System and method for dynamic mho distance characteristics for control

Abstract

Systems, methods, and computer-readable media are disclosed for identifying a fault using systems and methods for controlled dynamic MHO characteristics. In particular, the systems and methods described herein can automatically control the dynamic expansion of MHO characteristics based on an estimate of the maximum allowable expansion set by a user and an uncontrolled dynamic MHO expansion estimate. This can provide flexibility in that MHO expansion can be allowed to the maximum level when the estimated MHO expansion value is below the user-defined maximum allowable expansion level, but also provide a controlled dynamic MHO when the estimated value is above the maximum allowable level.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This disclosure relates to fault identification in electric power delivery systems, and more particularly, to fault identification in electric power delivery systems using dynamic MHO characteristics of control. Background Technology

[0002] Distance relays with MHO or quadrilateral characteristics are primarily used to protect transmission lines. Although technological advancements (i.e., digital and numerical) have opened up possibilities for constructing and implementing other, more complex characteristics, such as closed polygons (e.g., quadrilaterals and directional), MHO characteristics remain popular due to their ease of configuration, especially when quadrilateral characteristics are unreliable. MHO characteristics constructed using operating and polarizing quantities are directly affected by the choice of polarization; that is, the characteristic is dynamic and no longer static. When the source is weak, this dynamic characteristic leads to large extensions, which can cause incorrect operation due to overextension. In the presence of non-standard sources (e.g., inverter-based sources), changes in source amplitude and angle during faults further exacerbate the problem of uncontrolled dynamic MHO. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The present invention provides a set of technical solutions, as follows.

[0004] Technical Solution 1. A system comprising:

[0005] A computer processor, operable to execute a set of computer-readable instructions; and

[0006] A memory operable to store the set of computer-readable instructions operable to:

[0007] The relay receives one or more analog signals from the voltage converter and current converter of the protected circuit.

[0008] The relay is used to calculate one or more phasors, one or more sequence quantities, source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities, residual compensation, loop current and loop voltage;

[0009] Based on the stored distance settings, determine the cyclic MHO characteristics of the relay, as well as one or more sequence quantities, one or more phasors, residual compensation, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities.

[0010] The actual expansion of the cyclic MHO characteristic during the fault period is compared with the preset maximum expansion value;

[0011] It is determined that the actual expansion is less than the preset maximum expansion value;

[0012] Based on the determination that the actual expansion is less than the preset maximum expansion value, the polarization voltage is set using the voltage stored in the memory;

[0013] It is determined that the actual expansion is greater than the preset maximum expansion value;

[0014] Based on the determination that the actual expansion is greater than the preset maximum expansion value, the polarization voltage is set using the weighted sum of the voltage stored in the memory and the actual loop voltage to prevent the MHO characteristic expansion from exceeding the preset expansion value;

[0015] The fault condition of the protected line is determined using the MHO characteristic; and

[0016] Based on the fault condition, a command is sent to execute the protection control function.

[0017] Technical Solution 2. The system according to Technical Solution 1, wherein the polarization voltage during the fault period is determined based on the sum of the product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and the product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein setting the polarization voltage using dual polarization includes: setting the first weighting factor to zero and the second weighting factor to one value based on the determination that the actual spread during the fault period is less than the preset maximum spread value.

[0018] Technical Solution 3. The system according to Technical Solution 1, wherein the polarization voltage is determined based on the sum of the product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and the product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in a memory, and wherein setting the polarization voltage using the dual polarization includes: setting the first weighting factor to a value based on the determination that the actual expansion during the fault period is greater than the preset maximum expansion value, and setting the second weighting factor to a non-zero value.

[0019] Technical Solution 4. The system according to Technical Solution 3, wherein the non-zero value is based on a preset maximum expansion amount and an actual expansion amount.

[0020] Technical Solution 5. The system according to Technical Solution 1, wherein the actual extension for a ground fault is determined using stored distance settings, residual compensation, sequence quantities, phasors, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities.

[0021] Technical Solution 6. The system according to Technical Solution 1, wherein the actual extension for phase faults is determined using the source impedance ratio (SIR) and the stored distance settings.

[0022] Technical Solution 7. The system according to Technical Solution 1, wherein determining the fault condition in the system further includes determining that the estimated apparent impedance falls within the cyclic MHO characteristic.

[0023] Technical Solution 8. A method comprising:

[0024] The relay receives one or more analog signals from the voltage converter and current converter of the protected circuit.

[0025] The relay is used to calculate one or more phasors, one or more sequence quantities, source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities, residual compensation, loop current and loop voltage;

[0026] The cyclic MHO characteristics of the relay, as well as one or more sequence quantities, one or more phasors, residual compensation, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities are determined based on the stored distance settings.

[0027] The actual expansion of the cyclic MHO characteristic during the fault period is compared with the preset maximum expansion value;

[0028] It is determined that the actual control is less than the preset maximum expansion value;

[0029] Based on the determination that the actual expansion is less than the preset maximum expansion value, the polarization voltage is set using the voltage stored in the memory;

[0030] It is determined that the actual expansion is greater than the preset maximum expansion value;

[0031] Based on the determination that the actual expansion is greater than the preset maximum expansion value, the polarization voltage is set using the weighted sum of the voltage stored in the memory and the actual loop voltage to prevent the MHO characteristic expansion from exceeding the preset expansion value;

[0032] The MHO characteristic is used to determine the fault condition of the protected line; and

[0033] Based on the fault condition, a command is sent to execute the protection control function.

[0034] Technical Solution 9. The method according to Technical Solution 8, wherein the polarization voltage during the fault period is determined based on the sum of the product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and the product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein setting the polarization voltage using dual polarization includes: setting the first weighting factor to zero and the second weighting factor to one value based on the determination that the actual spread during the fault period is less than the preset maximum spread value.

[0035] Technical Solution 10. The method according to Technical Solution 8, wherein the polarization voltage is determined based on the sum of the product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and the product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein using the dual polarization to set the polarization voltage includes: setting the first weighting factor to a value based on the determination that the actual expansion during the fault period is greater than the preset maximum expansion value, and setting the second weighting factor to a non-zero value.

[0036] Technical Solution 11. The method according to Technical Solution 10, wherein the non-zero value is based on a preset maximum expansion amount and an actual expansion amount.

[0037] Technical Solution 12. The method according to Technical Solution 8, wherein the actual extension for the ground fault is determined using the stored distance settings, residual compensation, sequence quantity, phasor, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantity.

[0038] Technical Solution 13. The method according to Technical Solution 8, wherein the actual extension for phase faults is determined using the source impedance ratio (SIR) and the stored distance setting.

[0039] Technical Solution 14. The method according to Technical Solution 8, wherein determining the fault condition further includes determining that the estimated apparent impedance falls within the cyclic MHO characteristic.

[0040] Technical Solution 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the following operations:

[0041] The relay receives one or more analog signals from the voltage converter and current converter of the protected circuit.

[0042] The relay is used to calculate one or more phasors, one or more sequence quantities, source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities, residual compensation, loop current and loop voltage;

[0043] The cyclic MHO characteristics of the relay, as well as one or more sequence quantities, one or more phasors, residual compensation, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities are determined based on the stored distance settings.

[0044] The actual expansion of the cyclic MHO characteristic during the fault period is compared with the preset maximum expansion value;

[0045] It is determined that the actual expansion is less than the preset maximum expansion value;

[0046] Based on the determination that the actual expansion is less than the preset maximum expansion value, the polarization voltage is set using the voltage stored in the memory;

[0047] It is determined that the actual expansion is greater than the preset maximum expansion value;

[0048] Based on the determination that the actual expansion is greater than the preset maximum expansion value, the polarization voltage is set using the weighted sum of the voltage stored in the memory and the actual loop voltage to prevent the MHO characteristic expansion from exceeding the preset expansion value;

[0049] The MHO characteristic is used to determine the fault condition of the protected line; and

[0050] Based on the fault condition, a command is sent to execute the protection control function.

[0051] Technical Solution 16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Technical Solution 15, wherein the polarization voltage during the fault period is determined based on the sum of the product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and the product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein setting the polarization voltage using dual polarization includes: setting the first weighting factor to zero and the second weighting factor to one value based on the determination that the actual spread during the fault period is less than a preset maximum spread value.

[0052] Technical Solution 17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according to Technical Solution 15, wherein the polarization voltage is determined based on the sum of the product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and the product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein using the dual polarization to set the polarization voltage includes: setting the first weighting factor to a value based on the determination that the actual expansion during a fault is greater than the preset maximum expansion value, and setting the second weighting factor to a non-zero value.

[0053] Technical Solution 18. The non-transient computer-readable medium according to Technical Solution 17, wherein the non-zero value is based on a preset maximum expansion amount and an actual expansion amount.

[0054] Technical Solution 19. The non-transient computer-readable medium according to Technical Solution 15, wherein the actual extension for a ground fault is determined using stored distance settings, residual compensation, sequence quantities, phasors, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities.

[0055] Technical Solution 20. The non-transient computer-readable medium according to Technical Solution 15, wherein the actual extension for phase faults is determined using a source impedance ratio (SIR) quantity and a stored distance setting. Attached Figure Description

[0056] A detailed description is illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only and depict only exemplary embodiments of this disclosure. The drawings are provided to facilitate understanding of this disclosure and should not be construed as limiting the breadth, scope, or applicability of this disclosure. In the drawings, the leftmost one or more numerals of the reference numerals identify the first appearance of the reference numeral. The same reference numerals are used to indicate similar, but not necessarily identical or identical, components. However, different reference numerals may also be used to identify similar components. Various embodiments may utilize elements or components other than those illustrated in the drawings, and some elements and / or components may not be present in various embodiments. Depending on the context, the use of singular terms to describe an component or element may include a plural of such components or elements, and vice versa.

[0057] Figure 1 A schematic diagram depicting an example system according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0058] Figure 2A-2C A plot depicting the MHO characteristics according to one or more example embodiments of this disclosure.

[0059] Figure 3A A plot depicting the changes in the magnitude and angle of the source impedance during a fault, according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0060] Figure 3B A diagram depicting additional MHO characteristics according to one or more example embodiments of this disclosure.

[0061] Figure 4 Example methods are described according to one or more example embodiments of this disclosure.

[0062] Figure 5 A schematic diagram depicting an example computing system and apparatus architecture according to one or more example embodiments of the present disclosure. Detailed Implementation

[0063] This invention particularly relates to systems and methods for identifying faults using controlled dynamic MHO characteristics. Specifically, the systems and methods described herein can automatically control the dynamic expansion of MHO characteristics based on an estimate of a user-defined maximum allowable expansion and an uncontrolled dynamic MHO expansion. This provides a flexible technical solution because when the estimated MHO expansion value is below the user-defined maximum allowable expansion level, MHO expansion to the maximum level can be allowed, but when the estimated value is above the maximum allowable level, controlled dynamic MHO can also be provided (e.g., preventing MHO expansion from exceeding the maximum allowable level).

[0064] Turn to the attached diagram. Figure 1 The illustration depicts an example system 100 according to an embodiment of this disclosure. In some embodiments, system 100 may include one or more renewable power generation sources 102, one or more current converters 106, one or more voltage converters 108, one or more step-up converters 104, one or more circuit breakers 110, and one or more bulk electrical systems 116. Additionally, one or more line faults 114 may exist in system 100, which may be associated with one or more fault resistors 112. In some cases, system 100 may also include a smart electronic device (IED) 117. The IED may include one or more processors 118, which can be used for phase distance 120 and ground distance 122 calculations. IED 117 may also include a memory 124 and / or a human-machine interface (HMI) 126. IED 117 (and any other elements included in system 100) may also include information about... Figure 5 Any element described in the computing device 500.

[0065] Figure 2A-2C Depicting example MHO characteristic plots (with) Figure 2A The associated first plotter 200, the associated second plotter 220, and the plotter associated with Figure 2B Figure 2C (Associated third plot 240). These plots depict controlled MHO characteristics, static MHO characteristics, and uncontrolled MHO characteristics based on the maximum permissible MHO expansion (which can be preset by the user). MHO 202 can represent a static MHO characteristic. The first plot 200 can be a plot depicting an uncontrolled dynamic MHO characteristic 204 that expands less than the maximum permissible MHO expansion 206. In this case, MHO characteristic 204 can be uncontrolled. That is, MHO characteristic 204 can be allowed to expand in an uncontrolled manner until its expansion exceeds the maximum permissible MHO expansion 206 established by the user. The second plot 220 can be a plot depicting an uncontrolled dynamic MHO characteristic 224 that has expanded beyond the maximum permissible MHO expansion 226 towards the negative X-axis. In this case, MHO characteristic 224 can be controlled so that it does not expand beyond the MHO expansion 226. The third plot 240 can be a plot depicting an uncontrolled dynamic MHO characteristic 244 that expands towards the positive R-axis. Similarly, in this case, MHO property 244 can be controlled so that it does not extend beyond MHO extension 246.

[0066] In some embodiments, the controlled dynamic MHO can be achieved by automatically estimating the factors 'E' and 'P' in Equation 1 below, which can define the bipolar scheme.

[0067] (Equation 1)

[0068] Where V pol It can refer to the polarization quantity, V lM It can refer to the memorized voltage, V. loop It can be the loop voltage, and the "E" and "P" variables can be user-defined variables.

[0069] The loop voltage or current here can refer to the AB, BC, CA voltage or current for phase distance elements and the AG, BG, CG voltage or current for ground distance elements.

[0070] In some embodiments, the following comparators in Equations 2 and 3 below can be used to establish the MHO property.

[0071] (Equation 2)

[0072] (Equation 3)

[0073] Where V and I can be the fault circuit voltage and current, respectively, and Z can be the positive sequence impedance of the protected line. pol The polarization voltage can be single or dual. The polarization voltage can be based on any of the following (or a combination thereof): loop voltage, loop voltage stored in memory before the fault, positive-sequence loop voltage, positive-sequence loop voltage stored in memory, healthy phase voltage, and / or healthy phase voltage stored in memory. The “E” and “P” variables in Equation 1 can be set based on the estimated extension and the user-defined maximum allowable extension. The extension amount is initially estimated using Equations 4 and 5 below. Equation 4 can represent the ground element, and Equation 5 can represent the phase element. The vectors a and b included in these equations (and others defined herein) can be functions of impedance, and the current values ​​of a and b can define the extension amount of the ground and phase elements at a given point in time, respectively.

[0074] (Equation 4)

[0075] (Equation 5)

[0076] Among them, Z s1 V1 can represent the positive-sequence source impedance, V2 can represent the negative-sequence voltage, V0 can represent the zero-sequence voltage, and I1 can represent the positive-sequence current. loop It can represent the loop current estimated by the relay.

[0077] If the estimated extension is less than the user-defined maximum permissible extension, or if the MHO control is set to an uncontrolled operating mode, the extension can be indicated by Equations 4 and 5 for ground and phase elements, respectively. This can be achieved by setting E to 0 and P to 1 in Equation 1. If the estimated extension is greater than the user-defined maximum permissible extension, and if the MHO control is set to a controlled operating mode, the controlled extension can be indicated by the c and d values ​​in Equations 6 and 7 below for ground and phase elements, respectively. This can be achieved by setting E to 1 and P to the corresponding value determined by Equation 8 below.

[0078] (Equation 6)

[0079] (Equation 7)

[0080] (Equation 8)

[0081] C1 can refer to the desired level of expansion (from the settings), and C2 can refer to the actual level of expansion determined by the values ​​of a and b (using Equations 6 and 7 for ground and phase elements, respectively).

[0082] Figure 3A Plot 300 depicts an example of the variation in source impedance amplitude and angle during a fault in the presence of a non-standard source. Figure 3B Plotting additional MHO characteristics. Plotting 320 could be a plotting of uncontrolled MHO behavior 324 at time t1, which has expanded beyond the maximum permissible MHO expansion 326. In this case, MHO control is active and limits MHO expansion 326 towards the negative X-axis. Plotting 340 could be a plotting of uncontrolled MHO expansion 344 at time t2, which has expanded along the positive R and X axes. In this case, MHO control is active and limits MHO 342 by setting E=1 and P=0. Plotting 360 could be a plotting of uncontrolled MHO expansion at time t3, which has expanded towards the positive R-axis. Again, MHO control might be active in this case to limit expansion beyond 366.

[0083] Figure 4 An example method 400 according to an example embodiment of this disclosure is depicted. Figure 4At box 402, method 400 may include receiving one or more analog signals from voltage transformers and current transformers of the protected line by a relay. Method 400 may also include calculating one or more phase quantities, one or more sequence quantities, source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities, residual compensation, loop current, and loop voltage by the relay. Method 400 may further include determining the cyclic MHO characteristics of the relay, as well as one or more sequence quantities, one or more phase quantities, residual compensation, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities, based on stored distance settings. Method 400 may further include comparing the actual expansion of the cyclic MHO characteristics during a fault with a preset maximum expansion value. Figure 4 At block 410, method 400 may further include determining that the actual expansion is less than a preset maximum expansion value. Method 400 may further include setting a polarization voltage using a voltage stored in a memory based on the determination that the actual expansion is less than the preset maximum expansion value. Method 400 may further include determining that the actual expansion is greater than the preset maximum expansion value. Method 400 may further include setting a polarization voltage using a weighted sum of a voltage stored in a memory and the actual loop voltage based on the determination that the actual expansion is greater than the preset maximum expansion value, to prevent the MHO characteristic expansion from exceeding the preset expansion value. Method 400 may further include using the controlled MHO characteristic to determine the fault condition on the protected line. Method 400 may further include sending a command to execute a protection control function based on the fault condition.

[0084] In some embodiments, the polarization voltage during a fault is determined based on the sum of the product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage, and the product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory. Setting the polarization voltage using dual polarization includes: setting the first weighting factor to zero and the second weighting factor to one based on a determination that the actual spread during the fault is less than a preset maximum spread value. In some embodiments, the polarization voltage is determined based on the sum of the product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage, and the product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory. Setting the polarization voltage using dual polarization includes: setting the first weighting factor to one and the second weighting factor to a non-zero value based on a determination that the actual spread during the fault is greater than the preset maximum spread value. In some embodiments, the non-zero value is based on a preset maximum spread and the actual spread. In some embodiments, the actual spread for a ground fault is determined using stored distance settings, residual compensation, sequence quantities, phasors, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities. In some embodiments, the actual spread of a phase fault is determined using the source impedance ratio (SIR) quantity and stored distance settings. In some embodiments, determining the fault condition further includes determining that the estimated apparent impedance falls within the cyclic MHO characteristic.

[0085] In some embodiments, protection control functions may include altering or changing electrical characteristics (e.g., voltage) to protect the transmission line. In some instances, protection control functions may include controlling, for example, switches, circuit breakers, or other power transmission devices associated with the transmission line.

[0086] Figure 5 The illustration shows an example computing system and apparatus 500 according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The computing apparatus 500 may represent any number of elements described herein (e.g., IED 117) or any other elements described herein. The computing apparatus 500 may include one or more processors 502 that execute instructions stored in one or more memory devices (referred to as memory 504). Instructions may be, for example, instructions for implementing functionality described as being implemented by one or more modules and systems disclosed above, or instructions for implementing one or more of the methods disclosed above. The one or more processors 502 may be embodied, for example, in a CPU, multiple CPUs, a GPU, multiple GPUs, a TPU, multiple TPUs, a multi-core processor, a combination thereof, etc. In some embodiments, the one or more processors 502 may be arranged in a single processing device. In other embodiments, the one or more processors 502 may be distributed across two or more processing devices (e.g., multiple CPUs, multiple GPUs, a combination thereof, etc.). Processors may be implemented as a combination of processing circuitry systems or computing processing units (such as CPUs, GPUs, or a combination of both). Therefore, for the sake of illustration, a processor can refer to a single-core processor; a single processor with software multithreading capabilities; a multi-core processor; a multi-core processor with software multithreading capabilities; a multi-core processor with hardware multithreading technology; a parallel processing (or computing) platform; and a parallel computing platform with distributed shared memory. Additionally, or as another example, a processor can refer to an integrated circuit (IC), an ASIC, a digital signal processor (DSP), an FPGA, a PLC, a complex programmable logic device (CPLD), discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed or otherwise configured (e.g., manufactured) to perform the functions described herein.

[0087] One or more processors 502 may access memory 504 via a communication architecture 506 (e.g., a system bus). The communication architecture 506 may be adapted to a specific arrangement (localized or distributed) and type of one or more processors 502. In some embodiments, the communication architecture 506 may include one or more bus architectures, such as a memory bus or memory controller; a peripheral bus; an accelerated graphics port; a processor or local bus; combinations thereof, etc. For illustration, such architectures may include an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, a Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, an Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, a Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) bus, a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI-express bus, a Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) bus, a Universal Serial Bus (USB), etc.

[0088] The memory components or memory devices disclosed herein may be embodied in volatile or non-volatile memory, or may include both volatile and non-volatile memory. Furthermore, the memory components or memory devices may be removable or non-removable, and / or internal or external to a computing device or component. Examples of various types of non-transient storage media may include hard disk drives, zip drives, CD-ROMs, digital versatile discs (DVDs) or other optical storage devices, magnetic tape cassettes, magnetic tapes, disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory cards or other types of memory cards, cassette tapes, or any other non-transient media suitable for retaining desired information and accessible by a computing device.

[0089] For illustration, non-volatile memory may include read-only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory may include random access memory (RAM) used as external cache memory. For illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms, such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), synchronous link DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct memory bus RAM (DRRAM). The memory devices or memories disclosed in the operating or computing environment described herein are intended to include one or more of these and / or any other suitable types of memory. In addition to storing executable instructions, memory 504 may also retain data.

[0090] Each computing device 500 may also include a mass storage device 508 accessible by one or more processors 502 via a communication architecture 506. The mass storage device 508 may include machine-accessible instructions (e.g., computer-readable instructions and / or computer-executable instructions). In some embodiments, the machine-accessible instructions may be encoded in the mass storage device 508 and may be arranged in components that can be built (e.g., linked and compiled) and retained in the mass storage device 508 in a computer-executable form, or arranged in one or more other machine-accessible non-transient storage media included in the computing device 500. Such components may embody or constitute one or more of the various modules disclosed herein. Such a module is illustrated as module 514. Additionally, protocols such as Modbus, DNP, IEC 60870, IEC 61850, Profibus, Fieldbus, etc., may be used in conjunction with the systems and methods described herein.

[0091] The execution of module 714 by one or more processors 502, individually or in combination, can cause computing device 500 to perform any of the operations described herein (e.g., regarding...). Figure 4 The described operation, and any other operations.

[0092] Each computing device 500 may also include one or more input / output interface devices 510 (referred to as I / O interfaces 510), which may allow or otherwise facilitate communication between external devices and computing device 500. For example, I / O interfaces 510 may be used to receive data and / or instructions from external computing devices and to send data and / or instructions to external computing devices.

[0093] The computing device 500 also includes one or more network interface devices 512 (referred to as network interfaces 512), which may allow or otherwise facilitate functional coupling between the computing device 500 and one or more external devices. Functionally coupling the computing device 500 to an external device may include establishing a wired or wireless connection between the computing device 500 and the external device. The network interfaces 512 may include one or more antennas and a communication processing device that may allow wireless communication between the computing device 500 and another external device. For example, between a vehicle and a smart infrastructure system, or between two smart infrastructure systems. Such a communication processing device may process data according to a defined protocol of one or more radio technologies. Radio technologies may include, for example, 3G, LTE, LTE-Advanced, 5G, IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, Bluetooth, ZigBee, Near Field Communication (NFC), etc. The communication processing device may also process data according to other protocols, such as vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, etc. One or more network interfaces 512 can also be used to facilitate peer-to-peer self-organizing network connections as described herein.

[0094] As used herein, the terms “environment,” “system,” “unit,” “module,” “architecture,” “interface,” “component,” etc., refer to entities related to a computer or to an operating device having one or more defined functionalities. The terms “environment,” “system,” “module,” “component,” “architecture,” “interface,” and “unit” are used interchangeably and can collectively refer to functional elements. Such entities can be hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. As an example, modules can be embodied in processes running on a processor, processors, objects, executable portions of software, threads of execution, programs, and / or computing devices. As another example, both software applications executing on a computing device and computing devices can embody modules. As yet another example, one or more modules can reside within a process and / or thread of execution. Modules can reside on a single computing device or be distributed among two or more computing devices. As disclosed herein, modules can be executed from various computer-readable non-transient storage media having various data structures stored thereon. Modules can communicate via local and / or remote processes based on signals (analog or digital) having one or more data packets (e.g., data from a component that interacts with a local system, another component in a distributed system, and / or interacts with other systems via signals across a network such as a wide area network).

[0095] As yet another example, a module may be embodied in or may include a device having defined functionality provided by mechanical components operated by an electrical or electronic circuitry system controlled by a software or firmware application executed by a processor. Such a processor may be internal or external to the device and may execute at least a portion of the software or firmware application. Furthermore, in another example, a module may be embodied in or may include a device providing defined functionality through electronic components without mechanical components. The electronic components may include a processor for executing software or firmware that at least partially allows or otherwise facilitates the functionality of the electronic components.

[0096] In some embodiments, modules may communicate via local and / or remote processes based on signals (analog or digital) having one or more data packets (e.g., data from a component that interacts with a local system, another component in a distributed system, and / or interacts with other systems via signals across a network such as a wide area network). Additionally, or in other embodiments, modules may communicate or be otherwise coupled via thermal, mechanical, electrical, and / or electromechanical coupling mechanisms (such as conduits, connectors, combinations thereof). Interfaces may include input / output (I / O) components and associated processors, applications, and / or other programming components.

[0097] Furthermore, in this specification and accompanying drawings, terms such as “store,” “storage device,” “data repository,” “data storage device,” “memory,” “repository,” and substantially any other information storage component related to the operation and functionality of the components of this disclosure refer to a memory component, an entity embodied in one or more memory devices, or a component forming a memory device. It should be noted that the memory components or memory devices described herein embody or include non-transitory computer storage media that can be read or otherwise accessed by a computing device. Such media can be implemented using any method or technique for storing information such as machine-accessible instructions (e.g., computer-readable instructions), information structures, program modules, or other information objects.

[0098] Unless otherwise specifically stated or otherwise understood in the context in which they are used, conditional languages ​​such as “can,” “may,” “may,” or “possibly” are generally intended to convey, among other things, that certain implementations may include certain features, elements, and / or operations, while other implementations do not. Therefore, such conditional languages ​​are generally not intended to imply that features, elements, and / or operations are required in any way for one or more implementations, or that one or more implementations necessarily include logic for determining, with or without user input or prompting, whether such features, elements, and / or operations are included in or to be performed in any particular implementation.

[0099] The contents described in this specification and accompanying drawings include examples of systems, apparatuses, technologies, and computer program products that, individually or in combination, allow for the automatic provision of updates to vehicle profile packages. It is certainly impossible to describe every conceivable combination of components and / or methods in order to describe the various elements of this disclosure, but it will be appreciated that many further combinations and arrangements of the disclosed elements are possible. Therefore, it will be apparent that various modifications can be made to this disclosure without departing from its scope. Additionally or as an alternative, other embodiments of this disclosure may become apparent from consideration of the specification and accompanying drawings and from the practice of this disclosure as presented herein. It is intended that the examples presented in the specification and accompanying drawings be considered illustrative rather than limiting in all respects. Although specific terminology is used herein, it is used only in a general and descriptive sense and not for limiting purposes.

Claims

1. A system comprising: a computer processor operable to execute a set of computer readable instructions; and a memory operable to store the set of computer readable instructions, the set of computer readable instructions operable to: receive, by a relay, one or more analog signals from voltage and current transformers of a protected line; calculate, by the relay, one or more phasors, one or more sequence quantities, source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities, residual compensation, loop current, and loop voltage; determine, based on stored distance settings, a cyclic MHO characteristic of the relay and one or more sequence quantities, one or more phasors, residual compensation, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities; compare an actual spread of the cyclic MHO characteristic during a fault to a preset maximum spread value; determine that the actual spread is less than the preset maximum spread value; based on the determination that the actual spread is less than the preset maximum spread value, polarize a voltage using a voltage stored in memory; determine that the actual spread is greater than the preset maximum spread value; based on the determination that the actual spread is greater than the preset maximum spread value, polarize the voltage using a weighted sum of the voltage stored in memory and an actual loop voltage to prevent the MHO characteristic from spreading beyond the preset spread value; determine a fault condition on the protected line using the MHO characteristic; and send an instruction to perform a protection control function based on the fault condition.

2. The system of claim 1, wherein, determine the polarization voltage during a fault based on a sum of a product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and a product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein polarizing the voltage using dual polarization comprises setting the first weighting factor to a zero value and setting the second weighting factor to a one value based on a determination that the actual spread during a fault is less than the preset maximum spread value.

3. The system of claim 1, wherein, determine the polarization voltage based on a sum of a product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and a product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein polarizing the voltage using dual polarization comprises setting the first weighting factor to a one value and setting the second weighting factor to a non-zero value based on a determination that the actual spread during a fault is greater than the preset maximum spread value.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein, the non-zero value is based on a preset maximum spread quantity and an actual spread quantity.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein, determine the actual spread for a ground fault using the stored distance settings, residual compensation, sequence quantities, phasors, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities.

6. The system of claim 1, wherein, determine the actual spread for a phase fault using source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities and stored distance settings.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein, determining the fault condition in the system further comprises determining that an estimated apparent impedance falls within the cyclic MHO characteristic.

8. A method comprising: receiving, by a relay, one or more analog signals from voltage and current transformers of a protected line; calculating, by the relay, one or more phasors, one or more sequence quantities, source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities, residual compensation, loop current, and loop voltage; determining a cyclic MHO characteristic of the relay and one or more sequence quantities, one or more phasor quantities, a residual compensation, and a source impedance ratio (SIR) quantity based on the stored distance setting; comparing an actual spread of the cyclic MHO characteristic during a fault to a preset maximum spread value; determining that the actual spread is less than the preset maximum spread value; based on the determination that the actual spread is less than the preset maximum spread value, setting a polarization voltage using a voltage stored in memory; determining that the actual spread is greater than the preset maximum spread value; based on the determination that the actual spread is greater than the preset maximum spread value, setting the polarization voltage using a weighted sum of the voltage stored in memory and an actual loop voltage to prevent the MHO characteristic from spreading beyond the preset spread value; determining a fault condition on the protected line using the MHO characteristic; and sending an instruction to perform a protection control function based on the fault condition.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein, determining the polarization voltage based on a sum of a product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and a product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein setting the polarization voltage using dual polarization includes setting the first weighting factor to a zero value and setting the second weighting factor to a one value based on a determination that the actual spread during a fault is less than the preset maximum spread value.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein, determining the polarization voltage based on a sum of a product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and a product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein setting the polarization voltage using dual polarization includes setting the first weighting factor to a one value and setting the second weighting factor to a non-zero value based on a determination that the actual spread during a fault is greater than the preset maximum spread value.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein, the non-zero value is based on a preset maximum spread value and an actual spread value.

12. The method of claim 8, wherein, determining the actual spread for a ground fault using the stored distance setting, the residual compensation, the sequence quantities, the phasor quantities, and the source impedance ratio (SIR) quantity.

13. The method of claim 8, wherein, determining the actual spread for a phase fault using the source impedance ratio (SIR) quantity and the stored distance setting.

14. The method of claim 8, wherein, determining the fault condition further includes determining that an estimated apparent impedance falls within the cyclic MHO characteristic.

15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform operations comprising: receiving, by a relay, one or more analog signals from a voltage transformer and a current transformer of a protected line; calculating, by the relay, one or more phasor quantities, one or more sequence quantities, a source impedance ratio (SIR) quantity, a residual compensation, a loop current, and a loop voltage; determining a cyclic MHO characteristic of the relay and one or more sequence quantities, one or more phasor quantities, a residual compensation, and a source impedance ratio (SIR) quantity based on the stored distance setting; comparing an actual spread of the cyclic MHO characteristic during a fault to a preset maximum spread value; determining that the actual spread is less than the preset maximum spread value; based on a determination that the actual reach is less than the preset maximum reach value, setting the polarization voltage using a weighted sum of the voltage stored in memory and an actual loop voltage; determining that the actual reach is greater than the preset maximum reach value; based on a determination that the actual reach is greater than the preset maximum reach value, setting the polarization voltage using a weighted sum of the voltage stored in memory and an actual loop voltage to prevent the MHO characteristic from reaching beyond the preset reach value; using the MHO characteristic to determine a fault condition on the protected line; and sending an instruction to perform a protection control function based on the fault condition.

16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein, the polarization voltage is determined based on a sum of a product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and a product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein setting the polarization voltage using dual polarization includes setting the first weighting factor to a zero value and setting the second weighting factor to a one value based on a determination that the actual reach during a fault is less than a preset maximum reach value.

17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein, the polarization voltage is determined based on a sum of a product of a first weighting factor and the loop voltage and a product of a second weighting factor and the voltage stored in memory, and wherein setting the polarization voltage using dual polarization includes setting the first weighting factor to a one value and setting the second weighting factor to a non-zero value based on a determination that the actual reach during a fault is greater than the preset maximum reach value.

18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 17, wherein, the non-zero value is based on a preset maximum reach amount and an actual reach amount.

19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein, the actual reach for a ground fault is determined using stored distance settings, residual compensation, sequence quantities, phasor quantities, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities.

20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein, the actual reach for a phase fault is determined using source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities and stored distance settings. the actual reach for a ground fault is determined using stored distance settings, residual compensation, sequence quantities, phasor quantities, and source impedance ratio (SIR) quantities.

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