6 and invention name “Footwear Sole Structure”. Technical Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates to sole structures for articles of footwear. Background Art

[0003] Footwear articles generally include one or more sole structures that provide various functions. For example, the sole structure generally protects the wearer's foot from environmental factors and the ground. In addition, the sole structure can attenuate impacts or forces caused by the ground or other footwear contact surfaces. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] The subject matter is described in detail herein with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0005] Figure 1 Depicted is a side view of an article of footwear according to one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0006] Figure 2 A support structure according to one aspect of the present disclosure is depicted.

[0007] Figure 3A and Figure 3B Each depicts an embodiment according to one aspect of the present disclosure. Figure 2 The corresponding cross-sectional view of the support structure in .

[0008] Figure 4 A first system of support structures according to one aspect of the present disclosure is depicted.

[0009] Figure 5A and Figure 5B According to one aspect of the present disclosure, Figure 4 Different cross-sections of the system in .

[0010] Fig. 6A A second system of support structures according to one aspect of the present disclosure is depicted.

[0011] Figure 6B According to one aspect of the present disclosure, Fig. 6A A cross-sectional view of the system in .

[0012] Fig. 7A , Figure 7B and Figure 7C Each depicts a respective view of an article of footwear according to one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0013] Fig. 8A , Figure 8B and Figure 8C Each depicts a respective view of an article of footwear according to one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0014] Fig. 9 A graph depicting test results according to one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C Each of depicts a respective view of a sole according to one aspect of the present disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 11A to FIG. 11E Each of depicts a respective view of an article of footwear having a sole structure according to one aspect of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] In order to meet the statutory requirements, the subject matter is described in detail and specifically throughout the specification. The various aspects described throughout the specification are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive, and the specification itself is not intended to necessarily limit the scope of the claims. On the contrary, the claimed subject matter can be practiced in other ways to include different elements or combinations of elements that are equivalent to the elements described in this specification and combined with other current or future technologies. After reading this disclosure, it will become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art who practices in the fields related to the various aspects described without departing from the scope of this disclosure. It should be understood that certain features and sub-combinations are useful and can be adopted without reference to other features and sub-combinations. This is expected by the claims and is within the scope of the claims.

[0018] The subject matter described in this specification generally relates generally to support structures for footwear soles, support systems having support structures for footwear soles, footwear soles including support systems, footwear articles, methods of manufacturing any of the foregoing, and any combinations thereof, and the like. Figure 1 An exemplary article of footwear 10 having a support structure system is depicted. The article of footwear includes a sole 12, and sole 12 includes a plurality of support structures arranged across various areas of sole 12. One of the support structures is identified by reference numeral 20, and the other support structures may include the same or similar construction.

[0019] The support structure system can be organized into various types of arrangements, such as a matrix or array of offset rows of a plurality of stacks including support structures. As described in other parts of the present disclosure, support structures (e.g., support structures 20) operate on a separate structural level, and together as a system, provide various functions for footwear products. Some functions that sole 12 provides are generally described in this part of the present disclosure, and the subsequent parts of the present disclosure provide additional details of explaining some of the various aspects and how they operate to provide functions. For example, according to aspects of the present disclosure, the sole structure can provide a cushioning function in some cases, wherein when the wearer's foot hits the ground (e.g., when walking, running, jumping, etc.), the sole absorbs at least a portion of the force, such as by compression, flexion, collapse or any combination thereof. In some other cases, the sole structure can also provide an energy return function, wherein the sole stores elastic potential energy when absorbing force and releases kinetic energy when removing force.

[0020] As described in more detail in other parts of the present disclosure, various factors may contribute to the cushioning function and the energy return function according to aspects of the present disclosure, such as the configuration of the support structure, the arrangement of the support structure system, the materials used to construct the support structure, or any combination thereof. Compared to some traditional sole technologies (e.g., foam soles or alternative unit-based systems), aspects of the present disclosure describe support structure systems that provide cushioning and energy return and can be lighter weight. In some cases, the lighter weight property (e.g., relative to some traditional foam soles or alternative unit-based systems) results from the use of less material because the configuration of each support structure and the support structures together contribute to cushioning and energy return, so that the function of the sole is not solely dependent on the material properties of the base foam material. In other words, some traditional foam soles rely primarily on the material properties of the underlying foam to provide cushioning and energy return, and in contrast, aspects of the present disclosure utilize the functional properties of the support structure and the support structure system (in addition to the material properties), which allows the use of less material. Furthermore, the support structures and support structure systems of the present disclosure provide improved cushioning and energy return compared to alternative cell-based structures that may also utilize 3D printed structures, which again allows for material reduction by reducing cell wall thickness, number of cells, etc. while maintaining functionality.

[0021] exist Figure 1, the footwear article 10 includes a sole 12 and an upper 14. The upper 14 and the sole 12 generally form a foot-receiving space that surrounds at least a portion of the foot when the footwear is worn or put on. That is, generally a portion of the upper overlaps and is connected to a portion of the sole 12. The overlapping area and the resulting connection mechanism (e.g., stitching, bonding, adhesive bonding, integral formation, co-molding, etc.) are sometimes referred to as a "position line". The foot-receiving space can be entered by inserting the foot through the opening formed by the ankle loop 15. When describing various aspects of the footwear 10, relative terms can be used to help understand relative positions. For example, the footwear 10 can be divided into three general areas: a forefoot area 16, a midfoot area 17, and a heel area 18. The footwear 10 also includes a lateral side, a medial side, an upper portion, and a lower portion.

[0022] The forefoot region 16 generally includes the portion of the footwear 10 corresponding to the toes and the joints connecting the metatarsal bones to the phalanges. The midfoot region 17 generally includes the portion of the footwear 10 corresponding to the arch area of ​​the foot, and the heel region 18 corresponds to the back of the foot, including the calcaneus. In addition, portions of the footwear article may be described in relative terms using these general areas. For example, a first structure may be described as being more toward the heel than a second structure, in which case the second structure would be more toward the toes and closer to the forefoot. In addition, a coronal or transverse plane of the shoe, spaced equidistantly between the forward-most point of the forefoot region and the rearward-most point of the heel region, may be used to describe relative qualities of certain portions of the shoe.

[0023] The lateral side and medial side extend through each of regions 16, 17, and 18 and correspond to opposite sides of footwear 10. More specifically, the lateral side corresponds to the outer region of the foot (i.e., the surface facing away from the other foot), and the medial side corresponds to the inner region of the foot (i.e., the surface facing the other foot). In addition, these terms can also be used to describe the relative positions of different structures. For example, a first structure that is closer to the inner portion of the footwear article can be described as the inner side of a second structure that is closer to the outer region and more lateral. In other aspects, the sagittal plane or parasagittal plane of the shoe can be used to describe the relevant qualities of certain parts of the shoe. In addition, the upper and lower parts also extend through each of regions 16, 17, and 18, and the terms "upper" and "lower" can also be used relative to each other. For example, the upper part generally corresponds to the top that is closer to the head of the person when the person's foot is flat on a horizontal ground and the person is upright, and the lower part generally corresponds to the bottom that is farther away from the head of the person and closer to the ground. The transverse plane of the shoe can be used to describe some aspects of the relevant qualities of some parts of the shoe. These regions 16, 17, and 18, sides, and portions are not intended to delineate precise areas of footwear 10. They are intended to represent general areas of footwear 10 to aid in understanding the various related descriptions provided in this specification. Furthermore, the regions, sides, and portions are provided for purposes of explanation and illustration and are not intended to be construed as requiring a person for purposes of explanation. Although Figure 1 A particular type of footwear is depicted, such as footwear worn when engaging in athletic activities (e.g., cross-training shoes, running shoes, walking shoes, etc.), but the subject matter described herein may be used in combination with other types of footwear (such as dress shoes, sandals, gaiters, boots, etc.).

[0024] The sole 12 may include various components. For example, the sole 12 may include a tread or traction friction element made of a relatively hard and durable material (e.g., rubber or durable foam that contacts the ground, floor, or other surface). The sole 12 may also include a midsole formed by a material that provides cushioning and absorption during normal wear and / or athletic training or athletic performance. Examples of materials commonly used in the midsole are, for example, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), thermoplastic elastomers (e.g., polyether block amides), etc. The sole may also have additional components, such as additional cushioning components (e.g., springs, air bags, etc.), functional components (e.g., motion control components for processing internal rotation or external rotation), protective components (e.g., elastic plates for preventing damage to the foot due to dangers on the floor or ground), etc. As indicated above, one aspect of the present disclosure includes a midsole with a support structure system (e.g., support structure 20).

[0025] refer to Figure 2 , a support structure 20 is described according to one aspect of the present disclosure, and Figure 3A and Figure 3B Depicted in Figure 2 A cross-sectional view of the support structure 20 taken at the reference numerals 3A-3A and 3B-3B identified in FIG. Figure 2 In the figure, the support structure 20 is depicted as Figure 1 The present disclosure relates to a discrete support structure 20 that is separate from the sole 12 in the shoe, and one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a discrete support structure 20 that is independent of the sole or included in the sole. The support structure 20 includes a tubular body 22 that includes a wall 24 that partially surrounds a hollow cavity 26 and extends circumferentially about a reference axis 28. As used in the present disclosure, the reference axis is a reference line that passes through the hollow cavity 26 at a series of points equidistant between opposite sides of an inner surface 38. The wall 24 includes an outer surface 40 that faces away from the hollow cavity 26, an inner surface 38 that faces the hollow cavity 26, and a wall thickness 42 between the outer surface 40 and the inner surface 38.

[0026] The tubular body 22 includes a first end 30 and a second end 32 spaced apart in an axial direction, and the support structure 20 includes a height 44 measured from the first end 30 to the second end 32. The tubular body 22 is open at the first end 30 and the second end 32, such that the wall 24 does not surround these portions of the tubular body 22. In addition, the tubular body 22 includes one or more diameters (e.g., 50, 52, 54, and 55) that can vary from one portion of the tubular body to another.

[0027] The size, shape, dimensions and other factors of the support structure may be described, defined or specified in various ways. In addition, as will be described in other parts of this disclosure, the wall thickness 42, height 44 and other characteristics may vary depending on various factors. For the purpose of explanation, reference will be made to Figure 2 , Figure 3A and Figure 3B Some aspects of these features are described in this section of the disclosure, and these aspects may be revisited and expanded upon in other sections of the disclosure.

[0028] In one aspect of the present disclosure, the tubular wall thickness 42 is in the range of about 0.50 mm to about 1.5 mm. In another aspect, the tubular wall thickness 42 is in the range of about 0.75 mm to about 1.25 mm. In another aspect, the tubular wall thickness 42 is in the range of about 0.90 mm to about 1.15 mm. In yet another aspect, the tubular wall thickness 42 is about 1.05 mm. In yet another aspect, the tubular wall thickness 42 is about 1.15 mm. These are examples of some aspects of the tubular wall thickness 42, which may vary based on various factors and considerations as will be described in other parts of the present disclosure. In other aspects, the tubular wall thickness 42 may be less than the above ranges, or may be greater than the above ranges.

[0029] The support structure 20 also includes a height 44 measured from the first end 30 to the second end 32. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the height 44 is in the range of about 0.75 cm to about 1.5 cm. In another aspect, the height 44 is in the range of about 1 cm to about 1.25 cm. In yet another aspect, the height 44 is about 1.05 cm. In yet another aspect, the height 44 is about 1.15 cm. These are examples of some aspects of the height 44, which may vary based on various factors and considerations as will be described in other parts of the present disclosure. In other aspects, the height 44 may be less than these described ranges, or may be greater than these described ranges.

[0030] like Figure 2 , Figure 3A and Figure 3BAs depicted, in some aspects of the present disclosure, the wall 24 curves inwardly as the wall 24 extends continuously between the first end 30 and the second end 32. The curvature of the wall and the resulting overall structure of the wall surface can be described in various ways. In addition, in different aspects, the curvature of the wall 24 can vary. For example, the tubular wall 24 includes an inner surface 38 facing the cavity 26, and in one aspect, the inner surface 38 is convex as it extends from the first end 30 to the second end 32, as shown in FIG. Figure 3A In addition, as the inner surface 38 extends about the reference axis 28, the inner surface 38 maintains a convex nature from the first end 30 to the second end 32. In addition, as shown Figure 3B As depicted, inner surface 38 is concave in a cross-sectional plane extending perpendicular to axis 28 as wall 24 extends about axis 28. Tubular wall 24 also includes an outer surface 40 facing away from cavity 26, and on the other hand, outer surface 40 is concave as outer surface 40 extends from first end 30 to second end 32. Similar to inner surface 38, outer surface 40 maintains the concave nature from first end 30 to second end 32 as outer surface 40 extends about reference axis 28. In addition, as shown in FIG. Figure 3B As depicted, the outer surface 40 is convex in a cross-sectional plane extending perpendicular to the axis 28 as the wall 24 extends about the axis 28 .

[0031] Due to the tubular nature of the support structure 20, the wall 24 includes an inner diameter, and the inner diameter gradually changes from the first end 30 to the second end 32. That is, at each end of the support structure 20, the inner diameter includes a corresponding value, and the inner diameter gradually decreases as the wall 24 extends away from the end and bends toward the middle region 31 of the tubular body 22. For example, Figure 3A A first diameter 50 of the inner surface 38 at the first end 30, a second diameter 52 that is less than the first diameter 50, and a third diameter 54 that is less than the second diameter 52 are depicted. In one aspect, each end of the tubular body 22 includes an edge 60 that includes a circumferential portion of the inner surface having a maximum diameter before the inner surface flattens into a plane or transitions to another structure (as will be described in a subsequent section). In aspects of the present disclosure, the diameter of the tubular body 22 can vary. For example, in one aspect, the maximum diameter 50 (i.e., inner diameter) at the edge of each end is in the range of about 4 mm to about 8 mm, and the narrowest inner diameter 55 of the tubular body (e.g., between the ends 30 and 32) is in the range of about 2 mm to about 5 mm. Based on the range of height 44 identified above, in one aspect of the present disclosure, the support structure 20 includes a height 44 to edge diameter 50 ratio in the range of about 1:1 to about 4:1.

[0032] In one aspect of the present disclosure, the curvature of the outer surface 40 extending from the first end 30 to the second end 32 is a simple curve having a constant radius. In another aspect, the curvature of the outer surface 40 extending from the first end 30 to the second end 32 is a complex curve having multiple different radii. In another aspect, when the wall 24 surrounds the cavity 26, the curvature of the inner surface and the outer surface remains relatively constant. In one aspect, where the curvature of the outer surface 40 meets the definition of a catenary curve, the tubular body 22 can form a catenary surface. In another aspect, the tubular body 22 can form a helicoid.

[0033] The configuration of the outer surface 40, including various qualities such as size and shape, may be determined or defined in other ways. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the outer surface of the support structure 20 is a minimum surface. Typically, the minimum surface includes zero mean curvature, and the minimum surface can be defined by an equation. Among other things, by using a minimum surface geometry having a curved surface for the support structure, the force load applied to the support structure 20 can be more evenly distributed across the continuous surface of the system, as opposed to a larger axial distribution that might otherwise occur, such as where the struts intersect each other. In another aspect, the equation "E1" defining the minimum surface of the outer surface 40 includes:

[0034] sin(x)*sin(y)+cos(y)*cos(z)=0

[0035] In one aspect of the present disclosure, factors of the support structure 20, such as dimensions and configuration (e.g., curvature of the walls) affect the contribution of the support structure to the cushioning function of the footwear sole. For example, the dimensions and configuration may affect the rate and consistency at which the support structure 20 compresses under load. In addition, the dimensions and configuration may affect the amount of force at which the support structure 20 is subjected to an increased rate of compression (similar to a collapse action or bottoming out). For example, omitting flat or planar surfaces and corners, joints, and junctions in the support structure 20 may reduce the likelihood that the compressive forces will be concentrated in a smaller number of locations when the support structure is under load, and in this regard, the compressive forces may be more evenly distributed throughout the support structure 20. For example, when the configuration of the outer surface is a minimum surface, the force load may be distributed over the entire area of ​​the surface, as opposed to a strut-based surface where the force load may be concentrated in the cross-section of the strut. Among them, a strut-based system may experience failures in the structure due to repeated bending of the strut elements at locations that bear a larger portion of the force load.

[0036] In another aspect, the structure of support structure 20 affects the ability of support structure 20 to couple with other support structures in a manner that allows the combination of support structures to also contribute to cushioning functionality. In these aspects, support structure 20 includes features and factors as a basic unit or cell that are important to the function of the system as a whole (e.g., a support structure system in a footwear sole), and some subsequent aspects of the present disclosure provide additional explanations as to how the support structure system contributes to the function of the footwear sole.

[0037] Support structure 20 may be coupled to one or more other similarly shaped support structures in a support structure system that may be configured for integration into a footwear sole. The support structure system may be organized into various arrangements of rows, columns, matrices, arrays, etc. For example, referring to Figure 4 , describes a support structure system 410 including a first support structure 120, a second support structure 220, and a third support structure 320. The first support structure 120 and the third support structure 320 are positioned in the same row 412 of support structures, while the second support structure 220 is positioned in a second row 414 that is staggered relative to the first row 412. For illustration purposes, Figure 5A Depicted in Figure 4 A cross-sectional view taken at the reference plane 5A-5A identified in FIG. 1 , and Figure 5B Depicted in Figure 4 A cross-sectional view taken at the reference plane 5B-5B identified in FIG.

[0038] like Figure 5A As illustrated by the depicted cross-section, axis 128 of first support structure 120 in first row 412 is not coaxial with axis 228 of second support structure 220 in second row 414 along a common axis. In this sense, axis 128 is laterally (or horizontally) offset from axis 228 (i.e., laterally opposite or perpendicular to the generally longitudinal orientation of the axis). First support structure 120 and second support structure 220 are also laterally offset from each other. Furthermore, first support structure 120 and second support structure 220 are themselves longitudinally (or vertically) offset in the longitudinal direction of the axis. As used herein, the terms "vertical" or "vertically" refer only to the longitudinal direction of the axis relative to the page. Figure 5A The up-down orientation of the depiction of the invention and when support structures 120 and 220 are integrated into a footwear sole, "vertically" does not necessarily refer to this orientation. In addition, "horizontal" or "horizontally" refers only to the orientation relative to the top of the page. Figure 5A 1 and 220 are depicted in a left-right orientation, and when support structures 120 and 220 are integrated into a footwear sole, "horizontal" or "horizontally" does not necessarily refer to this orientation.

[0039] The relationship between first support structure 120 and second support structure 220 may include additional features or characteristics related to and helpful for at least a portion of system 410. In addition, both first support structure 120 and second support structure 220 may include features related to Figure 2 , Figure 3A and Figure 3B The support structure 20 described herein is consistent with the elements, and some of these elements are Figure 4 and Figure 5A . Thus, the first support structure 120 and the second support structure 220 can each include a tubular body including walls 124 and 224 that at least partially surround the hollow cavity 126 and 226 and extend circumferentially around the hollow cavity and the reference axis 128 and 228. In addition, the tubular body of each of the first support structure 120 and the second support structure 220 can include a first end 130 and 230 and a second end 132 and 232 that are spaced apart in the axial direction. In addition, the wall 124 and 224 of each support structure can bend inwardly as the wall extends between the first end and the second end, and the wall can include an outer surface 140 and 240 that faces away from the hollow cavity and an inner surface 138 and 238 that faces toward the hollow cavity. The support structures 120 and 220 can include, independently of each other or together, Figure 2 , Figure 3A and Figure 3B Any additional components described.

[0040] As described above, rows 412 and 414 are staggered, laterally offset and arranged end to end. Figure 5A ), first support structure 120 is partially stacked atop and staggered relative to second support structure 220. In addition, one or more surfaces extend continuously from first support structure 120 to second support structure 220 to configure a corresponding surface portion of the tubular wall of each structure. For example, dashed reference line 420 ( Figure 4 ) is illustrated on a single continuous surface that includes a first portion of the exterior surface 140 of the first support structure 120 and a first portion of the interior surface 238 of the second support structure 220. In this manner, the dashed reference line 420 illustrates the manner in which the single continuous surface transitions from the exterior surface 140 of one support structure 120 to the interior surface 238 of the other support structure 220. In a complementary manner, on opposite sides of the walls 124 and 224 (at Figure 4 ), the single surface continuously forms the inner surface 138 of the support structure 120 and extends therefrom to the outer surface 240 of the support structure 220.

[0041] These aspects are also Figure 5AThe cross section depicted is illustrated, and the reference plane in which the cross section 5A-5A lies is aligned with the reference line 420. Thus, Figure 5A A first outer surface portion 141 of the first support structure 120 is illustrated as being continuous with a first inner surface portion 239 of the second support structure 220. Furthermore, the first outer surface portion 141 includes a concave curvature extending between the first end 130 and the second end 132, and the first inner surface portion 239 includes a convex curvature extending between the first end 230 and the second end 232. As explained above, a single continuous surface transitions from the outer surface portion 141 to the inner surface portion 239. In a complementary manner, Figure 5A An inner surface portion 139 of the first support structure 120 (which is convex as it extends between the first end 130 and the second end 132) is illustrated as being continuous with an outer surface portion 241 of the second support structure 220 (which is concave as it extends between the first end 230 and the second end 232).

[0042] In one aspect of the present disclosure, the first support structure 120 has a second end edge 160 that includes a circumferential portion of the inner surface 138, and the edge of the second end edge 160 is adjacent to the junction 152 with the outer surface portion 241 (i.e., the portion where the inner surface portion 139 transitions to the outer surface portion 241). In addition, the second support structure 220 includes a first end edge 260, the first end edge 260 includes a circumferential portion of the inner surface 238, and the edge of the first end edge 260 is adjacent to the junction 252 with the outer surface portion 141 (i.e., the portion where the inner surface portion 239 transitions to the outer surface portion 141). As shown in reference Figure 2 As explained, the second end edge 160 and the first end edge 260 each include a corresponding diameter. In another aspect of the present disclosure, the axes 128 and 228 of the first support structure 120 and the second support structure 220 are offset by a distance 426 that is equal to the average of the diameters of the second end edge 160 and the first end edge 260. In addition, the joints 152 and 252 can be directly opposite each other on either side of the wall in a plane 424 extending parallel to the two axes.

[0043] The junction (e.g., 152 or 252) or the point where one surface transitions to another surface (e.g., the point where the outer portion 141 transitions to the inner portion 239) can be identified in a variety of ways. For example, in one aspect of the present disclosure, the transition point is located where the concave outer surface becomes a convex inner surface. In another aspect, the transition point is located where the convex inner surface becomes a concave outer surface. In other aspects, the flat surface may extend between and connect the concave surface and the convex surface, and in this case, the junction (i.e., the transition point) is at the midpoint between the convex surface and the concave surface.

[0044] As explained in other portions of the present disclosure, the outer surface of the support structure may include a minimum surface. Among other things, the minimum surface geometry can help distribute loads more evenly throughout the system 410, such as when loads are typically applied axially or in other directions. Thus, in one aspect, the outer surfaces 140 and 240, including portions 141 and 241, can both include portions of a minimum surface structure. For example, the outer surfaces 140 and 240 of both support structures 120 and 220 can include a catenary surface or a helicoidal surface. In one aspect, the outer surface is defined by equation E1. Additionally, as explained above, the structure of the support structure 20 affects the ability of the support structure 20 to couple with other support structures in a manner that allows the combination of support structures to also contribute to a buffering function. This aspect is illustrated at least in part by reference line 420, which shows a continuous surface that smoothly transitions from one support structure 120 to another support structure 220. This aspect is also illustrated by Figure 5A The cross-sectional diagram shows that Figure 5A The cross-sectional view of shows a smooth transition from wall 124 to wall 224. The smooth transition minimizes corners or other wall joints that might otherwise produce unequal load distribution. That is, such a continuous and smooth transition between support structures helps reduce the likelihood of compressive forces being concentrated in a few locations (e.g., wall joints) and allows compressive forces to be more evenly distributed throughout the support structure system.

[0045] Figure 4 and Figure 5B It is also helpful to illustrate the relationship between first support structure 120 and third support structure 320 arranged side by side, such that axes 128 and 328 are laterally (or horizontally) offset and not coaxial along the same axis. However, structures 120 and 320 themselves are not longitudinally or vertically offset from each other or stacked in an end-to-end manner. That is, between structures 120 and 320, an edge of at least one of the structures lies in a respective plane that is aligned with an edge of the other structure, or between the edges of the other structure. Support structures that are not laterally axially aligned have axes that are parallel or skewed and not coaxial.

[0046] The third support structure 320 may also include Figure 2 The elements described are, for example, a wall, a first end, a second end, an inner surface, an outer surface, a wall thickness, a height, a curvature, etc. In addition, one or more surfaces extend continuously from the first support structure 120 to the third support structure 320 to configure the corresponding surface portion of the tubular wall of each structure. For example, the dashed reference line 422 is illustrated on a single continuous surface and is aligned with the reference plane 5B-5B. Figure 5BSecond outer surface portion 143 of first support structure 120 is illustrated as being continuous with outer surface portion 343 of third support structure 320. Furthermore, outer surface portions 143 and 343 form a continuous closed chain as the continuous surface extends from first support structure 120 to third support structure 320, back to first support structure 120, and so on. Figure 5B Also illustrated is a second inner surface portion 137 (also referred to as inner surface portion 337) of the first support structure 120 that is continuous with the inner surface portion 337 of the third support structure 320. Figure 5A Inner surface portions 137 and 337 form a continuous closed chain as the continuous surface extends from first support structure 120 to third support structure 320, back to first support structure 120, etc.

[0047] Similar to the explanation of the relationship between support structures 120 and 220, the continuous surfaces of 143 and 343 and 137 and 337 smoothly transition from one support structure 120 to the other support structure 320. The smooth transition minimizes corners or other wall joints that might otherwise absorb more force. In other words, such continuous and smooth transitions between support structures help reduce the likelihood that compressive forces will be concentrated in fewer locations and allow compressive forces to be more evenly distributed throughout the support structure system.

[0048] The supporting structure system can be further constructed, and Fig. 6A Another aspect is illustrated in which additional rows 612 and 614 of support structures have been added to the system 410. (Note that the broken lines on the edges of the walls illustrate that the system can be further expanded as additional support structures are added to the illustrated matrix.) In addition, Figure 6B A cross-sectional view showing the relationship between some of the support structures and illustrating that a continuous surface can transition from one support structure to another is illustrated, similar to Figure 4 , Figure 5A and Figure 5B In accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, Fig. 6A It is described that a support structure can have a continuous surface with at least six other support structures. Figure 6B In the embodiment, support structure 620 includes an end-to-end staggered arrangement of support structures 622, 624, 626, and 628, and in Fig. 6A In FIG. 6 , support structure 620 includes a side-by-side relationship with support structures 630 and 632. It should be noted that the term “stacked” may refer to an end-to-end arrangement, and in Figure 6B, support structures 620, 622, and 624 are illustrated on the drawing sheet as being stacked on and supported by support structures 626 and 628. In other aspects, when the entire system is integrated into another article (e.g., a footwear sole), the orientation of the entire system can be rotated clockwise or counterclockwise, in which case the support structures can still be stacked in an end-to-end sense. For example, support structure 622 and support structure 620 are end-to-end with each other and are laterally staggered (e.g., laterally opposite to the longitudinal orientation of the axis).

[0049] Figure 6B Other structural aspects of the support structure system are described. For example, some of the support structures in different rows are coaxial, in other words, the reference axis of a first support structure is aligned with the reference axis of a second support structure along a common axis. For example, the reference axis of support structure 622 is aligned with the reference axis of support structure 626 along common axis 638. These coaxial support structures form columns of spaced-apart coaxial support structures (e.g., they are spaced apart by staggered, interwoven rows of support structures). For example, support structure 622 is spaced apart from support structure 626 by staggered, interwoven support structure 620, and in Figure 6B Reference lines 640A and 640B are provided in the figure to depict an example column 642. Support structures arranged in a row may also be referred to as "axially aligned," which describes two or more support structures that are longitudinally (e.g., oriented longitudinally along the axis) sequentially (non-concentrically) aligned along a common axis such that the axes of the axially aligned support structures are substantially coaxial.

[0050] As explained in other parts of the present disclosure, the outer surface of the support structures 620, 622, 624, 626, 628, 630 and 632 may include a minimum surface. For example, the outer surface of the support structures 620, 622, 624, 626, 628, 630 and 632 may include a catenary surface or a helical surface. In addition, the outer surface can be defined by equation E1. Among them, as explained above, the minimum surface geometry can help to distribute the load more evenly throughout the system 610. In addition, the structure of the individual support structures helps each structure to connect to the adjacent structure in a manner that minimizes high pressure or higher load bearing points.

[0051] In another aspect of the invention, the support structure system is built on various parts of the sole of the footwear. For example, Fig. 6A and Figure 6B The system 610 can be pushed outward from the medial side to the lateral side and from the heel area to the forefoot area to form Figure 1 At least a portion of the sole structure 12 of the footwear. In addition, the system 610 can be extrapolated and only selectively positioned in different portions of the footwear sole. For example, the extrapolation system can be selectively positioned in the forefoot, midfoot, heel, lateral side, medial side, any portion of the foregoing, and any combination thereof.

[0052] In the context of footwear soles, a support structure or support structure system may have various elements and operations. Figure 1 1, sole 12 includes a ground-contacting outsole having two or more ground-contacting surfaces positioned in reference plane 13 (when the outsole is at rest on the ground). In one aspect of the present disclosure, a reference axis of one or more support structures included in the sole (e.g., reference axis 28 of support structure 20) is inclined toward heel region 18. In other words, support structure 20 includes an upper end 21 and a lower end 23, and upper end 21 is positioned closer to heel region 18 than lower end 23. In addition, the upper end is further away from the outsole than lower end 21. Thus, in Figure 1 In some aspects, reference axis 27 intersects reference plane 13 at an angle 29 in the range of about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees. In another aspect, reference axis 27 intersects reference plane 13 at an angle 29 of 45 degrees. In other aspects of the present disclosure, angle 29 can be less than or greater than this range. For example, angle 29 can be perpendicular to reference plane 13, or the axis can be tilted toward the forefoot. In some aspects, the angular orientation of the support structure relative to the ground contact surface can provide alignment with the direction of ground forces, which helps the amount of cushioning and response.

[0053] In one aspect of the present disclosure, when a load is applied, the independent support structures and the system as a whole can compress in various ways. For example, in some aspects, the walls of each support structure fold, bend or collapse, and this change of state caused by the wall absorbs at least part of the load (i.e., provides some load reduction). In addition, arranging the support structures into the system may help the function of the system as a whole. For example, when the force is transferred from one part of the system to another part, the system arranging the support structures into a continuous surface can help a more gentle, uniform and smooth structure-by-structure collapse. In other words, when a ground force is applied to the first support structure in the system (e.g., a foot strike when running), the connected second support structure becomes ready to gradually collapse due to the continuous surface between the first and second support structures transferring some initial force from the first support structure to the second support structure. This continuous surface, and the gradual and relatively linear transfer of the resulting force, creates a domino effect from one support structure to the next, which may result in a more uniform collapse of the system as a whole compared to other cell-based or grid-based systems. In this sense, the support structure system is at least partially a metamaterial, such that the impact attenuation functionality derives from properties other than those of the underlying material (eg, EVA or TPU).

[0054] In addition, the properties of the underlying material may also contribute to the impact attenuation function, which will be described in more detail below. For example, the wall itself can compress so that the size of the wall under load is reduced from a first thickness to a smaller second thickness to provide additional load attenuation. This aspect of the present disclosure in which the sole function is derived from the configuration of both the support structure and the underlying material can be different from some other soles in which a greater amount of the sole function, such as cushioning, is derived from the underlying material (e.g., a solid foam midsole). By configuring the support structure in a manner that also contributes to the sole function, such as having a uniform load distribution that is at least partially attributable to the wall configuration, the aspects of the present disclosure having a matrix of spaced-apart support structures provide a lighter sole compared to a solid foam midsole.

[0055] Various previous sections of the present disclosure describe aspects of support structures and support structure systems that facilitate a cushioning function in a footwear sole when a force is applied. This cushioning function is at least partially related to the configuration or shape of the support structure, and some additional aspects of the present disclosure relate to methods and materials for manufacturing the support structure system. For example, a variety of different manufacturing techniques and materials may be used, and some techniques and materials may provide different qualities and qualities to the manufactured support structure.

[0056] In one aspect of the present disclosure, a support structure system is manufactured using 3D additive manufacturing techniques. In some cases, 3D additive manufacturing techniques may be more suitable for manufacturing articles having certain geometries than some other manufacturing techniques (e.g., injection molding or casting). For example, using injection molding to construct a support structure system (e.g., Figure 4 and Fig. 6A ) may be more difficult. Various 3D additive manufacturing techniques can be used to construct the support structure system. For example, in one example, the support structure system can be constructed using selective laser sintering (SLS) or stereolithography (SLA). On the other hand, the support structure system can be manufactured using multi-jet fusion technology. Each of these technologies can be optimized based on the materials used, the geometry and wall thickness of the part, and the target properties of the part, such as by adjusting the initial temperature of the machine or material bed and the method and delivery of energy used to bond the substrate material. For example, when performing multi-jet fusion technology, each of the steps can be adjusted based on the substrate material, including the temperature of the material bed and the substrate material, the type of molten ink, the temperature of the molten ink, the type of energy or heat applied, the amount of thermal energy applied, the number of times the molten ink passes, the speed at which the molten ink passes, etc.

[0057] In one aspect of the present disclosure, the support structure system is manufactured by a base material through a 3D additive manufacturing technique, and the base material includes a resilient material property, which contributes to the function of the support structure system in the sole of the footwear. For example, in one aspect of the present disclosure, the support structure is constructed by a base material with high rebound and high resilience. High rebound can be defined as a rebound value of at least 50%. And in other aspects, the rebound percentage is higher and can be at least 60%. In another aspect, the rebound percentage can be at least 65%. The rebound percentage can be tested using various techniques, such as by using a Schob pendulum or other types of hammers or hammers. In addition, the resilient properties of the material can be related to the performance of the sole of the footwear in various ways. For example, as described above, the configuration of the independent support structure and the support structure system contributes to the buffering function, and the resilient properties of the base material can contribute to the energy return function. In other words, the configuration of the independent support structure and the support structure system can at least partially determine the rate and force of the sole compression, and the resilient properties can at least partially determine the recovery of the sole when the force is taken back or removed (for example, when the foot is pulled or lifted off the ground).

[0058] The support structure system can be constructed of various materials with resilience that contributes to the energy return function. For example, in one aspect, the support structure system is constructed of a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with a rebound percentage of at least 50%. On the other hand, the TPU has a rebound percentage of at least 60%. On the other hand, the TPU has a rebound percentage of at least 65%. As explained above, the support structure system can be manufactured using a multi-jet fusion technique, and in one aspect of the present disclosure, the technique is suitable for TPU substrate materials. For example, various steps in the multi-jet fusion technique are suitable for TPU, including the initial temperature of the substrate material or material bed before fusion, the type of molten ink, the temperature of the molten ink, the type of energy or heat applied, the amount of thermal energy applied, the number of times the molten ink passes, the speed at which the molten ink passes, or any combination thereof.

[0059] In another aspect of the present disclosure, the support structure can be adjusted on various areas of the footwear sole to achieve the amount of cushioning and response. For example, the support structure in the sole 12 can include a consistent wall thickness, height, and angular orientation throughout all parts of the sole. On the other hand, each of these elements can change independently, collectively, and in any combination in different areas or ranges of the footwear sole. For example, the wall thickness of the support structure can gradually change from one area of ​​the sole to another area of ​​the sole. In an illustrative aspect, the heel area of ​​the sole includes a support structure with a wall thickness of about 0.90mm; the forefoot area includes a support structure with a wall thickness of about 1.15mm; the wall thickness of the support structure therebetween gradually increases from 0.90mm to 1.15mm. This is just an example of how the support structure features change on the sole. In other cases, the heel area can include a support structure with a thicker wall relative to the wall thickness of the support structure in the forefoot. Similarly, the medial side can include a support structure with different characteristics from the lateral side. Various other qualities may also be adjusted on the support structure system, such as the matrix structure, the material, and the addition of another material to fill gaps between support structures and / or hollow cavities between support structures.

[0060] On the other hand, the support structure dimensions can be adjusted based on various factors. For example, the wall thickness can be increased in one or more areas of the wearer's sole, which can generate greater force when the wearer contacts the ground due to weight, activity, running form, etc. In another example, the wall thickness can be adjusted to supplement or correct the wearer's running gait, stride, foot strike (e.g., degree of pronation). Therefore, according to one aspect of the present disclosure, the sole with a support structure system can be customized for a specific wearer based on the size of the shoe, weight, type of activity, sports biomechanics, required degree of cushioning, required degree of response, or any combination thereof. Various aspects of the present disclosure are particularly suitable for customization based on the ability to realize changes in the sole that can be perceived by people (at least based on subjective feedback) by making relatively small changes to the support structure dimensions. For example, tests show that some users wearing footwear with a sole constructed using the support structure described in the present disclosure can subjectively detect changes in the support structure wall thickness as small as 0.05 mm (e.g., changes in the feeling of cushioning or responsiveness). As used herein, the term "sports biomechanics" describes the quantitative and qualitative classification of multiple positions of the wearer's body at each stage of motion (including running, walking, and jumping). In addition to adjusting the individual support structures, the overall configuration of the midsole can be adjusted based on the above factors. For example, the heel area can be thicker than other areas of the midsole. In other aspects, the lateral and / or medial peripheral portions can be thicker than the centrally located area.

[0061] 7A to 7C , FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C and FIG. 10A to FIG. 10CEach depicts a different sole structure according to aspects of the present disclosure. In one aspect, various programming techniques can be used to generate the sole structure, such as 7A to 7C , FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C and FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C For example, you can use the trademark or In one embodiment, the Grasshopper definition can be used to generate a support structure having a minimum surface equation (e.g., E1). Using the Grasshopper definition, various other parameters can be specified, such as wall thickness, sole perimeter shape, sole thickness, sole size, sole footbed topography, and sole outsole topography. Using these parameters, the Grasshopper definition can make the support structure conform to the defined surface and fill the space or envelope therebetween. On the other hand, the explicit definition can be customized based on various factors, such as by adjusting wall thickness, support structure height, axis orientation, etc.

[0062] 7A to 7C A sole 712 comprising a system having support structures (e.g., 720 and 722), and at least some of the support structures include a sole similar to that described with respect to Figure 2 The support structure 20 of the shoe sole 712 may include features described above. For example, the support structure of the shoe sole 712 may include a tubular body having an inwardly curved wall. In another aspect, the outer surface of the inwardly curved wall may be defined by a minimum surface equation (e.g., E1). In another aspect, the ground contacting outsole of the shoe sole 712 includes two or more surfaces positioned in a reference plane 724, and the support structure may include reference axes 728 and 730 that are angled relative to the reference plane. The shoe sole 712 may include a plurality of surfaces similar to those described above with respect to the reference plane 724. Fig. 6A and Figure 6B The support structure system of the system 610 described above. For example, the continuous surface can transition from one support structure to an adjacent support structure in a manner that helps to evenly distribute force loads and reduce loads. For the sake of brevity, the following description of the support structure will not be repeated here. Figures 1 to 6B All features of the support structure described, but it should be understood that the support structure and support structure system of the sole 712 can include all of these features.

[0063] In addition, as an alternative to system 610, sole 712 may include support structures 720 and 722 having respective axes that are non-parallel to each other and skewed (relative to each other) but have similar angles relative to reference plane 724. The orientation of the axis is another characteristic that can be adjusted, customized, or tuned based on a particular wearer. In additional aspects of the present disclosure, a first area of ​​sole 712 may include a support structure having an axis in a first orientation; a second area of ​​sole 712 may include a support structure having an axis in a second orientation different from the first orientation; and the axis orientation of the support structure between the first and second areas may gradually change from the first orientation to the second orientation.

[0064] In another aspect, sole 712 includes a heel strap 732 coupled to sole 712 and extending around the back of upper 714. Heel strap 732 can be integrally formed (e.g., 3D printed, molded, cast, etc.) with sole 712, or can be attached after sole 712 is formed, such as by using an adhesive. Among other things, the strap can provide additional stability, fit, durability, etc.

[0065] FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C A sole 812 comprising a system having support structures (e.g., 820 and 822), and at least some of the support structures include a sole similar to that described with respect to Figure 2 The support structure 20 of the shoe sole 812 may include features described above. For example, the support structure of the shoe sole 812 may include a tubular body having an inwardly curved wall. In another aspect, the outer surface of the inwardly curved wall may be defined by a minimum surface equation (e.g., E1). In another aspect, the ground contacting outsole of the shoe sole 812 includes two or more surfaces positioned in a reference plane 824, and the support structure may include reference axes 828 and 830 that are angled relative to the reference plane. The shoe sole 812 may include a plurality of surfaces similar to those described above with respect to the reference plane 824. Fig. 6A and Figure 6B The support structure system of the system 610 described above. For example, the continuous surface can transition from one support structure to an adjacent support structure in a manner that helps to evenly distribute force loads and reduce loads. For the sake of brevity, the following description of the support structure will not be repeated here. Figures 1 to 6B All features of the support structure described, but it should be understood that the support structure and support structure system of the sole 812 can include all of these features.

[0066] Similar to sole 712, sole 812 may include support structures 820 and 822 having respective axes that are non-parallel to each other and are skewed (relative to each other) but have similar angles relative to reference plane 824. In another aspect of the present disclosure, some support structures (e.g., 840) may be taller than other support structures. For example, in sole 812, the support structures that transition from the midfoot region to the heel region around the peripheral edge of sole 812 are taller than other support structures in sole 812. FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C As can be seen in the figure, these higher support structures have the appearance of being pulled or stretched upward relative to other support structures in the sole. Among other things, these higher peripheral areas of the sole 812 can contribute to lateral stability. In addition, these areas can provide anchoring surfaces for attaching the upper 814 to the sole 812 (e.g., in the position line area using an adhesive or other bonding agent). In addition, by gradually increasing the support structure height, as opposed to simply stacking additional support structures, the integrity of the matrix can be maintained in a manner that helps to evenly distribute force loads.

[0067] FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C The shoe includes a sole 1012 having a support structure system (e.g., 1020 and 1022A-1022C and 1040A-1040B), and at least some of the support structures include Figure 2 The support structure 20 of the shoe sole 1012 may be described as follows. For example, the support structure of the shoe sole 1012 may include a tubular body having an inwardly curved wall. In another aspect, the outer surface of the inwardly curved wall may be defined by a minimum surface equation (e.g., E1). In another aspect, the ground contacting outsole of the shoe sole 1012 may include two or more surfaces positioned in a reference plane 1024, and the support structure may include reference axes 1028 and 1030 that are angled relative to the reference plane. The shoe sole 1012 may include a plurality of surfaces that are similar to those described with respect to FIG. Fig. 6A and Figure 6B The support structure system of the system 610 described above. For example, the continuous surface can transition from one support structure to an adjacent support structure in a manner that helps to evenly distribute force loads and reduce loads. For the sake of brevity, the following description of the support structure will not be repeated here. Figures 1 to 6B All features of the support structure described, but it should be understood that the support structure and support structure system of sole 1012 can include all of these features.

[0068] The sole also includes a footbed surface 1009 and an outsole surface 1011. In one aspect of the present disclosure, the support structure system of the sole 1012 generally transitions from a first region (e.g., a heel region) to a second region (e.g., a midfoot region or a forefoot region). In the first region, the support structure system is arranged in staggered rows of support structures (e.g., Fig. 6A), and some of the support structures in different rows are coaxial, in other words, the reference axis of the first support structure is aligned with the reference axis of the second support structure along a common axis. These coaxial support structures form columns of spaced-apart coaxial support structures (e.g., they are separated by staggered, interlaced rows of support structures) spanning the distance between the footbed surface 1009 and the outsole surface 1011. For example, in FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C , the heel area of ​​sole 1012 includes one or more rows of three support structures, such as three support structures 1022A, 1022B, and 1022C (also referred to herein as a "triplet arrangement"), having respective axes aligned along a common axis. Additionally, sole 1012 transitions from the rows of three support structures in the heel area of ​​sole 1012 to a single support structure (e.g., 1020) in the forefoot, spanning the distance between footbed surface 1009 and outsole surface 1011. Support structures arranged in rows may also be referred to as "axially aligned," which describes two or more support structures that are sequentially (non-concentrically) longitudinally (e.g., oriented longitudinally along the axis) aligned along a common axis such that the axes of the axially aligned support structures are substantially coaxial. Although in FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C Only the support structures along the lateral side are identified in , but when the system moves from the lateral side of the sole to the medial side of the sole, the three-ply arrangement continues in adjacent rows. Similarly, a row of single support structures aligned with support structure 1020 extends from the lateral side to the medial side.

[0069] like FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C As illustrated, the support structure system gradually transitions from a three-ply arrangement in the heel region (e.g., a column of three support structures) to a single support structure in the forefoot. For example, sole 1012 includes a two-ply arrangement with structures 1040A and 1040B in the midfoot region (e.g., structures 1040A and 1040B are aligned in a column) and between the three-ply arrangement and single support structure 1020. Thus, as sole 1012 transitions from the heel region to the midfoot region to the forefoot region, sole 1012 transitions from a three-ply arrangement to a two-ply arrangement to a single support structure.

[0070] Each of the three support structures 1022A-1022C in the heel area, the two support structures 1040A-1040B in the midfoot, and the single support structure 1020 in the forefoot includes corresponding dimensions, such as height, diameter, and wall thickness. The gradual transition from three laminates to two laminates to a single support structure may include a constant set of corresponding dimensions across all support structures. Alternatively, in another embodiment, the corresponding dimensions may gradually change as the structural system transitions from a three laminate down to a single support structure in order to adjust the support structure to achieve a function or performance in a specific portion of the sole structure 1012. For example, in FIG. 10A to FIG. 10CIn the embodiment of the present invention, the height of single support structure 1020 is greater than the individual height of each of support structures 1022A to 1022C. In addition, the height of the support structure positioned between the triple stack arrangement and the single support structure can be less than the single support structure 1020 and greater than the individual height of the support structures in the triple stack. In another aspect, the wall thickness of the support structure can transition from thicker walls in the heel area (e.g., 0.85 mm to 1.5 mm) to thinner walls in the forefoot area (e.g., 0.50 mm to 1.15 mm), or vice versa.

[0071] For illustration purposes, Figures 11A to 11E An illustration of an article of footwear 1110 is depicted that includes a sole 1112 similar to sole 1012. For example, sole 1112 includes a support structure system that transitions downward from a three-layer arrangement (e.g., 1122A, 1122B, and 1122C) in the heel area to a single support structure 1120 in the forefoot. As indicated above, each of the support structures can include similar dimensions, such as height, diameter, and wall thickness. Or in alternative embodiments, these dimensions can gradually change from one portion of sole 1112 to another.

[0072] As described in other parts of the present disclosure, soles 1012 and 1112 provide cushioning and energy return and are lighter than some soles (e.g., solid foam soles) constructed according to some conventional techniques. Because the support structure (e.g., 1020, 1120, 1022, 1122, and 1140) contributes to cushioning and function, less base material is used compared to systems that rely more on the material properties of the base foam material. In addition, the configuration of the support structure (e.g., minimal surface) allows the force load (e.g., ground contact when the foot strikes when running) to be more evenly distributed throughout the system, providing consistent cushioning throughout the initial stage of the applied force load. In addition, the support structure of soles 1012 and 1112 is more durable and less prone to damage, tearing, or rupture (compared to other types of support structures such as pillars) because the force load is evenly applied to the entire wall of the support structure and the load points are minimized.

[0073] The soles constructed according to aspects of the present disclosure have been shown to provide load reduction unlike other soles, and as used herein, "load reduction" means reducing the effect of forces. Fig. 9 , depicts a line graph showing test results that plots sole deflection on the horizontal axis relative to force on the vertical axis. The deflection range is divided into an initial compression zone 914, a transition zone 916, and a final compression zone 918.

[0074] Typically, data is collected and measured by actively applying a force to a predetermined value using a load application device. For example, in one aspect, data can be collected by dropping a 7.8 kg mass onto a sample and measuring the "peak G" and "energy loss" (%). The 7.8 kg mass can take the form of a flat hammer or ram with a diameter of 4 cm, which impacts one or more areas of the footwear article at a speed of 1.0 m / s. Typically, a lower peak G value indicates a softer cushioning, and a higher value indicates a harder cushioning. A difference in peak G values ​​greater than 0.5 G between two samples (e.g., two different sole structures) is generally considered to be a meaningful difference (outside the variance of the machine). In addition, tests often show that for heel impacts, a difference in peak G values ​​greater than 1.0 G is converted into a subjective assessment of the wearer's "only significant difference" (JND) between footwear samples. Energy loss is a measure of responsiveness, and the lower the energy loss, the higher the responsiveness of the cushioning. A difference in energy loss greater than 10% is generally considered to be a meaningful difference between two samples.

[0075] Fig. 9 The curve graph of illustrates that about 175N is applied to produce about 5mm of deflection, and about 350N is applied to achieve about 10mm of deflection. On average, until about 10mm of deflection, for each additional 70N of force load, the sole deflects about 2mm, and this describes the initial compression zone 914. However, once the sole reaches about 10mm of deflection, a lesser amount of force load is required to deflect the sole an additional 2mm (i.e., from 10mm to 12mm), and according to the curve graph, this amount is less than 50N. The threshold amount of deflection reflects a critical point 912, at which point, before the end of the force application, the sole structure is more likely to deflect (less force required), and this describes a transition zone 916. The flexing action of the sole ends in a final compression zone 918 similar to the initial compression zone 914. Fig. 9 A single load reduction cycle may be depicted or may represent an average of a single footwear sole structure subjected to cyclic testing. In one aspect, cyclic testing involves repeatedly dropping a hammer or striker onto the midsole under test at a frequency related to the wearer's foot striking rhythm while performing a specific activity (e.g., running).

[0076] Can Fig. 9 The graph should be interpreted to characterize the sole structure being tested. For example, Fig. 9 One feature illustrated by the graph of is that the first two-thirds of sole deflection (ie, from zero to 10 mm) occurs relatively linearly, indicating a smooth and consistent compression under load. Fig. 9A second feature illustrated by the graph of is that a critical point that may simulate or represent "bottoming out" occurs near the end of the force cycle, and this later stage critical point helps reduce the likelihood that more load will be transferred to the wearer's body. In other words, if too much flexing occurs early in the load cycle, the sole has less ability to continue to compress when more force is applied, and this additional force will be transferred to the wearer. The final compression zone 918 illustrates another feature that may suggest that the support structure walls themselves continue to compress (e.g., from a thicker wall thickness to a thinner wall thickness) even after the support structure itself has collapsed or buckled, and this additional compression provides additional cushioning functionality.

[0077] On the other hand, the resiliency of the material of the sole structure contributes to the rate at which the sole structure transitions or "springs" back to a resting state when no load is applied once the sole structure has reached the end of the final compression zone 918. For example, if the sole is constructed of a less elastic material with a lower rebound percentage, the deflection after the final compression zone 918 may remain much higher until a much larger amount of load is removed.

[0078] Already referenced Figures 1 to 11E The examples provided describe some aspects of the present disclosure. Additional aspects of the present disclosure will now be described, which may be related subject matter included in one or more claims or clauses of the present application or in one or more related applications, but the claims or clauses are not limited to subject matter described only in the following portions of this specification. These additional aspects may include Figures 1 to 11E The characteristics described, Figures 1 to 11E Features not described herein and any combination thereof. In describing these additional aspects, for illustrative purposes, reference may be made to Figures 1 to 11E The depicted elements.

[0079] Therefore, one aspect of the present disclosure includes a support structure for a footwear sole, and examples of the support structure include, but are not limited to, each of the items identified by reference numerals 20, 120, 220, 320, 620 to 632, 720, 722, 820, 822, and 840. The support structure may be included in a footwear sole or a support structure system, or may exist as a separate component, such as before being incorporated into a footwear sole. The support structure includes a tubular body, the tubular body including a wall, the wall at least partially surrounding a hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around the hollow cavity. In addition, the tubular body includes a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other axially. When the wall extends between the first end and the second end, the wall bends inwardly. In addition, the wall includes an outer surface facing away from the hollow cavity, the outer surface being concave when it extends from the first end to the second end. The wall also includes an inner surface facing the hollow cavity, the inner surface being convex when it extends from the first end to the second end. As explained in other parts of this disclosure, the configuration of the support structure can facilitate more even force distribution compared to structures with more joints, edges, or corners.

[0080] Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a support structure arrangement for a footwear sole. It should be noted that the term "system" is also used in the present disclosure to refer to a support structure arrangement. The support structure arrangement includes at least a first support structure and at least a second support structure. In other words, the arrangement may include two support structures and may include more than two support structures. For example, support structures 120 and 220 may constitute a support structure arrangement. Similarly, support structures 120 and 320 may constitute a support structure arrangement. In addition, support structures 120, 220, and 320 may constitute a support structure arrangement. In addition, system 410 or system 610 may constitute a support structure arrangement. These are only examples. In one aspect of the support structure arrangement, each of the support structures includes a tubular body, the tubular body including a wall, the wall at least partially surrounding a hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around the hollow cavity. In addition, the tubular body of each support structure includes a first end and a second end spaced apart in an axial direction, and when the wall extends between the first end and the second end, the wall of each support structure bends inwardly. The wall includes an outer surface facing away from the hollow cavity and an inner surface facing the hollow cavity. In one aspect, the first support structure and the second support structure are arranged end-to-end. For example, support structure 120 is end-to-end with support structure 220 and axially offset from support structure 220. In addition, a first portion of the outer surface of the first support structure is continuous with a portion of the inner surface of the second support structure. As explained in other parts of this disclosure, a continuous, gradual, and smooth transition from one support structure to another support structure can contribute to a more uniform force distribution within the system.

[0081] Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a footwear sole having a ground contacting outsole coupled to an impact attenuating midsole. The ground contacting outsole has a ground contacting surface that faces away from the impact attenuating midsole and is positioned in a reference plane. The footwear sole also includes a support structure having a tubular body including a wall that at least partially surrounds a hollow cavity and extends circumferentially around a reference axis. The reference axis intersects the reference plane at an angle in a range of about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees. The tubular body includes a first end and a second end that are spaced apart in an axial direction. In addition, when the wall extends between the first end and the second end, the wall bends inwardly toward the reference axis.

[0082] As used herein and in conjunction with the clauses listed below, the term "any clause" or similar variations of the term is intended to be interpreted so that features of the claims / clauses can be combined in any combination. For example, exemplary clause 4 may indicate a method / apparatus of any of clauses 1 to 3, which is intended to be interpreted so that features of clauses 1 and 4 can be combined, elements of clauses 2 and 4 can be combined, elements of clauses 3 and 4 can be combined, elements of clauses 1, 2, and 4 can be combined, elements of clauses 2, 3, and 4 can be combined, elements of clauses 1, 2, 3, and 4 can be combined, and / or other variations. In addition, the term "any clause" or similar variations of the term is intended to include other variations of "any clause" or such terms, as indicated by some of the examples provided above.

[0083] The following clauses are contemplated aspects of this article.

[0084] Item 1. A support structure comprising a portion of a footwear sole, the support structure comprising: a tubular body, the tubular body comprising a wall, the wall at least partially surrounding a hollow cavity and extending circumferentially continuously around the hollow cavity; the tubular body comprising a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; when the wall extends between the first end and the second end, the wall bends inwardly; and the wall comprises an outer surface facing away from the hollow cavity, wherein the outer surface is concave when it extends from the first end to the second end; and the wall comprises an inner surface facing the hollow cavity, wherein the inner surface is convex when it extends from the first end to the second end.

[0085] Clause 2. The support structure of Clause 1, wherein the wall forms a catenary surface between the first end and the second end as the wall extends circumferentially around the hollow cavity.

[0086] Clause 3. A support structure according to any one of clauses 1 or 2, wherein the configuration of the outer surface satisfies a minimum surface equation including sin(x)*sin(y)+cos(y)*cos(z)=0.

[0087] Clause 4. The support structure of Clause 1, wherein the wall includes a wall thickness between the outer surface and the inner surface, and wherein the wall thickness is in a range of about 0.75 mm to about 1.5 mm.

[0088] Clause 5. The support structure of Clause 4, wherein the wall thickness is in the range of about 1.05 mm to about 1.15 mm.

[0089] Clause 6. A support structure according to Clause 1, wherein the tubular body includes an inner diameter at the first end and includes a height extending from the first end to the second end, and wherein a ratio of the height to the inner diameter is in the range of approximately 1:1 to approximately 4:1.

[0090] Clause 7. A footwear sole comprising a plurality of support structures according to any one of clauses 1 to 6.

[0091] Clause 8. The footwear sole of Clause 7, wherein a first support structure of the plurality of support structures comprises a first wall thickness, and wherein a second support structure of the plurality of support structures comprises a second wall thickness different from the first wall thickness.

[0092] Clause 9. A footwear sole according to any one of Clauses 7 or 8, wherein the footwear sole comprises a footbed surface and an outsole surface, wherein the footwear sole comprises a first area having a first number of support structures, the first number of support structures being linearly arranged along a first axis and arranged between the footbed surface and the outsole surface, and wherein the footwear sole comprises a second area having a second number of support structures, the second number of support structures being linearly arranged along a second axis and arranged between the footbed surface and the outsole surface, the first number being greater than the second number.

[0093] Clause 9b. The footwear sole of Clause 9, wherein the first axis is a common axis extending coaxially between the first number of support structures.

[0094] Clause 10. A footwear sole according to clause 9 or 9b, wherein the first area is further towards the heel than the second area.

[0095] Clause 11. A footwear sole as described in any of clauses 9, 9b or 10, wherein the second number is one, and wherein the first number is three.

[0096] Clause 12. A footwear sole according to any one of clauses 9 to 12, wherein the outsole surface is positioned in a reference plane; wherein the walls of one or more support structures extend circumferentially around a corresponding reference axis, and the corresponding reference axis intersects the reference plane at an angle in the range of about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees.

[0097] Item 13. A footwear sole according to Item 12, wherein the corresponding reference axis is inclined toward a heel area of ​​the footwear sole so that the first end of the tubular body is farther from the outsole than the second end, and the first end of the tubular body is more toward the heel relative to the second end.

[0098] Clause 14. A footwear sole according to any one of clauses 7 to 14, comprising: at least a first supporting structure and at least a second supporting structure; the first supporting structure comprises: a first tubular body, the first tubular body comprising a first wall, the first wall at least partially surrounds a first hollow cavity and extends circumferentially around the first hollow cavity, the first tubular body having a first reference axis; the first tubular body comprises a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction, wherein the first tubular body comprises a first height from the first end to the second end; when the first wall extends between the first end and the second end, the first wall bends inwardly; the first wall comprises a first outer surface facing away from the first hollow cavity and a first inner surface facing the first hollow cavity; the second supporting structure comprises: a second tubular body, the second tubular body comprises a second wall, the second wall at least partially surrounds a second hollow cavity and surrounds The second hollow cavity extends circumferentially, and the second tubular body has a second reference axis; the second tubular body includes a third end and a fourth end spaced apart from each other in the axial direction, wherein the second tubular body includes a second height from the third end to the fourth end; when the second wall extends between the third end and the fourth end, the second wall bends inwardly; the second wall includes a second outer surface facing away from the second hollow cavity and a second inner surface facing the second hollow cavity; the first support structure and the second support structure are arranged end to end so that the second end is connected to the third end; the first reference axis is offset from the second reference axis; a first portion of the first outer surface and a portion of the second inner surface continuously and uninterruptedly transition into a portion of the second inner surface; and a portion of the first inner surface and a portion of the second outer surface continuously and uninterruptedly transition into a portion of the second outer surface.

[0099] Clause 15. The footwear sole according to Clause 14 comprises: a third support structure, which comprises the following corresponding elements: a third tubular body, which comprises a third wall, which at least partially surrounds a third hollow cavity and extends circumferentially around the third hollow cavity; the third tubular body comprises a fifth end and a sixth end spaced apart from each other in the axial direction; when the third wall extends between the fifth end and the sixth end, the third wall bends inwardly toward the third hollow cavity and enters the third hollow cavity; the third tubular wall comprises a third outer surface facing away from the third hollow cavity and a third inner surface facing the third hollow cavity; the first support structure and the third support structure are arranged side by side, wherein the second portion of the first outer surface is continuous with a portion of the third outer surface, wherein the second portion of the first outer surface and a portion of the third outer surface comprise a continuous closed-chain surface.

[0100] Item 16. A footwear sole according to Item 14, wherein the first inner surface includes a second end edge positioned at the second end of the first support structure, the second end edge surrounds the first reference axis and is adjacent to a first transition section from a portion of the first inner surface to a portion of the second outer surface, and the second end edge has a first diameter; wherein the second inner surface includes a third end edge positioned at the third end of the second support structure, the third end edge surrounds the second reference axis and is adjacent to a second transition section from a portion of the second inner surface to the first portion of the first outer surface, and the third end edge has a second diameter; and wherein the first reference axis and the second reference axis are spaced apart by a distance approximately equal to the average of the first diameter and the second diameter.

[0101] Clause 17. The footwear sole of Clause 16, wherein a reference line passing through the first transition segment and the second transition segment extends parallel to the first reference axis and the second reference axis.

[0102] Clause 18. The footwear sole of Clause 14, wherein the configuration of the outer surface of the first support structure and the outer surface of the second support structure satisfies a minimum surface equation including sin(x)*sin(y)+cos(y)*cos(z)=0.

[0103] Item 19. A support structure arrangement for a footwear sole, the support structure arrangement comprising: at least a first support structure and at least a second support structure; the first support structure having a first tubular body, the first tubular body comprising a first wall, the first wall at least partially surrounding a first hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around the first hollow cavity, the first tubular body having a first reference axis; the first tubular body comprising a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction, wherein the first tubular body comprises a first height from the first end to the second end; when the first wall extends between the first end and the second end, the first wall bends inwardly; the first wall comprises a first outer surface facing away from the first hollow cavity and a first inner surface facing the first hollow cavity; the second support structure comprising: a second tubular body, the second tubular body comprising a second wall, the second wall at least partially surrounding a second hollow cavity and surrounding Extending circumferentially around the second hollow cavity, the second tubular body has a second reference axis; the second tubular body includes a third end and a fourth end spaced apart from each other in the axial direction, wherein the second tubular body includes a second height from the third end to the fourth end; when the second wall extends between the third end and the fourth end, the second wall bends inwardly; the second wall includes a second outer surface facing away from the second hollow cavity and a second inner surface facing the second hollow cavity; the first support structure and the second support structure are arranged end to end so that the second end is connected to the third end; the first reference axis is offset from the second reference axis; a first portion of the first outer surface and a portion of the second inner surface continuously and uninterruptedly transition into a portion of the second inner surface; and a portion of the first inner surface and a portion of the second outer surface continuously and uninterruptedly transition into a portion of the second outer surface.

[0104] Clause 20. A support structure arrangement according to clause 19, wherein the first inner surface includes a second end edge positioned at the second end of the first support structure, the second end edge surrounding the first reference axis and adjacent to a first transition section from a portion of the first inner surface to a portion of the second outer surface, the second end edge having a first diameter; wherein the second inner surface includes a third end edge positioned at the third end of the second support structure, the third end edge surrounding the second reference axis and adjacent to a second transition section from a portion of the second inner surface to the first portion of the first outer surface, the third end edge having a second diameter; and wherein the first reference axis and the second reference axis are separated by a distance approximately equal to an average of the first diameter and the second diameter.

[0105] Clause 21. A support structure arrangement according to Clause 20, wherein a reference line passing through the first transition segment and the second transition segment extends parallel to the first reference axis and the second reference axis.

[0106] Clause 22. A support structure arrangement according to any one of clauses 19 to 21, wherein the configuration of the outer surface of the first support structure and the outer surface of the second support structure satisfies a minimum surface equation including sin(x)*sin(y)+cos(y)*cos(z)=0.

[0107] Clause 23. The support structure arrangement according to any one of clauses 19 to 22 further includes: a third support structure, the third support structure including the following corresponding elements: a third tubular body, the third tubular body including a third wall, the third wall at least partially surrounding a third hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around the third hollow cavity; the third tubular body includes a fifth end and a sixth end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; when the third wall extends between the fifth end and the sixth end, the third wall bends inwardly toward the third hollow cavity and enters the third hollow cavity; the third tubular wall includes a third outer surface facing away from the third hollow cavity and a third inner surface facing the third hollow cavity; the third outer surface includes a configuration that satisfies the minimum surface equation; the first support structure and the third support structure are arranged side by side and axially offset, wherein the second portion of the first outer surface is continuous with a portion of the third outer surface, wherein the second portion of the first outer surface and a portion of the third outer surface include a continuous closed chain surface.

[0108] Clause 24. A support structure arrangement according to any of clauses 19 to 23, wherein the support structures comprise any of clauses 1 to 6.

[0109] Clause 25. A support structure arrangement according to any one of Clauses 19 to 24, wherein the support structure arrangement comprises a portion of a footwear sole.

[0110] Clause 26. A support structure arrangement according to Clause 25, wherein the footwear sole comprises any one of Clauses 7 to 18.

[0111] Item 27. A footwear sole comprising: a ground-contacting outsole connected to an impact-attenuating midsole, the ground-contacting outsole having a ground-contacting surface, the ground-contacting surface facing away from the impact-attenuating midsole and positioned in a reference plane; and a support structure comprising: a tubular body comprising a wall at least partially surrounding a hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around a reference axis, the reference axis intersecting the reference plane at an angle in the range of about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees; the tubular body comprising a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; and when the wall extends between the first end and the second end, the wall bends inwardly toward the reference axis.

[0112] Clause 28. The footwear sole of Clause 27, wherein the angle is approximately 45 degrees.

[0113] Item 29. A footwear sole according to Item 27, wherein the reference axis is inclined toward a heel area of ​​the footwear sole so that the first end of the tubular body is farther from the outsole than the second end, and the first end of the tubular body is more toward the heel relative to the second end.

[0114] Item 30. The footwear sole of Item 27, further comprising a support structure system; a forefoot region; a midfoot region; and a heel region, wherein each of the forefoot region, the midfoot region, and the heel region comprises a corresponding region of the support structure system, and wherein each support structure in the system comprises a reference axis that intersects the reference plane at an angle in the range of about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees.

[0115] Clause 31. A footwear sole according to Clause 30, wherein the one or more support structures in the forefoot region have a wall thickness of approximately 1.15 mm, and the one or more support structures in the heel region have a wall thickness of approximately 1.05 mm.

[0116] Clause 32. A footwear sole as described in any of Clauses 30 or 31, wherein each respective region comprises one or more rows of side-by-side support structures extending across the footwear sole from medial to lateral.

[0117] Clause 33. Footwear sole according to any of Clauses 30 to 32, wherein each support structure in the system is constructed of a material having a rebound percentage of at least 50%.

[0118] Clause 34. A footwear sole according to Clause 33, wherein the material comprises thermoplastic polyurethane.

[0119] Clause 35. A footwear sole according to any one of clauses 27 to 34, wherein the wall includes an outer surface facing away from the hollow cavity, and wherein the configuration of the outer surface satisfies the minimum surface equation including sin(x)*sin(y)+cos(y)*cos(z)=0.

[0120] Item 36. A sole for a footwear article, the sole comprising: a plurality of support structures, wherein each support structure comprises a tubular body, the tubular body comprising a wall, the wall at least partially surrounding a hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around a reference axis, the tubular body comprising a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; and when the wall extends between the first end and the second end, the wall bends inwardly toward the reference axis; and wherein three of the plurality of support structures are coaxial along a common axis in a first region of the midsole and spaced apart along the common axis; and wherein the second region of the midsole comprises a single support structure of the plurality of support structures, and wherein the single support structure is not coaxial with any other support structure of the plurality of support structures along any common axis.

[0121] Clause 37. The sole according to clause 36, wherein the first area is closer to a heel area of ​​the sole than the second area.

[0122] Clause 38. The sole of Clause 36 or 37, further comprising two support structures coaxially aligned with each other and positioned between the three support structures and the single support structure.

[0123] Clause 39. The sole of any of Clauses 36 to 38, wherein the three support structures each comprise a first size, and the single support structure comprises a second size different from the first size.

[0124] Clause 40. The sole of Clause 39, wherein the first dimension and the second dimension are each a support structure height.

[0125] Clause 41. The sole of any of Clauses 39 or 40, wherein the first dimension is smaller than the second dimension.

[0126] Clause 42. The sole of any one of Clauses 39 to 42, wherein the first dimension and the second dimension are each a wall thickness.

[0127] The subject matter set forth in this disclosure and covered by at least some of the claims can take various forms, such as a cushioning structure for a midsole, a cushioning system for a midsole, a midsole for an article of footwear, an article of footwear, any combination thereof, and one or more methods of making each of these aspects or making any combination thereof. Other aspects include methods of adjusting a cushioning structure for a midsole, and methods of adjusting a cushioning system for a midsole.

[0128] As can be seen from the foregoing, the subject matter described in this disclosure is suitable for achieving all of the above-mentioned goals and objectives, as well as other obvious and inherent advantages of the described structure. It should be understood that certain features and sub-combinations are useful and can be adopted without reference to other features and sub-combinations. This is expected by the claims and is within the scope of the claims. Since many possible alternative forms can be made to the subject matter described herein without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, it should be understood that all content set forth herein or shown in the drawings should be interpreted as illustrative and has no limiting meaning.

[0129] This application also involves the following projects:

[0130] 1. A footwear sole, comprising: at least a first supporting structure and at least a second supporting structure; the first supporting structure comprises a first tubular body, the first tubular body comprises a first wall, the first wall at least partially surrounds a first hollow cavity and extends circumferentially around the first hollow cavity, the first tubular body has a first reference axis; the first tubular body comprises a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; and the first wall comprises a first outer surface facing away from the first hollow cavity and a first inner surface facing the first hollow cavity; the second supporting structure comprises a second tubular body, the second tubular body comprises a second wall, the second wall at least partially surrounds a second hollow cavity and extends circumferentially around the second hollow cavity, the second tubular body has a second reference axis; the second The tubular body includes a third end and a fourth end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; and the second wall includes a second outer surface facing away from the second hollow cavity and a second inner surface facing the second hollow cavity; the first support structure and the second support structure are arranged end to end so that the first end of the first support structure is connected to the third end of the second support structure; the first support structure and the second support structure are offset from each other so that the first reference axis and the second reference axis are substantially parallel and not coaxial with each other; a portion of the first outer surface is continuous with a portion of the second inner surface and transitions uninterruptedly into a portion of the second inner surface; and a portion of the first inner surface is continuous with a portion of the second outer surface and transitions uninterruptedly into a portion of the second outer surface.

[0131] 2. A footwear sole according to item 1, wherein the first inner surface includes a first end edge positioned at the first end, the first end edge surrounds the first reference axis and is adjacent to a first transition section from a portion of the first inner surface to a portion of the second outer surface, the first end edge has a first diameter, wherein the second inner surface includes a third end edge positioned at the third end, the third end edge surrounds the second reference axis and is adjacent to a second transition section from a portion of the second inner surface to a portion of the first outer surface, the third end edge has a second diameter, and wherein the first reference axis and the second reference axis are separated by a distance approximately equal to the average of the first diameter and the second diameter.

[0132] 3. The footwear sole according to item 2, wherein a reference line passing through the first transition section and the second transition section extends parallel to the first reference axis and the second reference axis.

[0133] 4. A footwear sole according to item 1, wherein when the first wall extends from the first end to the second end, the first wall bends inwardly toward the first hollow cavity and enters the first hollow cavity, and wherein when the second wall extends from the third end to the fourth end, the second wall bends inwardly toward the second hollow cavity and enters the second hollow cavity.

[0134] 5. The footwear sole according to item 4, wherein the first support structure forms a first catenary surface, and the second support structure forms a second catenary surface.

[0135] 6. The footwear sole according to item 1, wherein the configuration of the first outer surface and the configuration of the second outer surface satisfy a minimum surface equation including sin(x)*sin(y)+cos(y)*cos(z)=0.

[0136] 7. The footwear sole according to item 1 also includes a third supporting structure, the third supporting structure includes a third tubular body, the third tubular body includes a third wall, the third wall at least partially surrounds a third hollow cavity and extends circumferentially around the third hollow cavity; the third tubular body includes a fifth end and a sixth end spaced apart from each other in the axial direction; the third wall includes a third outer surface facing away from the third hollow cavity and a third inner surface facing the third hollow cavity, wherein the second portion of the first outer surface is continuous with a portion of the third outer surface, and wherein the second portion of the first outer surface and a portion of the third outer surface include a continuous closed-chain surface.

[0137] 8. A footwear sole according to item 7, wherein the first reference axis and the second reference axis are spaced apart from each other in a first direction, and wherein the first reference axis and the third reference axis are spaced apart from each other in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction.

[0138] 9. The footwear sole of item 1, wherein each wall comprises a respective wall thickness between a respective outer surface and a respective inner surface, and wherein the respective wall thickness is in the range of about 0.50 mm to about 1.5 mm.

[0139] 10. The footwear sole according to item 9, wherein the corresponding wall thickness is in the range of about 1.05 mm to about 1.15 mm.

[0140] 11. The footwear sole of item 1, further comprising a ground contacting outsole having a ground contacting surface positioned in a reference plane, wherein the first reference axis intersects the reference plane at an angle in the range of about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees.

[0141] 12. A footwear sole comprising: a ground-contacting outsole connected to an impact-attenuating midsole, the ground-contacting outsole having a ground-contacting surface, the ground-contacting surface facing away from the impact-attenuating midsole and positioned in a reference plane; and a support structure comprising a tubular body, the tubular body comprising a wall, the wall at least partially surrounding a hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around a reference axis, the reference axis intersecting the reference plane at an angle in the range of about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees; the tubular body comprising a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; and when the wall extends between the first end and the second end, the wall bends inwardly toward the reference axis.

[0142] 13. The footwear sole of item 12, wherein the angle is approximately 45 degrees.

[0143] 14. A footwear sole according to item 12, wherein the reference axis is inclined toward a heel area of ​​the footwear sole so that the first end of the tubular body is farther from the outsole than the second end, and the first end of the tubular body is more toward the heel relative to the second end.

[0144] 15. The footwear sole according to item 14 further includes a support structure system, a forefoot area, a midfoot area and a heel area, wherein each of the forefoot area, the midfoot area and the heel area includes a corresponding area of ​​the support structure system, and wherein each support structure in the system includes the reference axis that intersects the reference plane at an angle in the range of about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees.

[0145] 16. The footwear sole according to item 15, wherein the one or more support structures in the forefoot area have a wall thickness of approximately 1.15 mm, and the one or more support structures in the heel area have a wall thickness of approximately 1.05 mm.

[0146] 17. The footwear sole of item 15, wherein each respective region comprises one or more rows of side-by-side support structures extending across the footwear sole from medial to lateral.

[0147] 18. A footwear sole according to item 12, wherein the wall includes an outer surface facing away from the hollow cavity, and wherein the configuration of the outer surface satisfies the minimum surface equation including sin(x)*sin(y)+cos(y)*cos(z)=0.

[0148] 19. A footwear sole, comprising: a ground contacting outsole, the ground contacting outsole being coupled to an impact attenuating midsole, the ground contacting outsole having a ground contacting surface, the ground contacting surface facing away from the impact attenuating midsole and positioned in a reference plane; the impact attenuating midsole comprising at least a first support structure and at least a second support structure; the first support structure comprising a first tubular body, the first tubular body comprising a first wall, the first wall at least partially surrounding a first hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around the first hollow cavity, the first tubular body having a first reference axis forming a first angle in a range between about 30 degrees and 60 degrees with the reference plane; the first tubular body comprising a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; and the first wall comprising a first outer surface facing away from the first hollow cavity and a first inner surface facing the first hollow cavity; the second support structure comprising a second tubular body, the second tubular body comprising a second wall, the second wall at least partially surrounding a second hollow cavity cavity and extending circumferentially around the second hollow cavity, the second tubular body having a second reference axis forming a second angle in the range of about 30 degrees to 60 degrees with the reference plane; the second tubular body includes a third end and a fourth end spaced apart from each other in the axial direction; and the second wall includes a second outer surface facing away from the second hollow cavity and a second inner surface facing the second hollow cavity; the first support structure and the second support structure are arranged end to end so that the first end of the first support structure is connected to the third end of the second support structure; the first support structure and the second support structure are offset from each other so that the first reference axis and the second reference axis are substantially parallel to each other and not coaxial; a portion of the first outer surface is continuous with a portion of the second inner surface and transitions uninterruptedly into a portion of the second inner surface; and a portion of the first inner surface is continuous with a portion of the second outer surface and transitions uninterruptedly into a portion of the second outer surface.

[0149] 20. The footwear sole according to item 19 further includes: a third support structure and a fourth support structure, each of which includes a corresponding reference axis, and the corresponding reference axis extends coaxially with the first reference axis along a common axis, wherein the first support structure, the third support structure and the fourth support structure are spaced apart from each other along the common axis and are positioned in the heel area of ​​the footwear sole; and a fifth support structure in the forefoot area of ​​the footwear sole, wherein the fifth support structure includes another reference axis that is not coaxially aligned with any other reference axis in the footwear sole along any common axis.

[0150] 21. The footwear sole of item 20, wherein the first support structure, the third support structure, and the fourth support structure each comprise a first size, and the fifth support structure comprises a second size different from the first size.

[0151] 22. The footwear sole of item 21, wherein the first dimension and the second dimension are each a respective support structure height.

[0152] 23. The footwear sole of item 22, wherein the first size is smaller than the second size.

[0153] 24. The footwear sole of item 21, wherein the first dimension and the second dimension are each respective wall thicknesses.

[0154] 25. The footwear sole of item 24, wherein the first size is greater than the second size.

[0155] 26. The footwear sole of item 25, wherein the first dimension is in the range of about 0.85 mm to about 1.5 mm, and the second dimension is in the range of about 0.50 mm to about 1.15 mm.

[0156] 27. The footwear sole according to item 25, wherein the support structure heights of the first support structure, the third support structure and the fourth support structure are less than the height of the fifth support structure.

Claims

1. A shoe sole comprising: a ground contacting outsole coupled to the impact-attenuating midsole, the ground contacting outsole having a ground contacting surface facing away from the impact-attenuating midsole and positioned in a reference plane; and a support structure comprising a tubular body including a wall at least partially surrounding the hollow cavity and extending circumferentially about a reference axis, the reference axis intersecting the reference plane at an angle in the range of 30 degrees to 60 degrees; The tubular body includes a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; and when the wall extends between the first end and the second end, the wall bends inwardly toward the reference axis, wherein the wall includes an outer surface facing away from the hollow cavity and an inner surface facing the hollow cavity, and wherein when the wall extends between the first end and the second end, both the outer surface and the inner surface of the wall bend inwardly toward the reference axis.

2. The footwear sole of claim 1, wherein the angle is approximately 45 degrees.

3. A footwear sole according to claim 1, wherein the reference axis is inclined toward a heel area of ​​the footwear sole so that the first end of the tubular body is farther from the ground contacting outsole than the second end, and the first end of the tubular body is more toward the heel relative to the second end.

4. The footwear sole according to claim 3 further includes a support structure system, a forefoot area, a midfoot area and a heel area, wherein each of the forefoot area, the midfoot area and the heel area includes a corresponding area of ​​the support structure system, the support structure system includes a plurality of the support structures, and wherein each support structure in the support structure system includes the reference axis intersecting the reference plane at an angle in the range of 30 degrees to 60 degrees.

5. The footwear sole of claim 4, wherein the one or more support structures in the forefoot region have a wall thickness of approximately 1.15 mm, and the one or more support structures in the heel region have a wall thickness of approximately 1.05 mm.

6. The footwear sole of claim 4, wherein each respective region includes one or more rows of side-by-side support structures extending across the footwear sole from medial to lateral.

7. A footwear sole comprising: a ground contacting outsole coupled to the impact-attenuating midsole, the ground contacting outsole having a ground contacting surface facing away from the impact-attenuating midsole and positioned in a reference plane; The impact-attenuating midsole includes at least a first support structure and at least a second support structure; the first support structure includes a first tubular body, the first tubular body includes a first wall, the first wall at least partially enclosing a first hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around the first hollow cavity, the first tubular body having a first reference axis forming a first angle in a range between 30 degrees and 60 degrees with the reference plane; The first tubular body includes a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; and the first wall includes a first outer surface facing away from the first hollow cavity and a first inner surface facing the first hollow cavity; the second support structure comprising a second tubular body including a second wall at least partially surrounding a second hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around the second hollow cavity, the second tubular body having a second reference axis forming a second angle in a range between 30 degrees and 60 degrees with the reference plane; The second tubular body includes a third end and a fourth end spaced apart from each other in the axial direction; and the second wall includes a second outer surface facing away from the second hollow cavity and a second inner surface facing the second hollow cavity; The first support structure and the second support structure are arranged end to end so that the first end of the first support structure is coupled to the third end of the second support structure; The first support structure and the second support structure are offset from each other so that the first reference axis and the second reference axis are substantially parallel and non-coaxial with each other; a portion of the first outer surface is continuous with a portion of the second inner surface and transitions uninterruptedly into a portion of the second inner surface; and a portion of the first inner surface is continuous with a portion of the second outer surface and transitions uninterruptedly into a portion of the second outer surface.

8. The footwear sole according to claim 7, further comprising: a third support structure and a fourth support structure, the third support structure and the fourth support structure each including a respective reference axis extending coaxially with the first reference axis along a common axis, wherein the first, third and fourth support structures are spaced apart from one another along the common axis and are positioned in a heel region of the footwear sole; and a fifth support structure in a forefoot region of the footwear sole, wherein the fifth support structure includes another reference axis that is not coaxially aligned along any common axis with any other reference axis in the footwear sole.

9. The footwear sole of claim 8, wherein the first, third, and fourth support structures each comprise a first size, and the fifth support structure comprises a second size different than the first size.

10. The footwear sole of claim 9, wherein the first dimension and the second dimension are each a respective support structure height. The footwear sole of claim 10 , wherein the first size is smaller than the second size.

12. The footwear sole of claim 9, wherein the first dimension and the second dimension are each respective wall thicknesses.

13. The footwear sole of claim 12, wherein the first size is greater than the second size.

14. The footwear sole according to claim 13, wherein the first dimension is in the range of 0.85 mm to 1.5 mm, and the second dimension is in the range of 0.50 mm to 1.15 mm.

15. The footwear sole of claim 13, wherein the support structure heights of the first support structure, the third support structure, and the fourth support structure are less than the height of the fifth support structure.

16. A sole, the sole comprising a first zone and a second zone, the first zone comprising a first plurality of support structures, each of the first plurality of support structures comprising a first tubular body, the first tubular body having a first wall, the first wall having a first thickness, the second zone comprising a second plurality of support structures, each of the second plurality of support structures comprising a second tubular body, the second tubular body having a second wall, the second wall having a second thickness different from the first thickness, wherein the first wall extends circumferentially around a first hollow cavity and around a first axis and the second wall extends circumferentially around a second hollow cavity and around a second axis, and wherein the Each of the first tubular body and the second tubular body includes a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction, and when the wall of the tubular body extends between the first end and the second end, the wall bends inwardly toward a corresponding axis, wherein the first axis has a first orientation relative to a reference plane, and the second axis has a second orientation relative to the reference plane that is different from the first orientation, wherein the wall includes an outer surface facing away from the corresponding hollow cavity and an inner surface facing the corresponding hollow cavity, and wherein when the wall extends between the first end and the second end, both the outer surface and the inner surface of the wall bend inwardly toward the corresponding axis.

17. The sole according to claim 16 further includes a third zone, which is located between the first zone and the second zone and includes a third plurality of support structures, each of which includes a third tubular body, the third tubular body having a third wall, and the third wall having a third thickness different from the first thickness and / or the second thickness.

18. The sole according to claim 17, wherein the first zone corresponds to a heel area of ​​the sole, wherein the second zone corresponds to a forefoot area of ​​the sole, and wherein the third zone corresponds to a midfoot area of ​​the sole.

19. The sole according to any one of claims 17 and 18, wherein the first thickness, the second thickness and the third thickness range from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm.

20. The sole of claim 19, wherein the first thickness is approximately 0.9 mm and the second thickness is approximately 1.15 mm, and wherein the third thickness is between 0.9 mm and 1.15 mm.

21. The sole of any one of claims 17 and 18, wherein the first thickness, the second thickness, and the third thickness can be adjusted to achieve an amount of cushioning and responsiveness.

22. The sole of any one of claims 17 and 18, wherein the perimeter shape, thickness, footbed topography and outsole topography of the sole can be specified using a Grasshopper definition for generating a support structure with minimal surface equations.

23. A shoe sole, comprising: A first zone and a second zone, the first zone comprising a first plurality of support structures, each of the first plurality of support structures comprising a first axis and a first tubular body, the first axis having a first orientation relative to a reference plane, the first tubular body having a first wall, the first wall at least partially surrounding a first hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around the first axis, the second zone comprising a second plurality of support structures, each of the second plurality of support structures having a second axis and a second tubular body, the second axis having a second orientation relative to the reference plane, the second tubular body having a second wall, the second wall at least partially surrounding a second hollow cavity and extending circumferentially around the first axis. The second axis extends circumferentially, wherein the first orientation is different from the second orientation, and the first axis and the second axis are not parallel to each other and are tilted relative to each other, and wherein each of the first tubular body and the second tubular body includes a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction, and when a wall of the tubular body extends between the first end and the second end, the wall bends inwardly, wherein the wall includes an outer surface facing away from the corresponding hollow cavity and an inner surface facing the corresponding hollow cavity, and wherein when the wall extends between the first end and the second end, the outer surface and the inner surface of the wall both bend inwardly toward the corresponding axis.

24. The sole of claim 23, wherein the first orientation of the first axis and the second orientation of the second axis are adjustable.

25. The sole according to claim 23, wherein the first zone corresponds to a heel area of ​​the sole and the second zone corresponds to a forefoot area of ​​the sole.

26. The sole of claim 23, wherein the first plurality of support structures in the first region are arranged in staggered rows of support structures, and some of the support structures in different rows are coaxial.

27. A sole according to claim 23, wherein the sole includes a footbed surface and an outsole surface, the first area has a first number of support structures, the first number of support structures are linearly arranged along the first axis and arranged between the footbed surface and the outsole surface, and the second area has a second number of support structures, the second number of support structures are linearly arranged along the second axis and arranged between the footbed surface and the outsole surface, the first number is greater than the second number.

28. The sole of claim 23, wherein a height of each of the first plurality of support structures in the first region is greater than a height of each of the second plurality of support structures in the second region.

29. The sole of claim 23, wherein the first plurality of support structures are arranged in a three-ply arrangement having respective axes aligned along a common axis, and wherein, The second plurality of support structures in the second zone are arranged into a single support structure arrangement, the sole gradually transitioning from the triple-ply arrangement to the single support structure arrangement.

30. The sole of claim 25, wherein the first wall thickness of each support structure of the first plurality of support structures ranges from 0.85 mm to 1.50 mm, and wherein the second wall thickness of each support structure of the second plurality of support structures ranges from 0.50 mm to 1.15 mm.

31. The sole of claim 25, wherein the first wall thickness of each support structure of the first plurality of support structures ranges from 0.50 mm to 1.15 mm, and wherein the second wall thickness of each support structure of the second plurality of support structures ranges from 0.85 mm to 1.50 mm.

32. The sole according to any one of claims 23 to 31 further includes a third zone, wherein the third zone is located between the first zone and the second zone and includes a third plurality of support structures, each of the third plurality of support structures having a third axis, the third axis having a third orientation, wherein in the third plurality of support structures, the third orientation of the third axis gradually transitions from the first orientation near the first zone toward the second orientation near the second zone.

33. The sole according to any one of claims 30 and 31 further includes a third zone, which is located between the first zone and the second zone and includes a third plurality of support structures, wherein the third wall thickness of the third plurality of support structures gradually transitions from the first wall thickness near the first zone toward the second wall thickness near the second zone.

34. The sole according to any one of claims 23 to 31, wherein a lateral peripheral area and / or a medial peripheral area of ​​the sole is thicker than a central area of ​​the sole.

35. The sole according to claim 23, wherein the first zone corresponds to a heel area of ​​the sole and the second zone corresponds to a forefoot area of ​​the sole, and wherein a thickness of the first zone is greater than a thickness of the second zone.

36. A support structure comprising a portion of a footwear sole, the support structure comprising: a tubular body including a wall at least partially surrounding the hollow cavity and extending circumferentially continuously about a reference axis; The tubular body includes a first end and a second end spaced apart from each other in an axial direction; the wall bends inwardly as the wall extends between the first end and the second end; and the wall includes an outer surface facing away from the hollow cavity, wherein the outer surface is concave as it extends from the first end to the second end; and the wall includes an inner surface facing the hollow cavity, wherein the inner surface is convex as it extends from the first end to the second end, wherein the reference axis is inclined relative to a reference plane in which the ground contact surface of the footwear sole is positioned, and wherein both the outer surface and the inner surface of the wall bend inwardly toward the reference axis as the wall extends between the first end and the second end.

37. A support structure according to claim 36, wherein: The tubular body includes a plurality of diameters that vary from a first portion of the tubular body to a second portion of the tubular body.

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