A liquor distillation method and distiller using superheated steam

Abstract

The present invention provides a method for distilling liquor using superheated steam and a distiller, the distillation method comprising: a superheated steam generator is powered on, and a heater inside the generator heats pure water into saturated steam and then further heats it into superheated steam; after the superheated steam enters the superheated steam desuperheater, the superheated steam uses its own pressure to pass through a diffuser flow channel at high speed, the steam flow rate generates a vacuum pressure, and the light alcohol and tail liquor are vacuum-sucked into the diffuser flow channel through a liquid inlet pipe, and are blown away and atomized under the action of vacuum and high flow rate, while the superheated steam mixes and absorbs the atomized light alcohol and tail liquor at high speed in the ejector flow channel to become mixed steam, and the mixed steam reduces the temperature, pressure and flow rate in the amplification section of the ejector bell mouth; the superheated steam technology used in the present invention is mature, safe and reliable, and similar types of technologies have been widely used in the thermal industry, so the use risk in the industry is relatively small, the production cost is low, and the operation is stable.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of liquor processing, and in particular to a liquor distillation method and a distiller using superheated steam. Background Art

[0002] Baijiu is a unique distilled liquor in China with a long history and tradition. However, whether it is traditional or new technology, the distillation principle is the same: the process of heating the mash to convert it into liquor vapor and cooling it into liquor. Distillation is a unit operation that uses the different volatility of components to condense into a liquid mixture (distillation can be divided into several processes of evaporation, separation, and cooling, which are collectively referred to as distillation). The Baijiu distiller used is mature and reliable in technology, stable in production, and easy to operate.

[0003] However, the traditional liquor distillation method also has certain limitations. First, the energy consumption of the distillation process is high, and steam is only used once. In the contemporary era of advocating "green energy conservation", relevant explorations have begun on the waste heat recovery of distillation steam and the use of new energy sources; secondly, after the traditional liquor distiller completes the alcohol distillation, the distilled substance contains certain "wine aroma" substances in addition to alcohol, but the ability to extract the "dregs aroma" substances remaining in the mash is low, so a large amount of "dregs aroma" substances remain in the mash, and eventually wasted with the lees; finally, the traditional liquor distillation method is still not sufficient in the use of tail liquor, and the tail liquor is mainly used for re-distillation, seasoning and other purposes;

[0004] Therefore, a liquor distillation method and a distiller using superheated steam are proposed. Summary of the invention

[0005] In view of this, the embodiments of the present invention hope to provide a liquor distillation method and distiller using superheated steam to solve or alleviate the technical problems existing in the prior art and at least provide a beneficial option.

[0006] The present invention analyzes the traditional liquor distillation method and needs to make improvements in the following aspects to overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings. First, the steam required for distillation can be generated by new energy to reduce the use of fossil fuels. At the same time, the steam pressure can be adjusted and then directly contacted with the mash for heat exchange to improve the heat exchange efficiency of the steam; secondly, the steam temperature in the distillation process can be appropriately adjusted to increase the temperature of the mash and accelerate the distillation speed of the high-boiling point "dregs aroma", so that more high-boiling point "dregs aroma" substances can enter the wine body during the distillation process and become "wine aroma" substances; finally, the tail wine is concentrated and returned to the distillation system, and its alcohol content is increased and energy consumption is reduced by re-distillation and the like, taking advantage of its low alcohol content but good flavor.

[0007] In order to meet the above requirements, the present invention uses superheated steam as the distillation energy, which can meet the requirements for regulating parameters such as steam pressure, temperature, and saturation during the distillation process. At the same time, the superheated steam generator can use electricity generated by new energy sources to meet policy requirements such as "carbon neutrality". In addition, the tail wine is directly absorbed by the superheated steam as a cooling and pressure reducing medium, which can quickly complete the effects of re-distillation and aroma transfer, saving energy while improving the extraction of "dregs aroma" substances in the mash during the distillation process of the wine, thereby increasing the flavor of the wine.

[0008] The technical solution of the embodiment of the present invention is implemented as follows: A liquor distillation method using superheated steam comprises:

[0009] The superheated steam generator is powered on, and the heater inside it heats the pure water into saturated steam and then further heats it into superheated steam;

[0010] After the superheated steam enters the superheated steam desuperheater, it uses its own pressure to pass through the diffuser flow channel at high speed. The steam flow rate generates vacuum pressure, and the light alcohol and tail wine are vacuum-sucked into the diffuser flow channel through the liquid inlet pipe. They are blown away and atomized under the action of vacuum and high flow rate. At the same time, the superheated steam mixes and absorbs the atomized light alcohol and tail wine at high speed in the ejector flow channel to become mixed steam. The mixed steam reduces the temperature, pressure and flow rate in the ejector bell-mouth amplification section, and increases its own saturation before entering the liquor steamer;

[0011] The mixed steam enters the liquor steamer through a pipeline and is released at the bottom of the pot. After filling the bottom of the pot, the mixed steam passes upward through the fermented grains layer and enters the liquor condenser through a connecting pipe to be condensed to obtain the main liquor.

[0012] Further preferably, the pure water is stored in a pure water tank before being heated.

[0013] Further preferably, before the superheated steam generator heats the pure water, the steam heating temperature and pressure threshold are set, and after the superheated steam temperature is heated to the preset degree and pressure threshold, the superheated steam is discharged to the subsequent equipment.

[0014] Further preferred: after the mixed steam fills the bottom of the pot, it passes upward through the fermented grains layer through the connecting pipe and enters the liquor condenser for condensation, obtaining the main liquor while obtaining the tail liquor and light alcohol. The tail liquor and light alcohol are continuously collected into the tail liquor storage tank and are continuously used in the next round of wine distillation.

[0015] The present invention also provides a liquor distiller using superheated steam, comprising:

[0016] Pure water tank: used to store pure water treated by the water treatment section;

[0017] Superheated steam generator: used to heat pure water by using electricity to evaporate it into steam, and then further heat the steam to become superheated steam;

[0018] Superheated steam desuperheater: used to mix superheated steam with light alcohol and tail wine to produce mixed steam, and to reduce the temperature and pressure of superheated steam and increase the saturation of superheated steam;

[0019] A liquor steamer, wherein mixed superheated steam is introduced into the liquor steamer, and the mixed superheated steam is directly dispersed at the bottom of the steamer and then rises to complete the distillation work;

[0020] Liquor condenser: The liquor outlet of the liquor condenser is connected with a bypass pipeline, which passes the dilute alcohol, tail liquor and other products into the tail liquor storage tank for storage;

[0021] Tail wine storage tank: The tail wine storage tank is connected to the white wine condenser through a bypass pipeline and is used to store the light alcohol and tail wine from the white wine condenser.

[0022] Further preferably, a heater is provided inside the superheated steam generator, and the superheat degree of the superheated steam is adjusted by controlling the heating temperature of the heater.

[0023] Further preferably: the superheated steam desuperheater comprises a main shell, a diffuser, a liquid inlet pipe, an ejector and a connecting flange:

[0024] The diffuser is installed inside the main shell, one end of the liquid inlet pipe is connected to the diffuser, and the other end passes through the main shell, the injector is installed inside the main shell, and the connecting flange is connected to one side of the main shell.

[0025] Further preferably: the diffuser is a Venturi type pipe;

[0026] The diffuser is provided with a flow channel whose diameter gradually decreases and then gradually increases;

[0027] Among them, the gradually shrinking flow channel is an acceleration section, and the acceleration section is connected to the liquid inlet pipe.

[0028] Further preferred: the liquid inlet pipe is connected to the tail wine storage tank, and a regulating valve is installed on the liquid inlet pipe, and the regulating valve is used to adjust the flow of light alcohol and tail wine entering the superheated steam desuperheater, and assist the superheated steam desuperheater to obtain mixed steam with different temperature, pressure and saturation.

[0029] Further preferably, the ejector is formed by butting the short diameters of two trumpet-shaped pipes.

[0030] The embodiment of the present invention has the following advantages due to the adoption of the above technical solution:

[0031] 1. The superheated steam technology used in the present invention is mature, safe and reliable. Similar technologies have been widely used in the thermal industry. Therefore, the risk of using it in the industry is relatively small, the production cost is low, and the operation is stable;

[0032] Second, the present invention can be connected to new energy electricity, and does not rely on traditional fuels such as gas and oil in areas with abundant electricity. It can also adjust the wine distillation period and make good use of the peak and valley electricity prices of the power grid to reduce costs;

[0033] Third, the present invention can promote the extraction of high-boiling point aroma substances in the fermented grains during the wine distillation process by increasing the temperature of the mixed steam, thereby enriching the aroma of the wine;

[0034] Fourth, the present invention can use light alcohol and tail wine to produce mixed steam, thereby improving the overall wine storage efficiency of the distillation process and fully recovering the alcohol components and aroma components in the light alcohol and tail wine;

[0035] 5. The superheated steam generator and the superheated steam desuperheater of the present invention can "cooperate" to produce mixed steam of different temperatures, pressures and saturations, and can be adapted to the production of various flavors and various fermented grains;

[0036] Sixth, the present invention can be directly connected to the original wine steamer, and is easy to transform the existing old liquor factory.

[0037] The above summary is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be limiting in any way. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments and features described above, further aspects, embodiments and features of the present invention will be readily apparent by reference to the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0038] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present application or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or technical descriptions will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0039] Figure 1 It is a schematic flow diagram of the wine distillation method of the present invention;

[0040] Figure 2 It is a structural schematic diagram of the superheated steam desuperheater of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the working principle of the superheated steam desuperheater of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] In the following, only some exemplary embodiments are briefly described. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the described embodiments may be modified in various ways without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the drawings and descriptions are considered to be exemplary and non-restrictive in nature.

[0043] The embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0044] like Figure 1 As shown, an embodiment of the present invention provides a liquor distillation method using superheated steam, comprising:

[0045] During production, the pure water section first produces pure water and stores it in the pure water tank 1-1. When a certain amount of pure water is stored, the superheated steam generator 1-2 starts to be powered on. The heater inside the generator heats the pure water into saturated steam and then further heats it into superheated steam. After the steam reaches the specified pressure and temperature, it is discharged from the generator and enters the subsequent equipment.

[0046] After the superheated steam enters the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3, the superheated steam uses its own pressure to pass through the diffuser 2-2 flow channel at high speed. In this process, the steam flow rate increases and a certain vacuum pressure is generated. The light alcohol and tail wine are vacuum-sucked into the diffuser 2-2 flow channel through the liquid inlet pipe 2-3, and are blown away and atomized under the action of vacuum and high flow rate. At the same time, because the superheated steam has a certain "dryness", the atomized light alcohol and tail wine will be mixed and absorbed at high speed in the ejector 2-4 flow channel to become mixed steam. The mixed steam reduces the temperature, pressure and flow rate in the bell-mouth amplification section of the ejector 2-4, and after increasing its own saturation, it enters the liquor steamer 1-4 through the pipeline;

[0047] The mixed steam enters the liquor steamer 1-4 through a pipeline and is released at the bottom of the pot. After the mixed steam fills the bottom of the pot, it passes through the fermented grains layer upwards through a connecting pipe and enters the liquor condenser 1-5 for condensation. Since the mixed steam is obtained by cooling the superheated steam, a temperature above 100°C can be obtained. The boiling points of many flavor substances in the fermented grains are actually higher than 100°C. Therefore, the mixed steam can change the steam temperature according to the boiling points of the flavor substances to be emphasized, and then strengthen the extraction of high-boiling-point flavor substances to obtain a higher "wine aroma" extraction rate. In addition, the superheated steam has absorbed a certain amount of alcohol and flavor substances before passing through the fermented grains. Therefore, the wine collected in the liquor condenser 1-5 is richer in alcohol content and flavor substances than the wine obtained by the traditional method.

[0048] After the main wine body is collected, the tail wine and light alcohol can continue to be collected into the tail wine storage tank 1-6 and continue to be used in the next round of wine distillation.

[0049] like Figure 1-3As shown, the present invention also provides a liquor distiller using superheated steam, comprising:

[0050] Pure water tank 1-1: used to store pure water treated by the water treatment section;

[0051] Superheated steam generator 1-2: used to heat pure water by using electricity to evaporate it into steam, and then further heat the steam to become superheated steam;

[0052] Superheated steam desuperheater 1-3: used to mix superheated steam with light alcohol and tail wine to generate mixed steam, and to reduce the temperature and pressure of the superheated steam and increase the saturation of the superheated steam;

[0053] Liquor steamer 1-4, mixed superheated steam is introduced into the liquor steamer 1-4, so as to disperse the mixed superheated steam directly at the bottom of the steamer and then rise to complete the distillation work;

[0054] Liquor condenser 1-5: The liquor outlet of liquor condenser 1-5 is connected with a bypass pipeline, which passes the dilute alcohol, tail liquor and other products into the tail liquor storage tank 1-6 for storage;

[0055] Tail wine storage tank 1-6: Tail wine storage tank 1-6 is connected to the white wine condenser 1-5 through a bypass pipeline, and is used to store the light alcohol and tail wine from the white wine condenser 1-5.

[0056] In this embodiment, specifically: a heater is provided inside the superheated steam generator 1 - 2 , and the superheat degree of the superheated steam is adjusted by controlling the heating temperature of the heater.

[0057] In this embodiment, specifically: the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3 includes a main shell 2-1, a diffuser 2-2, a liquid inlet pipe 2-3, an ejector 2-4 and a connecting flange 2-5:

[0058] The diffuser 2-2 is installed inside the main shell 2-1, one end of the liquid inlet pipe 2-3 is connected to the diffuser 2-2, and the other end passes through the main shell 2-1. The injector 2-4 is installed inside the main shell 2-1, and the connecting flange is connected to one side of the main shell 2-1.

[0059] In this embodiment, specifically: the diffuser is a Venturi-type pipe;

[0060] A flow channel whose diameter gradually decreases and then gradually increases is arranged inside the diffuser;

[0061] Among them, the gradually shrinking flow channel is the acceleration section, and the acceleration section is connected to the liquid inlet pipe 2-3.

[0062] In this embodiment, specifically: the liquid inlet pipe 2-3 is connected to the tail wine storage tank 1-6, and a regulating valve is installed on the liquid inlet pipe 2-3, and the regulating valve is used to adjust the flow of light alcohol and tail wine entering the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3, and assist the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3 to obtain mixed steam of different temperature, pressure and saturation.

[0063] In this embodiment, specifically: the ejector 2 - 4 is formed by butting the short diameters of two trumpet-shaped pipes.

[0064] In this embodiment: Pure water tank 1-1: This tank is a stainless steel storage tank, which is used to store the pure water treated by the water treatment section. Since the pure water in the tank will directly contact with the fermented grains later, the tank body must be made of stainless steel, and the tank body must have good sealing performance to avoid contamination of the pure water in the tank by the external environment;

[0065] In this embodiment: Superheated steam generator 1-2: This device is a superheated steam generator that uses electricity as energy. It uses electricity to heat pure water and evaporate it into steam, and the steam is further heated to become superheated steam. The superheating degree of the superheated steam can be adjusted by controlling the heater to meet the requirements of different mash distillation;

[0066] In this embodiment: Superheated steam desuperheater 1-3: This device is a steam jet type desuperheater and pressure reducer, which is used to mix superheated steam with dilute alcohol and tail wine to generate mixed steam, and to reduce the temperature and pressure of the superheated steam and increase the saturation of the superheated steam. The main components of the superheated steam desuperheater will be introduced in the following text;

[0067] In this embodiment: Liquor steamer 1-4 is a standard liquor steamer. In order to retain the traditional process of liquor production to the greatest extent, the present invention improves it by changing the original method of generating steam by heating the water at the bottom of the pot to a method of directly introducing mixed superheated steam. The mixed superheated steam is directly spread out from the bottom of the steamer and then rises to complete the distillation work. The subsequent process is the same as the traditional liquor production process;

[0068] In this embodiment: Liquor condenser 1-5: This condenser is the same as the traditional liquor condenser, but a bypass line is added at the liquor outlet to pass the dilute alcohol, liquor tails and other products into the 1-6 tail liquor storage tank for storage;

[0069] In this embodiment: Tail alcohol storage tank 1-6: This storage tank is a stainless steel storage tank, which stores the light alcohol and tail alcohol from the white wine condenser 1-5. The tank body is made of stainless steel to avoid contamination of the internal storage. The tank body is equipped with temperature, liquid level and leakage alarm facilities to avoid production accidents or failures that affect production. The tank outlet pipe is connected to the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3, and the light alcohol and tail alcohol are passed into the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3 during operation.

[0070] In this embodiment: the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3 is mainly composed of the following components:

[0071] Main shell 2-1: The shell is made of stainless steel seamless pipe, which can withstand the high temperature and high pressure generated by superheated steam and will not pollute the fluid in the shell;

[0072] Diffuser 2-2: The diffuser is a Venturi-type pipe made of stainless steel. It has a narrowed and then enlarged flow channel inside. The superheated steam will accelerate through the flow channel because the flow channel becomes smaller, and a certain vacuum degree is generated at the same time. The flow channel acceleration section is connected to the liquid inlet pipe 2-3, so that the superheated steam can use the vacuum degree generated by itself to absorb the light alcohol, tail wine and other liquids in the liquid inlet pipe.

[0073] Liquid inlet pipe 2-3: The liquid inlet pipe is a stainless steel pipe connecting the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3 and the wine tail storage tank 1-6. The light alcohol and the tail wine enter the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3 through the pipe. A regulating valve is installed on the pipe. The regulating valve is used to adjust the flow of the light alcohol and the tail wine entering the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3 to assist the superheated steam desuperheater 1-3 to finally obtain mixed steam with different temperatures, pressures and saturations;

[0074] Ejector 2-4: The ejector is a trumpet-shaped stainless steel pipe. After the superheated steam ejected from the diffuser 2-2 carries the dilute alcohol and tail liquor into atomized form, it is decelerated in its trumpet-shaped flow channel and absorbs the dilute alcohol and tail liquor to generate mixed superheated steam.

[0075] Connecting flange 2-5: It is a stainless steel pipe flange, which is butt-welded to the main shell 2-1 and connected to the main steam pipeline of the system.

[0076] In this embodiment: the method of the present invention can be used in grain steaming work in the same way. During the grain steaming work, a steam generator can be used to generate saturated steam for steaming the grain.

[0077] The present invention uses superheated steam as the main working medium to distill and flavor liquor;

[0078] The present invention uses a superheated steam cooling device to mix superheated steam with light alcohol and tail liquor into mixed steam to complete the distillation of liquor.

[0079] The present invention adjusts the flow ratio of superheated steam, dilute alcohol and tail wine to adjust mixed steam with different temperatures, pressures and saturations to adapt to different mash distillations;

[0080] The invention adjusts the mixed steam at a relatively high temperature to improve the extraction of high-boiling point aroma substances in the fermented grains during distillation;

[0081] The invention recycles the light alcohol and tail wine collected by the condenser to serve as the cooling liquid in the superheated steam cooling device, and recycles the alcohol and aroma components in the light alcohol and tail wine during the distillation process;

[0082] The present invention uses an electric superheated steam generator to generate superheated steam, and also includes superheated steam generated by a superheated steam generator using other energy sources.

[0083] The above is only a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any person skilled in the art can easily think of various changes or substitutions within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention, which should be included in the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be based on the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A liquor distillation method using superheated steam, characterized in that: include: The superheated steam generator is powered on, and the heater inside it heats the pure water into saturated steam and then further heats it into superheated steam; After the superheated steam enters the superheated steam desuperheater, it uses its own pressure to pass through the diffuser flow channel at high speed. The steam flow rate generates vacuum pressure, and the light alcohol and tail wine are vacuum-sucked into the diffuser flow channel through the liquid inlet pipe. They are blown away and atomized under the action of vacuum and high flow rate. At the same time, the superheated steam mixes and absorbs the atomized light alcohol and tail wine at high speed in the ejector flow channel to become mixed steam. The mixed steam reduces the temperature, pressure and flow rate in the ejector bell-mouth amplification section, and increases its own saturation before entering the liquor steamer; The mixed steam enters the liquor steamer through the pipeline and then is released at the bottom of the pot. After filling the bottom of the pot, the mixed steam passes upward through the fermented grains layer and enters the liquor condenser through the connecting pipe to be condensed to obtain the main liquor. The superheated steam desuperheater comprises a main shell, a diffuser, a liquid inlet pipe, an ejector and a connecting flange: The diffuser is installed inside the main shell, one end of the liquid inlet pipe is connected to the diffuser, and the other end passes through the main shell, the injector is installed inside the main shell, and the connecting flange is connected to one side of the main shell; The diffuser is a venturi type pipe; The diffuser is provided with a flow channel whose diameter gradually decreases and then gradually increases; The gradually narrowing flow channel is an acceleration section, and the acceleration section is connected to the liquid inlet pipe; The ejector is formed by butting the short diameters of two trumpet-shaped pipes.

2. A liquor distillation method using superheated steam according to claim 1, characterized in that: The purified water is stored in a purified water tank before being heated.

3. A liquor distillation method using superheated steam according to claim 1, characterized in that: Before the superheated steam generator heats the pure water, the steam heating temperature and pressure threshold are set. After the superheated steam temperature is heated to the preset degree and pressure threshold, the superheated steam is discharged to the subsequent equipment.

4. A liquor distillation method using superheated steam according to claim 1, characterized in that: After the mixed steam fills the bottom of the pot, it passes upward through the fermented grains layer and enters the liquor condenser through a connecting pipe for condensation, obtaining the main liquor while obtaining tail liquor and light alcohol. The tail liquor and light alcohol are continuously collected in a tail liquor storage tank and are continuously used in the next round of liquor distillation.

5. A liquor distiller using superheated steam, characterized in that: include: Pure water tank: used to store pure water treated by the water treatment section; Superheated steam generator: used to heat pure water by using electricity to evaporate it into steam, and then further heat the steam to become superheated steam; Superheated steam desuperheater: used to mix superheated steam with light alcohol and tail wine to produce mixed steam, and to cool and depressurize the superheated steam and increase the saturation of the superheated steam; A liquor steamer, wherein mixed superheated steam is introduced into the liquor steamer, and the mixed superheated steam is directly dispersed at the bottom of the steamer and then rises to complete the distillation work; Liquor condenser: The liquor outlet of the liquor condenser is connected with a bypass pipeline to pass the light alcohol and tail liquor products into the tail liquor storage tank for storage; Tail wine storage tank: The tail wine storage tank is connected to the liquor condenser through a bypass pipeline and is used to store the light alcohol and tail wine from the liquor condenser; The superheated steam desuperheater comprises a main shell, a diffuser, a liquid inlet pipe, an ejector and a connecting flange: The diffuser is installed inside the main shell, one end of the liquid inlet pipe is connected to the diffuser, and the other end passes through the main shell, the injector is installed inside the main shell, and the connecting flange is connected to one side of the main shell; The diffuser is a venturi type pipe; The diffuser is provided with a flow channel whose diameter gradually decreases and then gradually increases; The gradually narrowing flow channel is an acceleration section, and the acceleration section is connected to the liquid inlet pipe; The ejector is formed by butting the short diameters of two trumpet-shaped pipes.

6. A liquor distiller using superheated steam according to claim 5, characterized in that: A heater is provided inside the superheated steam generator, and the superheat degree of the superheated steam is adjusted by controlling the heating temperature of the heater.

7. A liquor distiller using superheated steam according to claim 5, characterized in that: The liquid inlet pipe is connected to the tail wine storage tank, and a regulating valve is installed on the liquid inlet pipe. The regulating valve is used to adjust the flow of light alcohol and tail wine entering the superheated steam desuperheater, and assist the superheated steam desuperheater to obtain mixed steam with different temperatures, pressures and saturations.

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