Pre - Equilibration and Power Control for Airborne Model Aggregation in Federated Learning

Abstract

Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are described. A user equipment (UE) may receive an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal. The UE may determine pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration. The UE may apply analog modulation and the pre - equalization parameters to the data block to form the uncoded uplink signal and transmit the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time - frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to air computing operations. The UE may determine a plurality of channel inversion coefficients based on: an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, measuring one or more reference signals, receiving an indication of an inversion granularity, receiving an inversion coefficient power threshold, or any combination thereof.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The following relates to wireless communication, including pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning. Background Art

[0002] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content, such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcasting, etc. These systems may be able to support communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multi - access systems include fourth - generation (4G) systems (such as Long - Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE - Advanced (LTE - A) systems, or LTE - A Pro systems) and fifth - generation (5G) systems that may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ techniques such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), or Discrete Fourier Transform Spread Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (DFT - S - OFDM). A wireless multi - access communication system may include one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes that each simultaneously support communication for multiple communication devices (which may be alternatively referred to as user equipment (UE)).

[0003] A group of UEs may be configured to update a global or common data model based on multiple local data models. In some cases, the group of UEs may send an uplink signal to a base station or an edge server, but due to channel fading, the received power of the uplink signal may be very low. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The described techniques relate to improved methods, systems, devices, and apparatuses for supporting pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning. Generally, the described techniques reduce latency by determining pre - equalization parameters and applying them to data blocks to form an uncoded uplink signal. In some cases, the pre - equalization parameters may include a transmit - power scaling factor and / or multiple channel - inversion coefficients. For example, a user equipment (UE) may receive a control message indicating a transmit - power scaling factor (e.g., a UE - group - specific transmit - power scaling factor) and send an uncoded uplink signal based on the transmit - power scaling factor and according to over - the - air computing operations.

[0005] For example, a UE may receive an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal. The UE may determine pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration. The UE may apply analog modulation and pre - equalization parameters to the data block to form the uncoded uplink signal, and transmit the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time - frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to an air - computing operation. The UE may determine multiple channel inversion coefficients based on: an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, measuring one or more reference signals, receiving an indication of an inversion granularity, receiving an inversion coefficient power threshold, or any combination thereof.

[0006] A method for wireless communication at a UE is described. The method may include: receiving an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, determining pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration, applying analog modulation and pre - equalization parameters to the data block to form the uncoded uplink signal, and transmitting the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time - frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to an air - computing operation.

[0007] An apparatus for wireless communication at a UE is described. The apparatus may include a processor, a memory coupled to the processor, and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions may be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: receive an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, determine pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration, apply analog modulation and pre - equalization parameters to the data block to form the uncoded uplink signal, and transmit the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time - frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to an air - computing operation.

[0008] Another apparatus for wireless communication at a UE is described. The apparatus may include components for the following steps: receiving an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, determining pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration, applying analog modulation and pre - equalization parameters to the data block to form the uncoded uplink signal, and transmitting the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time - frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to an air - computing operation.

[0009] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a UE is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to perform the following steps: receiving an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, determining pre-equilibration parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration, applying analog modulation and pre-equilibration parameters to the data block to form the uncoded uplink signal, and transmitting the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to air computing operations.

[0010] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, determining the pre-equilibration parameters may include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: determining a set of channel inversion coefficients based on an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal.

[0011] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, determining the set of channel inversion coefficients may include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: measuring one or more reference signals, the one or more reference signals including a channel state information reference signal or a synchronization signal block, and calculating the set of channel inversion coefficients based on measuring the one or more reference signals.

[0012] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: determining one or more reference signals based on a transmission configuration indication indicated by an uplink grant scheduling the uncoded uplink signal.

[0013] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, determining the set of channel inversion coefficients may include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: receiving an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency domain size for which the inversion coefficients remain constant.

[0014] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, determining the set of channel inversion coefficients may include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: receiving an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

[0015] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the indication of the inversion coefficient power threshold may be based on a UE capability report.

[0016] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: determining that an inverse coefficient power of one or more channel inverse coefficients in a channel inverse coefficient set exceeds an inverse coefficient power threshold.

[0017] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: scaling one or more channel inverse coefficients during a period corresponding to the inverse coefficient power that exceeds the inverse coefficient power threshold based on determining that the inverse coefficient power of one or more channel inverse coefficients in a channel inverse coefficient set exceeds the inverse coefficient power threshold.

[0018] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: suppressing transmission of one or more channel inverse coefficients during a period corresponding to the inverse coefficient power that exceeds the inverse coefficient power threshold based on determining that the inverse coefficient power of one or more channel inverse coefficients in a channel inverse coefficient set exceeds the inverse coefficient power threshold.

[0019] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: reporting, on a feedback channel, an indication of one or more periods during which transmission of the channel inverse coefficients may have been stopped or scaled based on determining that the inverse coefficient power of one or more channel inverse coefficients in a channel inverse coefficient set exceeds the inverse coefficient power threshold.

[0020] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following: an indication of a channel inverse coefficient set.

[0021] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: receiving an indication of a transmit power scaling factor, and transmitting an uncoded uplink signal based on the transmit power scaling factor.

[0022] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving an indication of a transmit power scaling factor may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: receiving a control message indicating a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

[0023] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the control message includes a group common DCI, a media access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

[0024] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may further include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: measuring one or more reference signals, calculating a reference signal received power based on the measured one or more reference signals, and transmitting an uncoded uplink signal based on the reference signal received power.

[0025] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, receiving an indication of a transmit power scaling factor may further include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: receiving a decibel (dB) value corresponding to the calculated RSRP.

[0026] A method of wireless communication performed at a base station is described. The method may include: determining a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, transmitting an indication of the configuration to a first UE based on the configuration, receiving a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs on overlapping time-frequency resources among the set of UEs including the first UE, and determining an indication of the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration according to an air computing operation.

[0027] An apparatus for wireless communication performed at a base station is described. The apparatus may include a processor, a memory coupled to the processor, and instructions stored in the memory. The instructions may be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: determine a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, transmit an indication of the configuration to a first UE based on the configuration, receive a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs on overlapping time-frequency resources among the set of UEs including the first UE, and determine an indication of the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration according to an air computing operation.

[0028] Another apparatus for wireless communication performed at a base station is described. The apparatus may include components for the following steps: determining a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, transmitting an indication of the configuration to a first UE based on the configuration, receiving a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs on overlapping time-frequency resources among the set of UEs including the first UE, and determining an indication of the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration according to an air computing operation.

[0029] A non - transitory computer - readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a base station is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to perform the following steps: determining a configuration for processing data blocks into an uncoded uplink signal, sending an indication of the configuration to a first UE based on the configuration, receiving a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs on overlapping time - frequency resources among the set of UEs including the first UE, and determining an indication of the uncoded uplink signal according to air - computing operations based on the indication of the configuration.

[0030] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non - transitory computer - readable media described herein, the uncoded uplink signal includes a set of channel inversion coefficients.

[0031] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non - transitory computer - readable media described herein may further include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: sending one or more reference signals, the one or more reference signals including a channel state information reference signal or a synchronization signal block, and receiving an uncoded uplink signal including a set of channel inversion coefficients, wherein the set of channel inversion coefficients may be based on the one or more reference signals.

[0032] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non - transitory computer - readable media described herein may further include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: sending a transmission configuration indication indicated by an uplink grant scheduling the uncoded uplink signal, and sending one or more reference signals based on the transmission configuration indication.

[0033] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non - transitory computer - readable media described herein may further include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: sending an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency - domain size where the inversion coefficients remain constant, and receiving an uncoded uplink signal including a set of channel inversion coefficients, wherein the set of channel inversion coefficients may be based on the inversion granularity.

[0034] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non - transitory computer - readable media described herein may further include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following step: sending an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

[0035] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non - transitory computer - readable media described herein, the indication of the inversion coefficient power threshold may be based on a UE capability report.

[0036] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: receiving, on a feedback channel, an indication of one or more time periods during which the transmission of channel inversion coefficients may have been stopped or scaled based on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more channel inversion coefficients in a channel inversion coefficient set exceeds an inversion coefficient power threshold.

[0037] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: transmitting an indication of a channel inversion coefficient set and receiving an uncoded uplink signal including the channel inversion coefficient set.

[0038] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: transmitting an indication of a transmit power scaling factor and receiving an uncoded uplink signal based on the transmit power scaling factor.

[0039] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, transmitting the indication of the transmit power scaling factor may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: transmitting a control message indicating a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

[0040] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, the control message includes a group common DCI, a media access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), or an RRC message.

[0041] Some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: transmitting one or more reference signals and receiving an uncoded uplink signal based on the reference signal received power corresponding to the one or more reference signals.

[0042] In some examples of the methods, apparatuses, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, transmitting the indication of the transmit power scaling factor may also include operations, features, components, or instructions for the following steps: transmitting a decibel (dB) value corresponding to the reference signal received power. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] Figure 1 Illustrates an example of a system for wireless communication that supports pre-equilibration and power control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0044] Figure 2Illustrates examples of air computing techniques that support pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0045] Figure 3 Illustrates examples of federated learning techniques that support pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0046] Figure 4 Illustrates examples of process flows that support pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0047] Figure 5 and Figure 6 Shows a block diagram of a device that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0048] Figure 7 Shows a block diagram of a communication manager that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0049] Figure 8 Shows a diagram of a system that includes a device that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0050] Figure 9 and Figure 10 Shows a block diagram of a device that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0051] Figure 11 Shows a block diagram of a communication manager that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0052] Figure 12 Shows a diagram of a system that includes a device that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure.

[0053] Figures 13 to 16 Shows a flowchart of a method that illustrates support for pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure. Detailed Description

[0054] In some wireless communication systems, a user equipment (UE) may be configured to send data to a network device (e.g., an edge server, a remote parameter server, a base station, etc.). In such a system, the data may include gradients or parameters corresponding to a local data model (e.g., an artificial intelligence or machine learning model), and the network device may aggregate data from multiple UEs to generate a global or general data model. In some cases, multiple UEs may send data to the network device on a shared channel (e.g., a multiple access channel (MAC)) as part of an air computing protocol that can support data aggregation. Multiple UEs may determine pre - equalization parameters (e.g., channel inversion coefficients, pre - equalization coefficients, transmit power, etc.) as part of the air computing protocol. However, multiple UEs may lack the coordination or configuration ability to accurately or efficiently determine pre - equalization parameters. This may prevent the network device from receiving or aggregating data from multiple UEs, which can increase latency and degrade system performance.

[0055] Aspects of the present disclosure provide techniques for sending data and determining pre - equalization parameters in the context of air computing, federated learning, distributed computing, or large datasets. The pre - equalization parameters may include channel inversion coefficients and / or transmit power scaling factors. For example, a UE may receive a control message (e.g., a radio resource control (RRC) message, a MAC control element (MAC - CE), or downlink control information (DCI)), and determine pre - equalization parameters for uplink transmission based on the control message. In some cases, the control message may indicate one or more reference signals, an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency domain size, an inversion coefficient power threshold, multiple inversion coefficients, or any combination of these parameters. In some examples, the control message may indicate a transmit power scaling factor. The transmit power scaling factor may be UE - group - specific, which can reduce the variation of channel inversion power and / or improve the signal - to - noise ratio (SNR) received at the network device.

[0056] This technique may include receiving, at the UE, an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, and determining pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the configuration indication. The pre - equalization parameters may include channel inversion coefficients or a UE - group - specific transmit power scaling factor. The UE may apply analog modulation and pre - equalization parameters to the data block to form an uncoded uplink signal, and the uncoded uplink signal may be sent on a shared channel according to air computing operations. Applying analog modulation can support air aggregation by leveraging the waveform superposition property of the shared channel, which can reduce communication latency and improve system performance.

[0057] Aspects of the present disclosure are described first in the context of a wireless communication system. Then aspects of the present disclosure are described with reference to air computing techniques, federated learning techniques, and process flows. Aspects of the present disclosure are further illustrated and described by and with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts related to pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning.

[0058] Figure 1 FIG. illustrates an example of a wireless communication system 100 that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more base stations 105, one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may be a Long - Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE - Advanced (LTE - A) network, an LTE - A Pro network, or a New Radio (NR) network. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may support enhanced broadband communication, ultra - reliable (e.g., mission - critical) communication, low - latency communication, or communication with low - cost and low - complexity devices, or any combination thereof.

[0059] The base stations 105 may be spread across a geographical area to form the wireless communication system 100 and may be devices of different forms or with different capabilities. The base stations 105 and the UEs 115 may communicate wirelessly via one or more communication links 125. Each base station 105 may provide a coverage area 110 over which the UEs 115 and the base stations 105 may establish one or more communication links 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographical area over which the base stations 105 and the UEs 115 may support communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies. The base stations 105 may support over - the - air model aggregation for federated learning. The base stations 105 may correspond to remote parameter servers, edge servers, application servers, communication servers, etc.

[0060] The UEs 115 may be spread across the entire coverage area 110 of the wireless communication system 100, and at different times each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both. The UEs 115 may be devices of different forms or with different capabilities. Figure 1 Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in. As Figure 1 shown, the UEs 115 described herein may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115, base stations 105, or network equipment (e.g., core network nodes, relay devices, integrated access and backhaul (IAB) nodes, or other network equipment).

[0061] Base station 105 can communicate with the core network 130, communicate with each other, or both. For example, base station 105 can interface with the core network 130 via one or more backhaul links 120 (e.g., via S1, N2, N3, or other interfaces). Base station 105 can communicate with each other either directly (e.g., directly between base stations 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) or both directly and indirectly via backhaul link 120 (e.g., via X2, Xn, or other interfaces). In some examples, backhaul link 120 can be or include one or more wireless links.

[0062] One or more of the base stations 105 described herein can include or can be referred to by those of ordinary skill in the art as a base transceiver station, radio base station, access point, radio transceiver, NodeB, eNodeB (eNB), next-generation NodeB, or gigabit NodeB (any of which can be referred to as a gNB), home NodeB, home eNodeB, or other suitable terms.

[0063] UE 115 can include or can be referred to as a mobile device, wireless device, remote device, handheld device, or subscriber device, or some other suitable term, where "device" can also be referred to as a unit, station, terminal, or client, among other examples. UE 115 can also include or can be referred to as a personal electronic device, such as a cellular phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablet computer, laptop computer, or personal computer. In some examples, UE 115 can include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, Internet of Things (IoT) device, Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or machine type communication (MTC) device, among other examples, which can be implemented in various objects such as appliances or vehicles, meters, and other examples.

[0064] UE 115 described herein may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as other UEs 115 that may sometimes act as repeaters, as well as base stations 105 and network equipment, such as Figure 1 shown, the network equipment including macro eNB or gNB, small cell eNB or gNB, or relay base station, among other examples.

[0065] UE 115 and base station 105 can communicate wirelessly with each other via one or more communication links 125 over one or more carriers. The term "carrier" may refer to a set of radio frequency spectrum resources having a defined physical layer structure for supporting communication link 125. For example, a carrier for communication link 125 may include a portion of a radio frequency spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that operates according to one or more physical layer channels for a given radio access technology (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each physical layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling for coordinated operation of the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communication system 100 may support communication with UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplex (FDD) and time division duplex (TDD) component carriers.

[0066] In some examples (e.g., in a carrier aggregation configuration), a carrier may also have acquisition signaling or control signaling for coordinating operation of other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute radio frequency channel number (EARFCN)) and may be located according to a channel raster so as to be discovered by UE 115. A carrier may operate in a stand-alone mode, in which initial acquisition and connection may be performed by UE 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may operate in a non-stand-alone mode, in which the connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., a carrier of the same or different radio access technology).

[0067] The communication link 125 shown in the wireless communication system 100 may include an uplink transmission from UE 115 to base station 105, or a downlink transmission from base station 105 to UE 115. A carrier may carry downlink or uplink communication (e.g., in FDD mode), or may be configured to carry both downlink and uplink communication (e.g., in TDD mode).

[0068] A carrier can be associated with a specific bandwidth of the radio frequency spectrum, and in some examples, the carrier bandwidth can be referred to as the "system bandwidth" of the carrier or the wireless communication system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth can be one of several defined bandwidths of a carrier for a particular radio access technology (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz)). Devices of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., the base station 105, the UE 115, or both) can have a hardware configuration that supports communication on a specific carrier bandwidth or can be configurable to support communication on one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 can include a base station 105 or a UE 115 that supports simultaneous communication via carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 can be configured to operate on a portion (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.

[0069] The composition of the signal waveform transmitted via a carrier can be multiple sub-carriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element can consist of a symbol period (e.g., the duration of one modulation symbol) and a sub-carrier, where the symbol period and the sub-carrier spacing are inversely related. The number of bits carried by each resource element can depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both). Therefore, the more resource elements received by the UE 115 and the higher the order of the modulation scheme, the higher the data rate that can be used for the UE 115. Wireless communication resources can refer to a combination of radio frequency spectrum resources, time resources, and spatial resources (e.g., spatial layers or beams), and the use of multiple spatial layers can also increase the data rate or data integrity for communication with the UE 115.

[0070] One or more numerologies can be supported for a carrier, where a numerology can include a sub-carrier spacing (Δf) and a cyclic prefix. A carrier can be divided into one or more BWPs with the same or different numerologies. In some examples, the UE 115 can be configured with multiple BWPs. In some examples, a single BWP of a carrier can be active at a given time, and communication for the UE 115 can be limited to one or more active BWPs.

[0071] The time intervals of the base station 105 or the UE 115 can be expressed as multiples of a basic time unit. For example, the basic time unit can refer to T s = 1 / (Δf max ·N f ) seconds of sampling period, where Δf maxmay represent the maximum supported subcarrier spacing, and N f may represent the maximum supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. The time intervals of the communication resources may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0072] Each frame may include a plurality of consecutively numbered subframes or time slots, and each subframe or time slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may also be divided into a number of time slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable number of time slots, and the number of time slots may depend on the subcarrier spacing. Each time slot may include a number of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix pre - placed in each symbol period). In some wireless communication systems 100, a time slot may also be divided into a plurality of mini - slots each containing one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may contain one or more (e.g., N f ones) sampling periods. The duration of the symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or the operating frequency band.

[0073] A subframe, time slot, mini - slot, or symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communication system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., the number of symbol periods in the TTI) may be variable. Additionally or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communication system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in a burst of shortened TTI (sTTI)).

[0074] Physical channels can be multiplexed on a carrier according to various techniques. The physical control channel and the physical data channel can be multiplexed on a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. The control region of the physical control channel (e.g., control resource set (CORESET)) can be defined by a number of symbol periods and can extend across the system bandwidth of the carrier or a subset of the system bandwidth. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESET) can be configured for a set of UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 can monitor or search for a control region of control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set can include one or more control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. The aggregation level of the control channel candidate can refer to the number of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCE)) associated with the coded information of a control information format with a given payload size. The search space set can include a common search space set configured to send control information to a plurality of UEs 115 and a UE-specific search space set for sending control information to a specific UE 115.

[0075] Each base station 105 can provide communication coverage via one or more cells, for example, macro cells, small cells, hotspots, or other types of cells or any combination thereof. The term "cell" can refer to a logical communication entity for communication with a base station 105 (e.g., via a carrier) and can be associated with an identifier (e.g., physical cell identifier (PCID), virtual cell identifier (VCID), or others) for differentiating neighboring cells. In some examples, a cell can also refer to the geographical coverage area 110 or a part of the geographical coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) on which the logical communication entity operates. The scope of this cell can range from a smaller area (e.g., a structure, a subset of a structure) to a larger area, depending on various factors such as the capabilities of the base station 105. For example, a cell can be or include a building, a subset of a building, or an external space between or overlapping with the geographical coverage area 110 and other examples.

[0076] Macro cells typically cover a relatively large geographical area (e.g., with a radius of several kilometers) and can allow unrestricted access by UEs 115 having a service subscription with the network provider that supports the macro cell. Compared with macro cells, small cells can be associated with low-power base stations 105, and small cells can operate in the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands as macro cells. Small cells can provide unrestricted access to UEs 115 having a service subscription with the network provider, or can provide restricted access to UEs 115 associated with the small cell (e.g., UEs 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG), UEs 115 associated with users in a home or office). The base station 105 can support one or more cells and can also support communication on one or more cells using one or more component carriers.

[0077] In some examples, a carrier can support multiple cells, and different cells can be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., MTC, narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)) that can provide access for different types of devices.

[0078] In some examples, the base station 105 can be movable and thus provide communication coverage for a mobile geographical coverage area 110. In some examples, different geographical coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies can overlap, but different geographical coverage areas 110 can be supported by the same base station 105. In other examples, overlapping geographical coverage areas 110 associated with different technologies can be supported by different base stations 105. The wireless communication system 100 can include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of base stations 105 use the same or different radio access technologies to provide coverage for various geographical coverage areas 110.

[0079] The wireless communication system 100 can support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, the base stations 105 can have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different base stations 105 can be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, the base stations 105 can have different frame timings, and in some examples, transmissions from different base stations 105 may not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein can be used for synchronous operation and can also be used for asynchronous operation.

[0080] Some UEs 115 (such as MTC or IoT devices) can be low-cost or low-complexity devices and can provide automated communication between machines (e.g., via machine-to-machine (M2M) communication). M2M communication or MTC can refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with each other or with the base station 105 without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC can include communication from devices integrated with sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay this information to a central server or application, which can utilize the information or present the information to a person interacting with the application. Some UEs 115 can be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.

[0081] Some UEs 115 can be configured to operate in power-saving modes, such as half-duplex communication (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception but not simultaneous transmission and reception). In some examples, half-duplex communication can be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power-saving techniques for UEs 115 include entering a deep sleep power-saving mode when not participating in active communication, operating on limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communication), or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs 115 can be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type associated with a defined portion or range within a carrier, within a guard band of the carrier, or outside the carrier (e.g., a set of subcarriers or a set of resource blocks (RBs)).

[0082] The wireless communication system 100 can be configured to support ultra-reliable communication or low-latency communication, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communication system 100 can be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) or mission-critical communication. The UE 115 can be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions (e.g., mission-critical functions). Ultra-reliable communication can include private communication or group communication and can be supported by one or more mission-critical services such as mission-critical push-to-talk (MCPTT), mission-critical video (MCVideo), or mission-critical data (MCData). Support for mission-critical functions can include prioritization of services, and mission-critical services can be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, mission-critical, and ultra-reliable low-latency can be used interchangeably herein.

[0083] In some examples, UE 115 may also be able to communicate directly with other UEs 115 via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link 135 (e.g., using peer-to-peer (P2P) or D2D protocols). One or more UEs 115 utilizing D2D communication may be within the geographical coverage area 110 of base station 105. Other UEs 115 in this group may be outside the geographical coverage area 110 of base station 105 or may not otherwise be able to receive transmissions from base station 105. In some examples, a group of UEs 115 communicating via D2D communication may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to each other UE 115 in the group. In some examples, base station 105 facilitates the scheduling of resources for D2D communication. In other cases, D2D communication is implemented between UEs 115 without involving base station 105.

[0084] In some systems, D2D communication link 135 may be an example of a communication channel between vehicles (e.g., UE 115), such as a sidelink communication channel. In some examples, vehicles may communicate using vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, or some combination thereof. Vehicles may signal information related to traffic conditions, signal scheduling, weather, safety, emergencies, or any other information related to the V2X system. In some examples, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadside infrastructure such as roadside units, or communicate with the network via one or more network nodes (e.g., base station 105) using vehicle-to-network (V2N) communication, or communicate with both.

[0085] The core network 130 can provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 can be an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC), which can include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF)) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to an external network (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). The control plane entity can manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as the mobility, authentication, and bearer management of the UE 115 served by the base station 105 associated with the core network 130. User IP packets can be transmitted through the user plane entity, which can provide IP address allocation and other functions. The user plane entity can be connected to the network operator IP services 150. The network operator IP services 150 can include access to the Internet, an intranet(s), an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS), or packet-switched (PS) streaming services.

[0086] Some of the network devices, such as the base station 105, can include sub-components, such as an access network entity 140, which can be an example of an access node controller (ANC). Each access network entity 140 can communicate with the UE 115 through one or more other access network transmission entities 145, which can be referred to as radio heads, intelligent radio heads, or transmit / receive points (TRPs). Each access network transmission entity 145 can include one or more antenna panels. In some configurations, the various functions of each access network entity 140 or the base station 105 can be distributed across various network devices (e.g., radio heads and ANCs) or consolidated into a single network device (e.g., the base station 105).

[0087] The wireless communication system 100 can operate using one or more frequency bands, typically in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is referred to as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or the decimeter band because the wavelength range is approximately from one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves can be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, but the waves can penetrate structures well enough to allow macrocells to serve UEs 115 located indoors. Compared to transmissions at smaller frequencies and longer wavelengths using the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portions of the spectrum below 300 MHz, UHF wave transmissions can be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than 100 kilometers).

[0088] The wireless communication system 100 may also operate in the super high frequency (SHF) band using a frequency band from 3 GHz to 30 GHz (also referred to as the centimeter band) or in the extremely high frequency (EHF) band of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz) (also referred to as the millimeter band). In some examples, the wireless communication system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communication between the UE 115 and the base station 105, and the EHF antennas of the corresponding devices may be smaller and closer spaced than UHF antennas. In some examples, this may facilitate the use of antenna arrays within the device. However, compared to SHF or UHF transmissions, the propagation of EHF transmissions may be subject to even greater atmospheric attenuation and shorter range. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions using one or more different frequency bands, and the specified use of frequency bands across these frequency bands may vary by country or regulatory body.

[0089] The wireless communication system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed radio frequency spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communication system 100 may employ licensed assisted access (LAA), unlicensed LTE (LTE-U) radio access technology, or NR technology in an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. When operating in an unlicensed radio frequency spectrum band, devices such as the base station 105 and the UE 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operation in an unlicensed band may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration of a component carrier operating in a licensed band (e.g., LAA). Operation in the unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.

[0090] The base station 105 or the UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas that may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication, or beamforming. The antennas of the base station 105 or the UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels that may support MIMO operation or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly such as an antenna tower. In some examples, the antennas or antenna arrays associated with the base station 105 may be located at different geographical locations. The base station 105 may have an antenna array with a number of rows and columns of antenna ports that the base station 105 may use to support beamforming for communication with the UE 115. Similarly, the UE 115 may have one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally or alternatively, the antenna panel may support radio frequency beamforming of signals transmitted via the antenna ports.

[0091] The base station 105 or the UE 115 can use MIMO communication to utilize multipath signal propagation and improve spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. This technique can be referred to as spatial multiplexing. For example, multiple signals can be transmitted by a transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Similarly, multiple signals can be received by a receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals can be referred to as a separate spatial stream and can carry bits associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords). Different spatial layers can be associated with different antenna ports for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO) and multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), where in single-user MIMO, multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving device, and in multi-user MIMO, multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.

[0092] Beamforming (which can also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception) is a signal processing technique that can be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., the base station 105, the UE 115) to shape or direct an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam or a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming can be achieved by combining signals communicated via the antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating in a particular orientation relative to the antenna array experience constructive interference while other signals experience destructive interference. The adjustment of the signals communicated via the antenna elements can include the transmitting device or the receiving device applying an amplitude offset, a phase offset, or both to the signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustment associated with each of the antenna elements can be defined by a set of beamforming weights associated with a particular orientation (e.g., relative to the antenna array of the transmitting device or the receiving device, or relative to some other orientation).

[0093] The base station 105 or the UE 115 can use beam sweeping techniques as part of a beamforming operation. For example, the base station 105 can use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to perform a beamforming operation for directional communication with the UE 115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) can be transmitted by the base station 105 multiple times in different directions. For example, the base station 105 can transmit signals according to different sets of beamforming weights associated with different transmission directions. Transmissions in different beam directions can be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device such as the base station 105, or by a receiving device such as the UE 115) the beam direction for later transmissions or receptions by the base station 105.

[0094] Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by base station 105 in a single beam direction (e.g., the direction associated with a receiving device such as UE 115). In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmission along a single beam direction may be determined based on signals transmitted in one or more beam directions. For example, UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by base station 105 in different directions and may report to base station 105 an indication of the signal that UE 115 receives with the highest signal quality or otherwise acceptable signal quality.

[0095] In some examples, transmissions performed by a device (e.g., by base station 105 or UE 115) may be carried out using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or radio frequency beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from base station 105 to UE 115). UE 115 may report feedback indicating precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to the configured number of beams across the system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. Base station 105 may transmit reference signals (e.g., cell-specific reference signal (CRS), channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS)), which may be precoded or non-precoded. UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., multi-panel type codebook, linear combination type codebook, port selection type codebook). Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted by base station 105 in one or more directions, UE 115 may employ similar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times in different directions (e.g., to identify beam directions for subsequent transmissions or receptions by UE 115) or for transmitting a signal in a single direction (e.g., to transmit data to a receiving device).

[0096] When receiving various signals such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals from base station 105, a receiving device (e.g., UE 115) may attempt multiple receiving configurations (e.g., directional listening). For example, the receiving device may attempt multiple receiving directions by: receiving via different antenna subarrays, processing signals received according to different antenna subarrays, receiving according to different sets of receive beamforming weights (e.g., different sets of directional listening weights) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of the antenna array, or processing signals received according to different sets of receive beamforming weights applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of the antenna array, according to different receiving configurations or receiving directions, any of which may be referred to as "listening". In some examples, the receiving device may use a single receiving configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal). The single receiving configuration may be aligned in a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receive beam directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have the highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions).

[0097] Wireless communication system 100 may be a packet-based network operating according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communication at the bearer layer or packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer may be IP-based. The radio link control (RLC) layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly for communication on logical channels. The media access control (MAC) layer may perform priority handling and multiplex logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer may also use error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions at the MAC layer to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, the radio resource control (RRC) protocol layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between UE 115 and base station 105 or core network 130 that supports radio bearers for user plane data. At the physical layer, transport channels may be mapped to physical channels.

[0098] UE 115 and base station 105 can support retransmission of data to increase the likelihood of successful data reception. Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest (HARQ) feedback is a technique for increasing the likelihood of correctly receiving data over communication link 125. HARQ can include a combination of error detection (e.g., using Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)), Forward Error Correction (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)). HARQ can improve throughput at the MAC layer under poor radio conditions (e.g., low signal-to-noise ratio conditions). In some examples, the device can support HARQ feedback in the same time slot, where the device can provide HARQ feedback for data received in the previous symbol in that time slot. In other cases, the device can provide HARQ feedback in a subsequent time slot or according to some other time interval.

[0099] UE 115 can receive an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal. UE115 can determine pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration. UE 115 can apply analog modulation (e.g., amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, etc.) and the pre - equalization parameters to the data block to form an uncoded uplink signal, and transmit the uncoded uplink signal over overlapping time - frequency resources with one or more other UEs 115 according to air - computing operations. UE 115 can determine multiple channel inversion coefficients based on: an indication of the configuration for processing the data block into the uncoded uplink signal, measuring one or more reference signals, receiving an indication of the inversion granularity, receiving an inversion coefficient power threshold, or any combination of these aspects.

[0100] Each of the multiple UEs 115 can train a local neural network based on a local dataset and send parameters or gradients of the local neural network to the base station 105 as part of a distributed learning process (e.g., federated learning, federated edge learning). The parameters or gradients can be signaled to the base station 105 over a shared channel (e.g., MAC) via concurrent analog transmission to utilize the signal superposition property of the shared channel. Utilizing the signal superposition property of the shared channel can constitute an air - computing protocol, which can support the base station 105 in effectively aggregating or averaging the signaled parameters or gradients. The base station 105 can update a global neural network (e.g., a general neural network) based on the aggregated or averaged parameters or gradients, and the base station 105 can broadcast an indication of the updated model to the multiple UEs 115 for further training.

[0101] The process of training a neural network at UE 115, sending the parameters or gradients of the neural network to the base station 105, and receiving an indication of an updated global model from the base station 105 can be regarded as a communication round. The communication round can continue until the base station 105 determines that the global model has converged (e.g., the loss of the global model is close to the minimum with a decreasing trend), and the base station 105 can suppress broadcasting an indication of the updated model to multiple UEs 115 based on determining that the global model has converged. Performing a distributed learning process can improve data security and privacy because the UE 115 can send the neural network parameters or gradients to the base station 105 instead of the raw data. In addition, the air computing protocol for concurrent analog transmission can utilize the signal superposition property of the shared channel, thereby improving system efficiency.

[0102] Figure 2 FIG. illustrates an example of an air computing technique 200 that supports pre - equalization and power control for air - model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the air computing technique 200 can implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100. The air computing technique 200 can include a network device 205 (e.g., a base station, an edge server, a remote parameter server, etc.) and UEs 115 - a, 115 - b, and 115 - c, where the network device 205 can be an example of the base station 105 described with reference to Figure 1 The UEs 115 - a, 115 - b, and 115 - c can be examples of the UE 115 described with reference to Figure 1 FIG..

[0103] Multiple UEs 115 (e.g., UEs 115 - a, 115 - b, and 115 - c) can send data to the network device 205 based on a transmitter design 215. The transmitter design 215 can apply analog modulation and pre - equalization to data blocks to form an uncoded uplink signal, and the uncoded uplink signal can be sent to the network device 205 over a shared channel (e.g., a multiple access channel). Sending the uncoded uplink signal over the shared channel can support air computing, which can reduce data transmission latency and reduce the amount of radio resources consumed.

[0104] UE 115-a can be associated with radio resource 210-a, UE 115-b can be associated with radio resource 210-b, and UE 115-c can be associated with radio resource 210-c. The radio resources 210-a, 210-b, and 210-c can overlap either partially or completely (e.g., can correspond to the same time and frequency resources) and correspond to a multiple access channel. UE 115 can apply pre-equalization parameters (e.g., channel inversion coefficients, transmit power scaling) to the uncoded uplink signal to improve signal characteristics (e.g., received signal power, signal-to-noise ratio, etc. at network device 205), which can improve the efficiency of aggregation and / or averaging of the data received at network device 205.

[0105] UE 115-a can process data blocks according to transmitter design 215. Transmitter design 215 can apply analog modulation (e.g., analog amplitude modulation) to the data block at 220-a, perform serial-to-parallel conversion at 220-b, perform truncated channel inversion at 220-c, perform inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) at 220-a, add a cyclic prefix (CP) and perform parallel-to-serial conversion at 220-e, and the resulting data can be sent to the network device via a carrier (e.g., a multiple access channel). In some cases, UE 115 can send parameters or gradients of a data model (e.g., a neural network) to network device 205, however this technique can also be applicable to other scenarios such as distributed sensor measurements and others.

[0106] Network device 205 can process the superimposed waveform according to receiver design 225. Network device 205 can remove the CP and perform parallel-to-serial conversion at 230-a, perform fast Fourier transform (FFT) at 230-b, perform parallel-to-serial conversion at 230-c, and average the aggregated parameters or gradients at 230-d (e.g., divide the aggregated parameters and / or gradients by the number of UE 115s (e.g., K)). Thus, network device 205 can receive one or more aggregated values (e.g., aggregated parameters, aggregated edge weights, aggregated gradients, etc.) corresponding to the aggregation of values from UE 115, and average these aggregated values by dividing the aggregated values by the number of UE 115s that send data (e.g., parameters and / or gradients) on the shared channel. Network device 205 can update the parameters or gradients of the global data model based on the aggregated values or averages, and send (e.g., broadcast) the updated parameters and / or gradients to UE 115.

[0107] The network device 205 may configure the UE 115 to identify or determine one or more parameters (e.g., multiple channel inversion coefficients) related to processing or transmitting uncoded uplink signals. For example, the network device 205 may send a control message (e.g., an RRC message, a MAC-CE, DCI, etc.) to the UE 115, and the control message may configure the UE 115 to determine multiple channel inversion coefficients. In some cases, the UE 115 may determine multiple channel inversion coefficients based on a reference signal (e.g., a CSI-RS, an SSB index, etc.). In some examples, the UE 115-a may identify a reference signal based on a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) status indication of an uplink grant (e.g., a PUSCH for transmitting an air computing signal) that schedules an uncoded uplink signal. The TCI status may link to a CSI-RS or an SSB index, and the UE 115 may determine multiple channel inversion coefficients based on the CSI-RS or the SSB index. In some examples, the uncoded uplink signal may be based on a configured grant (CG) PUSCH, and the UE 115 may identify a reference signal based on an RRC message.

[0108] In some cases, the network device 205 may indicate multiple channel inversion coefficients to the UE 115. In some examples, the network device 205 may explicitly indicate multiple channel inversion coefficients and indicate a sounding reference signal (SRS) resource indicator (SRI). The indicated multiple channel inversion coefficients may correspond to a frequency range (e.g., a tone, a sub-band (SB), a wideband (WB)). In some cases, for different frequency ranges, the network device 205 may indicate different channel inversion coefficients.

[0109] In some cases, the UE 115 may determine multiple channel inversion coefficients based on an inversion granularity corresponding to the frequency domain. For example, the inversion granularity may indicate the amount or length of bandwidth for which the channel inversion coefficient remains constant. In some examples, the inversion granularity may correspond to a tone, an SB, a WB, etc. The network device 205 may indicate the size of the SB to the UE 115 (e.g., as part of a control message).

[0110] In some cases, the UE 115 may determine a plurality of channel inversion coefficients based on one or more inversion power thresholds. In some examples, the inversion power threshold may correspond to a frequency range (e.g., tone, SB, WB), and in some additional or alternative examples, the inversion power threshold may be based on the capability report (e.g., power class) of the UE 115. In some cases, the UE 115 may identify the number of time periods (e.g., symbols) during which the inversion power (e.g., the power of the inversion coefficient, the power of the channel inversion coefficient) exceeds the inversion power threshold. The UE may suppress transmission during the identified time periods or scale the transmission with the inversion power threshold during the identified time periods. In some cases, the UE 115 may report the time periods during which the transmission is suppressed or scaled.

[0111] The network device 205 may configure the UE 115 for transmission power scaling. In some cases, the network device 205 may configure the UE 115 with a transmit power scaling factor (e.g., a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor). The UE 115 may scale the plurality of channel inversion coefficients with the transmit power scaling factor, which may improve the SNR at the network device 205.

[0112] In some cases, the transmit power scaling factor may be indicated to a UE group (e.g., UE 115-a and UE 115-c) via a control message (e.g., group common DCI, MAC-CE, RRC message). The transmit power scaling factor may be a dB value that references the reference signal received power (RSRP) result calculated from the CSI-RS or SSB. The CSI-RS or SSB may be used by the UE to determine the channel inversion coefficients. In some cases, the transmit power scaling factor may be signaled to the UE 115 having a configuration of the CSI-RS or SSB. For example, a single CSI-RS may be used for a first group of UEs 115 (e.g., UE 115-b) close to the network device 205 and a second group of UEs 115 (e.g., UE 115-a and UE 115-c) far from the network device 205, but the first group of UEs and the second group of UEs may be configured with different transmit power scaling factors. In some additional or alternative examples, the first group of UEs and the second group of UEs may use separate PUSCHs, which may reduce the transmit power used by the second group of UEs (e.g., the group of UEs far from the network device 205). Scheduling different PUSCHs for different groups of UEs may reduce the transmit power variation.

[0113] Figure 3FIG. illustrates an example of a federated learning 300 that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the federated learning technique 300 may implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100. The federated learning technique 300 may include UE 115 - d, UE 115 - e, and base station 305, which may be examples of the UE 115 and base station 105 referenced Figure 1 in the description.

[0114] The federated learning technique 300 may support updating a global data model 325 based on multiple local data models 310. In some cases, the data models may correspond to neural networks, and the global data model may correspond to a general data model. UE 115 - d may generate a local data model 310 - a based on a local data set 315 - a and transmit a set of parameters or gradients corresponding to the local data model 310 - a to the base station 305 on a multiple - access channel 320 - a. UE 115 - e may generate a local data model 310 - b based on a local data set 315 - b and transmit a set of parameters or gradients corresponding to the local data model 310 - b to the base station 305 on a multiple - access channel 320 - b. UE 115 - d and UE 115 - e may modulate the set of parameters or gradients into a symbol sequence, divide the symbol sequence into data blocks, and transmit each data block in an OFDM symbol on the multiple - access channel 320, where one parameter or gradient is transmitted on a sub - channel of the multiple - access channel 320 during the OFDM symbol. The transmission power of the sub - channel may be selected to mitigate channel fading.

[0115] The base station 305 may receive an aggregated set of parameters or an aggregated set of gradients corresponding to the parameters or gradients of the local model 310. The base station 305 may calculate an average set of parameters or an average set of gradients, update the global model with the average set of parameters or average set of gradients, and broadcast the updated parameters or gradients of the global model 325 to the UE 115 via broadcast channels 330 - a and 330 - b. In some cases, the UE 115 may train the local model 310 and determine local parameters or gradients based on a training indication received from the base station 305.

[0116] Figure 4 FIG. illustrates an example of a process flow 400 that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning according to aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the process flow 400 may implement aspects of the wireless communication system 100. The process flow 400 includes UE 115 - f, UE 115 - g, and base station 105 - b (e.g., which may be examples of those referenced Figures 1 to 3Example of a corresponding device described. The base station 105-a may configure the UE 115-f or the UE 115-g for air computing, which can reduce latency, reduce radio resource usage, and increase data privacy. Alternative examples may be implemented where some steps are performed in a different order than described or not at all. In some cases, steps may include additional features not mentioned below, or additional steps may be added.

[0117] At 405-a, the base station 105-b (e.g., an edge server, a remote parameter server, a base station, etc.) may send an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal to the UE 115-f. At 405-b, the base station 105-b may additionally send an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal to the UE 115-f. In some cases, the configuration sent to the UE 115-f may be the same as the configuration sent to the UE 115-g, while in some cases, the configuration sent to the UE 115-f may be different from the configuration sent to the UE 115-g.

[0118] At 410-a, the UE 115-f may determine a plurality of pre-equilibration parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration. At 410-b, the UE 115-g may determine a plurality of pre-equilibration parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration. In some cases, the plurality of pre-equilibration parameters determined by the UE 115-f may be the same as the plurality of pre-equilibration parameters determined by the UE 115-g, while in some examples, the plurality of pre-equilibration parameters determined by the UE 115-f may be different from the plurality of pre-equilibration parameters determined by the UE 115-g. For example, the UE 115-f may be in a first group of UEs and associated with a first configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, and the UE 115-g may be in a second group of UEs and associated with a second configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal. Thus, the UE 115-f may determine a plurality of pre-equilibration parameters different from the plurality of pre-equilibration parameters determined by the UE 115-g.

[0119] At 410-a, the UE 115-f may apply analog modulation (e.g., analog amplitude modulation, analog frequency modulation, analog phase modulation) and the pre-equilibration parameters to the data block to form an uncoded uplink signal. At 410-b, the UE 115-g may apply analog modulation (e.g., analog amplitude modulation) and the pre-equilibration parameters to the data block to form an uncoded uplink signal.

[0120] At 420-a, UE 115-f may transmit an uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with UE 115-g (e.g., via a multiple access channel). For example, at 420-b, UE 115-g may transmit an uncoded uplink signal on the same overlapping time-frequency resources.

[0121] Figure 5 FIG. 500 is a block diagram of a device 505 that supports pre-equilibration and power control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 505 may be an example of aspects of the UE 115 as described herein. The device 505 may include a receiver 510, a communication manager 515, and a transmitter 520. The device 505 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0122] The receiver 510 may receive information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to pre-equilibration and power control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning, etc.), such as packets, user data, or control information. The information may be passed to other components of the device 505. The receiver 510 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 820 described in Figure 8 reference. The receiver 510 may utilize a single antenna or an antenna set.

[0123] The communication manager 515 may receive an indication of a configuration for processing data blocks into uncoded uplink signals, determine pre-equilibration parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signals based on the configuration indication, apply analog modulation and pre-equilibration parameters to the data blocks to form uncoded uplink signals, and transmit the uncoded uplink signals on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to over-the-air computing operations. The communication manager 515 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 810 described herein.

[0124] The communication manager 515 or its sub-components may be implemented in hardware, code executed by a processor (e.g., software or firmware), or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of the communication manager 515 or its sub-components may be performed by: a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an FPGA, or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0125] The communication manager 515 or its sub-components may be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of the functionality are implemented by one or more physical components at different physical locations. In some examples, the communication manager 515 or its sub-components may be separate and distinct components in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the communication manager 515 or its sub-components may be combined with one or more other hardware components, including but not limited to input / output (I / O) components, transceivers, network servers, another computing device, one or more other components described in the present disclosure, or combinations thereof, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0126] The transmitter 520 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 505. In some examples, the transmitter 520 may be co-located with the receiver 510 in a transceiver module. For example, the transmitter 520 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 820 described in Figure 8 reference. The transmitter 520 may utilize a single antenna or an antenna set.

[0127] Actions performed by the communication manager 515 and other examples herein may be implemented to achieve one or more potential advantages. For example, the communication manager 515 may increase available battery power, communication quality, and data throughput at a wireless device (e.g., UE 115) by supporting the determination of pre-equilibration parameters and power control parameters for over-the-air model aggregation. For example, the configuration or determination of pre-equilibration parameters may increase throughput and reduce latency associated with uplink transmissions coordinated by multiple UEs 115 in the context of over-the-air computing operations. Based on the selection of one or more communication parameters, the increase in communication quality and data throughput may result in improved link performance and reduced overhead. Accordingly, the communication manager 515 may conserve power and increase the battery life at a wireless device (e.g., UE 115) by strategically improving the quality of communication at the wireless device (e.g., UE 115).

[0128] Figure 6 Block diagram 600 of a device 605 supporting pre-equilibration and power control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 605 may be an example of aspects of the device 505 or UE 115 as described herein. The device 605 may include a receiver 610, a communication manager 615, and a transmitter 635. The device 605 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0129] The receiver 610 can receive information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning, etc.), such as packets, user data, or control information. The information can be passed to other components of the device 605. The receiver 610 can be an example of aspects of the transceiver 820 described in reference Figure 8 The receiver 610 can utilize a single antenna or an antenna set.

[0130] The communication manager 615 can be an example of aspects of the communication manager 515 described herein. The communication manager 615 can include a configuration component 620, a pre - equalization parameter component 625, and an uplink signal component 630. The communication manager 615 can be an example of aspects of the communication manager 810 described herein.

[0131] The configuration component 620 can receive an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal.

[0132] The pre - equalization parameter component 625 can determine pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration.

[0133] The uplink signal component 630 can apply analog modulation and pre - equalization parameters to the data block to form an uncoded uplink signal and transmit the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time - frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to over - the - air computing operations.

[0134] The transmitter 635 can transmit signals generated by other components of the device 605. In some examples, the transmitter 635 can be co - located with the receiver 610 in a transceiver module. For example, the transmitter 635 can be an example of aspects of the transceiver 820 described in reference Figure 8 The transmitter 635 can utilize a single antenna or an antenna set.

[0135] Figure 7 FIG. 700 is a block diagram showing a communication manager 705 that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The communication manager 705 can be an example of aspects of the communication manager 515, the communication manager 615, or the communication manager 810 described herein. The communication manager 705 can include a configuration component 710, a pre - equalization parameter component 715, an uplink signal component 720, a channel inversion coefficient component 725, and a transmit power scaling component 730. Each of these modules can communicate directly or indirectly with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0136] The configuration component 710 can receive an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal.

[0137] The pre - equalization parameter component 715 can determine pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on a configured indication.

[0138] The uplink signal component 720 can apply analog modulation and pre - equalization parameters to the data block to form an uncoded uplink signal.

[0139] In some examples, the uplink signal component 720 can transmit the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time - frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to air computing operations.

[0140] The channel inversion coefficient component 725 can determine a set of channel inversion coefficients based on a configured indication for processing the data block into an uncoded uplink signal.

[0141] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 can measure one or more reference signals, where the one or more reference signals include a channel state information reference signal or a synchronization signal block.

[0142] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 can calculate a set of channel inversion coefficients based on measuring one or more reference signals.

[0143] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 can determine one or more reference signals based on the transmission configuration indication indicated by the uplink grant scheduling the uncoded uplink signal.

[0144] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 can receive an indication of the inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency - domain size where the inversion coefficients remain constant.

[0145] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 can receive an indication of the inversion coefficient power threshold.

[0146] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 can determine that the inversion coefficient power of one or more channel inversion coefficients in the set of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

[0147] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 can scale one or more channel inversion coefficients during a period corresponding to the inversion coefficient power that exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold based on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more channel inversion coefficients in the set of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

[0148] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 may suppress the transmission of one or more channel inversion coefficients during a period corresponding to the inversion coefficient power that exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold, based on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more channel inversion coefficients in the channel inversion coefficient set exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

[0149] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient component 725 may report, on a feedback channel, an indication of one or more periods during which the transmission of the channel inversion coefficients may have been stopped or scaled, based on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more channel inversion coefficients in the channel inversion coefficient set exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

[0150] In some cases, the indication of the inversion coefficient power threshold is based on the UE capability report.

[0151] In some cases, an indication of the channel inversion coefficient set.

[0152] The transmit power scaling component 730 may receive an indication of a transmit power scaling factor.

[0153] In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may transmit an uncoded uplink signal based on the transmit power scaling factor.

[0154] In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may receive a control message indicating a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

[0155] In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may measure one or more reference signals.

[0156] In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may calculate the reference signal received power based on the measured one or more reference signals.

[0157] In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may transmit an uncoded uplink signal based on the reference signal received power.

[0158] In some examples, the transmit power scaling component 730 may receive a decibel (dB) value corresponding to the calculated RSRP.

[0159] In some cases, the control message includes group common DCI, media access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), or RRC message.

[0160] Figure 8FIG. 800 illustrates a system 800 that includes a device 805 that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning. The device 805 can be an example of, or can include components of, the device 505, the device 605, or the UE 115 as described herein. The device 805 can include components for two - way voice and data communication, including components for sending and receiving communications, including a communication manager 810, an I / O controller 815, a transceiver 820, an antenna 825, a memory 830, and a processor 840. These components can communicate electronically via one or more buses (e.g., bus 845).

[0161] The communication manager 810 can receive an indication of a configuration for processing data blocks into an uncoded uplink signal, determine pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the configured indication, apply analog modulation and pre - equalization parameters to the data blocks to form an uncoded uplink signal, and transmit the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time - frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to over - the - air computing operations.

[0162] The I / O controller 815 can manage input and output signals for the device 805. The I / O controller 815 can also manage peripheral devices not integrated into the device 805. In some cases, the I / O controller 815 can represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral device. In some cases, the I / O controller 815 can utilize an operating system, such as OS / or another known operating system. In other cases, the I / O controller 815 can represent, or can interact with, a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touch screen, or similar devices. In some cases, the I / O controller 815 can be implemented as part of a processor. In some cases, a user can interact with the device 805 via the I / O controller 815 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 815.

[0163] The transceiver 820 can communicate bidirectionally via one or more antennas, wired or wireless links as described above. For example, the transceiver 820 can represent a wireless transceiver and can communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 820 can also include a modem that modulates packets and provides the modulated packets to the antenna for transmission and demodulates packets received from the antenna.

[0164] In some cases, the wireless device can include a single antenna 825. However, in some cases, the device can have more than one antenna 825, which may be capable of concurrently sending or receiving multiple wireless transmissions.

[0165] The memory 830 may include RAM and ROM. The memory 830 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code 835 including instructions that, when executed, cause the processor to perform the various functions described herein. In some cases, the memory 830 may contain BIOS, etc., which may control basic hardware or software operations, such as interactions with peripheral components or devices.

[0166] The processor 840 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, CPUs, microcontrollers, ASICs, FPGAs, programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the processor 840 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into the processor 840. The processor 840 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 830) to cause the device 805 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting pre-equilibration and power control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning).

[0167] The code 835 may include instructions implementing aspects of the present disclosure, including instructions supporting wireless communication. The code 835 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as system memory or other types of memory. In some cases, the code 835 may not be directly executable by the processor 840, but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein.

[0168] Figure 9 Block diagram 900 of a device 905 supporting pre-equilibration and power control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 905 may be an example of aspects of the base station 105 as described herein. The device 905 may include a receiver 910, a communication manager 915, and a transmitter 920. The device 905 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0169] The receiver 910 may receive information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to pre-equilibration and power control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning, etc.), such as packets, user data, or control information. The information may be passed to other components of the device 905. The receiver 910 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1220 described Figure 12 herein. The receiver 910 may utilize a single antenna or an antenna set.

[0170] The communication manager 915 may determine a configuration for processing data blocks into uncoded uplink signals, send an indication of the configuration to a first UE based on the configuration, receive a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs on overlapping time-frequency resources among the set of UEs including the first UE, and determine an indication of the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration according to air computing operations. The communication manager 915 may be an example of aspects of the communication manager 1210 described herein.

[0171] The communication manager 915 or its sub-components may be implemented in hardware, code executed by a processor (e.g., software or firmware), or any combination thereof. If implemented in code executed by a processor, the functions of the communication manager 915 or its sub-components may be performed by: a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an FPGA, or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described in this disclosure.

[0172] The communication manager 915 or its sub-components may be physically located in various positions, including being distributed such that portions of the functions are implemented by one or more physical components in different physical locations. In some examples, the communication manager 915 or its sub-components may be separate and distinct components in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. In some examples, the communication manager 915 or its sub-components may be combined with one or more other hardware components, including but not limited to input / output (I / O) components, transceivers, network servers, another computing device, one or more other components described in this disclosure, or combinations thereof in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.

[0173] The transmitter 920 may send signals generated by other components of the device 905. In some examples, the transmitter 920 may be co-located with the receiver 910 in a transceiver module. For example, the transmitter 920 may be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1220 described in Figure 12 reference. The transmitter 920 may utilize a single antenna or an antenna set.

[0174] Figure 10 Block diagram 1000 illustrates a device 1005 in accordance with aspects of this disclosure supporting pre-equalization and power control for air model aggregation in federated learning. The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of the device 905 or the base station 105 described herein. The device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a communication manager 1015, and a transmitter 1035. The device 1005 may also include a processor. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0175] The receiver 1010 can receive information associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information related to pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning, etc.), such as packets, user data, or control information. The information can be passed to other components of the device 1005. The receiver 1010 can be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1220 described in reference Figure 12 The receiver 1010 can utilize a single antenna or an antenna set.

[0176] The communication manager 1015 can be an example of aspects of the communication manager 915 described herein. The communication manager 1015 can include a configuration manager 1020, a waveform manager 1025, and an uplink signal manager 1030. The communication manager 1015 can be an example of aspects of the communication manager 1210 described herein.

[0177] The configuration manager 1020 can determine a configuration for processing data blocks into uncoded uplink signals and send an indication of the configuration to a first UE based on the configuration.

[0178] The waveform manager 1025 can receive superimposed waveforms from a set of UEs on overlapping time - frequency resources among the set of UEs including the first UE.

[0179] The uplink signal manager 1030 can determine an indication of the uncoded uplink signal based on the air - computing operation according to the indication of the configuration.

[0180] The transmitter 1035 can send signals generated by other components of the device 1005. In some examples, the transmitter 1035 can be co - located with the receiver 1010 in a transceiver module. For example, the transmitter 1035 can be an example of aspects of the transceiver 1220 described in reference Figure 12 The transmitter 1035 can utilize a single antenna or an antenna set.

[0181] Figure 11 Block diagram 1100 shows a communication manager 1105 that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning, according to aspects of the present disclosure. The communication manager 1105 can be an example of aspects of the communication manager 915, the communication manager 1015, or the communication manager 1210 described herein. The communication manager 1105 can include a configuration manager 1110, a waveform manager 1115, an uplink signal manager 1120, a channel inversion coefficient manager 1125, and a transmit power scaling manager 1130. Each of these modules can communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0182] The configuration manager 1110 may determine a configuration for processing data blocks into uncoded uplink signals.

[0183] In some examples, the configuration manager 1110 may send an indication of the configuration to the first UE based on the configuration.

[0184] The waveform manager 1115 may receive superimposed waveforms from a set of UEs on overlapping time-frequency resources among the set of UEs including the first UE.

[0185] The uplink signal manager 1120 may determine an indication of an uncoded uplink signal according to air computing operations based on the indication of the configuration.

[0186] The channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may send one or more reference signals, where the one or more reference signals include channel state information reference signals or synchronization signal blocks.

[0187] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may receive an uncoded uplink signal including a set of channel inversion coefficients, where the set of channel inversion coefficients is based on one or more reference signals.

[0188] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may send a transmission configuration indication indicated by an uplink grant that schedules an uncoded uplink signal.

[0189] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may send one or more reference signals based on the transmission configuration indication.

[0190] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may send an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency domain size in which the inversion coefficients remain constant.

[0191] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may receive an uncoded uplink signal including a set of channel inversion coefficients, where the set of channel inversion coefficients is based on the inversion granularity.

[0192] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may send an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

[0193] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may receive, on a feedback channel, an indication of one or more time periods during which the transmission of channel inversion coefficients may have been stopped or scaled based on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more channel inversion coefficients in the set of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

[0194] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may send an indication of the set of channel inversion coefficients.

[0195] In some examples, the channel inversion coefficient manager 1125 may receive an uncoded uplink signal that includes a set of channel inversion coefficients.

[0196] In some cases, the uncoded uplink signal includes a set of channel inversion coefficients.

[0197] In some cases, the indication of the inversion coefficient power threshold is based on a UE capability report.

[0198] The transmit power scaling manager 1130 may send an indication of a transmit power scaling factor.

[0199] In some examples, the transmit power scaling manager 1130 may receive an uncoded uplink signal based on a transmit power scaling factor.

[0200] In some examples, the transmit power scaling manager 1130 may send a control message indicating a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

[0201] In some examples, the transmit power scaling manager 1130 may send one or more reference signals.

[0202] In some examples, the transmit power scaling manager 1130 may receive an uncoded uplink signal based on a reference signal received power corresponding to one or more reference signals.

[0203] In some examples, the transmit power scaling manager 1130 may send a decibel (dB) value corresponding to the reference signal received power.

[0204] In some cases, the control message includes a group common DCI, a media access control (MAC) control element (MAC-CE), or an RRC message.

[0205] Figure 12 FIG. shows a system 1200 including a device 1205 that supports pre-equilibration and power control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning, according to aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of the device 905, the device 1005, or the base station 105 described herein or may include components thereof. The device 1205 may include components for two-way voice and data communication, including components for sending and receiving communication, including a communication manager 1210, a network communication manager 1215, a transceiver 1220, an antenna 1225, a memory 1230, a processor 1240, and an inter-station communication manager 1245. These components may communicate electronically via one or more buses (e.g., bus 1250).

[0206] The communication manager 1210 may determine a configuration for processing data blocks into uncoded uplink signals, send an indication of the configuration to a first UE based on the configuration, receive a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs on overlapping time-frequency resources among the set of UEs including the first UE, and determine an indication of the uncoded uplink signal according to air computing operations based on the indication of the configuration.

[0207] The network communication manager 1215 may manage communication with the core network (e.g., via one or more wired backhaul links). For example, the network communication manager 1215 may manage the transmission of data communication for client devices such as one or more UEs 115.

[0208] The transceiver 1220 may communicate bidirectionally via one or more antennas, wired or wireless links as described above. For example, the transceiver 1220 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1220 may also include a modem that modulates packets and provides the modulated packets to the antenna for transmission and demodulates packets received from the antenna.

[0209] In some cases, the wireless device may include a single antenna 1225. However, in some cases, the device may have more than one antenna 1225, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions.

[0210] The memory 1230 may include RAM, ROM, or a combination thereof. The memory 1230 may store computer-readable code 1235 including instructions that, when executed by a processor (e.g., processor 1240), cause the device to perform various functions described herein. In some cases, the memory 1230 may contain a BIOS, etc., which may control basic hardware or software operations, such as interactions with peripheral components or devices.

[0211] The processor 1240 may include intelligent hardware devices (e.g., general-purpose processors, DSPs, CPUs, microcontrollers, ASICs, FPGAs, programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic components, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the processor 1240 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some cases, the memory controller may be integrated into the processor 1240. The processor 1240 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., memory 1230) to cause the device 1205 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting pre-equalization and power control for air model aggregation in federated learning).

[0212] The inter-station communication manager 1245 may manage communication with other base stations 105 and may include a controller or scheduler for cooperating with other base stations 105 to control communication with the UE 115. For example, the inter-station communication manager 1245 may coordinate the scheduling of transmissions to the UE 115 for various interference mitigation techniques such as beamforming or joint transmission. In some examples, the inter-station communication manager 1245 may provide an X2 interface within the LTE / LTE-A wireless communication network technology to provide communication between base stations 105.

[0213] The code 1235 may include instructions implementing aspects of the present disclosure, including instructions supporting wireless communication. The code 1235 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or other types of memory. In some cases, the code 1235 may not be directly executable by the processor 1240 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform the functions described herein.

[0214] Figure 13 A flowchart illustrating a method 1300 for pre-equilibration and power control for over-the-air model aggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. Operations of method 1300 may be implemented by the UE 115 or its components as described herein. For example, operations of method 1300 may be performed by the communication manager described with reference to Figures 5 to 8 In some examples, the UE may execute an instruction set to control functional elements of the UE to perform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

[0215] At 1305, the UE may receive an indication of a configuration for processing data blocks into uncoded uplink signals. The operation at 1305 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1305 may be performed by the configuration component described with reference to Figures 5 to 8 described.

[0216] At 1310, the UE may determine pre-equilibration parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signals based on the indication of the configuration. The operation at 1310 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1310 may be performed by the pre-equilibration parameter component described with reference to Figures 5 to 8 described.

[0217] At 1315, the UE may apply analog modulation and pre-equilibration parameters to the data blocks to form uncoded uplink signals. The operation at 1315 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1315 may be performed by the uplink signal component described with reference to Figures 5 to 8 described.

[0218] At 1320, the UE may transmit an uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to air computing operations. The operations at 1320 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations at 1320 may be performed by the uplink signal components referenced Figures 5 to 8 described.

[0219] Figure 14 FIG. shows a flowchart of a method 1400 that illustrates pre-equilibration and power control for air model aggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1400 may be implemented by the UE 115 or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of method 1400 may be performed by the communication manager referenced Figures 5 to 8 described. In some examples, the UE may execute an instruction set to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, the UE may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

[0220] At 1405, the UE may receive an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal. The operations at 1405 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations at 1405 may be performed by the configuration components referenced Figures 5 to 8 described.

[0221] At 1410, the UE may determine pre-equilibration parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration. The operations at 1410 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations at 1410 may be performed by the pre-equilibration parameter components referenced Figures 5 to 8 described.

[0222] At 1415, the UE may apply analog modulation and pre-equilibration parameters to the data block to form an uncoded uplink signal. The operations at 1415 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations at 1415 may be performed by the uplink signal components referenced Figures 5 to 8 described.

[0223] At 1420, the UE may transmit an uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to air computing operations. The operations at 1420 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations at 1420 may be performed by the uplink signal components referenced Figures 5 to 8 described.

[0224] At 1425, the UE may determine a set of channel inversion coefficients based on an indication of a configuration for processing data blocks into uncoded uplink signals. The operations at 1425 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations at 1425 may be performed by a channel inversion coefficient component referenced Figures 5 to 8 as described.

[0225] Figure 15 FIG. shows a flow diagram of a method 1500 for supporting pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 1500 may be implemented by a base station 105 or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of method 1500 may be performed by a communication manager referenced Figures 9 to 12 as described. In some examples, the base station may execute an instruction set to control functional elements of the base station to perform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, the base station may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

[0226] At 1505, the base station may determine a configuration for processing data blocks into uncoded uplink signals. The operations at 1505 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations at 1505 may be performed by a configuration manager referenced Figures 9 to 12 as described.

[0227] At 1510, the base station may send an indication of the configuration to a first UE based on the configuration. The operations at 1510 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations at 1510 may be performed by a configuration manager referenced Figures 9 to 12 as described.

[0228] At 1515, the base station may receive a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs on overlapping time - frequency resources among the set of UEs including the first UE. The operations at 1515 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations at 1515 may be performed by a waveform manager referenced Figures 9 to 12 as described.

[0229] At 1520, the base station may determine an indication of an uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration according to over - the - air computing operations. The operations at 1520 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations at 1520 may be performed by an uplink signal manager referenced Figures 9 to 12 as described.

[0230] Figure 16FIG. 1600 is a flow diagram illustrating a method 1600 that supports pre - equalization and power control for over - the - air model aggregation in federated learning in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. Operations of method 1600 may be implemented by base station 105 or its components as described herein. For example, operations of method 1600 may be performed by a communication manager as referenced Figures 9 to 12 and described. In some examples, the base station may execute an instruction set to control functional elements of the base station to perform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, the base station may use dedicated hardware to perform aspects of the functions described below.

[0231] At 1605, the base station may determine a configuration for processing data blocks into uncoded uplink signals. The operation at 1605 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1605 may be performed by a configuration manager as referenced Figures 9 to 12 and described.

[0232] At 1610, the base station may send an indication of the configuration to a first UE based on the configuration. The operation at 1610 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1610 may be performed by a configuration manager as referenced Figures 9 to 12 and described.

[0233] At 1615, the base station may receive a superimposed waveform from a set of UEs on overlapping time - frequency resources among the set of UEs including the first UE. The operation at 1615 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1615 may be performed by a waveform manager as referenced Figures 9 to 12 and described.

[0234] At 1620, the base station may determine an indication of the uncoded uplink signal based on the indication of the configuration according to over - the - air computing operations. The operation at 1620 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1620 may be performed by an uplink signal manager as referenced Figures 9 to 12 and described.

[0235] At 1625, the base station may send an indication of a transmit power scaling factor. The operation at 1625 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1625 may be performed by a transmit power scaling manager as referenced Figures 9 to 12 and described.

[0236] At 1630, the base station may receive the uncoded uplink signal based on the transmit power scaling factor. The operation at 1630 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operation at 1630 may be performed by a transmit power scaling manager as referenced Figures 9 to 12 and described.

[0237] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and the operations and steps can be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other implementations are possible. Additionally, aspects from two or more of the methods can be combined.

[0238] Although aspects of LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR systems may be described for purposes of example, and the LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to a variety of other wireless communication systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, and other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0239] The information and signals described herein can be represented using a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description can be represented by voltage, current, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or optical particles, or any combination thereof.

[0240] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the present disclosure can be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, DSP, ASIC, FPGA, or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. The general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but alternatively, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor can also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with DSP cores, or any other such configuration).

[0241] The functions described herein can be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions can be stored or transmitted on a computer-readable medium as one or more instructions or code. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the present disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, the functions described herein can be implemented using software, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or any combination of these. The features implementing these functions can also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of the functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0242] A computer-readable medium includes both a non-transitory computer storage medium and a communication medium, where the communication medium includes any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. The non-transitory storage medium can be any available medium that can be accessed by a general or special purpose computer. By way of example and not limitation, the non-transitory computer-readable medium can include random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disc (CD) ROM or other optical disc storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that can be used to carry or store the desired program code components in the form of instructions or data structures and can be accessed by a general or special purpose computer or a general or special purpose processor. Additionally, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technology such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technology such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. As used herein, disks and discs include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc, where disks typically reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable medium.

[0243] As used herein, including in the claims, the term "or" as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items that begins with a phrase such as "at least one of... " or "one or more of... ") refers to an inclusive list, such that for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Additionally, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step described as "based on condition A" can be based on both condition A and condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase "at least partially based on".

[0244] In the figures, similar components or features may have the same reference numerals. Additionally, various components of the same type can be distinguished by following the reference numeral with a dash and a second label that differentiates among the similar components. If only the first reference numeral is used in the specification, the description can apply to any one of the similar components having the same first reference numeral, regardless of the second reference numeral or any other subsequent reference numerals.

[0245] The description set forth herein with reference to the accompanying drawings describes example configurations and does not represent all examples that can be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term "example" as used herein means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration" and is not "preferred" or "superior to other examples." For the purpose of providing an understanding of the described technology, the detailed description includes specific details. However, the technology may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0246] The description provided herein enables a person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A method for wireless communication to be performed at a user equipment (UE), comprising: receiving an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal; determining pre - equalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal based at least in part on the indication of the configuration, wherein determining the pre - equalization parameters includes: determining a plurality of channel inversion coefficients based at least in part on the indication of the configuration for processing the data block into the uncoded uplink signal, and wherein determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients includes: receiving an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency - domain size for which the inversion coefficients remain constant; applying analog modulation and the pre - equalization parameters to the data block to form the uncoded uplink signal; and transmitting the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time - frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to air computing operations.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein, determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients includes: measuring one or more reference signals, the one or more reference signals including a channel state information reference signal or a synchronization signal block; and calculating the plurality of channel inversion coefficients based at least in part on measuring the one or more reference signals.

3. The method according to claim 2, further comprising: determining the one or more reference signals based at least in part on a transmission configuration indication indicated by an uplink grant scheduling the uncoded uplink signal.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein, determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients includes: receiving an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein, the indication of the inversion coefficient power threshold is based at least in part on a UE capability report.

6. The method according to claim 4, further comprising: determining that an inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

7. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: scaling the one or more channel inversion coefficients during a period corresponding to the inversion coefficient power that exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold, based at least in part on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

8. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: suppressing transmission of the one or more channel inversion coefficients during a period corresponding to the inversion coefficient power that exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold, based at least in part on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

9. The method according to claim 6, further comprising: reporting an indication of one or more time periods on a feedback channel during which transmission of channel inversion coefficients has been stopped or scaled, based at least in part on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein, the indication of the configuration for processing the data block into the uncoded uplink signal further includes an indication of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients.

11. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: receiving an indication of a transmit power scaling factor; and transmitting the uncoded uplink signal at least in part based on the transmit power scaling factor.

12. The method according to claim 11, wherein, receiving the indication of the transmit power scaling factor further includes: receiving a control message indicating a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

13. The method according to claim 12, wherein, the control message includes group common downlink control information DCI, media access control MAC control element MAC-CE, or radio resource control RRC message.

14. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: measuring one or more reference signals; calculating a reference signal received power at least in part based on the measured one or more reference signals; and transmitting the uncoded uplink signal at least in part based on the reference signal received power.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein, receiving the indication of the transmit power scaling factor further includes: receiving a decibel dB value corresponding to the calculated RSRP.

16. A method for wireless communication performed at a base station, comprising: determining a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, wherein the uncoded uplink signal includes a plurality of channel inversion coefficients; transmitting an indication of the configuration to a first user equipment UE at least in part based on the configuration; transmitting an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency domain size where the inversion coefficients remain constant; receiving a superimposed waveform from the plurality of UEs on overlapping time-frequency resources including the first UE; and determining an indication of the uncoded uplink signal based on air computing operations at least in part based on the indication of the configuration.

17. The method according to claim 16, further comprising: transmitting one or more reference signals, the one or more reference signals including a channel state information reference signal or a synchronization signal block; and receiving the uncoded uplink signal including the plurality of channel inversion coefficients, wherein the plurality of channel inversion coefficients are at least in part based on the one or more reference signals.

18. The method according to claim 17, further comprising: transmitting a transmission configuration indication indicated by an uplink grant scheduling the uncoded uplink signal; and transmitting the one or more reference signals at least in part based on the transmission configuration indication.

19. The method according to claim 16, further comprising: receiving the uncoded uplink signal including the plurality of channel inversion coefficients, wherein the plurality of channel inversion coefficients are at least in part based on the inversion granularity.

20. The method according to claim 16, further comprising: transmitting an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

21. The method according to claim 20, wherein, The indication of the inverse coefficient power threshold is at least partially based on the UE capability report.

22. The method according to claim 20, further comprising: Receiving an indication of one or more time periods on a feedback channel, during which the transmission of the channel inversion coefficients has been stopped or scaled, at least partially based on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

23. The method according to claim 16, further comprising: Transmitting an indication of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients; and Receiving the uncoded uplink signal comprising the plurality of channel inversion coefficients.

24. The method according to claim 16, further comprising: Transmitting an indication of a transmit power scaling factor; and Receiving the uncoded uplink signal at least partially based on the transmit power scaling factor.

25. The method according to claim 24, wherein Transmitting the indication of the transmit power scaling factor further comprises: Transmitting a control message indicating a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

26. The method according to claim 25, wherein The control message comprises group common downlink control information DCI, media access control MAC control element MAC-CE, or radio resource control RRC message.

27. The method according to claim 24, further comprising: Transmitting one or more reference signals; and Receiving the uncoded uplink signal at least partially based on the reference signal received power corresponding to the one or more reference signals.

28. The method according to claim 27, wherein Transmitting the indication of the transmit power scaling factor further comprises: Transmitting a decibel dB value corresponding to the reference signal received power.

29. An apparatus for wireless communication to be performed at a user equipment UE, comprising: A processor; A memory coupled to the processor; and Instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Receive an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal; Determine preequalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal at least partially based on the indication of the configuration; Apply analog modulation and the preequalization parameters to the data block to form the uncoded uplink signal; and Transmit the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to air computing operations, wherein the instructions for determining the preequalization parameters are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Determine a plurality of channel inversion coefficients at least partially based on the indication of the configuration for processing the data block into the uncoded uplink signal, wherein the instructions for determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Receive an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency domain size for which the inversion coefficient remains constant.

30. The apparatus according to claim 29, wherein The instructions for determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Measure one or more reference signals, the one or more reference signals including channel state information reference signals or synchronization signal blocks; And Calculate the plurality of channel inversion coefficients based at least in part on measuring the one or more reference signals.

31. The apparatus according to claim 30, Wherein, The instructions may further be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Determine the one or more reference signals based at least in part on a transmission configuration indication indicated by an uplink grant scheduling the uncoded uplink signal.

32. The apparatus according to claim 29, Wherein, The instructions for determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients may be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Receive an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

33. The apparatus according to claim 32, Wherein, The indication of the inversion coefficient power threshold is at least in part based on a UE capability report.

34. The apparatus according to claim 32, Wherein, The instructions may further be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Determine that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

35. The apparatus according to claim 34, Wherein, The instructions may further be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Scale the one or more channel inversion coefficients during a period corresponding to the inversion coefficient power that exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold, based at least in part on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

36. The apparatus according to claim 34, Wherein, The instructions may further be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Suppress transmission of the one or more channel inversion coefficients during a period corresponding to the inversion coefficient power that exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold, based at least in part on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

37. The apparatus according to claim 34, Wherein, The instructions may further be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Report an indication of one or more time periods on a feedback channel during which transmission of the channel inversion coefficients has been stopped or scaled, based at least in part on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

38. The apparatus according to claim 29, Wherein, The indication of the configuration for processing the data block into the uncoded uplink signal further includes an indication of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients.

39. The apparatus according to claim 29, Wherein, The instructions may further be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: Receive an indication of a transmit power scaling factor; and Transmit the uncoded uplink signal based at least in part on the transmit power scaling factor.

40. The apparatus according to claim 39, Wherein, The instructions that receive an indication of the transmit power scaling factor may also be executed by the processor to cause the device to: Receive a control message indicating a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

41. The apparatus according to claim 40, wherein, the control message includes group common downlink control information DCI, a media access control MAC control element MAC-CE, or a radio resource control RRC message.

42. The apparatus according to claim 39, wherein, the instructions may also be executed by the processor to cause the device to: Measure one or more reference signals; Calculate a reference signal received power based at least in part on the measured one or more reference signals; and Transmit the uncoded uplink signal based at least in part on the reference signal received power.

43. The apparatus according to claim 42, wherein, the instructions that receive an indication of the transmit power scaling factor may also be executed by the processor to cause the device to: Receive a decibel dB value corresponding to the calculated RSRP.

44. An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station, comprising: A processor; A memory coupled to the processor; and Instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor to cause the device to: Determine a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, wherein the uncoded uplink signal includes a plurality of channel inversion coefficients; Transmit an indication of the configuration to a first user equipment UE based at least in part on the configuration; Transmit an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency domain size where the inversion coefficients remain constant; Receive a superimposed waveform from the plurality of UEs on overlapping time-frequency resources among the plurality of UEs including the first UE; and Determine an indication of the uncoded uplink signal based on air computing operations based at least in part on the indication of the configuration.

45. The apparatus according to claim 44, wherein, the instructions may also be executed by the processor to cause the device to: Transmit one or more reference signals, the one or more reference signals including a channel state information reference signal or a synchronization signal block; and Receive the uncoded uplink signal including the plurality of channel inversion coefficients, wherein the plurality of channel inversion coefficients are based at least in part on the one or more reference signals.

46. The apparatus according to claim 45, wherein, the instructions may also be executed by the processor to cause the device to: Transmit a transmission configuration indication indicated by an uplink grant scheduling the uncoded uplink signal; and Transmit the one or more reference signals based at least in part on the transmission configuration indication.

47. The apparatus according to claim 44, wherein, the instructions may also be executed by the processor to cause the device to: Receive the uncoded uplink signal including the plurality of channel inversion coefficients, wherein the plurality of channel inversion coefficients are based at least in part on the inversion granularity.

48. The apparatus according to claim 44, wherein, the instructions may also be executed by the processor to cause the device to: Send an indication of the inverse coefficient power threshold.

49. The apparatus according to claim 48, wherein, the indication of the inverse coefficient power threshold is at least partially based on the UE capability report.

50. The apparatus according to claim 48, wherein, the instruction can also be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: receive an indication of one or more time periods on a feedback channel, in which the transmission of the channel inverse coefficients has been stopped or scaled, at least partially based on determining that the inverse coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inverse coefficients exceeds the inverse coefficient power threshold.

51. The apparatus according to claim 44, wherein, the instruction can also be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: send an indication of the plurality of channel inverse coefficients; and receive the uncoded uplink signal including the plurality of channel inverse coefficients.

52. The apparatus according to claim 44, wherein, the instruction can also be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: send an indication of the transmit power scaling factor; and receive the uncoded uplink signal at least partially based on the transmit power scaling factor.

53. The apparatus according to claim 52, wherein, the instruction to send the indication of the transmit power scaling factor can also be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: send a control message indicating a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

54. The apparatus according to claim 53, wherein, the control message includes group common downlink control information DCI, media access control MAC control element MAC-CE, or radio resource control RRC message.

55. The apparatus according to claim 52, wherein, the instruction can also be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: send one or more reference signals; and receive the uncoded uplink signal at least partially based on the reference signal received power corresponding to the one or more reference signals.

56. The apparatus according to claim 55, wherein, the instruction to send the indication of the transmit power scaling factor can also be executed by the processor to cause the apparatus to: send the decibel dB value corresponding to the reference signal received power.

57. An apparatus for wireless communication at a user equipment UE, comprising: means for receiving an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal; means for determining pre-equilibration parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal at least partially based on the indication of the configuration; means for applying analog modulation and the pre-equilibration parameters to the data block to form the uncoded uplink signal; and means for transmitting the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to air computing operations, wherein the means for determining the pre-equilibration parameters includes: means for determining a plurality of channel inverse coefficients at least partially based on the indication of the configuration for processing the data block into the uncoded uplink signal; Among them, the component for determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients includes: A component for receiving an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency-domain size for which the inversion coefficient remains constant.

58. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein, the component for determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients includes: A component for measuring one or more reference signals, the one or more reference signals including a channel state information reference signal or a synchronization signal block; and A component for calculating the plurality of channel inversion coefficients based at least in part on measuring the one or more reference signals.

59. The apparatus according to claim 58, further includes: A component for determining the one or more reference signals based at least in part on a transmission configuration indication indicated by an uplink grant scheduling the uncoded uplink signal.

60. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein, the component for determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients includes: A component for receiving an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

61. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein, the indication of the inversion coefficient power threshold is at least in part based on a UE capability report.

62. The apparatus according to claim 57, further includes: A component for determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

63. The apparatus according to claim 62, further includes: A component for scaling one or more of the channel inversion coefficients during a period corresponding to the inversion coefficient power that exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold, based at least in part on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

64. The apparatus according to claim 62, further includes: A component for suppressing transmission of one or more of the channel inversion coefficients during a period corresponding to the inversion coefficient power that exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold, based at least in part on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

65. The apparatus according to claim 62, further includes: A component for reporting an indication of one or more time periods on a feedback channel, during which the transmission of the channel inversion coefficient has been stopped or scaled, based at least in part on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

66. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein, the indication of the configuration for processing the data block into the uncoded uplink signal further includes an indication of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients.

67. The apparatus according to claim 57, further includes: A component for receiving an indication of a transmit power scaling factor; and A component for transmitting the uncoded uplink signal based at least in part on the transmit power scaling factor.

68. The apparatus according to claim 67, wherein, The component for receiving the indication of the transmit power scaling factor further comprises: A component for receiving a control message indicating a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

69. The apparatus according to claim 68, wherein, the control message includes group common downlink control information DCI, media access control MAC control element MAC-CE, or radio resource control RRC message.

70. The apparatus according to claim 67, further comprises: A component for measuring one or more reference signals; A component for calculating the reference signal received power at least partially based on the measured one or more reference signals; and A component for transmitting the uncoded uplink signal at least partially based on the reference signal received power.

71. The apparatus according to claim 70, wherein, the component for receiving the indication of the transmit power scaling factor further comprises: A component for receiving a decibel dB value corresponding to the calculated RSRP.

72. An apparatus for wireless communication performed at a base station, comprises: A component for determining a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, wherein the uncoded uplink signal includes a plurality of channel inversion coefficients; A component for transmitting an indication of the configuration to a first user equipment UE at least partially based on the configuration; A component for transmitting an indication of the inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency domain size where the inversion coefficients remain constant; A component for receiving a superimposed waveform from the plurality of UEs on overlapping time-frequency resources including the first UE; and A component for determining an indication of the uncoded uplink signal according to air computing operations at least partially based on the indication of the configuration.

73. The apparatus according to claim 72, further comprises: A component for transmitting one or more reference signals, the one or more reference signals including a channel state information reference signal or a synchronization signal block; and A component for receiving the uncoded uplink signal including the plurality of channel inversion coefficients, wherein the plurality of channel inversion coefficients are at least partially based on the one or more reference signals.

74. The apparatus according to claim 73, further comprises: A component for transmitting a transmission configuration indication indicated by an uplink grant scheduling the uncoded uplink signal; and A component for transmitting the one or more reference signals at least partially based on the transmission configuration indication.

75. The apparatus according to claim 72, further comprises: A component for receiving the uncoded uplink signal including the plurality of channel inversion coefficients, wherein the plurality of channel inversion coefficients are at least partially based on the inversion granularity.

76. The apparatus according to claim 72, further comprises: A component for transmitting an indication of an inversion coefficient power threshold.

77. The apparatus according to claim 76, wherein, the indication of the inversion coefficient power threshold is at least partially based on a UE capability report.

78. The apparatus according to claim 76, further comprises: A component for receiving an indication of one or more time periods on a feedback channel, during which the transmission of channel inversion coefficients has been stopped or scaled, at least in part based on determining that the inversion coefficient power of one or more of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients exceeds the inversion coefficient power threshold.

79. The apparatus according to claim 72, further comprising: A component for transmitting an indication of the plurality of channel inversion coefficients; and A component for receiving the uncoded uplink signal including the plurality of channel inversion coefficients.

80. The apparatus according to claim 72, further comprising: A component for transmitting an indication of a transmit power scaling factor; and A component for receiving the uncoded uplink signal at least in part based on the transmit power scaling factor.

81. The apparatus according to claim 80, wherein the component for transmitting the indication of the transmit power scaling factor further comprises: A component for transmitting a control message indicating a UE group-specific transmit power scaling factor.

82. The apparatus according to claim 81, wherein the control message includes group common downlink control information DCI, media access control MAC control element MAC-CE, or radio resource control RRC message.

83. The apparatus according to claim 80, further comprising: A component for transmitting one or more reference signals; and A component for receiving the uncoded uplink signal at least in part based on the reference signal received power corresponding to the one or more reference signals.

84. The apparatus according to claim 83, wherein the component for transmitting the indication of the transmit power scaling factor further comprises: A component for transmitting the decibel dB value corresponding to the reference signal received power.

85. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a user equipment UE, the code including instructions executable by a processor to perform the following steps: Receiving an indication of a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal; Determining preequalization parameters corresponding to the uncoded uplink signal at least in part based on the indication of the configuration, wherein Determining the preequalization parameters includes: determining a plurality of channel inversion coefficients at least in part based on the indication of the configuration for processing the data block into the uncoded uplink signal, wherein determining the plurality of channel inversion coefficients includes: receiving an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a frequency domain size for which the inversion coefficients remain constant; Applying analog modulation and the preequalization parameters to the data block to form the uncoded uplink signal; and Transmitting the uncoded uplink signal on overlapping time-frequency resources with one or more other UEs according to air computing operations.

86. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication at a base station, the code including instructions executable by a processor to perform the following steps: Determining a configuration for processing a data block into an uncoded uplink signal, wherein, The uncoded uplink signal includes a plurality of channel inversion coefficients; Send an indication of the configuration to a first user equipment (UE) at least partially based on the configuration; Send an indication of an inversion granularity corresponding to a constant frequency-domain size of the inversion coefficients; Receive a superimposed waveform from the plurality of UEs on overlapping time-frequency resources among the plurality of UEs including the first UE; And Determine an indication of the uncoded uplink signal according to an air computing operation at least partially based on the indication of the configuration.

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