Cold cathode penning source neutron tube

Abstract

This invention relates to a cold cathode Penning source neutron tube, comprising: a neutron tube target, an accelerating electrode, an ion source housing, an extraction cathode, an anode cylinder, a counter cathode, a magnet assembly, a storage device, a tube body, a target base, and an ion source base. The target base and the ion source base are disposed on the left and right sides of the tube body, and the neutron tube target, the accelerating electrode, and the ion source housing are arranged sequentially from the target base to the ion source base. The ion source housing covers the extraction cathode, the anode cylinder, the counter cathode, the magnet assembly, and the storage device. The magnet assembly is installed in the space formed by the ion source housing and the storage device, and the magnet assembly simultaneously generates axial and radial magnetic fields. This invention uses a magnet assembly capable of simultaneously generating axial and radial magnetic fields, solving the problems of low yield and short lifespan of existing neutron tubes.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of neutron sources, in particular to a cold cathode Penning source neutron tube. BACKGROUND

[0002] The neutron tube is a small accelerator type neutron source using deuterium-deuterium or deuterium-tritium fusion reaction to generate high energy neutrons. The ion source, acceleration electrode, target and other devices are all sealed in a small vacuum tube. Under the action of external controller and power supply, the deuterium or deuterium-tritium mixed ion beam generated by the ion source is accelerated to hit the target, and deuterium-deuterium or deuterium-tritium fusion reaction occurs to generate high energy neutrons. The neutron tube has the advantages of small size, portability, shut-off, safety control, easy operation, etc. and can be used in oil and gas logging, mineral exploration, industrial raw material composition analysis, drug and explosive detection, etc. and has a broad development prospect.

[0003] At present, the performance level of domestic neutron tubes is lower than that of foreign countries. One of the main reasons is that the ion source ionization efficiency of domestic neutron tubes is low, the composition of the extracted ion beam is complex, the single atom proportion is low, and there are problems such as ion beam scattering and sputtering loss during acceleration. Finally, fewer neutrons are generated by hitting the target, resulting in low yield and short service life of domestic neutron tubes. To solve the above problems, the present application provides a cold cathode Penning source neutron tube. SUMMARY

[0004] The technical problem to be solved by the present application is to provide a cold cathode Penning source neutron tube to solve the problems of low ion source ionization efficiency, low single atom proportion in the ion beam, and ion beam scattering and sputtering loss during acceleration, thereby improving the yield of the neutron tube and prolonging the service life of the neutron tube.

[0005] The technical solution of the present application to solve the above technical problems is as follows: a cold cathode Penning source neutron tube, comprising: a neutron tube target, an acceleration electrode, an ion source cover, an extraction cathode, an anode cylinder, a counter cathode, a magnetic steel combination, a storage, a tube body, a target base and an ion source base; the target base and the ion source base are arranged on the left and right sides of the tube body, the neutron tube target, the acceleration electrode and the ion source cover are arranged in sequence from the target base to the ion source base, the ion source cover covers the outside of the extraction cathode, the anode cylinder, the counter cathode, the magnetic steel combination and the storage, the magnetic steel combination is installed in the space formed by the ion source cover and the storage, the anode cylinder is installed inside the magnetic steel combination, the extraction cathode and the counter cathode are symmetrically arranged on the left and right sides of the anode cylinder, the magnetic steel combination is a hollow part made of multiple groups of magnetized magnetic materials, and the magnetic steel combination generates an axial magnetic field and a radial magnetic field.

[0006] The beneficial effects of this invention are: This invention adopts a magnetic steel combination structure that can generate axial magnetic field and radial magnetic field at the same time. Compared with the single axial magnetic field of traditional magnetic steel, the radial magnetic field acts on the edge of the anode cylinder, which can reduce the loss of electrons on the anode cylinder, improve ionization efficiency and single-atom ion ratio, and at the same time reduce the discharge current and reduce the power consumption of the ion source, thereby increasing the yield of the neutron tube and extending the life of the neutron tube.

[0007] Based on the above technical solution, the present invention can be further improved as follows.

[0008] Furthermore, the ion source cover is a shell structure with one end open. The ion source cover is installed near the ion source base, and the open end of the ion source cover is connected to the ion source base.

[0009] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further scheme are: the ion source outer cover provides necessary protection for the cathode, anode cylinder, cathode, magnet assembly and storage device inside the ion source, and at the same time, the ion source outer cover is provided with an opening for the ion beam to be drawn out from the ion source.

[0010] Furthermore, the surfaces of the lead-out cathode and the opposite cathode facing the anode cylinder are nanostructured and employ a pointed emitter with a very small radius of curvature.

[0011] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further scheme are: the nanostructure on the surface of the cathode and the side of the cathode facing the anode cylinder has good field emission characteristics, which not only has low external voltage requirements, but also provides a large number of electrons and improves ionization efficiency. Connecting the cathode and the cathode to the external voltage is conducive to forming a voltage difference with the anode cylinder, providing the necessary conditions for the formation of an electric field.

[0012] Furthermore, the anode cylinder is a cylindrical structure with both ends open, and the anode cylinder is connected to an external voltage through electrodes.

[0013] The beneficial effect of adopting the above-mentioned further scheme is that connecting the anode cylinder to an external voltage is beneficial to providing the necessary conditions for forming two reverse electric fields with the cathode and the cathode respectively.

[0014] Furthermore, the storage device stores deuterium gas or a deuterium-tritium mixture, and contains materials with hydrogen absorption capabilities and heating components. The storage device is installed inside the tube and close to the ion source base. The storage device is connected to an external power source via electrodes.

[0015] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further scheme are: the internal structure of the storage device facilitates the release of gas into the ion source when the heating element is heated, and the storage device can provide energy for the heating element to heat up by connecting to an external power source through electrodes.

[0016] Furthermore, the accelerating electrode is connected to an external voltage via an electrode.

[0017] The beneficial effect of adopting the above-mentioned further scheme is that the accelerating electrode is connected to an external high voltage to generate an accelerating electric field, thereby accelerating the ion beam.

[0018] Furthermore, a cold cathode Penning source neutron tube also includes an extraction electrode, which is disposed between the accelerating electrode and the ion source outer casing, and the extraction electrode is connected to an external positive or negative voltage via an electrode.

[0019] The beneficial effects of adopting the above-mentioned further scheme are: when negative pressure is applied to the extraction electrode, the segmented electrode helps to make the accelerating electric field more balanced and stable, reducing ion beam scattering and sputtering problems; when positive pressure is applied, it hinders the beam from being extracted, has good sharp cutoff characteristics, and can form a pulsed beam with better frequency characteristics.

[0020] Furthermore, a first ion beam extraction hole is provided in the middle of the extraction cathode, a second ion beam extraction hole is provided in the middle of the accelerating electrode, a third ion beam extraction hole is provided in the middle of the extraction electrode, and a fourth ion beam extraction hole is provided in the middle of the end of the ion source cover away from the ion source base. The first ion beam extraction hole, the second ion beam extraction hole, the third ion beam extraction hole, and the fourth ion beam extraction hole are all centered on the same axis.

[0021] The beneficial effect of adopting the above-mentioned further scheme is that setting the centers of the first ion beam extraction hole, the second ion beam extraction hole, the third ion beam extraction hole and the fourth ion beam extraction hole on the same axis is conducive to the smooth passage of the ion beam through the accelerating electrode and the extraction electrode, and reduces unnecessary losses caused by the ion beam hitting the electrode. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of a neutron tube structure provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the magnetic steel structure provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure One ;

[0024] Figure 3 A schematic diagram of the magnetic steel structure provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure Two ;

[0025] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the magnetic steel structure provided in an embodiment of the present invention. Figure Three ;

[0026] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the axial magnetization of the magnetic steel structure provided in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 6This is a schematic diagram of radial magnetization of a magnetic steel structure provided in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0028] The attached diagram lists the components represented by each number as follows:

[0029] 1. Neutron tube target; 2. Accelerating electrode; 3. Extraction electrode; 4. Ion source outer casing; 5. Extraction cathode; 6. Anode tube; 7. Counter cathode; 8. Magnet assembly; 9. Storage device; 10. Tube body; 11. Target base; 12. Ion source base; 13. First ion beam extraction port; 14. Second ion beam extraction port; 15. Third ion beam extraction port; 16. Fourth ion beam extraction port; 17. Axial magnet; 18. Radial magnet; 19. Circular magnet. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The principles and features of the present invention are described below. The examples given are only for explaining the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0031] Features: such as Figure 1 As shown, a cold cathode Penning source neutron tube includes: a neutron tube target 1, an accelerating electrode 2, an ion source shroud 4, an extraction cathode 5, an anode cylinder 6, a counter cathode 7, a magnet assembly 8, a storage device 9, a tube body 10, a target base 11, and an ion source base 12. The target base 11 and the ion source base 12 are disposed on the left and right sides of the tube body 10. The neutron tube target 1, the accelerating electrode 2, and the ion source shroud 4 are arranged sequentially from the target base 11 to the ion source base 12. The ion source shroud 4 covers the exterior of the extraction cathode 5, the anode cylinder 6, the counter cathode 7, the magnet assembly 8, and the storage device 9. The magnet assembly 8 is installed in the space formed by the ion source shroud 4 and the storage device 9. The anode cylinder 6 is installed inside the magnet assembly 8. The extraction cathode 5 and the counter cathode 7 are symmetrically disposed on the left and right sides of the anode cylinder 6. The magnet assembly 8 is a hollow component made of multiple sets of magnetic materials magnetized. The magnet assembly 8 generates an axial magnetic field and a radial magnetic field.

[0032] Principle: In the cold cathode Penning source neutron tube, the magnet assembly 8 is obtained by magnetizing a magnetic material. The solid part of the magnet assembly 8 is a hollow cylinder composed of alternating axial magnets 17 and radial magnets 18. The axial magnets 17 and radial magnets 18 are magnetized axially and radially, respectively, thereby generating axial and radial magnetic fields, which in turn generate an electric field by connecting the cathode 5 and the counter cathode 7 to the anode cylinder 6. The axial magnetic field acts inside the anode cylinder 6, forming an orthogonal electromagnetic field with the electric field, causing electrons to reciprocate along a spiral path within the space surrounded by the cathode, counter cathode, and anode cylinder. The radial magnetic field acts on the edge of the anode cylinder 6, suppressing electrons from colliding with the inner surface of the anode cylinder 6 and causing losses.

[0033] The beneficial effects of this invention are: it solves the problems of low yield and short lifespan of existing neutron tubes. It employs a magnet combination structure capable of simultaneously generating axial and radial magnetic fields. Compared to traditional circular magnets, which are installed on the cathode side and only generate an axial magnetic field, the magnet combination of this invention, encased in the anode cylinder and extended to the outside of both the cathode and the cathode, generates both axial and radial magnetic fields after the magnetic poles are superimposed. The axial magnetic field is used to accelerate electrons within the anode cylinder, while the radial magnetic field mainly acts at the edge of the anode cylinder. Therefore, it can reduce electron loss in the anode cylinder, improve ionization efficiency, increase the single-atom ion ratio, and simultaneously reduce discharge current and ion source power consumption.

[0034] Preferred, such as Figure 1 As shown, the ion source cover 4 is a shell structure with one end open. The ion source cover 4 is installed on the side close to the ion source base 12, and the open end of the ion source cover 4 is connected to the ion source base 12.

[0035] The advantages of adopting the above preferred solution are: the ion source casing provides necessary protection for the cathode, anode cylinder, cathode, magnet assembly and storage device inside the ion source, and at the same time, the ion source casing is provided with an opening to allow the ion beam to leave the ion source.

[0036] Preferred, such as Figure 1 As shown, the surfaces of the lead-out cathode 5 and the counter cathode 7 facing the anode cylinder 6 are nanostructures.

[0037] Preferred, such as Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the anode cylinder 6 is a cylindrical structure with both ends open, and the anode cylinder 6 is connected to an external voltage through electrodes.

[0038] The advantages of adopting the above-mentioned preferred scheme are: leading out the cathode, using a nanostructure on the side of the cathode facing the anode cylinder, and employing a pointed emitter with a very small radius of curvature. When the cathode inside the ion source emits electrons, traditional thermally induced electrodes require very high temperatures to emit electrons, while this nano-tip structure has excellent field emission characteristics, producing a high electron density. It not only eliminates the need for cathode heating but also has lower external voltage requirements. The increased number of electrons participating in ionization improves the ionization efficiency of the ion source, ultimately increasing the single-atom ion ratio.

[0039] The voltages of the lead-out cathode 5 and the counter cathode 7 are lower than the voltage of the anode 6, forming a voltage difference that creates two opposing electric fields for generating ionization.

[0040] Preferred, such as Figure 1As shown, the storage device 9 stores deuterium gas or a deuterium-tritium mixture. The storage device 9 contains materials with hydrogen absorption capacity and heating components. The storage device 9 is installed inside the tube 10 and close to the ion source base 12. The storage device 9 is connected to an external power source via electrodes.

[0041] The advantages of adopting the above-mentioned preferred solution are: the internal structure of the storage device facilitates the release of gas into the ion source when the heating element is heated, and the storage device can provide energy for the heating element to heat up by connecting to an external power source through electrodes.

[0042] Preferred, such as Figure 1 As shown, the accelerating electrode 2 is connected to an external voltage via an electrode.

[0043] Preferred, such as Figure 1 As shown, a cold cathode Penning source neutron tube further includes an extraction electrode 3, which is disposed between the accelerating electrode 2 and the ion source outer casing 4. The extraction electrode 3 is connected to an external positive or negative voltage via an electrode.

[0044] The advantages of adopting the above-mentioned preferred scheme are: the extraction electrode is a circular hollow electrode, which makes the accelerating electric field more uniform, and the ion beam passes through the central hole. When a negative pressure is applied to the extraction electrode, the segmented electrode helps to make the accelerating electric field more balanced and stable, reducing ion beam scattering and sputtering problems; when a positive pressure is applied, it hinders the beam from being extracted, has good sharp cutoff characteristics, and can form a pulsed beam with better frequency characteristics.

[0045] Preferred, such as Figure 1 As shown, the cathode 5 has a first ion beam extraction hole 13 in the middle, the accelerating electrode 2 has a second ion beam extraction hole 14 in the middle, the extraction electrode 3 has a third ion beam extraction hole 15 in the middle, and the ion source cover 4 has a fourth ion beam extraction hole 16 in the middle of the end away from the ion source base 12. The first ion beam extraction hole 13, the second ion beam extraction hole 14, the third ion beam extraction hole 15 and the fourth ion beam extraction hole 16 are centered on the same axis.

[0046] The advantages of adopting the above preferred scheme are: setting the centers of the first ion beam extraction hole, the second ion beam extraction hole and the third ion beam extraction hole on the same axis facilitates the smooth passage of the ion beam through the accelerating electrode and the extraction electrode, and reduces unnecessary losses caused by the ion beam hitting the electrode.

[0047] The novel cold cathode Penning source neutron tube mainly consists of a neutron tube target 1, an accelerating electrode 2, an extraction electrode 3, an ion source outer cover 4, an extraction cathode 5, an anode tube 6, a counter cathode 7, a magnet (i.e., a magnet assembly) 8, and a storage device 9. It also includes a tube body 10, a target base 11, and an ion source base 12.

[0048] The neutron tube target 1 is a deuterium-deuterium neutron tube target or a deuterium-tritium neutron tube target.

[0049] The accelerating electrode 2 is located outside the ion source and generates an accelerating electric field to accelerate the ion beam.

[0050] The extraction electrode 3 is located between the accelerating electrode and the ion source, and the ion beam passes through its center.

[0051] The ion source casing 4 encloses all the internal equipment of the ion source.

[0052] The cathode 5 is located inside the ion source, and its surface facing the anode cylinder 6 adopts a nanostructure, which has good field emission characteristics. It is connected to an external voltage through an electrode to form a low potential.

[0053] The anode cylinder 6 is located inside the ion source and is connected to an external voltage through electrodes to form a high potential, thereby forming two reverse electric fields with the lead-out cathode 5 and the counter cathode 7, respectively.

[0054] The cathode 7 is located inside the ion source, and its surface facing the anode cylinder 6 adopts a nanostructure, which has good field emission characteristics. It is connected to an external voltage through the electrode to form a low potential.

[0055] The magnet 8 is located inside the ion source and employs a specially designed magnet assembly structure, encasing the outside of the anode cylinder 6. Each magnet assembly can generate an axial magnetic field for accelerating electron rotation and a radial magnetic field to suppress electron collisions with the anode cylinder.

[0056] The cathode 5, anode cylinder 6, countercathode 7, and magnet 8 together form an orthogonal electromagnetic field inside the ion source, causing electrons to reciprocate in a spiral pattern.

[0057] The storage device 9 contains materials with strong hydrogen absorption capacity and heating components, and stores deuterium gas or a deuterium-tritium mixture. When the heating components heat up, the gas is released into the ion source.

[0058] The advantage of this invention lies in its use of a magnet combination structure capable of simultaneously generating axial and radial magnetic fields. Compared to traditional ring magnets, which, when installed on the cathode side, only generate an axial magnetic field, the magnet combination of this invention, encased outside the anode cylinder, generates both axial and radial magnetic fields after the magnetic poles are superimposed. The axial magnetic field accelerates electrons within the anode cylinder; the radial magnetic field primarily acts at the edge of the anode cylinder, thus reducing electron loss within the anode cylinder, improving ionization efficiency, increasing the single-atom ion ratio, and simultaneously reducing discharge current and ion source power consumption.

[0059] The advantage of this invention lies in the use of a nanostructure on the cathode-facing side of the cathode tube, creating a pointed emitter with a very small radius of curvature. Traditional thermally induced electrodes require very high temperatures to emit electrons when the cathode inside the ion source emits electrons. This nanostructure exhibits excellent field emission characteristics, producing a high electron density, eliminating the need for cathode heating, and requiring less external voltage. The increased number of electrons participating in ionization improves the ionization efficiency of the ion source, ultimately increasing the single-atom ion ratio.

[0060] The advantages of this invention are that, unlike traditional neutron tubes, an extraction electrode is added between the ion source shroud and the accelerating electrode. When a negative voltage is applied, the segmented electrode helps to make the accelerating electric field more balanced and stable, reducing ion beam scattering and sputtering problems. When a positive voltage is applied, it hinders the beam from being extracted, has good sharp cutoff characteristics, and can form a pulsed beam with better frequency characteristics.

[0061] Example 1:

[0062] like Figure 3 , Figure 5 and Figure 6 As shown, the magnet assembly 8 is a hollow component made by magnetizing multiple sets of magnetic materials. The magnetized magnetic materials are arranged alternately with axial magnets 17 and radial magnets 18 to form a cylindrical structure with a hollow outer surface and a hollow center. The axial magnets 17 are axially magnetized to generate an axial magnetic field B1 for accelerating electron rotation, and the axial magnetization force is relatively strong; therefore, the main area of ​​action of the axial magnets 17 is located inside the anode cylinder. The radial magnets 18 are radially magnetized to generate a radial magnetic field B2 for suppressing electron collisions to the inner surface of the anode cylinder, and the radial magnetization force is relatively weak; therefore, the main area of ​​action of the radial magnets 18 is located at the edge of the anode cylinder. The axial magnetic field B1 and the radial magnetic field B2 do not affect each other during operation.

[0063] like Figure 1 and Figure 2As shown, when the neutron tube is working, the accelerating electrode 2 is connected to a negative voltage, forming an accelerating electric field to accelerate the ion beam. The extraction electrode 3 can be connected to a negative or positive voltage. When connected to a negative voltage, the accelerating electric field is more balanced and stable, reducing ion beam scattering and sputtering problems; when connected to a positive voltage, it hinders the beam from being extracted, has good sharp cutoff characteristics, and can form a pulsed beam with better frequency characteristics. The anode cylinder 6 is connected to a positive voltage, and the cathode 5 and the cathode 7 are grounded, forming two opposing electric fields that cause electrons to move back and forth within the electric fields. The axial magnetic field B1 and the electric field are superimposed to form an orthogonal electromagnetic field. Under the action of the orthogonal electromagnetic field, electrons make a spiral reciprocating motion inside the anode cylinder; the radial magnetic field B2 acts on the edge of the anode cylinder, reducing the probability of electrons colliding with the anode cylinder, thereby reducing electron loss. During the movement, electrons collide with deuterium gas or deuterium-tritium mixed gas released by the heating of the storage device 9, ionizing and producing new electrons and ions. Through continuous circulation, plasma is formed. Under the action of external accelerating electrode 2 and extraction electrode 3, the plasma is extracted from the first ion beam extraction hole 13 in the middle of the extraction cathode 5 and the fourth ion beam extraction hole 16 in the middle of the ion source outer cover 4, so that the plasma reaches the inside of the neutron tube. Then, under the action of the electric field, it passes through the third ion beam extraction hole 15 in the middle of the extraction electrode 3 and the second ion beam extraction hole 14 in the middle of the accelerating electrode 2 in sequence, and finally bombards the neutron tube target 1, causing deuterium-deuterium or deuterium-tritium fusion reaction to produce high-energy neutrons.

[0064] Example 2:

[0065] like Figure 4 and Figure 6 As shown, the magnet assembly 8 consists of a traditional circular ring magnet 19 at one end and a hollow cylindrical component formed by multiple sets of radial magnets 18 at the other end. The circular ring magnet 19 is axially magnetized to generate an axial magnetic field B1 for accelerating electron rotation, and the axial magnetization force is relatively strong. Therefore, the main functional area of ​​the circular ring magnet 19 is located inside the anode cylinder. The radial magnets 18 are radially magnetized to generate a radial magnetic field B2 for suppressing electron collisions to the inner surface of the anode cylinder, and the radial magnetization force is relatively weak. Therefore, the main functional area of ​​the radial magnets 18 is located at the edge of the anode cylinder. The axial magnetic field B1 and the radial magnetic field B2 do not affect each other during operation.

[0066] The neutron tube's operating procedure is the same as in Example 1 above.

[0067] in, Figure 3 The middle arrow B1 indicates the direction of the axial magnetic field in the magnet assembly 8, and the arrow B2 indicates the direction of the radial magnetic field in the magnet assembly 8. Figure 4 The middle arrow B1 indicates the direction of the magnetic field of the circular magnet 19, and the arrow B2 indicates the direction of the radial magnetic field in the magnet assembly 8. Figure 5 The arrows in the text indicate the direction of the magnetic field during axial magnetization of the magnetic material. Figure 6 The arrows in the diagram indicate the direction of the magnetic field during radial magnetization of the magnetic material.

[0068] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Those skilled in the art can make changes, modifications, substitutions and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A cold cathode Penning source neutron tube, characterized in that, It comprises: A neutron tube target (1), an accelerating electrode (2), an ion source cover (4), an extraction cathode (5), an anode cylinder (6), a counter cathode (7), a magnetic steel combination (8), a storage (9), a tube body (10), a target base (11) and an ion source base (12); The target base (11) and the ion source base (12) are arranged on the left and right sides of the tube body (10), and the neutron tube target (1), the accelerating electrode (2) and the ion source cover (4) are arranged in sequence from the target base (11) to the ion source base (12). The ion source cover (4) covers the outside of the extraction cathode (5), the anode cylinder (6), the counter cathode (7), the magnetic steel combination (8) and the storage (9). The magnetic steel combination (8) is installed in the space formed by the ion source cover (4) and the storage (9). The magnetic steel combination (8) is installed inside the anode cylinder (6). The extraction cathode (5) and the counter cathode (7) are symmetrically arranged on the left and right sides of the anode cylinder (6). The magnetic steel combination (8) is a hollow part made of multiple groups of magnetized magnetic materials. The magnetic steel combination (8) generates axial magnetic field and radial magnetic field. The magnetized magnetic material forms a hollow cylindrical structure with hollow outer surface after magnetization, and the axial magnetic steel (17) and the radial magnetic steel (18) are arranged alternately. The axial magnetic steel (17) is axially magnetized to generate an axial magnetic field B1 for electron rotation acceleration. The radial magnetic steel (18) is radially magnetized to generate a radial magnetic field B2 for suppressing electron collision with the inner surface of the anode cylinder (6).

2. A cold cathode Penning source neutron tube according to claim 1, characterized in that The ion source cover (4) is a shell structure with one end open. The ion source cover (4) is installed near the ion source base (12). The open end of the ion source cover (4) is connected with the ion source base (12).

3. The cold cathode Penning source neutron tube of claim 1, wherein, The surfaces of the extraction cathode (5) and the counter cathode (7) facing the anode cylinder (6) are nanostructured.

4. The cold cathode Penning source neutron tube of claim 1, wherein, The anode cylinder (6) is a cylindrical structure with through holes at both ends. The anode cylinder (6) is connected to an external voltage through an electrode.

5. The cold cathode Penning source neutron tube of claim 1, wherein, The storage (9) stores deuterium gas or deuterium-tritium mixed gas. The storage (9) contains a material with hydrogen absorption capacity and a heating component. The storage (9) is installed inside the tube body (10) and near the ion source base (12). The storage (9) is connected to an external power source through an electrode.

6. The cold cathode Penning source neutron tube of claim 1, wherein, The neutron tube target (1) is installed inside the tube body (10) and near the target base (11). The neutron tube target (1) is connected with the target base (11).

7. The cold cathode Penning source neutron tube of claim 1, wherein, The accelerating electrode (2) is connected to an external voltage through an electrode.

8. The cold cathode Penning source neutron tube of claim 1, wherein, It also includes an extraction electrode (3) arranged between the accelerating electrode (2) and the ion source cover (4). The extraction electrode (3) is connected to an external positive or negative voltage through an electrode.

9. A cold cathode Penning source neutron tube according to claim 8, characterized in that The extraction cathode (5) is provided with a first ion beam extraction hole (13) in the middle, the acceleration electrode (2) is provided with a second ion beam extraction hole (14) in the middle, the extraction electrode (3) is provided with a third ion beam extraction hole (15) in the middle, and the ion source cover (4) is provided with a fourth ion beam extraction hole (16) in the middle away from the ion source base (12), and the centers of the first ion beam extraction hole (13), the second ion beam extraction hole (14), the third ion beam extraction hole (15) and the fourth ion beam extraction hole (16) are coaxially arranged.

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