Management methods, charging methods, management devices, management systems, electrode assemblies, and individual cells for secondary batteries.

Abstract

This invention provides a secondary battery management method, a secondary battery charging method, a secondary battery management device, a secondary battery management system, an electrode assembly, and a single cell, all capable of effectively and safely charging a secondary battery within a rechargeable time. In the secondary battery management method of this embodiment, a predetermined charging mode is set during a scheduled charging process based on inferred data, target data, and relational data. The inferred data includes inferred results of the internal state of the secondary battery based on measurements of its current and voltage. The target data includes a target charging time for the secondary battery during the predetermined charging process. The relational data shows the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery, the charging conditions, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery. The charging mode is set to a mode in which the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold and the secondary battery is charged within the target time period.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The embodiments of the present invention relate to a secondary battery management method, a secondary battery charging method, a secondary battery management device, a secondary battery management system, an electrode assembly, and a single battery. Background Technology

[0002] In recent years, secondary batteries, such as lithium-ion batteries, have been incorporated into battery-equipped devices including smartphones, large-scale energy storage devices for power systems, vehicles, power supply units, robots, and drones. In these battery-equipped devices, the remaining capacity of the secondary battery decreases, necessitating charging. Charging these secondary batteries requires appropriate and safe charging methods that suppress rapid degradation. Furthermore, it is essential to effectively utilize the time available for charging the secondary battery during the user's activities. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a secondary battery management method, a secondary battery charging method, a secondary battery management device, a secondary battery management system, an electrode assembly, and a single battery that can effectively utilize the rechargeable time to safely and appropriately charge the secondary battery.

[0004] An implementation provides a method for managing a secondary battery. In this method, a predetermined charging mode is set during a scheduled charge based on inferred data, target data, and relational data. The inferred data includes inferred results of the internal state of the secondary battery based on measurements of current and voltage during charging or discharging. The target data includes a target charging time for the secondary battery during the predetermined charge. The relational data shows the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery, the charging conditions, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery. The charging mode is set to a mode where the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold and the secondary battery is charged during the target time period.

[0005] Based on the above structure, it is possible to provide a secondary battery management method, a secondary battery charging method, a secondary battery management device, a secondary battery management system, an electrode assembly, and a single cell that enable the safe and appropriate charging of the secondary battery during the rechargeable time. Attached Figure Description

[0006] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a management system for implementing a specific method.

[0007] Figure 2This is a schematic diagram illustrating the internal state parameters that represent the internal state of a secondary battery.

[0008] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of providing secondary battery charging and other services different from charging to a user of a battery-equipped device in an embodiment.

[0009] Figure 4A This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of information shown by relational data stored in the data storage unit in an implementation embodiment.

[0010] Figure 4B This indicates that the relational data stored in the data storage unit in the implementation embodiment is shown as... Figure 4A A schematic diagram of an example of different information.

[0011] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the processing of the charging mode setting unit in the embodiment.

[0012] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a charging mode set by the charging mode setting unit in the implementation method.

[0013] Figure 7 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of processing performed by the processing unit of the management device in relation to the implementation method.

[0014] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a single battery used in a management system for an implementation of a certain method.

[0015] Figure 9 This is an explanation Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the structure of the electrode assembly in a single cell.

[0016] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures

[0017] 1…Management system, 2…Battery mounting device, 3…Management device, 5…Secondary battery, 6…Measuring circuit, 7…Equipment control unit, 11…Processing unit, 12…Data storage unit, 15…Inference data generation unit, 16…Target data generation unit, 17…Charging mode setting unit, 18…Charging control unit, 40…Single battery, 42…Electrode group, 45…Negative terminal, 46…Positive terminal, 51…Bipolar electrode, 52…Negative electrode, 53…Positive electrode. Detailed Implementation

[0018] The embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0019] (Secondary battery management system)

[0020] Figure 1This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a management system for a given implementation method. For example... Figure 1 As shown, the management system 1 includes a battery mounting device 2 and a management device 3. The battery mounting device 2 includes a secondary battery 5, a measurement circuit 6, and a device control unit 7. Examples of devices that can be used as the battery mounting device 2 include smartphones, large-scale energy storage devices for power systems, vehicles, power supply units for installation, robots, and drones. Examples of vehicles that can be used as the battery mounting device 2 include railway vehicles, electric buses, electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and electric motorcycles.

[0021] The secondary battery 5 is, for example, a lithium-ion secondary battery. The secondary battery 5 can be formed from a single cell, or it can be a battery module or battery cell formed by electrically connecting multiple single cells. When the secondary battery 5 is formed from multiple single cells, the multiple single cells can be electrically connected in series or in parallel. Furthermore, the secondary battery 5 can also be formed in both a series connection structure where multiple single cells are connected in series and a parallel connection structure where multiple single cells are connected in parallel. Additionally, the secondary battery 5 can also be any of the following: a battery string, a battery array, or a storage battery where multiple battery modules are electrically connected.

[0022] The measuring circuit 6 detects and measures parameters related to the secondary battery 5 during charging or discharging. For example, during a single charge or discharge cycle of the secondary battery 5, the measuring circuit 6 performs parameter measurements periodically at predetermined times. In this case, the measuring circuit 6 measures the parameters related to the secondary battery 5 at multiple measurement moments during a single charge or discharge cycle, and performs multiple measurements of the parameters related to the secondary battery 5. Parameters related to the secondary battery 5 include the current flowing through the secondary battery 5, the voltage of the secondary battery 5, and the temperature of the secondary battery 5. Therefore, the measuring circuit 6 includes a current meter for measuring current, a voltage meter for measuring voltage, and a temperature sensor for measuring temperature.

[0023] The device control unit 7 constitutes a processing device (computer) that controls the operation of the battery-mounted device 2, which includes the secondary battery 5. The device control unit 7 controls the charging and discharging of the secondary battery 5 and controls the operation of the secondary battery 5 by controlling the drive circuit (not shown) formed in the battery-mounted device 2. The device control unit 7 includes a processor and a storage medium. The processor may include any of the following: CPU (Central Processing Unit), ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), microcomputer, FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array), and DSP (Digital Signal Processor). The storage medium may include main storage devices such as memory, and may also include auxiliary storage devices. Examples of storage media include magnetic disks, optical disks (CD-ROM, CD-R, DVD, etc.), optical discs (MO, etc.), and semiconductor memories. In the device control unit 7, there may be one processor and multiple storage media. In the device control unit 7, the processor performs processing by executing programs stored in the storage media. Furthermore, in the device control unit 7, the program executed by the processor can also be stored in a computer (server) connected via a network such as the Internet, or a server in a cloud environment. In this case, the processor downloads the program via the network. Additionally, in Figure 1 In one example, the processor of the device control unit 7 processes instructions sent from the management device 3.

[0024] (Management methods for secondary batteries, charging methods for secondary batteries, management devices for secondary batteries, and management procedures for secondary batteries)

[0025] The management device 3 will now be described. Furthermore, the management method executed by the management device 3 and the charging method for the secondary battery will be explained, along with the management procedure executed by the management device 3. The management device 3 manages the secondary battery 5 based on information related to it. Therefore, the secondary battery 5 becomes the object of management by the management device 3. Figure 1In one example, the management device 3 is located outside the battery mounting device 2. The management device 3 includes a processing unit 11, a data storage unit 12, and a transceiver unit 13. The management device 3 may include, for example, a server or other processing device capable of communicating with the device control unit 7 via a network. In this case, the management device 3, like the device control unit 7, includes a processor and a storage medium. Furthermore, the processing unit 11 performs at least a portion of the processing performed by the processor of the management device 3, and the storage medium of the management device 3 functions as the data storage unit 12. Additionally, the transceiver unit 13 is configured as an interface to the processing device. The processing unit 11 can communicate with the device control unit 7 of the battery mounting device 2 via the transceiver unit 13, and can transmit information with the device control unit 7. The processing unit 11 includes an inference data generation unit 15, a target data generation unit 16, a charging mode setting unit 17, and a charging control unit 18. The inference data generation unit 15, the target data generation unit 16, the charging mode setting unit 17, and the charging control unit 18 each perform a portion of the processing performed by the processing unit 11.

[0026] In addition, Figure 1 In one example, the management device 3 also functions as a charger capable of charging the secondary battery 5 of the battery mounting device 2, and includes a power supply 21 and a drive circuit 22. The power supply 21 is electrically connected to the secondary battery 5 via the drive circuit 22 and the drive circuit of the battery mounting device 2. When the power supply 21 is electrically connected to the secondary battery 5, the charging control unit 18 of the processing unit 11 controls the driving of the drive circuit 22 and sends control commands to the device control unit 7 via the transceiver unit 13, thereby controlling the driving of the drive circuit of the battery mounting device 2. Thus, the power supply from the power supply 21 to the secondary battery 5 is controlled by the charging control unit 18 and the device control unit 7, thereby controlling the charging of the secondary battery 5.

[0027] In another example, the management device 3, which functions as a charger, may not have a power supply 21. In this case, the external power source of the management device 3 can be electrically connected to the secondary battery 5 via the drive circuit 22 and the drive circuit of the battery mounting device 2. Even in a configuration where the power supply 21 is not located in the management device 3, when the external power source of the management device 3 is electrically connected to the secondary battery 5, the charging control unit 18 of the processing unit 11 controls the driving of the drive circuit 22 and sends control commands to the device control unit 7 via the transceiver unit 13. The device control unit 7 then controls the driving of the drive circuit of the battery mounting device 2. Thus, the charging control unit 18 and the device control unit 7 control the power supply from the external power source to the secondary battery 5, thereby controlling the charging of the secondary battery 5.

[0028] In another example, the management device 3 does not function as a charger; the charger capable of charging the secondary battery 5 of the battery mounting device 2 is set up independently of the management device 3. In this case, the processing unit 11 of the management device 3 can communicate with the device control unit 7 via the transceiver unit 13, and can also communicate with the charger. The charger is electrically connected to the secondary battery 5 of the battery mounting device 2. When power can be supplied from the charger to the secondary battery 5, the charging control unit 18 of the processing unit 11 sends control commands to the device control unit 7 via the transceiver unit 13. The device control unit 7 controls the driving of the drive circuit of the battery mounting device 2 and sends control commands to the charger. The charger's processor controls the power output from the charger to the battery mounting device 2. Thus, the power supply from the charger to the secondary battery 5 and the charging of the secondary battery 5 are controlled by the charging control unit 18, the device control unit 7, and the charger's processor.

[0029] Furthermore, if the management device 3 does not function as a charger, it can also be a cloud server configured in a cloud environment. The cloud environment consists of virtual processors such as virtual CPUs and cloud storage. Therefore, when the management device 3 is a cloud server, the processing unit 11 performs at least a portion of the processing performed by the virtual processor. Moreover, the cloud storage functions as the data storage unit 12.

[0030] Alternatively, the data storage unit 12 may be located in a computer different from the device control unit 7 and the management device 3. In this case, the management device 3 is connected to the computer equipped with the data storage unit 12 via a network. Alternatively, the management device 3 may be mounted on the battery-mounted device 2. In this case, the management device 3 includes a processing unit mounted on the battery-mounted device 2, and the processor of the processing unit mounted on the battery-mounted device 2 performs the processing of the processing unit 11. The processing of the management device 3, including the processing of the processing unit 11, will be described below.

[0031] The processor of the management device 3 diagnoses the degradation state of the secondary battery 5 by inferring its internal state. This diagnosis, including the inference of the secondary battery 5's internal state, is performed periodically, for example, annually. When the internal state of the secondary battery 5 is inferred, the processing unit 11 sends a command to the device control unit 7 via the transceiver unit 13. The device control unit 7 then charges or discharges the secondary battery 5 under predetermined conditions according to the command sent from the processing unit 11. Alternatively, power can be supplied to the secondary battery 5 from the management device 3, which acts as a charger, to charge the secondary battery 5 under predetermined conditions.

[0032] Here, data representing the prescribed conditions for charging or discharging the secondary battery 5 in determining its internal state is stored, for example, in the data storage unit 12. These prescribed conditions include, for example, conditions related to the SOC (state of charge) at the start of charging or discharging, conditions related to the SOC range of the secondary battery 5 during charging or discharging, conditions related to the current flowing through the secondary battery 5 during charging or discharging (the C-ratio of the secondary battery 5), conditions related to the temperature of the secondary battery 5 during charging or discharging, and conditions for ending charging or discharging. In these prescribed conditions, the current value of the secondary battery 5 is set to a relatively small value, and the SOC range is set to a relatively wide range. Therefore, by charging or discharging the secondary battery 5 within a relatively low ratio and a relatively wide SOC range, the internal state of the secondary battery 5 is determined.

[0033] During the diagnosis of the internal state of the secondary battery 5, under the aforementioned conditions of charging or discharging, the measuring circuit 6 measures the aforementioned parameters related to the secondary battery 5. Furthermore, the processing unit 11 of the management device 3 receives measurement data, representing the measurement results of the measuring circuit 6 on the aforementioned parameters related to the secondary battery 5, from the device control unit 7 via the transceiver unit 13. The measurement data is generated by the device control unit 7, for example, based on the measurement results of the measuring circuit 6 during charging or discharging under specified conditions.

[0034] While the secondary battery 5 is being charged or discharged under the aforementioned conditions, the measurement circuit 6 measures parameters related to the secondary battery 5 at multiple measurement times. Therefore, the measurement data received by the processing unit 11 includes the measured values ​​of parameters related to the secondary battery 5 at each of the multiple measurement times (multiple measurements). Furthermore, the measurement data includes the time variation (time history) of parameters related to the secondary battery 5 during charging or discharging under the aforementioned conditions. Thus, the measurement data includes the time variation (time history) of the current of the secondary battery 5, the time variation (time history) of the voltage of the secondary battery 5, and the time variation (time history) of the temperature of the secondary battery 5, etc.

[0035] Alternatively, either the device control unit 7 or the processing unit 11 (processor) of the management device 3 may, based on the measurement results of parameters related to the secondary battery 5 obtained by the measurement circuit 6, infer the time variation (time history) of the secondary battery 5 during charging or discharging under the aforementioned specified conditions, regarding the charge amount and SOC of the secondary battery 5. Furthermore, the measurement data may include data indicating the relationship between the measured parameters related to the secondary battery 5 and the inferred charge amount and SOC of the secondary battery 5. In this case, for example, data indicating the relationship between the measured voltage of the secondary battery 5 and the inferred charge amount and SOC of the secondary battery 5 may be included in the measurement data. The processing unit 11 can write the aforementioned measurement data into the data storage unit 12.

[0036] Here, the charge level of the secondary battery 5 can be calculated based on the state of charge (SOC) of the secondary battery 5 at the start of charging or discharging under the aforementioned conditions, and the time-varying current of the secondary battery 5. In this case, the charge level of the secondary battery 5 is calculated using the current accumulation method. Alternatively, the charge level of the secondary battery 5 can also be calculated using methods that calculate the relationship between the terminal voltage and the charge level in the secondary battery 5, or using inference methods employing Kalman filters.

[0037] Furthermore, the State of Charge (SOC) of the secondary battery 5 is defined, for example, based on the voltage of the secondary battery 5. In the secondary battery 5, a lower limit voltage Vmin and an upper limit voltage Vmax are defined regarding voltage. In the secondary battery 5, for example, the state where the open-circuit voltage (OCV) or the voltage during discharge under certain specified conditions reaches the lower limit voltage Vmin is defined as the SOC of 0%, and the state where the open-circuit voltage or the voltage during charging under certain specified conditions reaches the upper limit voltage Vmax is defined as the SOC of 100%. In addition, in the secondary battery 5, the discharge capacity from the SOC of 100% to the SOC of 0%, or the charging capacity from the SOC of 0% to the SOC of 100%, is called the battery capacity. Moreover, in the secondary battery 5, the ratio of the remaining charge to the battery capacity at the SOC of 0% is defined as the SOC. Therefore, the SOC of the secondary battery 5 can be calculated based on the charge amount of the secondary battery 5, etc.

[0038] The inference data generation unit 15 acquires the aforementioned measurement data, including measurement results of the current and voltage of the secondary battery 5, and infers the internal state of the secondary battery 5 based on the measurement data. In this embodiment, the inference data generation unit 15 infers internal state parameters representing the internal state of the secondary battery 5. In one example, the inference data generation unit 15 analyzes at least the data representing the time-varying current and voltage of the secondary battery 5 during charging or discharging under the aforementioned specified conditions. In this case, the charging curve analysis or discharging curve analysis of the secondary battery 5 is performed by the inference data generation unit 15. In addition to the data representing the time-varying current and voltage of the secondary battery 5, the inference data generation unit 15 can also analyze the data representing the time-varying temperature of the secondary battery 5.

[0039] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the internal state parameters representing the internal state of a secondary battery. Figure 2 In the diagram, the horizontal axis represents the charge Q, and the vertical axis represents the electrical potential E. For example... Figure 2 As shown, in the secondary battery 5, a lower limit potential Epmin and an upper limit potential Epmax are defined for the positive electrode potential, and the positive electrode potential increases with the increase of the charge amount at the positive electrode. Furthermore, the charge amount at the positive electrode when the positive electrode potential reaches the lower limit potential Epmin is called the initial charge amount Qpmin, and the charge amount at the positive electrode potential when the positive electrode potential reaches the upper limit potential Epmax is called the upper limit charge amount Qpmax. Moreover, the charge amount at the positive electrode from the initial charge amount Qpmin to the upper limit charge amount Qpmax constitutes the positive electrode capacity Mp of the secondary battery 5, which is equivalent to the chargeable and dischargeable amount of the positive electrode of the secondary battery 5.

[0040] In the secondary battery 5, a lower limit potential Enmin and an upper limit potential Enmax are defined for the negative electrode potential. The negative electrode potential decreases as the charge amount at the negative electrode increases. Furthermore, the charge amount at the negative electrode when the negative electrode potential reaches the upper limit potential Enmax is called the initial charge amount Qnmin, and the charge amount at the negative electrode potential when the negative electrode potential reaches the lower limit potential Enmin is called the upper limit charge amount Qnmax. Moreover, the charge amount at the negative electrode from the initial charge amount Qnmin to the upper limit charge amount Qnmax constitutes the negative electrode capacity Mn of the secondary battery 5, which is equivalent to the charge / discharge capacity of the negative electrode of the secondary battery 5.

[0041] The internal state parameters of the secondary battery 5 include the aforementioned positive electrode capacity Mp, negative electrode capacity Mn, initial charge of the positive electrode Qpmin, and initial charge of the negative electrode Qnmin. Additionally, the internal state parameters of the secondary battery 5 include the positive electrode mass corresponding to the positive electrode capacity Mp and the negative electrode mass corresponding to the negative electrode capacity Mn. The positive electrode mass can be calculated based on the positive electrode capacity and the type of material forming the positive electrode. Similarly, the negative electrode mass can be calculated based on the negative electrode capacity and the type of material forming the negative electrode. Furthermore, the internal state parameters of the secondary battery 5 include positive electrode capacity retention rate and negative electrode capacity retention rate. Here, the positive electrode capacity retention rate refers to the ratio of the estimated positive electrode capacity to the positive electrode capacity at the beginning of use, and the negative electrode capacity retention rate refers to the ratio of the estimated negative electrode capacity to the negative electrode capacity at the beginning of use.

[0042] Furthermore, the internal state parameters of the secondary battery 5 include the deviation between the initial charge amount Qpmin of the positive electrode and the initial charge amount Qnmin of the negative electrode, i.e., the application of window switching (SOW: Shift of Operation Window). Additionally, the internal state parameters of the secondary battery 5 include parameters related to the internal resistance of the secondary battery 5. Furthermore, in... Figure 2 The battery capacity Mb, one of the battery characteristic parameters representing the characteristics of the secondary battery 5, is also shown. As mentioned above, the battery capacity Mb is equivalent to the amount of charge required for the voltage (the difference between the positive and negative electrode potentials) of the secondary battery 5 to rise from the lower limit voltage Vmin to the upper limit voltage Vmax.

[0043] In this embodiment, a battery model of the secondary battery 5 is stored in the data storage unit 12. The battery model includes data representing the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and at least one of the voltage and current of the secondary battery 5, such as a calculation formula for calculating at least one of the voltage and current of the secondary battery 5 based on the internal state of the secondary battery 5. Therefore, the battery model includes data representing the relationship between internal state parameters such as positive electrode capacity and negative electrode capacity and at least one of the current and voltage of the secondary battery 5. In addition, the relationship between the internal state and the current and voltage of the secondary battery 5 varies depending on the temperature of the secondary battery 5. Therefore, in the battery model of the secondary battery 5, the relationship between the internal state and at least one of the current and voltage of the secondary battery 5 can be set according to multiple different temperatures.

[0044] In the aforementioned analysis of the charging or discharging curve of the secondary battery 5, the inference data generation unit 15 uses at least the measurement results of the voltage and current of the secondary battery 5 contained in the measurement data, and the aforementioned data representing the relationship between the internal state and at least one of the current and voltage of the secondary battery 5, to perform a fitting calculation (regression calculation). At this time, in the formula for calculating at least the voltage and current of the secondary battery 5 based on its internal state, one or more parameters among the internal state parameters are used as variables in the fitting calculation. In one example, data representing the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and its voltage is used in the fitting calculation. The relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and its voltage, expressed in data, shows the relationship between the positive electrode potential and the amount of charge at the positive electrode, and the relationship between the negative electrode potential and the amount of charge at the negative electrode. Furthermore, the inference data generation unit 15 calculates one or more internal state parameters as variables through the fitting calculation, thereby inferring the internal state of the secondary battery 5. The inference data generation unit 15 generates inference data representing the inference result of the internal state of the secondary battery 5, including the inferred values ​​of the internal state parameters of the secondary battery 5, and can write the generated inference data into the data storage unit 12. In addition, in the fitting calculation of the internal state parameters, in addition to the measurement results of the voltage and current of the secondary battery 5, and the data representing the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and the voltage and current of the secondary battery 5, the measurement results of the temperature of the secondary battery 5 and the data representing the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and the temperature of the secondary battery 5 can also be used.

[0045] In one example, the calculation formula of Equation (1) is included in the battery model as data representing the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and the voltage V(t) of the secondary battery 5 at a certain time t. Furthermore, the inference data generation unit 15 performs a fitting calculation using the measurement result of the voltage V(t) of the secondary battery 5 included in the measurement data and the calculation formula of Equation (1) included in the battery model, thereby inferring the internal state of the secondary battery 5. In the fitting calculation using Equation (1), for example, the positive electrode capacity Mp, the negative electrode capacity Mn, the initial charge amount of the positive electrode Qpmin, the initial charge amount of the negative electrode Qnmin, and the parameter R related to the internal resistance are set as internal state parameters, and these internal state parameters are used as variables in the fitting calculation.

[0046] V(t)=Ep(Mp, Qpmin)-En(Mn, Qnmin)+R×I (1)

[0047] In equation (1), I represents the current of the secondary battery 5, and the measured value contained in the measurement data is used as the current I. In addition, in equation (1), Ep(Mp, Qpmin) represents the function of calculating the open circuit potential (OCP) of the positive electrode with at least the positive electrode capacity Mp and the initial charge Qpmin of the positive electrode as variables, and En(Mn, Qnmin) represents the function of calculating the open circuit potential of the negative electrode with at least the negative electrode capacity Mn and the initial charge Qnmin of the negative electrode as variables.

[0048] Furthermore, a method for inferring the internal state of a secondary battery through charging curve analysis has been disclosed in Reference 1 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2018-147827), Reference 2 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2012-251806), and Reference 3 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2020-92598). In each of References 1 to 3, at least the measurement results of the current and voltage of the secondary battery and data representing the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery and the voltage and current of the secondary battery are used to perform fitting calculations to infer the internal state of the secondary battery. In the embodiment, the internal state of the secondary battery 5 can also be inferred in the same way as in any of References 1 to 3. In addition, in the inference of the internal state of the secondary battery 5, the inference data generation unit 15 reads the battery model including the calculation formula of formula (1) from the data storage unit 12. Moreover, the inference data generation unit 15 can store the inference values ​​required for subsequent processing, including the temporary inference values ​​and the final inference values ​​regarding the internal state parameters, in the data storage unit 12.

[0049] Furthermore, the inference data generation unit 15 can also infer the battery characteristics of the secondary battery 5 based on the inferred internal state of the secondary battery 5. The battery characteristics of the secondary battery 5 include, in addition to the aforementioned battery capacity Mb, the open-circuit voltage and OCV curve of the secondary battery 5. Here, the OCV curve is a function representing the relationship between parameters other than OCV and OCV, for example, a function representing the relationship between OCV and SOC or charge amount. Additionally, the internal resistance of the secondary battery 5, as described above, indicates the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and also indicates the battery characteristics of the secondary battery 5. References 1 and 3 respectively illustrate methods for inferring the battery characteristics of the secondary battery 5 based on the internal state of the secondary battery. In this embodiment, the battery characteristics of the secondary battery 5 can also be inferred in the same way as in References 1 and 3. When the battery characteristics of the secondary battery 5 are inferred, the inference data includes, in addition to the inference result of the internal state of the secondary battery 5, the inference result of the battery characteristics of the secondary battery 5.

[0050] Furthermore, the inference of the internal state of the aforementioned secondary battery 5 does not need to be performed by the management device 3, but can be performed by a processing device (computer) different from the management device 3. In this case, the inference data generation unit 15 is not provided in the processing unit 11 of the management device 3. In addition, the processing unit 11 of the management device 3 receives inference data containing the inference result of the internal state of the secondary battery 5 from the processing device that performs the internal state inference via the transceiver unit 13. Moreover, the processing unit 11 can write the received inference data into the data storage unit 12.

[0051] The target data generation unit 16 generates target data representing the target value of a predetermined charge of the secondary battery 5 to be performed after the current time. The target data generated by the target data generation unit 16 includes the target time for charging the secondary battery 5 during the predetermined charge, and also includes the target SOC of the secondary battery at the end of the predetermined charge. The target time is equivalent to the time required for the secondary battery 5 to be charged during the predetermined charge. The target data generation unit 16 obtains the aforementioned target SOC based on either information received via the transceiver unit 13 or information input into a user interface (not shown) provided on the management device 3. Furthermore, the target data generation unit 16 obtains, based on either information received via the transceiver unit 13 or information input into the user interface of the management device 3, the activities of the user of the battery-mounted device 2 equipped with the secondary battery 5 that are performed concurrently with the predetermined charge in terms of time. Moreover, the target data generation unit 16 calculates the target time based on the activities of the user of the battery-mounted device 2 that are performed concurrently with the predetermined charge in terms of time. The target data generation unit 16 can write the generated target data into the data storage unit 12.

[0052] Here, the activities that the user of battery-equipped device 2 performs concurrently with the scheduled charging can include, for example, using the restroom in department stores, concert venues, and cinemas; shopping in department stores, supermarkets, and convenience stores; moving by vehicle, escalator, and elevator; and taking a seat in restaurants, concert halls, and cinemas. The target data generation unit 16 calculates a target time, which is the time during which the secondary battery 5 can be charged while the user of battery-equipped device 2 is performing the aforementioned activities. In one example, the charger operator provides the user of battery-equipped device 2 with charging of the secondary battery 5 and other services besides charging, in exchange for payment of the user's compensation. Furthermore, the user of battery-equipped device 2 performs activities corresponding to the services provided along with charging concurrently with the scheduled charging. At this time, the target data generation unit 16 predicts the activities performed by the user of battery-equipped device 2 based on the content of the services provided along with charging. Moreover, the target data generation unit 16 calculates the target time based on the predicted activities, i.e., the activities corresponding to the services provided along with charging.

[0053] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of providing secondary battery charging and other services different from charging to a user of a battery-mounted device in an embodiment. Figure 3 In one example, the battery-equipped device 2 is a smartphone. For smartphone users, such as those receiving payment, charger operators provide charging services for the secondary battery 5 and transportation services for vehicles. In this case, the smartphone user inputs information indicating their current location and destination using their smartphone, and sends this information to a management device 3, which functions as a charger. Furthermore, the target data generation unit 16 of the management device 3 calculates a target time, which is the time during the smartphone user's travel time to the destination, to charge the secondary battery 5. The processing unit 11 of the management device 3 then supplies power to the battery-equipped device 2 based on the calculated target time, thus charging the secondary battery 5 as described later.

[0054] Furthermore, the generation of the aforementioned target data does not need to be performed through the management device 3, but can be performed through a processing device (computer) different from the management device 3. In this case, the target data generation unit 16 is not provided in the processing unit 11 of the management device 3. In addition, the processing unit 11 of the management device 3 receives target data containing the target time required for a predetermined charging that can be implemented from the processing device that generates the target data via the transceiver unit 13. Moreover, the processing unit 11 can write the received target data into the data storage unit 12.

[0055] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the data storage unit 12 stores relationship data representing the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and the charging conditions during charging, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5. In the relationship data, for example, the relationship between the charging conditions and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 is shown according to multiple different internal states. Among the multiple internal states showing the relationship between charging conditions and degradation rate, one or more parameters, including positive electrode capacity and negative electrode capacity, are different from each other. The relationship data shows the relationship between one or more parameters related to charging conditions and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 according to the multiple internal states.

[0056] Here, the charging conditions during the charging of the secondary battery 5 include conditions related to the SOC range from the start to the end of charging, conditions related to the current flowing through the secondary battery 5 during charging (the charging rate of the secondary battery 5), and conditions related to the temperature of the secondary battery 5 during charging. Furthermore, parameters related to the charging conditions include the SOC of the secondary battery 5 during charging, the charging rate of the secondary battery 5 (the charging current of the secondary battery 5), and the temperature of the secondary battery 5 during charging.

[0057] Figure 4A This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of information shown by relational data stored in the data storage unit in an embodiment. Additionally, Figure 4B This indicates that the relational data stored in the data storage unit in the implementation embodiment is shown as... Figure 4A A schematic diagram of an example of different information. Figure 4A The diagram shows the relationship between the SOC of the secondary battery 5 during charging and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 when the secondary battery 5 is in a specified internal state and parameters related to charging conditions other than the temperature of the secondary battery 5 during charging and the SOC of the secondary battery 5 during charging, including the charging ratio, reach specified values. Figure 4A In the graph, the horizontal axis represents State of Charge (SOC), and the vertical axis represents the rate of degradation. Additionally, in... Figure 4B The diagram shows that in secondary battery 5, there is a connection with... Figure 4A Under the same specified internal conditions, and with specified values ​​for parameters related to charging conditions other than the temperature of the secondary battery 5 during charging and the charging rate, including the SOC of the secondary battery 5 during charging, the relationship between the charging rate and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 is determined. Figure 4B In the graph, the horizontal axis represents the charging rate, and the vertical axis represents the degradation rate. Figure 4A The diagram shows that, all other things being equal, the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 increases during charging in both the lower and higher SOC regions. Figure 4BThe diagram shows that, all other things being equal, the higher the charging rate, the greater the rate of degradation of the secondary battery 5.

[0058] Furthermore, the relational data not only shows the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and the charging conditions of the secondary battery 5 and the overall degradation rate of the secondary battery 5, but also shows the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and the charging conditions of the secondary battery 5 and the degradation rates of the positive and negative electrodes of the secondary battery 5. In one example, in the relational data, the relationship between one or more parameters associated with the charging conditions and the degradation rate of the positive electrode, and the relationship between one or more parameters associated with the charging conditions and the degradation rate of the negative electrode, are shown according to multiple different internal states.

[0059] Furthermore, in the relational data, in addition to the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and the charging conditions during charging of the secondary battery 5 and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5, the relationship between the usage history of the secondary battery 5 and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 can also be shown. In this case, in the relational data, for example, regarding the relationship between the charging conditions of the secondary battery 5 and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5, at least one of the internal state and usage history is shown under multiple different conditions. Among the multiple conditions showing the relationship between charging conditions and degradation rate, one or more parameters, including the aforementioned internal state parameters such as positive electrode capacity and negative electrode capacity, and the parameters associated with the usage history, are different from each other. As parameters associated with the usage history, the number of charging and discharging times since the start of the use of the secondary battery 5, the elapsed time since the start of the use of the secondary battery 5, and the cumulative value of charging time (pure charging time) and discharging time (pure discharging time) since the start of the use of the secondary battery 5 can be listed.

[0060] Furthermore, the information presented by relational data does not need to be as follows: Figure 4A and Figure 4B Such graphs can also be used to derive functions of the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5. In one example, in the relational data, the function deriving the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 from one or more parameters associated with charging conditions is defined according to multiple distinct internal states. In another example, the relational data defines a function deriving the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 from one or more parameters of internal states and one or more parameters associated with charging conditions. Furthermore, when the relationship between the usage history of the secondary battery 5 and its degradation rate is also shown in the relational data, a function deriving the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 from one or more parameters of internal states, one or more parameters associated with charging conditions, and one or more parameters associated with usage history can also be defined in the relational data.

[0061] Furthermore, Reference 3 shows data relating the internal state of the secondary battery and the charging conditions of the secondary battery to the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5. For example, Reference 3 shows a degradation model and degradation charts as relationships between the internal state of the secondary battery and the charging conditions of the secondary battery to the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5. In this embodiment, the degradation model and degradation charts of Reference 3 may also be shown in the relational data stored in the data storage unit 12.

[0062] The charging mode setting unit 17 acquires inference data including inference results of internal state, target data including target time for charging the secondary battery 5 in the predetermined charging process, and relationship data indicating the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5, the charging conditions of the secondary battery 5, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5. Furthermore, the charging mode setting unit 17 sets the charging mode for the predetermined charging of the secondary battery 5 based on the inference data, target data, and relationship data. At this time, the charging mode setting unit 17 acquires the real-time state of the secondary battery 5 and sets the charging mode based on the real-time state of the secondary battery 5, in addition to the aforementioned inference data, target data, and relationship data. The real-time state of the secondary battery 5 includes the real-time SOC and the real-time temperature of the secondary battery 5. The charging mode setting unit 17 of the processing unit 11 acquires the real-time state of the secondary battery 5, including the real-time SOC and temperature, by receiving data from the battery mounting device 2 via the transceiver unit 13.

[0063] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the processing of the charging mode setting unit in the embodiment. (Example) Figure 5 As shown, the charging mode setting unit 17 receives the latest estimation result of the internal state of the secondary battery 5 through input estimation data, and also receives the latest estimation result of internal state parameters including positive electrode capacity, negative electrode capacity, and internal resistance. Furthermore, the charging mode setting unit 17 receives target data, including the target charging time of the secondary battery 5 during the predetermined charging process and the target SOC of the secondary battery 5 at the end of the predetermined charging process. Moreover, the charging mode setting unit 17 receives the real-time SOC and real-time state of the secondary battery 5, including its temperature. Additionally, the charging mode setting unit 17 obtains the aforementioned relationship data stored in the data storage unit 12. Furthermore, based on the input information and relationship data, the charging mode setting unit 17 sets the charging mode for the predetermined charging of the secondary battery 5 and outputs the set charging mode. The charging mode setting unit 17 can write the set charging mode into the data storage unit 12.

[0064] The charging mode setting unit 17 sets the predetermined charging mode for the implemented charging process to a charging mode in which the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 does not exceed a threshold and the secondary battery 5 is charged during the target time period. Therefore, in the set charging mode, power is supplied to the secondary battery 5 within the range where the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 does not exceed the threshold from the beginning to the end of the target time. In one example, a charging mode is set where the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 does not exceed the threshold and the secondary battery 5 continues or substantially continues to be charged during the target time period. The threshold for the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 can be stored in the data storage unit 12 or input via a user interface. Furthermore, the charging mode setting unit 17 sets the predetermined charging mode for the implemented charging process to a charging mode in which the SOC of the secondary battery 5 reaches a target SOC expressed as target data at the end of the target time. Therefore, in the set charging mode, the SOC of the secondary battery 5 increases from the real-time SOC to the target SOC through charging during the target time period.

[0065] In setting the charging mode, the charging mode setting unit 17 determines, for example, the internal state corresponding to the internal state of the secondary battery 5 inferred from the inference data from among multiple internal states shown by relational data. Furthermore, the charging mode setting unit 17 sets the charging mode using the relationship between the charging conditions of the secondary battery 5 under the determined internal state and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5. At this time, the charging mode setting unit 17 calculates an upper limit value for the charging current (charging ratio) of the secondary battery 5, with the degradation rate not exceeding a threshold, based on the relationship between the charging conditions of the secondary battery 5 under the determined internal state and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5, and the real-time state of the secondary battery 5. Additionally, the charging mode setting unit 17 calculates the time-varying change of the aforementioned upper limit value of the charging current during the predetermined charging period, i.e., the time-varying change of the upper limit value of the charging current during the target time period. Furthermore, based on the calculation result of the time-varying change of the upper limit value of the charging current during the target time period, the charging mode setting unit 17 sets a charging mode in which the charging current continues and does not exceed the upper limit value during the target time period as the charging mode in the predetermined charging process.

[0066] In one example, the charging mode setting unit 17 determines the internal state corresponding to the internal state of the secondary battery 5 inferred from the inferred data among multiple internal states shown by relational data. Based on the relationship between the temperature, SOC, and charging current (charging ratio) of the secondary battery 5 in the determined internal state and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5, it calculates the aforementioned upper limit value of the charging current and the time-dependent change of the upper limit value of the charging current during the target time period. In this case, the charging mode setting unit 17 infers the temperature and SOC of the secondary battery 5 at each of the multiple moments during the target time period based on the real-time state of the secondary battery 5 and the target data. Furthermore, for each of the multiple moments during the target time period, the charging mode setting unit 17 calculates the value of the charging current (charging ratio) when the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 is the same as the threshold value, based on the inferred temperature and SOC of the secondary battery 5 and the relationship between the temperature, SOC, and charging current of the secondary battery 5 in the determined internal state and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5. Furthermore, the charging mode setting unit 17 calculates the value of the charging current at each of the multiple moments within the target time period when the degradation rate is the same as the threshold, and uses this value as the upper limit of the charging current of the secondary battery 5, provided that the degradation rate does not exceed the threshold. Thus, the time-dependent change of the upper limit of the charging current during the target time period is calculated.

[0067] Furthermore, Reference 3 shows a method for calculating the upper limit of the charging current of the secondary battery, provided that the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold, by using inference results of the internal state of the secondary battery and data representing the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery, the charging conditions of the secondary battery, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery. In this embodiment, similarly to Reference 3, the upper limit of the charging current of the secondary battery 5, provided that the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold, can also be calculated using inference data and relational data.

[0068] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a charging mode set by the charging mode setting unit in the embodiment. Figure 6 In the diagram, the horizontal axis represents the time from the start of the predetermined charging period, and the vertical axis represents the charging current (charging ratio). Additionally, in... Figure 6 In the diagram, the change over time of the set charging mode is represented by a solid line, while the change over time of the aforementioned upper limit value of the charging current (charging ratio) of the secondary battery 5, where the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold, is represented by a dashed line. For example... Figure 6As in one example, in this embodiment, the charging mode during the predetermined charging is set to a charging mode in which the charging current continues and does not exceed the aforementioned upper limit value during the target time period. Therefore, by charging the secondary battery 5 in the set charging mode, the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 is continued to be suppressed to below a threshold during the target time period, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 continues to not exceed the threshold during the target time period. Furthermore, as... Figure 6 As in one example, in this embodiment, the charging mode during the predetermined charging is set to a charging mode in which the secondary battery 5 is charged during a target time period. That is, the charging mode is set to a charging mode in which the secondary battery 5 is charged from the beginning to the end of the target time.

[0069] The charging control unit 18 acquires the charging mode set by the charging mode setting unit 17. Furthermore, when charging in the set charging mode, the charging control unit 18 controls the power supply from the power source 21 or the like to the secondary battery 5 according to the set charging mode, thereby charging the secondary battery 5 in the set charging mode. The control of the power supply to the secondary battery 5 by the charging control unit 18, i.e., the control of the charging of the secondary battery 5, is performed as described above.

[0070] Furthermore, the processing of the aforementioned charging control unit 18 does not need to be performed through the management device 3, and can be performed by a different processing device (computer) than the management device 3 which includes the battery mounting device 2. In this case, the charging control unit 18 is not provided in the processing unit 11 of the management device 3. In addition, the processing unit 11 of the management device 3 sends the charging mode set by the charging mode setting unit 17 to the processing device that controls the charging of the secondary battery 5 via the transceiver unit 13.

[0071] Figure 7 This is a flowchart illustrating an example of processing performed by the processing unit of the management device according to the relevant implementation method. Figure 7 The process shown involves generating target data containing the target time and charging the secondary battery 5 of the battery mounting device 2 based on the generated target data, performed by the charging mode setting unit 17 and the charging control unit 18. (Start) Figure 7During processing, the charging mode setting unit 17 acquires estimation data representing the latest estimation result of the internal state of the secondary battery 5 (S31). Additionally, the charging mode setting unit 17 acquires target data including the target charging time of the secondary battery 5 during the predetermined charging process (S32). Furthermore, the charging mode setting unit 17 acquires the real-time state of the secondary battery 5, including its real-time SOC and temperature (S33). Finally, the charging mode setting unit 17 acquires relationship data from the data storage unit 12 representing the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5, the charging conditions of the secondary battery 5, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 (S34).

[0072] Furthermore, the charging mode setting unit 17 calculates, as described above, the upper limit of the charging current (charging ratio) of the secondary battery 5, based on inferred data, target data, and relational data, provided that the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold (S35), and calculates the time-varying change of the aforementioned upper limit of the charging current during the predetermined charging period. Moreover, based on the calculation result of the time-varying change of the upper limit of the charging current during the target time period, the charging mode setting unit 17 sets a charging mode in which the charging current continues to be within the upper limit during the target time period as the charging mode for the predetermined charging process (S36). At this time, the predetermined charging mode is set as a charging mode in which the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold and the secondary battery 5 is charged during the target time period. Furthermore, the charging control unit 18 charges the secondary battery 5 using the charging mode set by the charging mode setting unit 17 (S37).

[0073] As described above, in this embodiment, a predetermined charging mode during the implemented charging is set based on inferred data, target data, and relational data. The inferred data includes the inferred results of the internal state of the secondary battery 5, the target data includes the target time for charging the secondary battery 5 during the implemented predetermined charging, and the relational data shows the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5, the charging conditions of the secondary battery 5, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5. Furthermore, the predetermined charging mode during the implemented charging is set to a charging mode in which the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold and the secondary battery 5 is charged during the target time period. By charging the secondary battery 5 in a charging mode where the degradation rate does not exceed the threshold, the degradation of the charged secondary battery 5 is appropriately suppressed, and the secondary battery 5 can be charged safely and appropriately. In addition, by charging the secondary battery 5 in a charging mode that charges the secondary battery 5 during the target time period, the target time, which is equivalent to the time during which the secondary battery 5 can be charged, can be effectively utilized for charging the secondary battery 5. Therefore, in this embodiment, the secondary battery 5 can be charged safely and appropriately using the rechargeable time effectively.

[0074] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the target time for the predetermined charging is calculated based on the activities of the user of the battery mounting device 2 equipped with the secondary battery 5, which are performed concurrently with the predetermined charging in terms of time. Therefore, the time available for charging the secondary battery 5 during the user's activities on the battery mounting device 2 can be appropriately and effectively utilized to charge the secondary battery 5.

[0075] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the target data includes the target SOC of the secondary battery 5 at the end of the predetermined charging period, and the charging mode during the predetermined charging period is set to a charging mode in which the SOC of the secondary battery 5 reaches the target SOC at the end of the target time. Therefore, the secondary battery 5 can be charged more appropriately during the predetermined charging period. Additionally, in this embodiment, the aforementioned relational data used to set the charging mode during the predetermined charging period, in addition to the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery 5 and the charging conditions of the secondary battery 5 and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5, also shows the relationship between the usage history of the secondary battery 5 and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5. By using data representing the relationship between the usage history of the secondary battery 5 and the degradation rate of the secondary battery 5 to set the charging mode, the predetermined charging period can be performed in a charging mode in which the degradation of the secondary battery 5 based on charging is further appropriately suppressed.

[0076] Furthermore, in this embodiment, in setting the charging mode, the upper limit of the charging current of the secondary battery 5, provided that the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold, and the temporal change of the upper limit of the charging current during the target time period are calculated based on inferred data and relational data. Moreover, a charging mode in which the charging current continues and does not exceed the upper limit during the target time period is set as the predetermined charging mode to be implemented. Therefore, a charging mode in which the degradation rate does not exceed the threshold is appropriately set as the predetermined charging mode to be implemented.

[0077] (Electrode assembly and single cell)

[0078] The following describes an example of a single cell forming the aforementioned secondary battery 5. The aforementioned secondary battery 5 can be formed from only one single cell as shown below, or it can be formed by electrically connecting multiple single cells as shown below. The single cell described below is, for example, a battery cell forming a lithium-ion secondary battery. Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a single battery used in a management system according to an implementation method. (See diagram for example.) Figure 8 As shown, the single cell 40 has an external component 41 and an electrode assembly 42, and has a negative terminal 45 and a positive terminal 46 as a pair of electrode terminals.

[0079] The outer casing 41 is formed into a suitable shape, such as a flat, square, cylindrical, conical, or button-shaped component. The outer casing 41 can be either a pouch-shaped container made of laminated film or a metal container. The laminated film can be, for example, a multilayer film comprising multiple resin layers and a metal layer disposed between the resin layers. The metal layer of the laminated film is preferably formed of aluminum or an aluminum alloy. Furthermore, the resin layer forming the laminated film can be made of polymers such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), nylon, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The thickness of the laminated film is preferably 0.5 mm or less, more preferably 0.2 mm or less. Additionally, in the laminated film, the interior is sealed by heat-sealing the resin layers together.

[0080] The metal container is preferably formed of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zinc, titanium, and iron, or an alloy of these metals. The wall thickness of the metal container is preferably 0.5 mm or less, more preferably 0.2 mm or less. In one example, the metal container comprises a container body and a lid, the interior of which is sealed by welding the lid to the container body while the opening of the container body is blocked by the lid.

[0081] The electrode assembly 42 is housed inside the external component 41. Figure 9 This is an explanation Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the electrode assembly structure in a single cell. (See diagram below.) Figure 9 As shown, the electrode assembly 42 includes a bipolar electrode 51, a negative electrode 52, and a positive electrode 53. The electrode assembly 42 is formed by a stack of bipolar electrodes 51, negative electrodes 52, and positive electrodes 53. In the stack forming the electrode assembly 42, the negative electrode 52 is stacked on top of the bipolar electrode 51, and the positive electrode 53 is stacked on top of the bipolar electrode 51 from the side opposite to the negative electrode 52.

[0082] The bipolar electrode 51 includes a current collector (first current collector) 55, a positive active material containing layer (first positive active material containing layer) 56, and a negative active material containing layer (first negative active material containing layer) 57. The positive active material containing layer 56 and the negative active material containing layer 57 are respectively supported on the surface of the current collector 55. Figure 9 In one example, the positive electrode active material containing layer 56 is supported on a single surface of the current collector 55, specifically on the surface of the current collector 55 facing the side where the negative electrode 52 is stacked. Additionally, the negative electrode active material containing layer 57 is supported on the surface of the current collector 55 opposite to the surface where the positive electrode active material containing layer 56 is supported, specifically on the surface of the current collector 55 facing the side where the positive electrode 53 is stacked.

[0083] The negative electrode 52 includes a current collector (second current collector) 61 and a negative electrode active material containing layer (second negative electrode active material containing layer) 62. The negative electrode active material containing layer 62 is supported on the surface of the current collector 61. Figure 9 In one example, the negative electrode active material containing layer 62 is supported on a single surface of the current collector 61, specifically on the surface of the current collector 61 facing the side where the bipolar electrode 51 is stacked. Additionally, the positive electrode 53 includes a current collector (third current collector) 65 and a positive electrode active material containing layer (second positive electrode active material containing layer) 66. The positive electrode active material containing layer 66 is supported on the surface of the current collector 65. Figure 9 In one example, the positive electrode active material contains a layer 66 supported on a single surface of the current collector 65, which is supported on the side of the current collector 65 facing the side where the bipolar electrode 51 is stacked.

[0084] Current collectors 55, 61, and 65 are each formed of a conductive metal. Current collectors 55, 61, and 65 are not limited to these; for example, they can be aluminum foil or aluminum alloy foil, with a thickness of approximately 10 μm to 30 μm.

[0085] The negative electrode active material containing layers 57 and 62 each contains a negative electrode active material, and may also arbitrarily include a binder and a conductive agent. In electrode assembly 42, the negative electrode active material containing layers 57 and 62 each contain lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material. Therefore, in electrode assembly 42, both the bipolar electrode 51 and the negative electrode 52 contain lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material. By using lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material, compared to using carbon materials as the negative electrode active material, the operating potential of the negative electrode active material is increased, for example, reaching 0.4V (vs. Li / Li). + )above.

[0086] In each of the negative electrode active material containing layers 57 and 62, the current-collecting performance of the active material is improved by a conductive agent, suppressing the contact resistance with the current collector. Furthermore, in each of the negative electrode active material containing layers 57 and 62, the active material and the conductive agent are bonded together by an adhesive. As the conductive agent, carbonaceous materials such as acetylene black, carbon black, and graphite can be used, for example. As the adhesive, any one of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl fluoride (PVdF), fluororubber, and styrene-butadiene rubber can be used, for example.

[0087] The preferred proportions of the negative electrode active material, conductive agent, and binder in the negative electrode active material containing layers 57 and 62 are: 70% to 96% by mass of negative electrode active material, 2% to 28% by mass of conductive agent, and 2% to 28% by mass of binder. In the formation of the negative electrode active material containing layers 57 and 62, a slurry is prepared by suspending the negative electrode active material, conductive agent, and binder in an organic solvent. The prepared slurry is then applied to one side of the current collector 55 of the bipolar electrode 51, and the applied slurry is dried and rolled, thereby forming a negative electrode active material containing layer 57 supported on one side of the current collector 55. Similarly, the prepared slurry is applied to one side of the current collector 61 of the negative electrode 52, and the applied slurry is dried and rolled, thereby forming a negative electrode active material containing layer 62 supported on one side of the current collector 61.

[0088] The positive electrode active material containing layers 56 and 66 respectively contains a positive electrode active material, and may also arbitrarily contain a binder and a conductive agent. In the electrode assembly 42, the positive electrode active material containing layer 56 contains a first active material as the positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode active material containing layer 66 contains a second active material of a different type than the first active material as the positive electrode active material. Therefore, in the electrode assembly 42, the bipolar electrode 51 contains a first active material as the positive electrode active material, and the positive electrode 53 contains a second active material of a different type than the first active material as the positive electrode active material.

[0089] One of the first and second active materials is olivine-type lithium iron phosphate. The other, different from the olivine-type lithium iron phosphate in the first and second active materials, is any one of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium cobalt oxide. Therefore, one of the positive electrode active material layers 56 and 66 contains olivine-type lithium iron phosphate as the positive electrode active material, and the other of the positive electrode active material layers 56 and 66 contains any one of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium cobalt oxide as the positive electrode active material. Furthermore, in each of the positive electrode active material layers 56 and 66, the conductive agent and binder function in the same way as the conductive agent and binder in the negative electrode active material layers 57 and 62. Moreover, the same materials as the conductive agents and binders in the negative electrode active material layers 57 and 62 can be used as the conductive agents and binders in each of the positive electrode active material layers 56 and 66.

[0090] The preferred proportions of the positive electrode active material, conductive agent, and binder in each of the positive electrode active material containing layers 56 and 66 are: 80% to 95% by mass of positive electrode active material, 3% to 18% by mass of conductive agent, and 2% to 17% by mass of binder. In the formation of the positive electrode active material containing layers 56 and 66, a slurry is prepared by suspending the positive electrode active material, conductive agent, and binder in an organic solvent. The prepared slurry is then applied to the side of the current collector 55 of the bipolar electrode 51 opposite to the side carrying the negative electrode active material containing layer 57. The applied slurry is then dried and rolled, thereby forming a positive electrode active material containing layer 56 carried on one side of the current collector 55. Similarly, the prepared slurry is applied to one side of the current collector 65 of the positive electrode 53, and the applied slurry is dried and rolled to form a positive electrode active material containing layer 66 carried on one side of the current collector 65.

[0091] In the single cell 40, an electrode assembly 42, formed by a stack of bipolar electrodes 51, a negative electrode 52, and a positive electrode 53, is housed inside the outer casing 41 in a wound state. In the electrode assembly 42, a separator 67 is sandwiched between the positive active material layer 56 of the bipolar electrode 51 and the negative active material layer 62 of the negative electrode 52, preventing contact between the bipolar electrode 51 and the negative electrode 52. Similarly, in the electrode assembly 42, a separator 68 is sandwiched between the negative active material layer 57 of the bipolar electrode 51 and the positive active material layer 66 of the positive electrode 53, preventing contact between the bipolar electrode 51 and the positive electrode 53. Furthermore, in the electrode assembly 42, which is disposed inside the outer casing 41 in a wound state, a separator (not shown) is sandwiched between the negative electrode 52 and the positive electrode 53, preventing contact between the negative electrode 52 and the positive electrode 53.

[0092] The separators 67, 68, etc., are formed of an electrically insulating material. Therefore, in the electrode assembly 42, the bipolar electrode 51, the negative electrode 52, and the positive electrode 53 are electrically insulated from each other by the separators. The separators are not limited to these; porous films made of synthetic resins and non-woven fabrics can also be used. Examples of synthetic resins used to form the separators include polyethylene, polypropylene, cellulose, and poly(fluorinated butadiene) (PVdF).

[0093] Furthermore, the electrolyte is held (immersed) in the electrode assembly 42 inside the outer component 41. The electrolyte can be a non-aqueous electrolyte in which the electrolyte is dissolved in an organic solvent, or an aqueous electrolyte such as an aqueous solution in which the electrolyte is dissolved in an aqueous solvent. For example, a lithium salt or a mixture of two or more lithium salts can be used as the electrolyte dissolved in the organic solvent. However, when using an electrolyte as the electrolyte, shielding is required to prevent charging and discharging between the negative electrode 52 and the positive electrode 53. Alternatively, a gel-like electrolyte obtained by combining an electrolyte with a polymer material can be used instead of an electrolyte. Alternatively, a solid electrolyte can be used instead of an electrolyte, or in addition to an electrolyte. When using a solid electrolyte as the electrolyte, a separator can be replaced in the electrode assembly 42, and the bipolar electrodes 51, negative electrode 52, and positive electrode 53 are electrically insulated from each other by the solid electrolyte. When either a gel electrolyte or a solid electrolyte is used as the electrolyte, it can prevent charging and discharging between the negative electrode 52 and the positive electrode 53, which is therefore preferred.

[0094] The negative terminal 45 and positive terminal 46, which form a pair of electrode terminals, can be either internal terminals formed inside the outer component 41 or external terminals formed on the outer surface of the outer component 41. The electrode terminals are formed of a conductive material, preferably of at least one metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, zinc, titanium, and iron, or an alloy of these metals.

[0095] The current collector 61 of the negative electrode 52 is electrically connected to the negative terminal 45. The current collector (negative current collector) 61 can be directly connected to the negative terminal 45, or it can be connected to the negative terminal 45 via one or more leads made of conductive material. Similarly, the current collector 65 of the positive electrode 53 is electrically connected to the positive terminal 46. The current collector (positive current collector) 65 can be directly connected to the positive terminal 46, or it can be connected to the positive terminal 46 via one or more leads made of conductive material.

[0096] Furthermore, in the single cell 40, the potential at the negative terminal 45 and the current collector 61 of the negative electrode 52 becomes the negative electrode potential of the single cell 40, and the potential at the positive terminal 46 and the current collector 65 of the positive electrode 53 becomes the positive electrode potential of the single cell 40. Moreover, the potential at the current collector 55 of the bipolar electrode 51 is higher than the negative electrode potential and lower than the positive electrode potential. In the single cell 40, the potential difference between the current collector 61 (negative terminal 45) of the negative electrode 52 and the current collector 65 (positive terminal 46) of the positive electrode 53 is equivalent to the voltage applied to the entire single cell 40. Furthermore, the potential difference between the current collector 61 of the negative electrode 52 and the current collector 55 of the bipolar electrode 51 is equivalent to the voltage Vα applied to the stacked portion of the positive electrode active material containing layer 56 and the negative electrode active material containing layer 62, and the potential difference between the current collector 65 of the positive electrode 53 and the current collector 55 of the bipolar electrode 51 is equivalent to the voltage Vβ applied to the stacked portion of the negative electrode active material containing layer 57 and the positive electrode active material containing layer 66.

[0097] In the single cell 40, lithium titanate is used as the negative electrode active material for both the bipolar electrode 51 and the negative electrode 52. Therefore, unlike cases where carbon or other materials are used as the negative electrode active material, lithium metal does not deposit in the layers 57 and 62 containing each negative electrode active material during charging of the single cell 40. Consequently, even when the single cell 40 is charged at a high charging rate, the degradation of the single cell 40 and the secondary battery formed from it is appropriately suppressed, and the secondary battery can be safely charged.

[0098] Furthermore, in the single cell 40, the first active material used as the positive electrode active material of the bipolar electrode 51 is different from the second active material used as the positive electrode active material of the positive electrode 53. Therefore, in the electrode assembly 42, the magnitude of the voltage (first voltage) Vα between the current collector 61 of the negative electrode 52 and the current collector 55 of the bipolar electrode 51, and the voltage (second voltage) Vβ between the current collector 65 of the positive electrode 53 and the current collector 55 of the bipolar electrode 51 are different. For example, the positive electrode active material containing layer 56 of the bipolar electrode 51 contains olivine-type lithium iron phosphate as the first active material, and the positive electrode active material containing layer 66 of the positive electrode 53 contains any one of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium cobalt oxide as the second active material. In this case, with the single cell 40 fully charged (SOC at 100%), the voltage Vα between current collectors 55 and 61 reaches approximately 2.2V, and the voltage Vβ between current collectors 55 and 65 reaches approximately 2.7V. Furthermore, when the first active material and the second active material are reversed, the magnitudes of voltages Vα and Vβ are also reversed.

[0099] Here, an electrode assembly is formed by a positive electrode and a negative electrode. A single cell with a carbon-based negative electrode as the active material in the negative electrode is designated as a carbon-based negative electrode single cell. In the electrode assembly of a carbon-based negative electrode single cell, no bipolar electrodes are provided. In one example, the electrode assembly of a carbon-based negative electrode single cell consists of a negative electrode and a positive electrode. The negative electrode contains one type of carbon material, namely graphite, as the active material, and the positive electrode contains lithium cobalt oxide as the active material.

[0100] In the single cell 40, by forming the electrode assembly 42 as described above, the voltage between the negative terminal 45 and the positive terminal 46 (the potential difference between the negative and positive terminals), i.e., the inter-terminal voltage, reaches approximately 4.9V, which is less than 5V, when the single cell 40 is fully charged. Therefore, the difference between the inter-terminal voltage of the single cell 40 in the fully charged state and that of the carbon-based negative electrode single cell in the fully charged state does not increase. Moreover, the deviation of the variation range of the inter-terminal voltage in the single cell 40 from the variation range of the inter-terminal voltage of the carbon-based negative electrode single cell does not increase. Therefore, the control system used for controlling the charging and discharging of the secondary battery formed by the carbon-based negative electrode single cell can be easily applied to the control of the charging and discharging of the secondary battery formed by the single cell 40.

[0101] Furthermore, in the single cell 40, the voltage Vα between current collectors 55 and 61 and the voltage Vβ between current collectors 55 and 65 can be measured. Therefore, based on the measurement results of voltage Vα, the degradation state of the stacked portion containing the positive electrode active material layer 56 and the negative electrode active material layer 62 can be inferred, and based on the measurement results of voltage Vβ, the degradation state of the stacked portion containing the negative electrode active material layer 57 and the positive electrode active material layer 66 can be inferred. That is, in addition to the overall degradation state of the single cell 40, the local degradation states of the stacked portions containing the positive electrode active material layer 56 and the negative electrode active material layer 62, and the stacked portions containing the negative electrode active material layer 57 and the positive electrode active material layer 66, can also be inferred.

[0102] In this embodiment, the secondary battery 5 is formed by a single battery 40 having an electrode assembly 42 as described above, and is properly charged in the charging mode set as described above. Therefore, the rechargeable time can be effectively utilized to safely and properly charge the secondary battery 5 formed by the single battery 40.

[0103] In at least one of the foregoing embodiments or examples, a predetermined charging mode during the implemented charging is set based on inferred data, target data, and relational data. The inferred data includes inferred results of the internal state of the secondary battery based on measurements of the current and voltage of the secondary battery. The target data includes a target time for charging the secondary battery during the implemented predetermined charging. The relational data shows the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery, the charging conditions of the secondary battery, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery. The charging mode is set to a charging mode in which the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold and the secondary battery is charged during the target time. Therefore, a secondary battery management method, a secondary battery charging method, a secondary battery management device, and a secondary battery management system can be provided that enable safe and appropriate charging of the secondary battery using the rechargeable time effectively.

[0104] In at least one of the aforementioned embodiments or examples, in the electrode assembly, the bipolar electrode includes lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material and a first active material as the positive electrode active material. Furthermore, in the electrode assembly, a negative electrode is stacked on top of the bipolar electrode, including lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material. Moreover, in the electrode assembly, a positive electrode is stacked on the bipolar electrode from the side opposite to the negative electrode, including a second active material of a different type than the first active material as the positive electrode active material. Thus, an electrode assembly and a single battery can be provided that enable safe and appropriate charging of a secondary battery using the rechargeable time effectively.

[0105] Furthermore, the above-described implementation methods can be summarized into the following technical solutions.

[0106] Technical Solution 1

[0107] A method for managing a secondary battery, comprising:

[0108] Based on inferred data, target data, and relational data, the charging mode in the predetermined charging process is set to a charging mode in which the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold and the secondary battery is charged during a target time period. The inferred data includes inferred results of the internal state of the secondary battery based on measurements of the current and voltage of the secondary battery during charging or discharging. The target data includes the target time for charging the secondary battery in the predetermined charging process. The relational data shows the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery and the charging conditions of the secondary battery and the degradation rate of the secondary battery.

[0109] Technical Solution 2

[0110] The management method of technical solution 1 also includes:

[0111] The target time is calculated based on the activities of the user of the battery-equipped device carrying the secondary battery, which are performed in parallel with the predetermined charging.

[0112] Technical Solution 3

[0113] The management method of technical solution 2 also includes:

[0114] The content of the user's activities is predicted based on the services provided to the user of the battery-mounted device in parallel with the scheduled charging in time.

[0115] Technical Solution 4

[0116] In the management method of technical solution 1,

[0117] The target data includes the target SOC of the secondary battery at the end of the predetermined charge.

[0118] The charging mode implemented in the predetermined charging is set to a charging mode in which the SOC of the secondary battery reaches the target SOC at the end of the target time.

[0119] Technical Solution 5

[0120] In the management method of technical solution 1,

[0121] In the setting of the charging mode during the predetermined charging process,

[0122] Based on the inferred data and the relational data, calculate the upper limit of the charging current, provided that the degradation rate does not exceed the threshold, and the time-dependent change of the upper limit of the charging current during the target time period.

[0123] Based on the calculation result of the time-dependent change of the upper limit value of the charging current during the target time period, a charging mode in which the charging current continues to be within the target time period and does not exceed the upper limit value is set as the charging mode in the predetermined charging to be implemented.

[0124] Technical Solution 6

[0125] In the management method of technical solution 1,

[0126] In the relational data used to set the charging mode in the predetermined charging process, in addition to the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery and the charging conditions of the secondary battery and the degradation rate of the secondary battery, the relationship between the usage history of the secondary battery and the degradation rate of the secondary battery is also shown.

[0127] Technical Solution 7

[0128] A method for charging a secondary battery, comprising:

[0129] According to the management method described in any one of technical solutions 1 to 6, the predetermined charging mode in the implemented charging is set.

[0130] The secondary battery is charged using the set charging mode.

[0131] Technical Solution 8

[0132] A management device for secondary batteries,

[0133] The management device includes a processor that, based on inferred data, target data, and relational data, sets the charging mode in a predetermined charging process to a charging mode in which the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold and the secondary battery is charged during a target time period. The inferred data includes inferred results of the internal state of the secondary battery based on measurements of the current and voltage of the secondary battery during charging or discharging. The target data includes the target time for charging the secondary battery in the predetermined charging process. The relational data shows the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery and the charging conditions of the secondary battery, respectively, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery.

[0134] Technical Solution 9

[0135] In the management device of technical solution 8, which becomes the charger,

[0136] The processor controls the power supply from the power source to the secondary battery according to the set charging mode, thereby charging the secondary battery in the set charging mode.

[0137] Technical Solution 10

[0138] A management system for the aforementioned secondary battery, comprising:

[0139] The management device of technical solution 8 or technical solution 9; and

[0140] The secondary battery is managed by the management device.

[0141] Technical Solution 11

[0142] In the management system of technical solution 10,

[0143] The management system also includes a battery mounting device that carries the secondary battery.

[0144] Technical Solution 12

[0145] In the management system of technical solution 10,

[0146] The single cell has an electrode assembly.

[0147] The electrode assembly of the single cell includes:

[0148] A bipolar electrode, comprising lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material and a first active material as the positive electrode active material;

[0149] The negative electrode, stacked on the bipolar electrode, comprises lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material; and

[0150] The positive electrode is stacked on the bipolar electrode from the side opposite to the negative electrode, and includes a second active material of a different type than the first active material as the positive electrode active material.

[0151] Technical Solution 13

[0152] An electrode assembly comprising:

[0153] A bipolar electrode, comprising lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material and a first active material as the positive electrode active material;

[0154] The negative electrode, stacked on the bipolar electrode, comprises lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material; and

[0155] The positive electrode is stacked on the bipolar electrode from the side opposite to the negative electrode, and includes a second active material of a different type than the first active material as the positive electrode active material.

[0156] Technical Solution 14

[0157] In the electrode assembly of technical solution 13,

[0158] One of the first active material and the second active material is olivine-type lithium iron phosphate.

[0159] The other active material in the first and second active materials that differs from the olivine-type lithium iron phosphate is any one of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide, lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, and lithium cobalt oxide.

[0160] Technical Solution 15

[0161] A single battery having:

[0162] The electrode assembly of technical solution 13 or technical solution 14;

[0163] The negative terminal is electrically connected to the negative terminal of the electrode group; and

[0164] The positive terminal is electrically connected to the positive terminal of the electrode assembly.

[0165] While several embodiments of the invention have been described, these embodiments are provided by way of example and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These embodiments can be implemented in various other ways, and various omissions, substitutions, and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. These embodiments and their variations are included in the scope and spirit of the invention, and are also included in the scope of the invention as described in the claims and its equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for managing a secondary battery, comprising: Based on inferred data, target data, and relational data, the predetermined charging mode during the implemented charging is set to a charging mode where the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold and the secondary battery is charged within a target time period. The inferred data includes inferred results of the internal state of the secondary battery based on measurements of the current and voltage during charging or discharging. The target data includes the target time for charging the secondary battery during the predetermined charging. The relational data shows the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery, the charging conditions of the secondary battery, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery. In the setting of the charging mode during the predetermined charging process, Based on the inferred data and the relational data, calculate the upper limit of the charging current, provided that the degradation rate does not exceed the threshold, and the time-dependent change of the upper limit of the charging current during the target time period. Based on the calculation result of the time-varying change of the upper limit value of the charging current during the target time period, a charging mode in which the charging current continues to be within the target time period and does not exceed the upper limit value is set as the charging mode in the predetermined charging to be implemented.

2. The management method according to claim 1 further includes: The target time is calculated based on the activities of the user of the battery-equipped device carrying the secondary battery, which are performed in parallel with the predetermined charging in time.

3. The management method according to claim 2 further includes: The content of the activities performed by the user is predicted based on the content of the services provided to the user of the battery-mounted device in parallel with the scheduled charging in time.

4. The management method according to claim 1, The target data includes the target SOC of the secondary battery at the end of the predetermined charge. The charging mode in the predetermined charging is set to a charging mode in which the SOC of the secondary battery reaches the target SOC at the end of the target time.

5. The management method according to claim 1, In the relational data used to set the charging mode in the predetermined charging process, in addition to the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery and the charging conditions of the secondary battery and the degradation rate of the secondary battery, the relationship between the usage history of the secondary battery and the degradation rate of the secondary battery is also shown.

6. A method for charging a secondary battery, comprising: The management method according to any one of claims 1 to 5 sets the predetermined charging mode during the implemented charging process. The secondary battery is charged using the set charging mode.

7. A management device for a secondary battery, The management device includes a processor that, based on inferred data, target data, and relational data, sets a predetermined charging mode during a scheduled charge to a mode in which the degradation rate does not exceed a threshold and the secondary battery is charged within a target time period. The inferred data includes inferred results of the internal state of the secondary battery based on measurements of current and voltage during charging or discharging. The target data includes the target time for charging the secondary battery during the predetermined charge. The relational data shows the relationship between the internal state of the secondary battery and the charging conditions of the secondary battery, and the degradation rate of the secondary battery. In the setting of the charging mode during the predetermined charging process implemented by the processor, Based on the inferred data and the relational data, calculate the upper limit of the charging current, provided that the degradation rate does not exceed the threshold, and the time-dependent change of the upper limit of the charging current during the target time period. Based on the calculation result of the time-varying change of the upper limit value of the charging current during the target time period, a charging mode in which the charging current continues to be within the target time period and does not exceed the upper limit value is set as the charging mode in the predetermined charging to be implemented.

8. The management device according to claim 7, In the management device that acts as a charger, the processor controls the power supply from the power source to the secondary battery according to the set charging mode, thereby charging the secondary battery in the set charging mode.

9. A management system for a secondary battery, comprising: The management device as described in claim 7 or 8; and The secondary battery is managed by the management device.

10. The management system according to claim 9, The management system also includes a battery mounting device for mounting the secondary battery.

11. The management system according to claim 9, The secondary battery has a single cell. The single cell has an electrode assembly. The electrode assembly of the single cell includes: A bipolar electrode, comprising lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material and a first active material as the positive electrode active material; A negative electrode, stacked on the bipolar electrode, comprises lithium titanate as the negative electrode active material; and The positive electrode is stacked on the bipolar electrode from the side opposite to the negative electrode, and includes a second active material of a different type than the first active material as the positive electrode active material.

Images