Multi-scale umbrella type conical surface adjustable positive and negative mining equipment and construction method

Abstract

A multi-scale umbrella-shaped conical surface adjustable positive and reverse mining equipment and construction method, the equipment: the upper end of the fixed disc is equipped with four drill bits; the telescopic support rod is assembled at the lower end of the fixed disc through the base, and the tail end is externally sleeved with an expandable support disc base; the inner ends of the three expandable support discs are connected with the expandable support disc base, and the outer ends are provided with support fixed engagement racks; the outer conical surface of the movable main umbrella body has three rock breaking areas in sequence, and is sequentially provided with drill bits; the inner conical surface is sequentially provided with three support steps, and is sequentially provided with large, medium and small scale drilling fixed engagement racks; the ends of the three movable main umbrella body conical surface connecting rods respectively extend into the three arc-shaped grooves on the fixed disc, and the conical surface connecting rod and the arc-shaped groove are hinged through a rotating connecting piece. The method: according to the drilling object, the forward or reverse drilling mode is adopted, and the support angle is controlled according to the actual working condition. The equipment and method can meet the needs of various drilling conditions.

Description

A multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone-shaped adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment and construction method Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of mining and rock drilling technology, and specifically relates to a multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone-shaped adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment and construction method. Background Technology

[0002] As underground engineering projects continue to extend to deeper levels, the demands on mechanical rock breaking are increasing. During rock drilling, situations frequently arise where different borehole diameters are encountered. In such cases, using single-diameter excavation equipment is no longer sufficient to meet current construction needs. To effectively address this, frequent changes of excavation equipment with different borehole diameters are often required in actual operations. Furthermore, different rock formations of varying hardness are also encountered during construction. To ensure smooth drilling progress, different types of drill bits are needed for different rock hardness formations. Therefore, not only is frequent changing of excavation equipment necessary, but also frequent changes of different drill bit types. This consumes a significant amount of time, severely impacting drilling efficiency and placing a heavy workload on operators.

[0003] In order to effectively solve the problem that existing mining equipment has limited functionality and cannot meet the drilling needs under complex working conditions, there is an urgent need to provide a multi-functional tunneling equipment that can adapt to various working conditions. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the problems existing in the prior art, this invention provides a multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone-shaped adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment and construction method. This equipment is versatile, possesses strong mining capabilities, high flexibility, and wide applicability, significantly improving drilling efficiency. It can simultaneously meet the needs of mining and rock drilling, as well as the needs of expanded operations at the shaft scale in underground engineering. The method offers high flexibility, a high degree of automation, strong rock-breaking effect, high drilling efficiency, and good economic benefits. It ensures the smooth progress of the entire drilling operation, significantly improves construction efficiency, and greatly reduces the workload of operators, thus possessing broad application prospects.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides a multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone-shaped adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment, including a fixed disc, an adjustable support mechanism, and a cone-shaped main body;

[0006] The upper part of the fixed disc has a reverse drilling joint threaded hole in its axial region. The lower end of the disc has three arc-shaped grooves with a circular cross section evenly formed on the outer circumference of the reverse drilling joint threaded hole. The upper end face of the disc is evenly fixedly connected to four support bases on the outer circumference of the reverse drilling joint threaded hole. Each support base extends radially along its length direction and has a drill bit bearing groove extending along its length direction inside. Each support base is equipped with a rotatable drill bit in its drill bit bearing groove. The size of the head end of the drill bit is smaller than the size of its tail end. The head ends of a pair of drill bits distributed along one radial direction are opposite each other, and the tail ends of a pair of drill bits distributed along another radial direction are opposite each other.

[0007] The adjustable support mechanism is located below the fixed disc and consists of a support rod base, a telescopic support rod, an expandable support plate base, and an expandable support plate. The upper end of the support rod base is coaxially fixed to the lower center of the fixed disc, and a support rod mounting groove is formed at the lower axis. The telescopic support rod is an electrically operated telescopic rod, which contains a telescopic support rod control motor for driving its telescopic movement. The upper end of the telescopic support rod extends into the support rod mounting groove and is fixedly connected to the support rod base, and a positive drilling joint threaded hole is formed at the lower axis. The expandable support plate base has a... The device has mounting holes and is fixedly fitted onto the outside of the lower end of the telescopic support rod through the mounting holes; the outer edge of the expandable support plate base has three support plate mounting slots evenly distributed circumferentially, and each support plate mounting slot extends radially along its length; the number of expandable support plates is three, which are electric telescopic support components, and a support plate control motor for driving its telescopic movement is installed inside; the three expandable support plates are radially distributed around the expandable support plate base, and their inner ends are respectively inserted into the three support plate mounting slots and fixedly connected to the expandable support plate base, and their outer ends are fixedly installed with support and fixing engagement racks;

[0008] The conical main body consists of three movable main umbrella bodies evenly distributed circumferentially around the adjustable support mechanism. Each movable main umbrella body has a conical connecting rod fixedly connected to its top center. The upper, middle, and bottom parts of its outer conical surface respectively have a first rock-breaking region, a second rock-breaking region, and a third rock-breaking region, all extending circumferentially. Two support bases are installed at two corresponding tri-division points on the first rock-breaking region, each equipped with a rotatable drill bit. Three support bases are installed at three corresponding quarter-division points on the second rock-breaking region, each equipped with a rotatable drill bit. Four support bases are installed at four corresponding quintile points on the third rock-breaking region, each equipped with a rotatable drill bit. The conical surface within the movable main umbrella body... The middle, lower, and bottom sections are sequentially equipped with a first-level support step, a second-level support step, and a third-level support step. At the corresponding positions of the support and fixing engagement racks, the first-level, second-level, and third-level support steps are respectively fitted with large-scale, medium-scale, and small-scale drilling and fixing engagement racks. The inclination angles of the large-scale, medium-scale, and small-scale drilling and fixing engagement racks are different, and as the movable main umbrella body unfolds away from the axis of the fixed disc, each rack sequentially engages with the support and fixing engagement rack, achieving fixed support for the movable main umbrella body in three expansion angle states. The ends of the conical connecting rods on the three movable main umbrella bodies extend into three arc-shaped grooves on the fixed disc, and the ends of the conical connecting rods are hinged to rotating connecting parts installed in the corresponding arc-shaped grooves.

[0009] Furthermore, in order to reliably and stably support the movable umbrella body through the expandable support plate at different extension angles, so as to ensure that the entire drilling operation can be carried out more smoothly and efficiently, the support fixing engagement rack is arranged perpendicular to the length extension direction of the expandable support plate.

[0010] With the fixed disk horizontally positioned, when the angle between the generatrix of the movable main umbrella body and the axis of the fixed disk is 40-50°, the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack is vertical and engages with the supporting fixed biting rack. When the angle between the generatrix of the movable main umbrella body and the axis of the fixed disk is 25-35°, the medium-scale drilling fixed biting rack is vertical and engages with the supporting fixed biting rack. When the angle between the generatrix of the movable main umbrella body and the axis of the fixed disk is 10-20°, the small-scale drilling fixed biting rack is vertical and engages with the supporting fixed biting rack.

[0011] Furthermore, when the small-scale drilling fixing teeth on the three movable main umbrella bodies mesh with the support fixing teeth on the three expandable support plates, a gap of the same size is left between the side edges of adjacent movable main umbrella bodies, and the angle between the two sides of the gap and the center is 20°. This ensures that when the mining equipment is at its minimum size, the waste generated during drilling can be discharged in a timely and effective manner through the gap, thus ensuring the smooth progress of the drilling operation.

[0012] Furthermore, the drill bit consists of a drill bit rotating shaft, a drill bit body, a drill bit fixing base, and a drill bit fixing joint. The diameter of the drill bit body's front end is smaller than that of its rear end, and its overall size smoothly transitions from the front end to the rear end. The outer surface of the drill bit body is provided with multiple layers of cutting tooth rings from the front end to the rear end. Each layer of cutting tooth rings is evenly equipped with several cutting teeth, and chip removal grooves are provided between adjacent cutting tooth rings. An axial through hole is provided in the center of the drill bit body, and it is rotatably fitted onto the middle of the drill bit rotating shaft through the axial through hole. Two drill bit fixing bases are located on both sides of the drill bit body and are fitted onto the outside of the drill bit rotating shaft to prevent the drill bit body from axially displacing on the drill bit rotating shaft. Two drill bit fixing joints are installed at both ends of the drill bit rotating shaft, and fixing screws for connecting to the support base are installed on the drill bit fixing joints. Installing drill bit fixing joints with fixing screws at both ends of the drill bit's rotating shaft allows for a detachable drill bit structure. This means that when a drill bit becomes severely worn, it can be directly replaced with a new one, eliminating the need to replace the entire mining equipment. This reduces drilling costs, increases the service life of the mining equipment, and improves the economic efficiency of drilling operations. Chip removal grooves are provided between adjacent cutting tooth rings to facilitate the timely removal of waste chips generated during drilling.

[0013] Furthermore, it also includes an external rod and a front drilling mechanism. The external rod consists of a clamping and stabilizing section located in the middle and two threaded connecting sections located at both ends of the clamping and stabilizing section. The clamping and stabilizing section has an inwardly recessed annular limiting groove for protecting the threaded connecting sections when the power source equipment applies tension. The external rod is connected to the threaded hole of the forward drilling joint through the threaded connecting section at one end, and the threaded connecting section at the other end is used to connect to the power source equipment.

[0014] The pre-drilling mechanism consists of a pre-drill bit support base, a pre-drill bit, and a pre-drill bit mounting rod. The upper end of the pre-drill bit support base has a drill bit mounting groove. The pre-drill bit has the same structure as the drill bit and is assembled into the drill bit mounting groove by multiple fixing screws. The upper end of the pre-drill bit mounting rod is fixedly connected to the center of the lower end face of the pre-drill bit support base. Its lower outer side has an external thread structure and is threaded into the threaded hole of the reverse drilling joint. The pre-drill bit is located above the four drill bits on the upper end of the fixed disc. Connecting the external rod to the threaded hole of the forward drilling joint facilitates the connection between the power source equipment and the mining equipment, thereby facilitating forward drilling operations. The pre-drilling mechanism effectively accelerates the initial rock-breaking drilling efficiency of the mining equipment during forward drilling.

[0015] Furthermore, it also includes an external rod, which consists of a clamping and stabilizing section in the middle and two threaded connecting sections at both ends of the clamping and stabilizing section. The clamping and stabilizing section has an inwardly recessed annular limiting groove to protect the threaded connecting sections when the power source equipment applies tension. The external rod is connected to the threaded hole of the reverse drilling joint through the threaded connecting section at one end, and the threaded connecting section at the other end is used to connect to the power source equipment. Connecting the external rod to the threaded hole of the reverse drilling joint facilitates the establishment of a connection between the power source equipment and the mining equipment, thereby facilitating reverse drilling operations.

[0016] Furthermore, in order to improve the rock-breaking effect and drilling efficiency, the angle between the two sides of the movable main umbrella body and the center of the circle is 100°.

[0017] Furthermore, in order to effectively improve the rock breaking effect and drilling efficiency, the number of cutting tooth rings is 6, and the first and last cutting tooth rings are equipped with 2 rows of cutting teeth along the axial direction, and the four cutting tooth rings in the middle are equipped with 1 row of cutting teeth. The distance between two adjacent cutting teeth in the same row is 0.5 to 1.5 cm, and the cutting teeth between two adjacent rows are arranged in the center with the gaps between them.

[0018] Furthermore, in order to effectively break relatively hard rock and mineral layers, the cutting teeth are made of alloy material, with the tail end cross section being two horseshoe shapes spliced ​​together, and the head end being a straight shape that gradually tapers towards the center line.

[0019] In this invention, by setting a reverse drilling joint threaded hole at the center of the fixed disk, an external rod can be easily connected, thus facilitating reverse drilling operations; by setting a forward drilling joint threaded hole at the center of the telescopic support rod, an external rod can be easily connected, thus facilitating forward drilling operations; three movable main umbrella bodies are hinged to the fixed disk to form an umbrella-shaped structure. Simultaneously, a first, second, and third rock-breaking zone are sequentially set on the outer conical surface of each movable main umbrella body, and multiple rows of drill bits supported by multiple rows of support bases are set in each rock-breaking zone, with a drill bit... With multiple layers of cutting teeth, when the mining equipment rotates along with the power source's rotating shaft, the four drill bits mounted on the upper end of the fixed disc will begin drilling forward. The arrangement of a pair of smaller drill bits facing each other at their front ends and a pair of larger drill bits facing each other at their rear ends ensures that the inner and outer rings of the fixed disc advance evenly, thus creating a circular hole with the same diameter as the upper surface of the fixed disc. Then, when the movable main body contacts the drilling target, the drill bits in the three rock-breaking zones will sequentially enlarge the hole, effectively improving the overall rock-breaking performance of the mining equipment. Specifically, the drill bits in the first rock-breaking zone first contact the drilling target, enlarging the diameter of the circular hole in the first step. Then, the drill bits in the second rock-breaking zone contact the drilling target, enlarging the diameter of the circular hole in the second step. Finally, the drill bits in the third rock-breaking zone contact the drilling target, enlarging the diameter of the circular hole in the third step. The diameter of the circular hole formed at this point is the final diameter of the drilled hole. The movable main umbrella body has three levels of support steps arranged sequentially on its inner conical surface, each equipped with large-scale, small-scale, and medium-scale drilling and fixing engagement racks. The tail end of the telescopic support rod is connected to three expandable support plates via an expandable support plate base. Simultaneously, the support and fixing engagement teeth fixedly connected to the ends of the expandable support plates engage with the large, medium, and small-scale drilling and fixing engagement racks inside the movable main umbrella body. Thus, the expansion and retraction of the movable main umbrella body can be achieved solely by controlling the support plate control motor and the support rod control motor. This automates the adjustment of the drilling size of the mining equipment, ultimately meeting the drilling needs of different hole diameters and significantly improving the versatility of the equipment. The entire process eliminates the need for operators to manually change mining equipment of different diameters, greatly reducing the operator's workload and labor costs.

[0020] This invention provides a versatile mining equipment with three drilling scales, all adjustable by a single motor. It can meet the drilling needs of various hole diameters and rock formations of varying strengths. Its strong mining capability significantly improves drilling efficiency. It also offers excellent flexibility, enabling bidirectional drilling operations. Furthermore, its wide applicability allows it to simultaneously meet the needs of mining and rock drilling, as well as the requirements for enlarging shafts in underground engineering projects.

[0021] This invention also provides a multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone adjustable forward and reverse mining construction method, including a multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone adjustable forward and reverse mining device, and further including the following steps:

[0022] When drilling into roadways, tunnels, and ore bodies, the forward drilling mode is adopted, and step one is executed; when drilling is carried out with the aim of enlarging the borehole diameter and the drilling object has two free faces, the reverse drilling mode is adopted, and step two is executed.

[0023] Step 1: The forward drilling method is as follows;

[0024] S11: First, connect the threaded connection section at one end of the external rod to the threaded hole of the drilling joint through threaded engagement. Then, connect the threaded connection section and the clamping and stabilizing section at the other end of the external rod to the drive shaft of the power source equipment. The threaded connection section is used to ensure a stable and reliable connection with the rotating shaft of the power source equipment, and the clamping and stabilizing section is used to protect the threaded connection section when the power source equipment applies tension.

[0025] Meanwhile, the lower part of the front drill bit mounting rod in the front drilling mechanism is installed in the threaded hole of the reverse drilling joint through a threaded fit;

[0026] S12: Adjust the inclination angle of the main body of the cone according to the strength of the object being excavated;

[0027] When drilling into relatively soft rock formations, the system is adjusted to large-scale drilling mode. First, the telescopic support rod is extended downwards by controlling the motor of the support rod until it reaches the horizontal position where the large-scale drilling fixed engagement rack is vertical. Then, the support plate is extended outwards by controlling the motor of the support plate to the large-scale drilling fixed engagement rack, ensuring that the support fixed engagement rack and the large-scale drilling fixed engagement rack are engaged. At this point, the mining equipment is adjusted to large-scale drilling mode.

[0028] When drilling into rock formations of moderate strength, the drilling equipment is adjusted to a medium-scale drilling state: First, the telescopic support rod is extended downwards by controlling the motor of the support rod until it reaches the horizontal position where the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack is vertical; then, the expandable support plate is extended outwards by controlling the motor of the support plate to the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack, ensuring that the support fixed engagement rack and the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack are engaged. At this point, the drilling equipment is adjusted to a medium-scale drilling state.

[0029] When drilling into relatively hard rock formations, the drilling equipment is adjusted to a small-scale drilling mode. First, the telescopic support rod is extended downwards by controlling the motor of the support rod until it reaches the horizontal position where the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack is vertical. Then, the expandable support plate is extended outwards by controlling the motor of the support plate to the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack, ensuring that the support fixed engagement rack and the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack are engaged. At this point, the drilling equipment is adjusted to a small-scale drilling mode.

[0030] S13: During the drilling process, the first rock breaking is initiated by the front drilling mechanism, followed by drilling by the four drill bits on the fixed disc. Then, the drill bits distributed in the first rock breaking area, the second rock breaking area, and the third rock breaking area gradually enlarge the circular hole to complete the final hole drilling.

[0031] Step 2: The reverse drilling method is as follows;

[0032] S21: First, replace an external rod with one that matches the drilling thickness and connect the threaded section at one end to the threaded hole of the reverse drilling joint through threaded engagement; then, connect the external rod to the drive shaft of the power source equipment after passing through the guide hole to be expanded. During this process, the power source equipment and the mining equipment are located at both ends of the drilling object and are connected through the external rod passing through the guide hole.

[0033] S22: Adjust the inclination angle of the conical body according to the required hole diameter;

[0034] When the borehole diameter is large, adjust to the large-diameter borehole reaming state. First, control the motor to drive the telescopic support rod downward to the horizontal position when the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack is in a vertical state. Then, control the motor to drive the expandable support plate to expand outward to the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack, and ensure that the support fixed biting rack and the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack are engaged with each other. At this time, the mining equipment is adjusted to the large-diameter borehole reaming drilling state.

[0035] When the borehole diameter is normal, adjust to the medium-diameter borehole enlargement state: First, control the motor to drive the telescopic support rod downward to the horizontal position when the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack is in a vertical state; then, control the motor to drive the expandable support plate to expand outward to the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack, and ensure that the support fixed engagement rack and the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack are engaged with each other. At this time, the mining equipment is adjusted to the medium-diameter borehole enlargement state.

[0036] When the borehole diameter is small, adjust to the small borehole diameter reaming state. First, control the motor to drive the telescopic support rod downward to the horizontal position when the small-scale drilling fixed biting rack is in a vertical state. Then, control the motor to drive the expandable support plate to expand outward to the small-scale drilling fixed biting rack, and ensure that the support fixed biting rack and the small-scale drilling fixed biting rack are engaged with each other. At this time, the mining equipment is adjusted to the small borehole diameter reaming state.

[0037] S23 begins drilling operations. During the drilling process, the four drill bits on the fixed disc start drilling first, and then the drill bits distributed in the first rock breaking area, the second rock breaking area and the third rock breaking area gradually enlarge the circular hole to complete the final hole drilling.

[0038] This invention employs a multi-mode, multi-step rock-breaking operation. For drilling into roadways, tunnels, and ore bodies, a forward drilling mode is used. When the goal is to enlarge the borehole diameter and the target has two free faces, a reverse drilling mode is used. For forward drilling, the first rock breaking is initiated by the front drill bit, followed by drilling from four drill bits on a fixed disc. Then, drill bits distributed in the first, second, and third rock-breaking areas gradually enlarge the circular borehole to complete the final borehole drilling. For reverse drilling, the four drill bits on the fixed disc begin drilling, followed by drilling from the first, second, and third rock-breaking areas to gradually enlarge the circular borehole to complete the final borehole drilling. For rock formations with relatively weak strength or requiring larger borehole diameters, the mining equipment is adjusted to large-scale drilling mode to meet the needs of large-diameter drilling. For rock formations with moderate strength or requiring moderate borehole diameters, the mining equipment is adjusted to medium-scale drilling mode to meet the needs of breaking up general rock formations. For rock formations with high strength or requiring smaller borehole diameters, the mining equipment is adjusted to small-scale drilling mode to meet the needs of breaking up hard rock.

[0039] This method offers high flexibility, a high degree of automation, strong rock-breaking effect, high drilling efficiency, and good economic benefits. It ensures the smooth progress of the entire drilling operation, significantly improves construction efficiency, and greatly reduces the workload of operators, thus having broad application prospects. Attached Figure Description

[0040] Figure 1 is a three-dimensional structural schematic diagram of the present invention;

[0041] Figure 2 is a top view of the present invention;

[0042] Figure 3 is a front view of the drill bit in this invention;

[0043] Figure 4 is a top view of the drill bit in this invention;

[0044] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the front-mounted drilling mechanism in this invention;

[0045] Figure 6 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the present invention under large-scale forward drilling conditions;

[0046] Figure 7 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the present invention under medium-scale forward drilling conditions;

[0047] Figure 8 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the present invention under small-scale forward drilling conditions;

[0048] Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the external connecting rod in this invention;

[0049] Figure 10 is a diagram of the tunnel excavation construction process of the present invention using large-scale forward drilling;

[0050] Figure 11 is a diagram of the well excavation construction process using large-scale forward drilling in this invention.

[0051] Figure 12 is a diagram of the well excavation construction process using large-scale reverse drilling in this invention.

[0052] In the diagram: 1. External rod, 2. Drill bit, 3. Cutting teeth, 4. Fixing screw, 5. Support base, 6. Fixing disc, 7. Rock breaking area, 8. Movable main umbrella body, 9. Drill bit fixing joint, 10. Drill bit rotating shaft, 11. Clamping stabilizing section, 12. Threaded connection section, 13. Drill bit fixing base, 14. Cutting tooth ring, 15. Chip removal groove, 17. Rotating connector, 18. Support rod base, 19. Conical connecting rod, 20. Fixing meshing rack, 21. Expandable support plate base, 22. Expandable support plate, 23. Support plate control motor, 24. Support rod control motor, 25. Telescopic support rod, 26. Arc-shaped concave... 27. Groove; 28. Front-mounted drill bit; 29. ​​Front-mounted drill bit support base; 30. Front-mounted drill bit mounting rod; 31. Rock strata; 32. Pilot hole; 33. Large disc; 34. Small disc; 35. First-level support step; 36. Second-level support step; 37. Third-level support step; 71. Drill bit body; 72. First rock-breaking zone; 73. Second rock-breaking zone; 74. Third rock-breaking zone; 161. Reverse drilling joint threaded hole; 162. Forward drilling joint threaded hole; 201. Large-scale drilling fixed biting rack; 202. Medium-scale drilling fixed biting rack; 203. Small-scale drilling fixed biting rack; 204. Support fixed biting teeth. Detailed Implementation

[0053] The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0054] As shown in Figures 1 to 9, the present invention provides a multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone-shaped adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment, including a fixed disc 6, an adjustable support mechanism, and a cone-shaped main body;

[0055] The upper part of the fixed disk 6 has a reverse drilling joint threaded hole 161 in its axial region. The lower end of the disk has three arc-shaped grooves 26 with a circular cross section evenly formed on the outer circumference of the reverse drilling joint threaded hole 161. The upper end face of the disk has four support bases 5 evenly fixedly connected on the outer circumference of the reverse drilling joint threaded hole 161. Each support base 5 extends radially in the length direction and has a drill bit bearing groove extending in the length direction inside. Each support base 5 is equipped with a rotatable drill bit 2 in its drill bit bearing groove. The size of the head end of the drill bit 2 is smaller than the size of its tail end. The head ends of a pair of drill bits 2 distributed along one radial direction are opposite each other, and the tail ends of a pair of drill bits 2 distributed along another radial direction are opposite each other.

[0056] The adjustable support mechanism is located below the fixed disk 6 and consists of a support rod base 18, a telescopic support rod 25, an expandable support disk base 21, and an expandable support disk 22. The upper end of the support rod base 18 is coaxially fixedly connected to the lower center of the fixed disk 6, and a support rod mounting groove is provided at the lower axis. The telescopic support rod 25 is an electrically operated telescopic rod, and a telescopic support rod control motor 24 for driving its telescopic movement is installed inside. Preferably, the telescopic support rod control motor 24 is installed inside the head end of the telescopic support rod 25. The upper end of the telescopic support rod 25 extends into the support rod mounting groove and is fixedly connected to the support rod base 18. A forward drilling joint threaded hole 162 is provided at the lower axis, which is used to connect an external rod during forward drilling. 1; The expandable support plate base 21 has a mounting hole at its axis and is fixedly fitted onto the outside of the lower end of the telescopic support rod 25 through the mounting hole; the outer edge of the expandable support plate base 21 has three support plate mounting slots evenly distributed circumferentially, and the length direction of each support plate mounting slot extends radially; there are three expandable support plates 22, which are electric telescopic support components, and a support plate control motor 23 for driving its telescopic movement is installed inside. Preferably, the support plate control motor 23 is installed inside the inner end of the expandable support plate 22; the three expandable support plates 22 are radially distributed around the expandable support plate base 21, and their inner ends are respectively inserted into the three support plate mounting slots and fixedly connected to the expandable support plate base 21; a support fixing engagement rack 204 is fixedly installed on its outer end;

[0057] The conical main body consists of three movable main umbrella bodies 8 evenly distributed around the adjustable support mechanism. Each movable main umbrella body 8 has a conical connecting rod 19 fixedly connected to its top center. Multiple rock-breaking zones 7 are provided on its outer conical surface. Specifically, a first rock-breaking zone 71, a second rock-breaking zone 72, and a third rock-breaking zone 73 are located at the upper, middle, and bottom of the conical surface, respectively. All three zones extend circumferentially. Two support bases are installed at two corresponding positions on the three equal division points of the first rock-breaking zone 71. The movable main umbrella body 8 has a base 5, and each base 5 is equipped with a rotatable drill bit 2; three support bases 5 are installed at three positions corresponding to the four equal division points on the second rock-breaking zone 72, and each support base 5 is equipped with a rotatable drill bit 2; four support bases 5 are installed at four positions corresponding to the five equal division points on the third rock-breaking zone 73, and each support base 5 is equipped with a rotatable drill bit 2; multiple fixed interlocking racks 20 are provided on the inner conical surface of the movable main umbrella body 8, specifically, a first-level support step 3 is provided sequentially at the middle, lower and bottom of the inner conical surface. 4. The secondary support step 35 and the tertiary support step 36, the primary support step 34, the secondary support step 35 and the tertiary support step 36 are respectively equipped with a large-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 201, a medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 202 and a small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 203 at the corresponding positions of the support fixed engagement rack 204, so as to cooperate with the support fixed engagement rack 204, and interlock tightly during the connection process to ensure that the movable main umbrella body 8 can be stably supported by the expandable support plate 22; the large-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 201, The inclination angles of the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 202 and the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 203 are different. As the movable main umbrella body 8 unfolds away from the axis of the fixed disk 6, it can sequentially engage with the supporting fixed engagement rack 204 to achieve fixed support for the movable main umbrella body 8 in three expansion angle states. The ends of the conical connecting rods 19 on the three movable main umbrella bodies 8 extend into the three arc-shaped grooves 26 on the fixed disk 6, and the ends of the conical connecting rods 19 are respectively hinged to the rotating connecting parts 17 installed in the corresponding arc-shaped grooves 26.Thus, by designing three different tilt angles of fixed interlocking racks inside the movable main umbrella body 8, it can be used to fix the movable main umbrella body 8 at three different expansion angles. As a preferred embodiment, the fixing disc 6 has a stepped structure, which consists of a large disc 32 at the top and a small disc 33 at the bottom. Three arc-shaped grooves 26 are located at the junction between the large disc 32 and the small disc 33, and the reverse drilling joint threaded hole 61 is located in the internal area of ​​the small disc 33. The upper end of the support rod base 18 is fixedly connected to the lower end of the small disc 33. The large disc 32 in the fixing disc 6 can constrain the upper end of the movable conical main umbrella body 8, thereby limiting the maximum expansion angle and effectively protecting the movable main umbrella body 8 from damage in the event of over-expansion.

[0058] In order to reliably and stably support the movable umbrella body through the expandable support plate at different expansion angles, so as to ensure that the entire drilling work can be carried out more smoothly and efficiently, the support fixing engagement rack 204 is arranged perpendicular to the length extension direction of the expandable support plate 22, that is, when the expandable support plate 22 is in a horizontal state, the support fixing engagement rack 204 is in a vertical state.

[0059] With the fixed disk 6 placed horizontally, when the angle between the generatrix of the movable main umbrella body 8 and the axis of the fixed disk 6 is 40-50°, the large-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 201 is vertical and engages with the supporting fixed engagement rack 204. When the angle between the generatrix of the movable main umbrella body 8 and the axis of the fixed disk 6 is 25-35°, the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 202 is vertical and engages with the supporting fixed engagement rack 204. When the angle between the generatrix of the movable main umbrella body 8 and the axis of the fixed disk 6 is 10-20°, the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 203 is vertical and engages with the supporting fixed engagement rack 204.

[0060] As a preferred embodiment, when the small-scale drilling fixing engagement racks 203 on the three movable main umbrella bodies 8 respectively engage with the support fixing engagement racks 204 on the three expandable support plates 22, a gap of the same size is left between the side edges of adjacent movable main umbrella bodies 8, and the angle between the two sides of the gap and the center is 20°. This ensures that when the mining equipment is at its minimum size, the waste generated during drilling can be discharged through the gap in a timely and effective manner, thereby ensuring the smooth progress of the drilling operation.

[0061] As a preferred embodiment, the drill bit 2 comprises a drill bit rotating shaft 10, a drill bit body 37, a drill bit fixing base 13, and a drill bit fixing joint 9. The head end of the drill bit body 37 is smaller than its tail end, and its overall size smoothly transitions from the head end to the tail end. Multiple layers of cutting tooth rings 14 are sequentially arranged on the outer surface of the drill bit body 37 from the head end to the tail end. Each layer of cutting tooth rings 14 is evenly equipped with several cutting teeth 3, and a chip removal groove 15 is opened between two adjacent cutting tooth rings 14. An axial through hole is opened in the center of the drill bit body 37, and it is rotatably fitted onto the middle part of the drill bit rotating shaft 10 through the axial through hole. Two drill bit fixing bases 13 are located on both sides of the drill bit body 37 and are fitted onto the outside of the drill bit rotating shaft 10 to prevent the drill bit body 37 from axially displacing on the drill bit rotating shaft 10. Two drill bit fixing joints 9 are respectively installed at both ends of the drill bit rotating shaft 10, and fixing screws 4 for connecting to the support base are installed on the drill bit fixing joints 9. Installing drill bit fixing joints with fixing screws at both ends of the drill bit's rotating shaft allows for a detachable drill bit structure. This means that when a drill bit becomes severely worn, it can be directly replaced with a new one, eliminating the need to replace the entire mining equipment. This reduces drilling costs, increases the service life of the mining equipment, and improves the economic efficiency of drilling operations. Chip removal grooves are provided between adjacent cutting tooth rings to facilitate the timely removal of waste chips generated during drilling.

[0062] As a preferred embodiment, the system also includes an external rod 1 and a front-mounted drilling mechanism. The external rod 1 consists of a clamping and stabilizing section 11 located in the middle and two threaded connecting sections 12 located at both ends of the clamping and stabilizing section 11. The clamping and stabilizing section 11 has an inwardly recessed annular limiting groove for protecting the threaded connecting sections 12 when the power source equipment applies tension. The external rod 1 is connected to the threaded hole 162 of the front drilling joint through the threaded connecting section 12 at one end, and the threaded connecting section 12 at the other end is used to connect to the power source equipment. The front-mounted drilling mechanism consists of a front-mounted drill bit support base. 28. The system comprises a front-mounted drill bit 27 and a front-mounted drill bit mounting rod 29. The upper end of the front-mounted drill bit support base 28 has a drill bit mounting groove. The front-mounted drill bit 27 has the same structure as the drill bit 2, and is assembled into the drill bit mounting groove by multiple fixing screws 4. The upper end of the front-mounted drill bit mounting rod 29 is fixedly connected to the center of the lower end face of the front-mounted drill bit support base 28. Its lower outer side has an external thread structure, which is threaded into the threaded hole 161 of the reverse drilling joint. The front-mounted drill bit 27 is located above the four drill bits 2 at the upper end of the fixed disc 6. Connecting the external rod to the threaded hole of the forward drilling joint facilitates the connection between the power source equipment and the mining equipment, thereby facilitating forward drilling operations. The front-mounted drilling mechanism effectively accelerates the initial rock-breaking drilling efficiency of the mining equipment during forward drilling.

[0063] As a preferred embodiment, the system also includes an external rod 1, which consists of a clamping and stabilizing section 11 located in the middle and two threaded connecting sections 12 located at both ends of the clamping and stabilizing section 11. The clamping and stabilizing section 11 has an inwardly recessed annular limiting groove for protecting the threaded connecting sections 12 when the power source equipment applies tension. The external rod 1 is connected to the threaded hole 161 of the reverse drilling joint through the threaded connecting section 12 at one end, and the threaded connecting section 12 at the other end is used to connect to the power source equipment. Connecting the external rod to the threaded hole of the reverse drilling joint facilitates the establishment of a connection between the power source equipment and the mining equipment, thereby facilitating reverse drilling operations.

[0064] The function of the clamping and stabilizing section 11 is that during reverse drilling, after the external rod 1 is threadedly connected to the power source equipment, it engages with the stabilizing clamping rod through the auxiliary device connected to the power source equipment. This ensures that the point of application of the tension force applied by the power source equipment to the external rod 1 is not at the threaded connection section 12, but at the annular limiting groove at the interface between the threaded connection section 12 and the clamping and stabilizing section 11, thereby reducing the loss of tension on the threaded connection section 12 of the external rod 1. Similarly, during forward drilling, the point of application of the thrust force applied by the power source equipment to the external rod 1 is not at the threaded connection section 12, but at the annular limiting groove at the interface between the threaded connection section 12 and the clamping and stabilizing section 11, which can reduce the loss of thrust on the threaded connection section 12 of the external rod 1.

[0065] To improve rock-breaking effect and drilling efficiency, the angle between the two sides of the movable main umbrella body 8 and the center is 100°.

[0066] In order to effectively improve the rock breaking effect and drilling efficiency, there are 6 cutting tooth rings 14, and the first and last cutting tooth rings 14 are equipped with 2 rows of cutting teeth 3 along the axial direction, and the four cutting tooth rings 14 in the middle are equipped with 1 row of cutting teeth 3. The distance between two adjacent cutting teeth 3 in the same row is 0.5 to 1.5 cm, and the cutting teeth 3 between two adjacent rows are arranged in the middle with gaps.

[0067] In order to effectively break relatively hard rock and mineral layers, the cutting tooth 3 is made of alloy material, with its tail end cross section being two horseshoe shapes spliced ​​together, and its head end being a "I" shape that gradually tapers towards the center line.

[0068] In this invention, by setting a reverse drilling joint threaded hole at the center of the fixed disk, an external rod can be easily connected, thus facilitating reverse drilling operations; by setting a forward drilling joint threaded hole at the center of the telescopic support rod, an external rod can be easily connected, thus facilitating forward drilling operations; three movable main umbrella bodies are hinged to the fixed disk to form an umbrella-shaped structure. Simultaneously, a first, second, and third rock-breaking zone are sequentially set on the outer conical surface of each movable main umbrella body, and multiple rows of drill bits supported by multiple rows of support bases are set in each rock-breaking zone, with a drill bit... With multiple layers of cutting teeth, when the mining equipment rotates along with the power source's rotating shaft, the four drill bits mounted on the upper end of the fixed disc will begin drilling forward. The arrangement of a pair of smaller drill bits facing each other at their front ends and a pair of larger drill bits facing each other at their rear ends ensures that the inner and outer rings of the fixed disc advance evenly, thus creating a circular hole with the same diameter as the upper surface of the fixed disc. Then, when the movable main body contacts the drilling target, the drill bits in the three rock-breaking zones will sequentially enlarge the hole, effectively improving the overall rock-breaking performance of the mining equipment. Specifically, the drill bits in the first rock-breaking zone first contact the drilling target, enlarging the diameter of the circular hole in the first step. Then, the drill bits in the second rock-breaking zone contact the drilling target, enlarging the diameter of the circular hole in the second step. Finally, the drill bits in the third rock-breaking zone contact the drilling target, enlarging the diameter of the circular hole in the third step. The diameter of the circular hole formed at this point is the final diameter of the drilled hole. The movable main umbrella body has three levels of support steps arranged sequentially on its inner conical surface, each equipped with large-scale, small-scale, and medium-scale drilling and fixing engagement racks. The tail end of the telescopic support rod is connected to three expandable support plates via an expandable support plate base. Simultaneously, the support fixing engagement teeth fixedly connected to the ends of the expandable support plates engage with the large, medium, and small-scale drilling and fixing engagement racks inside the movable main umbrella body. Thus, the expansion and retraction of the movable main umbrella body can be achieved solely by controlling the support plate control motor and the support rod control motor. This automates the adjustment of the drilling size of the mining equipment, ultimately meeting the drilling needs of different hole diameters and significantly improving the versatility of the equipment. The entire process eliminates the need for operators to manually change mining equipment of different diameters, greatly reducing the operator's workload and labor costs.

[0069] This invention provides a versatile mining equipment with three drilling scales, all adjustable by a single motor. It can meet the drilling needs of various hole diameters and rock formations of varying strengths. Its strong mining capability significantly improves drilling efficiency. It also offers excellent flexibility, enabling bidirectional drilling operations. Furthermore, its wide applicability allows it to simultaneously meet the needs of mining and rock drilling, as well as the requirements for enlarging shafts in underground engineering projects.

[0070] As shown in Figures 10 to 12, the present invention also provides a multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone adjustable forward and reverse mining construction method, including a multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone adjustable forward and reverse mining device, and further including the following steps:

[0071] When drilling into roadways, tunnels, and ore bodies, the forward drilling mode is adopted, and step one is executed; when drilling is carried out with the aim of enlarging the borehole diameter and the drilling object has two free faces, the reverse drilling mode is adopted, and step two is executed.

[0072] Step 1: The forward drilling method is as follows;

[0073] S11: First, connect the threaded connection section 12 at one end of the external rod 1 to the threaded hole 162 of the drilling joint through threaded engagement. Then, connect the threaded connection section 12 and the clamping and stabilizing section 11 at the other end of the external rod 1 to the drive shaft of the power source equipment to provide drilling power for the mining process. The threaded connection section 12 is used to ensure a stable and reliable connection with the rotating shaft of the power source equipment, and the clamping and stabilizing section 11 is used to protect the threaded connection section 12 when the power source equipment applies tension.

[0074] Meanwhile, the lower part of the front drill bit mounting rod 29 in the front drilling mechanism is installed in the threaded hole 161 of the reverse drilling joint through threaded engagement, so as to accelerate the efficiency of the initial rock breaking drilling of this mining equipment.

[0075] S12: Adjust the inclination angle of the main body of the cone according to the strength of the object being excavated;

[0076] When drilling into a relatively soft rock stratum 31, the system is adjusted to a large-scale drilling state. First, the telescopic support rod 25 is extended downwards to the horizontal position where the large-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 201 is vertical, driven by the control motor 24 of the support rod. Then, the expandable support rack 22 is extended outwards to the large-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 201 by the control motor 23 of the support plate, ensuring that the support fixed engagement rack 204 and the large-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 201 are engaged. At this point, the mining equipment is adjusted to a large-scale drilling state.

[0077] When drilling into a rock stratum 31 of moderate strength, the drilling equipment is adjusted to a medium-scale drilling state: First, the telescopic support rod 25 is extended downwards to the horizontal position where the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 202 is vertical, driven by the control motor 24 of the support rod; then, the expandable support rack 22 is extended outwards to the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 202 by the control motor 23 of the support plate, ensuring that the support fixed engagement rack 204 and the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 202 are engaged with each other. At this time, the mining equipment is adjusted to a medium-scale drilling state.

[0078] When drilling into a relatively hard rock stratum 31, the drilling is adjusted to a small-scale drilling state. First, the telescopic support rod 25 is extended downwards to the horizontal position where the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 203 is vertical, driven by the control motor 24 of the support rod. Then, the expandable support rack 22 is extended outwards to the position of the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 203 by the control motor 23 of the support plate, ensuring that the support fixed engagement rack 204 and the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 203 are engaged. At this time, the mining equipment is adjusted to a small-scale drilling state.

[0079] S13: Start drilling operation. During the drilling process, the front drilling mechanism first starts the first rock breaking, then the four drill bits 2 on the fixed disc 6 start drilling, and then the drill bits 2 distributed in the first rock breaking area 71, the second rock breaking area 72 and the third rock breaking area 73 gradually enlarge the circular hole to complete the final hole drilling.

[0080] Throughout the forward drilling process, the rotating shaft of the power source equipment applies a forward thrust to the mining equipment through the external rod 1, driving the entire mining equipment to perform a rotating planing motion to accelerate the grinding efficiency of the cutting teeth 3 on the rock strata. When the movable main umbrella body 8 contacts the rock strata, it will be subject to the resistance of the rock strata and will tend to shrink inward. The expandable support plate 22 will firmly support the inward shrinking movable main umbrella body 8. When the mining equipment is adjusted to a large-scale drilling state, a medium-scale drilling state, or a small-scale drilling state, the rotating connector 17 will stably connect the three movable main umbrella bodies 8 and the fixed disc 6, so that the movable main umbrella bodies 8 cannot rotate freely around the rotating connector 17, thus ensuring the stability and non-deformation of the drilling diameter and the smooth progress of the drilling work. The forward thrust and rotating planing motion generated by the drill bit 2 installed on the upper end of the fixed disc 8 are transmitted by the support rod base 18 and the telescopic support rod 25.

[0081] Step 2: The reverse drilling method is as follows;

[0082] S21: First, replace an external rod 1 with one of the same length as the drilling thickness, and connect the threaded section 12 at one end of the external rod 1 to the threaded hole 161 of the reverse drilling joint through a threaded connection; then, connect the external rod 1 to the drive shaft of the power source equipment after passing through the guide hole 31 that needs to be expanded. During this process, the power source equipment and the mining equipment are located at both ends of the drilling object, and the two are connected by the external rod 1 passing through the guide hole 31.

[0083] S22: Adjust the inclination angle of the conical body according to the required hole diameter;

[0084] When the diameter of the hole to be enlarged is large, the machine is adjusted to the large-diameter enlargement state. First, the telescopic support rod 25 is driven downward by the control motor 24 of the support rod to extend downward to the horizontal position when the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack 201 is in a vertical state. Then, the expandable support plate 22 is driven outward by the control motor 23 of the support plate to extend to the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack 201, and the support fixed biting rack 204 is engaged with the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack 201. At this time, the mining equipment is adjusted to the large-diameter enlargement drilling state.

[0085] When the borehole diameter is normal, adjust to the medium-diameter borehole enlargement state: First, drive the telescopic support rod 25 downward to the horizontal position when the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 202 is in a vertical state by controlling the support rod control motor 24; then, drive the expandable support plate 22 outward to the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 202 by controlling the support plate control motor 23, and ensure that the support fixed engagement rack 204 and the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 202 are engaged with each other. At this time, the mining equipment is adjusted to the medium-diameter borehole enlargement state.

[0086] When the diameter of the hole being enlarged is small, the machine is adjusted to a small-diameter enlargement state. First, the telescopic support rod 25 is driven downward by the control motor 24 of the support rod to extend downward to the horizontal position when the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 203 is in a vertical state. Then, the expandable support plate 22 is driven outward by the control motor 23 of the support plate to extend to the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 203, and the support fixed engagement rack 204 and the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack 203 are engaged with each other. At this time, the mining equipment is adjusted to a small-diameter enlargement state.

[0087] S23: Start drilling operation. During the drilling process, the four drill bits 2 on the fixed disc 6 start drilling first. Then, the drill bits 2 distributed in the first rock breaking area 71, the second rock breaking area 72 and the third rock breaking area 73 gradually enlarge the circular hole to complete the final hole drilling.

[0088] Throughout the reverse drilling process, the rotating shaft of the power source equipment applies a forward pulling force to the mining equipment through the external rod 1, driving the entire mining equipment to perform a rotating planing motion. When the movable main umbrella body 8 contacts the rock stratum, it will be subject to the resistance of the rock stratum and will tend to contract inward. The expandable support plate 22 will firmly support the inward contracting movable main umbrella body 8. When the mining equipment is adjusted to a large-scale drilling state, a medium-scale drilling state, or a small-scale drilling state, the rotating connector 17 will stably connect the three movable main umbrella bodies 8 and the fixed disc 6, so that the movable main umbrella bodies 8 cannot rotate freely around the rotating ring in the rotating connector 17, thereby ensuring the stability and non-deformation of the drilling diameter and the smooth progress of the drilling work.

[0089] This invention employs a multi-mode, multi-step rock-breaking operation. For drilling into roadways, tunnels, and ore bodies, a forward drilling mode is used. When the goal is to enlarge the borehole diameter and the target has two free faces, a reverse drilling mode is used. For forward drilling, the first rock breaking is initiated by the front drill bit, followed by drilling from four drill bits on a fixed disc. Then, drill bits distributed in the first, second, and third rock-breaking areas gradually enlarge the circular borehole to complete the final borehole drilling. For reverse drilling, the four drill bits on the fixed disc begin drilling, followed by drilling from the first, second, and third rock-breaking areas to gradually enlarge the circular borehole to complete the final borehole drilling. For rock formations with relatively weak strength or requiring larger borehole diameters, the mining equipment is adjusted to large-scale drilling mode to meet the needs of large-diameter drilling. For rock formations with moderate strength or requiring moderate borehole diameters, the mining equipment is adjusted to medium-scale drilling mode to meet the needs of breaking up general rock formations. For rock formations with high strength or requiring smaller borehole diameters, the mining equipment is adjusted to small-scale drilling mode to meet the needs of breaking up hard rock.

[0090] This method offers high flexibility, a high degree of automation, strong rock-breaking effect, high drilling efficiency, and good economic benefits. It ensures the smooth progress of the entire drilling operation, significantly improves construction efficiency, and greatly reduces the workload of operators, thus having broad application prospects.

Claims

1. A multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone-shaped adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment, comprising a fixed disc (6), characterized in that, It also includes an adjustable support mechanism and a conical body; the upper part of the fixed disc (6) has a reverse drilling joint threaded hole (161) in its axial region, and three arc-shaped grooves (26) with a circular cross-section are evenly opened on the outer circumference of the reverse drilling joint threaded hole (161) at its lower end. Four support bases (5) are evenly fixedly connected on the outer circumference of the reverse drilling joint threaded hole (161) on its upper end surface. Each support base (5) extends radially in the length direction and has a drill bit bearing groove extending in the length direction inside. Each support base (5) is equipped with a rotatable... The drill bit (2) has a smaller head end than tail end, and the heads of a pair of drill bits (2) distributed along one radial direction are opposite each other, while the tail ends of a pair of drill bits (2) distributed along another radial direction are opposite each other; the adjustable support mechanism is located below the fixed disk (6), and consists of a support rod base (18), a telescopic support rod (25), an expandable support disk base (21), and an expandable support disk (22); the upper end of the support rod base (18) is coaxially fixedly connected to the lower center of the fixed disk (6), and a support rod mounting groove is provided at the lower axis; the telescopic support rod (25) is an electric telescopic rod, which is equipped with a telescopic support rod control motor (24) for driving its telescopic movement; the upper end of the telescopic support rod (25) extends into the support rod mounting groove and is fixedly connected to the support rod base (18), and a positive drilling joint threaded hole (162) is opened at the lower end of its shaft; the expandable support plate base (21) has a mounting hole at its shaft and is fixedly fitted onto the outside of the lower end of the telescopic support rod (25) through the mounting hole; the outer edge of the expandable support plate base (21) is evenly provided with three support plate mounting grooves along the circumference, and each support plate mounting groove has The length direction extends radially; there are three expandable support discs (22), which are electric telescopic support components, and a support disc control motor (23) for driving its telescopic movement is installed inside; the three expandable support discs (22) are radially distributed around the expandable support disc base (21), and their inner ends are respectively inserted into the three support disc mounting slots and fixedly connected to the expandable support disc base (21), and their outer ends are fixedly installed with support fixing engagement racks (204); the conical body is composed of three movable main umbrella bodies (8) evenly distributed around the adjustable support mechanism;Each movable main umbrella body (8) has a conical connecting rod (19) fixedly connected to its top center. The upper, middle and bottom parts of its outer conical surface have a first rock-breaking area (71), a second rock-breaking area (72) and a third rock-breaking area (73), respectively. The first rock-breaking area (71), the second rock-breaking area (72) and the third rock-breaking area (73) all extend circumferentially. Two support bases (5) are installed at two positions corresponding to the three equal division points on the first rock-breaking area (71), and each support base (5) is equipped with a rotatable The drill bit (2); three support bases (5) are installed at three positions corresponding to the four equal division points on the second rock breaking area (72), and each support base (5) is equipped with a rotatable drill bit (2); four support bases (5) are installed at four positions corresponding to the five equal division points on the third rock breaking area (73), and each support base (5) is equipped with a rotatable drill bit (2); a first-level support step (34) and a second-level support step are sequentially provided in the middle, lower and bottom of the inner conical surface of the movable main umbrella body (8). (35) and the third-level support step (36), the first-level support step (34), the second-level support step (35) and the third-level support step (36) are respectively equipped with a large-scale drilling fixed biting rack (201), a medium-scale drilling fixed biting rack (202) and a small-scale drilling fixed biting rack (203) at the corresponding support fixed biting rack (204) positions, and the inclination angles of the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack (201), the medium-scale drilling fixed biting rack (202) and the small-scale drilling fixed biting rack (203) are respectively They are not the same, and during the unfolding of the movable main umbrella body (8) away from the axis of the fixed disk (6), they can sequentially engage with the supporting fixed engagement rack (204) to achieve fixed support for the movable main umbrella body (8) in three extension angle states; the ends of the conical connecting rods (19) on the three movable main umbrella bodies (8) respectively extend into the three arc-shaped grooves (26) on the fixed disk (6), and the ends of the conical connecting rods (19) are respectively hinged to the rotating connecting parts (17) installed in the corresponding arc-shaped grooves (26).

2. The multi-scale umbrella-shaped conical adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The supporting and fixing engagement rack (204) is arranged perpendicular to the length extension direction of the expandable support plate (22); when the fixed plate (6) is placed horizontally, and the angle between the generatrix of the movable main umbrella body (8) and the axis of the fixed plate (6) is 40-50°, the large-scale drilling and fixing engagement rack (201) is vertical and engages with the supporting and fixing engagement rack (204). When the angle between the centerline of the fixed disk (6) and the axis is 25-35°, the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack (202) is vertical and engages with the support fixed engagement rack (204). When the angle between the generatrix of the movable main umbrella body (8) and the axis of the fixed disk (6) is 10-20°, the small-scale drilling fixed engagement rack (203) is vertical and engages with the support fixed engagement rack (204).

3. The multi-scale umbrella-shaped conical adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment according to claim 2, characterized in that, When the small-scale drilling and fixing engagement racks (203) on the three movable main umbrella bodies (8) engage with the support and fixing engagement racks (204) on the three expandable support plates (22), there is a gap of the same size between the side edges of two adjacent movable main umbrella bodies (8), and the angle between the two sides of the gap and the center of the circle is 20°.

4. The multi-scale umbrella-shaped conical adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment according to claim 3, characterized in that, The drill bit (2) consists of a drill bit rotating shaft (10), a drill bit body (37), a drill bit fixing base (13), and a drill bit fixing joint (9); the size of the front end of the drill bit body (37) is smaller than that of its tail end, and its overall size transitions smoothly from the front end to the tail end. The outer surface of the drill bit body (37) is provided with multiple layers of cutting tooth rings (14) from the front end to the tail end. Each cutting tooth ring (14) is evenly equipped with several cutting teeth (3), and chip removal grooves (15) are provided between two adjacent cutting tooth rings (14). The center of 37) has an axial through hole and is rotatably fitted onto the middle of the drill bit rotating shaft (10) through the axial through hole; two drill bit fixing bases (13) are located on both sides of the drill bit body (37) and are fitted onto the outside of the drill bit rotating shaft (10) to prevent the drill bit body (37) from axially displacing on the drill bit rotating shaft (10); two drill bit fixing joints (9) are installed at both ends of the drill bit rotating shaft (10), and fixing screws (4) for connecting with the support base (5) are installed on the drill bit fixing joints (9).

5. The multi-scale umbrella-shaped conical adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment according to claim 4, characterized in that, It also includes an external rod (1) and a front-mounted drilling mechanism. The external rod (1) consists of a clamping and stabilizing section (11) located in the middle and two threaded connecting sections (12) located at both ends of the clamping and stabilizing section (11). The clamping and stabilizing section (11) has an inwardly recessed annular limiting groove for protecting the threaded connecting sections (12) when the power source equipment applies tension. The external rod (1) is connected to the threaded hole (162) of the front drilling joint through the threaded connecting section (12) at one end, and the threaded connecting section (12) at the other end is used to connect to the power source equipment. The front-mounted drilling mechanism consists of a front-mounted drill bit support base (28). The front drill bit (27) and the front drill bit mounting rod (29) are composed of a drill bit mounting groove at the upper end of the front drill bit support base (28). The structure of the front drill bit (27) is the same as that of the drill bit (2). It is assembled in the drill bit mounting groove by multiple fixing screws (4). The upper end of the front drill bit mounting rod (29) is fixedly connected to the center of the lower end face of the front drill bit support base (28). Its lower outer side is provided with an external thread structure and is connected in the threaded hole (161) of the reverse drilling joint through threaded engagement. The front drill bit (27) is located above the four drill bits (2) at the upper end of the fixed disc (6).

6. The multi-scale umbrella-shaped conical adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment according to claim 4, characterized in that, It also includes an external rod (1), which consists of a clamping and stabilizing section (11) located in the middle and two threaded connecting sections (12) located at both ends of the clamping and stabilizing section (11). The clamping and stabilizing section (11) has an inwardly recessed annular limiting groove for protecting the threaded connecting section (12) when the power source equipment applies tension. The external rod (1) is connected to the reverse drilling joint threaded hole (161) through the threaded connecting section (12) at one end, and the threaded connecting section (12) at the other end is used to connect to the power source equipment.

7. A multi-scale umbrella-shaped conical adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that, The angle between the two sides of the movable main umbrella body (8) and the center of the circle is 100°.

8. The multi-scale umbrella-shaped conical adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment according to claim 4, characterized in that, The number of the cutting tooth rings (14) is 6, and the first and last two cutting tooth rings (14) are equipped with 2 rows of cutting teeth (3) along the axial direction, and the four cutting tooth rings (14) in the middle are equipped with 1 row of cutting teeth (3). The distance between two adjacent cutting teeth (3) in the same row is 0.5 to 1.5 cm, and the cutting teeth (3) between two adjacent rows are arranged in the middle with gaps.

9. The multi-scale umbrella-shaped conical adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment according to claim 8, characterized in that, The cutting tooth (3) is made of alloy material, and its tail end cross section is two horseshoe shapes that are spliced ​​together, and its head end is a straight shape that is gradually tapered towards the center line.

10. A multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone-shaped adjustable forward and reverse mining construction method, comprising a multi-scale umbrella-shaped cone-shaped adjustable forward and reverse mining equipment as described in any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that, It also includes the following steps: When drilling into roadways, tunnels, and ore bodies, the forward drilling mode is adopted, and step one is executed; when drilling is carried out with the aim of enlarging the borehole diameter and the drilling object has two free faces, the reverse drilling mode is adopted, and step two is executed; Step one: The forward drilling method is as follows; S11: First, connect the threaded connection section (12) at one end of the external rod (1) to the threaded hole (162) of the forward drilling joint through threaded engagement, and then connect the threaded connection section (12) and the clamping and stabilizing section (11) at the other end of the external rod (1) to the drive shaft of the power source equipment. The threaded connection section (12) is used to ensure a stable and reliable connection with the rotating shaft of the power source equipment, and the clamping and stabilizing section (11) is used to connect the drive shaft of the power source equipment. Protect the threaded connection section (12) when applying tension; at the same time, install the lower part of the front drill bit mounting rod (29) in the front drilling mechanism into the threaded hole (161) of the reverse drilling joint through threaded engagement; S12: Adjust the inclination angle of the cone body according to the strength of the excavated object; when the drilling object is a relatively soft rock layer (31), adjust to the large-scale drilling state; first, drive the telescopic support rod (25) downward to the horizontal position when the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack (201) is in a vertical state by controlling the support rod control motor (24); then, drive the expandable support plate (22) outward to the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack (201) by controlling the support plate control motor (23). At this point, the drilling equipment is adjusted to the large-scale drilling state, ensuring that the support fixing engagement rack (204) and the large-scale drilling fixing engagement rack (201) are engaged. When the drilling target is a rock stratum of moderate strength (31), it is adjusted to the medium-scale drilling state: First, the telescopic support rod (25) is driven downward by the control motor (24) of the support rod to extend downward to the horizontal position when the medium-scale drilling fixing engagement rack (202) is in a vertical state; then, the expandable support plate (22) is driven outward by the control motor (23) of the support plate to the medium-scale drilling fixing engagement rack (202), ensuring that the support fixing engagement rack (204) and the large-scale drilling fixing engagement rack (201) are engaged. When the bars (202) interlock, the mining equipment is adjusted to a medium-scale drilling state. When the drilling target is a relatively hard rock layer (31), it is adjusted to a small-scale drilling state. First, the telescopic support rod (25) is driven downward by the control motor (24) of the support rod to extend to the horizontal position when the small-scale drilling fixed interlocking rack (203) is in a vertical state. Then, the expandable support plate (22) is driven outward by the control motor (23) of the support plate to extend to the small-scale drilling fixed interlocking rack (203) and ensure that the support fixed interlocking rack (204) and the small-scale drilling fixed interlocking rack (203) interlock. At this time, the mining equipment is adjusted to a small-scale drilling state.S13: Start drilling. During the drilling process, the front drilling mechanism first starts the first rock breaking, followed by the drilling of the four drill bits (2) on the fixed disc (6). Then, the drill bits (2) distributed in the first rock breaking area (71), the second rock breaking area (72), and the third rock breaking area (73) gradually enlarge the circular hole to complete the final hole drilling. Step 2: The reverse drilling method is as follows: S21: First, replace an external rod (1) with a length that matches the drilling thickness, and connect the threaded connection section (12) at one end to the threaded hole (161) of the reverse drilling joint through threaded engagement. Then, pass the external rod (1) through the hole to be expanded. After the guide hole (31) is connected to the drive shaft of the power source equipment, the power source equipment and the mining equipment are distributed at both ends of the drilling object and are connected by an external rod (1) passing through the guide hole (31); S22: Adjust the inclination angle of the cone body according to the required hole diameter; when the hole diameter is large, adjust to the large hole diameter reaming state; first, drive the telescopic support rod (25) downward to the horizontal position when the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack (201) is in a vertical state by controlling the motor (24) of the support rod control; then, drive the expandable support plate (22) outward to the large-scale drilling fixed biting rack (201) by controlling the motor (23) of the support plate control. At this point, the support and fixed engagement rack (204) is engaged with the large-scale drilling fixed engagement rack (201), and the mining equipment is adjusted to the large-diameter reaming drilling state. When the reaming diameter is normal, it is adjusted to the medium-diameter reaming state: First, the telescopic support rod (25) is driven downward by the control motor (24) of the support rod to extend downward to the horizontal position when the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack (202) is in a vertical state; then, the expandable support plate (22) is driven outward by the control motor (23) of the support plate to the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack (202), and the support and fixed engagement rack (204) is engaged with the medium-scale drilling fixed engagement rack (201). When the racks (202) mesh with each other, the mining equipment is adjusted to the medium-diameter reaming state. When the reaming diameter is small, it is adjusted to the small-diameter reaming state. First, the telescopic support rod (25) is driven downward by the control motor (24) of the support rod to extend to the horizontal position when the small-scale drilling fixed meshing rack (203) is in a vertical state. Then, the expandable support plate (22) is driven outward by the control motor (23) of the support plate to extend to the small-scale drilling fixed meshing rack (203) and ensure that the support fixed meshing rack (204) and the small-scale drilling fixed meshing rack (203) mesh with each other. At this time, the mining equipment is adjusted to the small-diameter reaming state.S23: Drilling begins. During the drilling process, the four drill bits (2) on the fixed disc (6) begin drilling, and then the drill bits (2) distributed in the first rock-breaking area (71), the second rock-breaking area (72), and the third rock-breaking area (73) gradually enlarge the circular hole to complete the final hole drilling.

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