Optical structural member for preventing bird strikes on glass, optical system, and application of optical structural member

Abstract

The present invention relates to an optical structural component (1) for minimizing or preventing bird strikes. The optical structural component (1) comprises a carrier element (2), a high-reflection area (3) and a reflection area (4). The optical structural component is characterized in that a biconical reflectivity difference between a first biconical reflectivity of the high-reflection area (3) and a second biconical reflectivity of the low-reflection area (4) is greater than or equal to 5%, and a VIS transmittance ratio between a first VIS transmittance and a second VIS transmittance is greater than or equal to 70% and less than or equal to 200%.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to an optical structural component, an optical system and applications of the optical structural component.

[0002] Bird strikes against optical support elements, such as windows or other glass structures, often result in injury or even death. Bird strikes, also known as bird strikes, can also cause significant visual damage to the owner of the affected building. Furthermore, the Federal Nature Conservation Act imposes legal requirements for bird protection.

[0003] To prevent or reduce bird strikes, carrier elements have traditionally been coated, typically with films in the form of raptor silhouettes. Adhering these films to glass structures is ineffective in reducing bird strikes. Frosted glass is also used to reduce bird strikes. However, frosted glass can interfere with a person's view through the glass structure.

[0004] WO 2016 / 19891 A1 discloses a bird protection glass structure having a high-reflection area and a low-reflection area, which reflects electromagnetic radiation centered on the UV in a wavelength range around approximately 370 nm.

[0005] Many bird species have special sensory cells in their eyes, so-called UV cones, which enable visual perception in the BUVD wavelength range, which lies between ≥ 300 nm and ≤ 450 nm.

[0006] In contrast, the human eye is capable of visual perception within the VIS wavelength range, which is between 380 nm and 780 nm.

[0007] WO 2016 / 198901 A1 states that reflections in the BUVD wavelength range are visible to birds, but are only very weakly perceptible to humans with the naked eye, or even barely perceptible.

[0008] However, previously known bird protection glass structures offer only unsatisfactory effectiveness for reducing bird strikes or the optical effects used are easily visible to humans, for example in the case of frosted glass, and can therefore be perceived as disturbing.

[0009] Based on the above-mentioned prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide an optical component that effectively prevents bird strikes.

[0010] Furthermore, the object of the present invention is to provide an optical system and an application of an optical component, by means of which bird strikes can be reduced and which are particularly economical and efficient in their manufacture and / or use, and which can be designed to have additional functions.

[0011] According to the present invention, this is achieved by using an optical component having the features of solution 1, an optical system having the features of solution 45, and an optical component having the features of solution 49. Advantageous embodiments are other solutions provided by the present disclosure.

[0012] The optical structure for minimizing or preventing bird strikes according to the present invention comprises: at least one carrier element, at least one high reflection area and at least one low reflection area. Here, the carrier element comprises the at least one high reflection area and / or the at least one low reflection area. According to the present invention, in the high reflection area, the optical structure has a first biconical reflectivity within the biconical wavelength range and a first VIS transmittance within the VIS wavelength range. In the low reflection area, the optical structure according to the present invention has a second biconical reflectivity within the biconical wavelength range and a second VIS transmittance within the VIS wavelength range. The biconical wavelength range is between greater than or equal to 400 nm and less than or equal to 700 nm, while the VIS wavelength range is between greater than or equal to 380 nm and less than or equal to 780 nm. According to the present invention, the biconical reflectivity difference between the first biconical reflectivity and the second biconical reflectivity is greater than or equal to 5%, preferably greater than or equal to 10%, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 15%, and most preferably greater than or equal to 20%, and the VIS transmittance ratio of the first VIS transmittance and the second VIS transmittance is greater than or equal to 70%, preferably greater than or equal to 80%, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 85%, and most preferably greater than or equal to 90%, and the VIS transmittance ratio is less than or equal to 200%, preferably less than or equal to 180%, particularly preferably less than or equal to 150%, and most preferably less than or equal to 130%.

[0013] The carrier element preferably comprises a first carrier sub-element and a second carrier sub-element, wherein the first and second carrier sub-element are preferably each designed as glass or a film and are particularly preferably transparent in the VIS wavelength range. The first carrier sub-element is preferably arranged on the second carrier sub-element, and the second carrier sub-element is particularly preferably coated, glued, or lined with the first carrier sub-element.

[0014] In particular, the first carrier subelement has the high-reflection region, and the second carrier subelement has the low-reflection region. For example, the first carrier subelement is configured as a film, and the second carrier subelement is configured as a window pane, a facade decorative glass structure, or another glass structure.

[0015] Preferably, the low-reflection area corresponds to the surface of the second carrier element visible in a top view, and particularly preferably, this visible surface is partially coated, in particular with the first carrier element, and one or more areas of the coating correspond to one or more of the high-reflection areas.

[0016] Alternatively, the opposite is preferred, wherein the high-reflection region corresponds to the surface of the second carrier element visible in plan view, and the region of the one or more coatings corresponds to the one or more low-reflection regions.

[0017] Preferably, the carrier element is configured as coated and / or tinted glass or as a coated and / or tinted film. Particularly preferably, the high-reflection region corresponds to a tinted subregion of the carrier element, and the low-reflection region corresponds to an untinted subregion of the carrier element.

[0018] As the applicant's research has shown, the optical structure according to the present invention is particularly effective in reducing bird strikes. In particular, the greater the difference in biconical reflectivity, the more effective bird strike prevention is. The reason for the significant effectiveness of the optical structure according to the present invention in reducing bird strikes is that birds in flight perceive motion, particularly relative motion, and stationary objects, not through UV cones, but through so-called biconical sensory cells. These biconical sensory cells are sensitive to the biconical wavelength range and have a sensitivity maximum at approximately 570 nm, with a half-value width of approximately 510 to 620 nm.

[0019] Another advantage is that the optical structure is least visible to humans in transmission when the VIS transmittance ratio is close to 100%, which advantageously maintains the reduction of bird strikes. This means that, for example, when looking out of a room through a window equipped with such an optical structure, the optical structure is less visible to humans.

[0020] Preferably, the high-reflection area and the low-reflection area are determined by reflection measurement in a top view of the optical structure.

[0021] Preferably, the biconical reflectivity of the optical structure, in particular the first biconical reflectivity and the second biconical reflectivity, are determined by reflection measurement in a biconical wavelength range and weighted with the Osorio 99 D65 spectrum. The Osorio 99 D65 spectrum indicates the wavelength-dependent sensitivity of biconical sensory cells and is derived from the publication "Colour vision of domestic chicks" by D. Osorio, M. Vorobyev and CD Jones, published in "The Journal of Experimental Biology", Vol. 202, pp. 2951-2959, 1999. Figure 1 The curve D in (called Osorio99) is known. This spectrum was obtained by biconical analysis of chickens, but can also be used to approximate other birds very well. The data from Osorio99 ( Figure 1 , curve D) is weighted with the standard illuminant D65 representing daylight in order to obtain the Osorio99 D65 spectrum.

[0022] The VIS transmittance is determined by transmission measurement in the VIS wavelength range and weighting with the VIS spectrum, which corresponds to the luminance sensitivity curve of the human eye in daylight and can be obtained from the spectral data "CIE 2008, Physiologically-Relevant 2-deg V(l) Luminous Efficiency Functions".

[0023] To determine the VIS transmittance ratio, it is preferred to divide the first VIS transmittance by the second VIS transmittance and multiply the result of this division by 100%.

[0024] In a first preferred embodiment, the color distance between the high-reflection area and the low-reflection area in visible transmission is less than or equal to 20, preferably less than or equal to 15, particularly preferably less than or equal to 10, and most preferably less than or equal to 5.

[0025] The color distance between high-reflection areas and low-reflection areas is determined according to DIN ISO 11664-4.

[0026] This preferred embodiment has the advantage that, at smaller color distances, the optical component is less noticeable to the human eye, but remains effective in reducing bird strikes.

[0027] In another advantageous embodiment, the at least one high-reflection region and the at least one low-reflection region are arranged adjacent to each other. Preferably, the at least one low-reflection region and the at least one high-reflection region are configured to engage with each other in a comb-like manner.

[0028] This embodiment is particularly effective in reducing bird strikes because areas adjacent to each other can be more easily and better identified by approaching birds.

[0029] In another advantageous embodiment, the at least one high-reflection area is designed to have a circular surface with a diameter of 15 cm, preferably a diameter of 10 cm, and in particular a diameter of 8 cm, which is not completely arranged within the high-reflection area, and the at least one low-reflection area is designed to have a circular surface with a diameter of 15 cm, preferably a diameter of 10 cm, and in particular a diameter of 8 cm, which is not completely arranged within the low-reflection area.

[0030] Preferably, the at least one high-reflection area cannot be completely covered by the circular surface, and the at least one low-reflection area cannot be completely covered by the circular surface.

[0031] Preferably, the circular surface is determined in a top view perpendicularly observing the high-reflection area and / or the low-reflection area, for example, by placing a circular surface template with a corresponding diameter.

[0032] This embodiment is particularly effective for reducing bird strikes, since birds, relative to their body size, are more likely to recognize a larger circular surface as an obstacle that can be traversed, in particular flown over, and are therefore more likely to collide with the carrier element.

[0033] In another advantageous embodiment, the optical component has a first BUVD reflectivity in the high-reflection region within the BUVD wavelength range, and has a second BUVD reflectivity in the low-reflection region within the BUVD wavelength range. In this embodiment, the BUVD reflectivity difference between the first and second BUVD reflectivities is preferably less than or equal to 20%, preferably less than or equal to 10%, particularly preferably less than or equal to 5%, and most preferably less than or equal to 3%.

[0034] The BUVD reflectivity of the optical component is preferably measured in the high-reflection region and the low-reflection region by reflectometry in the BUVD wavelength range and determined by weighting with the BUVD 65 spectrum. The BUVD 65 spectrum shows the wavelength-dependent sensitivity of the UV cone and is determined by a Gaussian curve with a maximum at approximately 370 nm and a half-value width from approximately 345 nm to 395 nm and weighting with a standard illuminant D65 representing daylight.

[0035] This embodiment is even more effective in reducing bird strikes. According to current knowledge, this favorable effect is due to the fact that, contrary to previous understandings of the prior art, reflections in the BUVD wavelength range can even have an attractive effect on birds. Smaller BUVD reflectivity differences are therefore particularly effective in reducing bird strikes.

[0036] In a further advantageous embodiment, the first biconical reflectivity is greater than the first BUVD reflectivity.

[0037] As experiments by the applicant have shown, contrary to previous perceptions from the previously known prior art, bird strikes are thereby reduced particularly effectively.

[0038] In another advantageous embodiment, the biconical-BUVD difference between the first biconical reflectivity and the first BUVD reflectivity is greater than or equal to 2%, preferably greater than or equal to 5%, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 10%, and most preferably greater than or equal to 15%.

[0039] As mentioned above, reflections in the BUVD wavelength range may have an attractive effect on birds, and thus lower BUVD reflectivity can reduce bird strikes. A larger bicone-BUVD difference thus results in enhanced visual perception of the optical structure by bicone sensory cells in the bicone wavelength range, and thus reduces the probability of bird strikes.

[0040] The wavelength range of the color impression extending from blue to red, which is perceived by the biconical sensory cells of a bird's eye, is also perceptible to the human eye. Therefore, the optical component is also visually perceptible to humans in principle.

[0041] In another preferred embodiment, in particular, the second carrier component is coated with the first carrier component, wherein the optical component has a layer with a refractive index of between greater than or equal to 1.5 and less than or equal to 2.6, preferably between greater than or equal to 1.7 and less than or equal to 2.3, and most preferably between greater than or equal to 1.9 and less than or equal to 2.2 in the high-reflection region.

[0042] The refractive index is preferably determined by spectral measurement in an ellipsometer and subsequent model fitting at a wavelength of 550 nm.

[0043] Due to the refractive index in the aforementioned value range, the layer of the high-reflection region can be designed to be particularly thin, whereby the production costs are particularly low. In this embodiment, bird strike protection is particularly effective.

[0044] In a similarly preferred embodiment, the optical component comprises a layer containing silicon nitride, the layer having a thickness of greater than or equal to 50 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 70 nm, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 80 nm, and most preferably equal to 86 nm. Preferably, the layer thickness is less than or equal to 400 nm, particularly preferably less than or equal to 250 nm, and most preferably less than or equal to 100 nm. Preferably, the layer containing silicon nitride is disposed in a highly reflective region, and particularly preferably, the layer containing silicon nitride forms the highly reflective region.

[0045] Such an optical component is particularly effective for bird strike protection and furthermore offers the advantage of low production costs.

[0046] In another preferred embodiment, the optical structure has a plurality of low-reflection areas and high-reflection areas, in particular at least 10, preferably at least 20, and more preferably at least 50 low-reflection areas and high-reflection areas, wherein these low-reflection areas and high-reflection areas are arranged alternately, preferably in a stripe pattern of alternating low-reflection areas and high-reflection areas. In this embodiment, the carrier element is preferably a window, preferably a window with a width of 3 m to 0.5 m, particularly preferably a window with a width of 1.5 m to 0.8 m, and most preferably a window with a width of 1 m.

[0047] The strip preferably has a width of 2 mm to 100 mm in the horizontal direction, and is particularly preferably configured as a vertical strip oriented in the vertical direction. The vertical direction corresponds to the direction of gravity, and the horizontal direction is perpendicular to the vertical direction.

[0048] This stripe pattern is particularly effective in reducing bird strikes.

[0049] In a preferred embodiment, the biconical reflectivity difference is greater than or equal to 10% and less than or equal to 30%. The VIS transmittance ratio is preferably greater than or equal to 80% and less than or equal to 130%.

[0050] Such optical components have proven to be particularly effective in reducing bird strikes and can also be produced cost-effectively.

[0051] The optical system according to the present invention comprises the optical component according to the present invention, wherein the carrier element comprises a first carrier component and a second carrier component, preferably comprising glass or a film. In the optical system according to the present invention, the first carrier component is preferably arranged on the second carrier component.

[0052] The advantages of reducing bird strikes mentioned for the optical component according to the invention are also achieved in the optical system according to the invention.

[0053] In a preferred embodiment, the optical system includes a heat protection layer and / or a sun protection layer. The second carrier component is preferably designed as an outer pane having an inner side, and the first carrier component and the heat protection layer and / or the sun protection layer are arranged on the inner side of the outer pane.

[0054] This provides the optical system with additional functions, such as heat-insulating properties and / or overheating protection. This also allows for bird strike protection when applying the heat protection layer.

[0055] In a further advantageous embodiment, the first carrier subelement and the heat protection layer and / or the solar protection layer are arranged on the inner side of the outer pane, ie in particular at what is referred to as position two of the insulating glass structure.

[0056] The optical system is thereby advantageously particularly economical to produce and the heat protection layer and / or the sun protection layer are better protected against damage, for example due to weather influences. Protection against bird strikes remains equally good or only slightly reduced here.

[0057] In another preferred embodiment, the first carrier subelement is arranged on the outer side of the outer glass pane, designated as position one, and the heat protection layer is arranged in position two. In this embodiment, the heat protection layer is particularly protected against damage and thus has a particularly long service life. Furthermore, bird strike protection is improved.

[0058] According to the invention, the use of the optical structural element according to the invention is for mounting or attaching to an optical facade element, preferably a window or other facade glazing structure.

[0059] The use according to the invention results in the aforementioned advantage of reducing the frequency of bird strikes on the optical facade element, ie, reducing bird strikes.

[0060] Further advantages of the invention result from the advantageous embodiments described below.

[0061] In an advantageous embodiment, the first biconical reflectivity is greater than the second biconical reflectivity, thereby advantageously achieving a greater contrast between the high-reflection area and the low-reflection area, thereby effectively reducing bird strikes.

[0062] In a preferred embodiment, the reflectivity of the first bicone is greater than or equal to 15%, preferably greater than or equal to 20%, and particularly preferably greater than or equal to 25%. The larger reflectivity of the first bicone effectively reduces bird strikes.

[0063] In another advantageous embodiment, the low-reflection region is preferably configured as a single-layer glass pane of a multi-glass system. In particular, the second biconical reflectivity of the single-layer glass pane is less than or equal to 12%, preferably less than or equal to 9%. This allows for a high biconical reflectivity difference to be achieved economically.

[0064] In another preferred embodiment, the high-reflection area and the low-reflection area are arranged adjacent to each other, preferably arranged side by side or overlapping, thereby effectively reducing bird strikes.

[0065] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the optical structure preferably has a layer in the high-reflection area, the optical thickness of which is greater than or equal to 100 nm and less than or equal to 250 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 110 nm and less than or equal to 230 nm, particularly preferably greater than or equal to 130 nm and less than or equal to 210 nm, and most preferably greater than or equal to 150 nm and less than or equal to 190 nm.

[0066] The optical thickness is the product of the refractive index at 550 nm and the layer thickness. An optical thickness within the aforementioned value range results in a particularly low incidence of bird strikes.

[0067] In a particularly preferred embodiment, the optical component comprises a layer of silicon nitride, preferably in the highly reflective region.

[0068] Silicon nitride is a particularly strong, hard and inert material to a large number of chemicals, making it particularly durable and having a long service life. In addition, silicon nitride has a refractive index of 2.0, making it particularly well-suited for optical components used to reduce bird strikes, as described above.

[0069] In another advantageous embodiment, the optical structure comprises a layer comprising a first dielectric at least in the high-reflection region. Preferably, the optical structure comprises a layer comprising a second dielectric at least in the high-reflection region. The first dielectric preferably has a lower refractive index than the second dielectric. The second dielectric most preferably has a refractive index of 1.8 or greater and 2.6 or less, more preferably approximately 2.4. The first dielectric most preferably has a refractive index of 1.3 or greater and 2.2 or less, more preferably approximately 2.0.

[0070] The first dielectric preferably comprises tin oxide, particularly preferably tin(IV) oxide SnO2. The first dielectric preferably comprises zinc oxide (ZnO) and / or tin-zinc mixed oxide (SnZnO x ). The second dielectric preferably includes titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ).

[0071] The aforementioned dielectrics are inexpensive and robust and, moreover, have optical properties that are particularly suitable for the optical component.

[0072] In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the optical structure preferably comprises a first layer having a layer thickness of preferably 160 nm in the high-reflection region, the first layer particularly preferably comprising a first dielectric. Preferably, the optical structure comprises a second layer having a layer thickness of preferably 190 nm, the second layer particularly preferably comprising a second dielectric.

[0073] The optical component having the aforementioned layer sequence of the first and second layers has particularly good protection against bird strikes.

[0074] The optical component preferably includes a third layer having a preferred layer thickness of 220 nm, wherein the second layer is arranged between the first and third layers, and the third layer particularly preferably contains the first dielectric. The optical component most preferably includes a fourth layer having a preferred layer thickness of 190 nm, wherein the third layer is arranged between the second and fourth layers, and the fourth layer preferably contains the second first dielectric. Furthermore, the optical component preferably includes a fifth layer having a preferred layer thickness of 160 nm, wherein the fourth layer is arranged between the third and fifth layers, and the fifth layer particularly preferably contains the first dielectric.

[0075] The optical component having the layer sequence of the aforementioned layers has very good protection against bird strikes and is also particularly robust and economical to produce.

[0076] The optical component preferably comprises a sixth layer having a layer thickness of preferably 150 nm, wherein the fifth layer is arranged between the fourth and sixth layers, the sixth layer particularly preferably containing silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ).

[0077] The sixth layer advantageously acts as an antireflection layer and furthermore serves to protect the underlying layers from mechanical stress and wear. Furthermore, the antireflection layer advantageously reduces broadband reflection, particularly in the biconical wavelength range, but has little effect on narrowband reflection.

[0078] In another advantageous embodiment, the low-reflection region does not have a layer containing silicon nitride or titanium dioxide, and in particular the low-reflection region preferably consists of soda-lime glass. This embodiment allows for particularly advantageous production of the optical component.

[0079] The optical structural member preferably includes at least one high surface density region and at least one low surface density region, and particularly preferably includes at least one medium surface density region. In the high surface density region, the ratio of the cumulative area ratio of the high-reflection regions to the cumulative area ratio of the low-reflection regions is preferably greater than this ratio in the medium surface density region, and this ratio in the medium surface density region is correspondingly greater than this ratio in the low surface density region.

[0080] By providing high surface density areas and low surface density areas, a design is achieved that is visually unobtrusive to the observer.

[0081] In a preferred embodiment, the optical structure includes a plurality of high-reflection areas in the form of circular surfaces, which are arranged on another low-reflection area with no coating or uniform coating. Preferably, the spacing between the circular surfaces in the high surface density area is smaller than that in the low surface density area.

[0082] This embodiment is particularly effective in reducing bird strikes and is economical to manufacture.

[0083] In one advantageous embodiment, the optical structure includes a highly reflective region having at least one sawtooth-curved edge, preferably a strip-shaped highly reflective region having a sawtooth-curved edge. This effectively prevents bird strikes, and the sawtooth-shaped design reduces total reflection at the edges of the highly reflective region. Furthermore, the sawtooth-shaped design of the strip-shaped highly reflective region advantageously blurs the outline of the strip, making the highly reflective region less noticeable to humans at the edges, particularly when viewed in transmission light.

[0084] In another preferred embodiment, the optical component includes at least one additional sawtooth-strip-shaped surface in the high-reflection region. Preferably, two adjacent sawtooth-strip-shaped surfaces are spaced apart. Particularly preferably, the high-surface-density region has a smaller spacing between the sawtooth-strip-shaped surfaces than the low-surface-density region.

[0085] This embodiment is particularly effective in reducing bird strikes and is advantageous in terms of production.

[0086] In a preferred embodiment, the first carrier subelement is arranged between the heat protection layer and / or the sun protection layer and the second carrier subelement. In an optional embodiment, the first carrier subelement is designed on the heat protection layer and / or the sun protection layer.

[0087] This advantageously makes it possible to easily use the optical component in an insulating glass structure, with the first carrier component preferably being arranged on the inner side of the outer glass pane, ie at position 2. This advantageously provides the glass pane with bird protection and sun / heat protection.

[0088] In another optional embodiment, the second carrier subelement is arranged between the first carrier subelement and the heat protection layer and / or the sun protection layer.

[0089] In this embodiment, the optical component is protected from weather influences and thus has a particularly long service life.

[0090] In a preferred production method within the scope of the present invention, the optical component is produced by vacuum coating the carrier element by means of physical vapor deposition (PVD), evaporation or chemical vapor deposition (CVD) onto the carrier element.

[0091] The production method enables simple, economical and high-quality production of the optical component.

[0092] The high-reflection and low-reflection areas preferably form a pattern. The pattern is preferably produced by coating, masking, or in a stripping process with a printed mask, by laser ablation or laser structuring, particularly preferably by using a silk screen or digital printing mask, which is removed after vacuum coating in a solvent or by subsequent thermal incineration. Advantageously, the glass is simultaneously thermally strengthened during incineration. Silk screen, digital printing, or laser structuring advantageously allows the surface density of the high-reflection areas to be adjusted gradually and in a simple manner.

[0093] A carrier element, such as glass, coated with a pattern can be produced particularly economically, is effective in reducing bird strikes, and is visually pleasing to humans.

[0094] The pattern is preferably produced by coating the entire surface with a film, subsequently cutting the film, and subsequently laminating or bonding the film, in particular from a film block, to glass or another film. The film is particularly preferably bonded to a window pane already installed in a building. In this case, the film preferably corresponds to the first carrier component, and the window pane to the second carrier component. This method of producing the coated second carrier component is particularly simple and economical.

[0095] Further features and advantages of the present invention will emerge from the following description with reference to exemplary embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0096] Figure 1 A first embodiment of the optical structure according to the present invention is shown;

[0097] Figure 2 A second embodiment of the optical structural member according to the present invention is shown, wherein the optical structural member has a first high-reflection area and a second high-reflection area;

[0098] Figure 3 Another embodiment of the optical structural member according to the present invention is shown, wherein the optical structural member has a plurality of high-reflection regions and low-reflection regions adjacent to each other;

[0099] Figure 4 Another embodiment of a circular face with a highly reflective area is shown;

[0100] Figure 5 Another embodiment of a sawtooth curved surface with a high reflective area is shown;

[0101] Figure 6a An optical structure having a first high reflective area and a second high reflective area is shown;

[0102] Figure 6b An optical structure is shown, wherein a high-reflection region is disposed on a low-reflection region;

[0103] Figure 6c An optical system is shown, wherein a first carrier component is arranged on a second carrier component;

[0104] Figure 6d A first embodiment of an optical system is shown, which has a layer containing silicon nitride;

[0105] Figure 6e A first optical system is shown;

[0106] Figure 7 Another embodiment of an optical system is shown, which has a heat protection layer and / or a sun protection layer;

[0107] Figure 8 An alternative embodiment of an optical system is shown, which has a heat protection layer and / or a sun protection layer;

[0108] Figure 9 Another alternative embodiment of an optical system is shown, which has a heat protection layer and / or a sun protection layer;

[0109] Figure 10 A graph is shown that describes the optical properties of an optical system in which the high reflective region comprises a single layer of silicon nitride;

[0110] Figure 11 showing a graph describing the optical properties of the first optical system;

[0111] Figure 12 A table including optical parameters of two optical systems is shown.

[0112] The same reference numerals used in the figures denote identical elements or at least identically acting elements.

[0113] Figure 1 An optical structure 1 having a carrier element 2 is shown. The optical structure 1 comprises a high reflection area 3 and a low reflection area 4. The high reflection area 3 and the low reflection area 4 are arranged in a Figure 1 In the embodiment of the present invention, they are arranged adjacent to each other.

[0114] The optical structure 1 has a high reflection area 3 in the biconical wavelength range 5 (not shown, see Figure 10) has a first biconical reflectivity. The biconical wavelength range 5 is between 400 nm and 700 nm. The optical structure 1 has a second biconical reflectivity in the biconical wavelength range 5 in the low reflection area 4. Figure 1 The biconical reflectivity difference ΔDZ between the first biconical reflectivity and the second biconical reflectivity in the embodiment is equal to 13% (see Figure 12 ).

[0115] In another embodiment not shown Figure 1 In an embodiment of all features of the embodiment, the optical structure 1 is in the high reflection area 3 in the BUVD wavelength range 6 (not shown here, see Figure 12 ) and has a first BUVD reflectivity in the low reflection area 4 within the BUVD wavelength range 6. A BUVD reflectivity difference between the first BUVD reflectivity and the second BUVD reflectivity is less than or equal to 5%.

[0116] The first biconical reflectivity is greater than the first BUVD reflectivity, wherein a biconical-BUVD difference between the first biconical reflectivity and the first BUVD reflectivity is greater than or equal to 10%.

[0117] The optical structure 1 has a first VIS transmittance in the VIS wavelength range in the high reflection area 3 and a second VIS transmittance in the VIS wavelength range in the low reflection area 4. The VIS transmittance ratio QT of the first VIS transmittance and the second VIS transmittance is vis About 86% (see Figure 12 ).

[0118] The color distance ΔE between the high reflection area 3 and the low reflection area 4 is 6.9 (see Figure 12 ).

[0119] The optical structural element 1 has a layer having a refractive index of 2.0 at 550 nm in the high reflection region 3 .

[0120] Figure 2 Another embodiment of the optical structure 1 is shown, wherein the high reflection area 3 (see Figure 1 ) includes a first high-reflection region 3a and a second high-reflection region 3b. A low-reflection region 4 is disposed between the first high-reflection region 3a and the second high-reflection region 3b. The high-reflection regions 3a, 3b and the low-reflection region 4 have the same extension in the vertical direction 7 and different extensions in the horizontal direction 8. The high-reflection regions 3a, 3b extend in the horizontal direction 8 greater than the extension of the low-reflection region 4. The high-reflection regions 3a, 3b and the low-reflection region 4 thus form a stripe pattern comprising stripes oriented in the vertical direction 7.

[0121] The vertical direction 7 and the horizontal direction 8 are arranged orthogonally to each other. The vertical direction 7 corresponds to the direction of gravity.

[0122] exist Figure 2 In the embodiment, the low reflection area 4 includes less than or equal to 100 cm 2 area.

[0123] Figure 3 Another embodiment of the optical structure 1 is shown. In this optical structure, the low reflection region 4 includes a first low reflection region 4a and a second low reflection region 4b. The high reflection region 3 includes a first high reflection region 3a, a second high reflection region 3b and a third high reflection region 3c.

[0124] The first low-reflection region 4a is disposed between the first high-reflection region 3a and the second high-reflection region 3b. A third high-reflection region 3c is disposed below the first low-reflection region 4a along a vertical direction 7. This results in an alternating sequence of high-reflection regions 3 and low-reflection regions 4 along the vertical direction 7 and the horizontal direction 8. This alternating sequence of high-reflection regions 3 and low-reflection regions 4 forms a repeating pattern.

[0125] In another embodiment (not shown), the high reflection areas 3 and the low reflection areas 4 are arranged in an irregular sequence.

[0126] In yet another embodiment (not shown), the high-reflection area 3 and the low-reflection area 4 are provided in the form of a corporate logo.

[0127] Figure 4 Another embodiment of an optical structure 1 is shown, in which the high-reflection area 3 and the low-reflection areas 4a and 4b form a vertical stripe pattern. Here, the high-reflection area 3 and the low-reflection area 4 have a larger extension along the vertical direction 7 than along the horizontal direction 8. The high-reflection area 3 includes a high surface density area 9a, two medium surface density areas 9b and two low surface density areas 9c. The high surface density area 9a is arranged between the two medium surface density areas 9b. The two medium surface density areas 9b are respectively arranged between the high surface density area 9a and the adjacent low surface density area 9c. The two low surface density areas 9c are respectively arranged between the adjacent medium surface density area 9b and the adjacent low reflection areas 4a and 4b.

[0128] The high reflection area 3 includes a circular surface. Figure 4 . The circular surfaces are spaced apart from each other in both the vertical direction 7 and the horizontal direction 8. The spacing between the two circular surfaces in the high surface density region 9a is greater than in the medium surface density region 9b. The spacing between the two circular surfaces in the medium surface density region 9b is smaller than in the low surface density region 9c.

[0129] In another embodiment not shown, the high surface density region 9a corresponds to a region of continuous coating, where the circular faces overlap one another in all directions, thus forming a continuous layer.

[0130] Figure 5 Another embodiment of an optical structural element 1 is shown. In this embodiment, the high-reflection region 3 has a sawtooth-shaped surface. Two adjacent sawtooth-shaped surface regions have a certain spacing along the horizontal direction 8. This spacing in the high-surface-density region 9a is greater than that in the medium-surface-density region 9b. Furthermore, the spacing along the horizontal direction 8 in the medium-surface-density region 9b is greater than that in the low-surface-density region 9c.

[0131] In another embodiment not shown, the high-reflection region has only a single sawtooth-curved surface, in particular, a surface having at least one sawtooth-curved edge.

[0132] Figure 6a The optical component 1 is shown with a first highly reflective region 3a, a second highly reflective region 3b and a carrier element 2. The carrier element 2 can be designed as a film, for example, and can be adhesively bonded to a window pane.

[0133] In another embodiment not shown, the high reflection regions 3a, 3b also comprise silicon nitride, whereas the low reflection region 4 is composed of a simple thin film, ie, without silicon nitride.

[0134] Figure 6b An optical component 1 is shown in which a first high-reflection region 3a and a second high-reflection region 3b are arranged on a low-reflection region 4. The low-reflection region 4 corresponds here to conventional soda-lime glass or a conventional film transparent in the VIS wavelength range. The low-reflection region 4 is coated with the high-reflection regions 3a, 3b.

[0135] In another embodiment not shown, the high reflection area 3 is covered with a low reflection area 4 or with a plurality of low reflection areas.

[0136] Figure 6c An optical system 10 is shown in which a carrier element 2 has a first carrier component 2a and a second carrier component 2b. The optical component 1 corresponds to Figure 6b The second carrier component 2b corresponds to a window pane, in particular soda-lime glass. The low-reflection region 4 corresponds in particular to the surface of the uncoated second carrier component 2b visible in a plan view.

[0137] Figure 6dAn optical system 10 is shown in which a second carrier component 2b is coated with a first carrier component 2a. In this embodiment, the second carrier component 2b is a coated window pane made of soda-lime glass. The highly reflective region 3 comprises a single layer 11 containing silicon nitride, which has a layer thickness 12 of 86 nm.

[0138] Here, the low-reflection region 4 comprises a layer made of uncoated soda-lime glass. The low-reflection region 4 is preferably formed of soda-lime glass. The low-reflection region 4 can preferably also correspond to an uncoated carrier element 2.

[0139] Figure 6e A first optical system 10a is shown, which has the following layer structure:

[0140] A first layer 11 having a first dielectric composed of silicon nitride and a layer thickness 12a of 160 nm is arranged on the first carrier component 2a; a second layer 11b having a second dielectric composed of titanium dioxide and a layer thickness 12b of 190 nm is arranged on the first layer 11a; a third layer 11b having the first dielectric and arranged on the second layer 11b, the third layer 11c having a layer thickness 12c of 220 nm; a fourth layer 11d having a layer thickness 12d of 190 nm and arranged on the third layer 11c, the fourth layer 11d having the second dielectric; a fifth layer 11e having a layer thickness 12e of 160 nm and arranged on the fourth layer 11d, the fifth layer having the first dielectric; a sixth layer 11f having a thickness 12f of 150 nm and composed of silicon nitride is arranged on the fifth layer 11e.

[0141] exist Figure 12 The optical characteristics of the first optical system 10a are summarized in a table.

[0142] Figure 7 A further exemplary embodiment of an optical system 10 is shown, in which a heat protection layer 13 and / or a sun protection layer 14 is arranged between the first carrier component 2a and the second carrier component 2b.

[0143] Figure 8 An alternative embodiment of the optical system 10 is shown, in which the first carrier component 2 a is arranged between a heat protection layer 13 and / or a sun protection layer 14 and a second carrier component 2 b.

[0144] Figure 9 A further alternative embodiment of the optical system 10 is shown, in which the second carrier component 2 b is arranged between the heat protection layer 13 and / or the sun protection layer 14 and the first carrier component 2 a .

[0145] exist Figure 9In the embodiment of the invention, the second carrier component 2b corresponds to the window pane, and the first carrier component 2a is arranged on the outer side of the window pane. The heat protection layer 13 and / or the sun protection layer 14 are correspondingly arranged on the inner side of the window pane facing inward.

[0146] In another embodiment (not shown), a multi-layer insulating glass structure is used. Here, the first carrier component 2a is arranged on the first glass surface from the outside, referred to as position 1. The heat protection layer 13 and / or the sun protection layer 14 is arranged on the second glass surface facing the interlayer space, referred to as position 2.

[0147] Figure 10 A diagram is shown which describes the optical properties of an optical system 10 in which the highly reflective region 3 has a single layer 11 containing silicon nitride (not shown, see FIG. Figure 6d The abscissa of this graph shows the wavelength λ in nanometers, with the biconical wavelength range 5 and the BUVD wavelength range 6 plotted. The ordinate plots the normalized values of the relative sensitivity of the sensory cells of the bird's eye to the spectrum 15 of BUVD65 and the spectrum 16 of Osorio 99D65. Furthermore, the ordinate plots the normalized values of the reflectance spectrum 17 of the high-reflection region 3 of the optical component 1 of the optical system 10. The low-reflection region 4 preferably has a wavelength-constant reflectivity of approximately 8%, and particularly preferably a wavelength-constant transmittance of approximately 92%.

[0148] The BUVD65 spectrum 15 is used to weight the measured BUVD reflectance, as explained above. The Osorio99D65 spectrum 16 is used to weight the measured biconical reflectance and is likewise known from the above-mentioned publication by Osorio et al.

[0149] The reflection spectrum 17 is determined by a reflection measurement performed on the optical system 10. From the values of the reflection spectrum 17, it can be seen that the first biconical reflectivity is greater than the first BUVD reflectivity.

[0150] Figure 11 A diagram is shown which describes a first optical system 10a (not shown here, see Figure 6a ) optical properties. This graph shows a reflection spectrum 18 and a transmission spectrum 19 of the first optical system 10a, in particular of the highly reflective region 3 of the first optical system 10a.

[0151] Figure 11 The reflection spectrum 18 comprises a plurality of local extremes and thus has a Figure 10 The reflection spectrum 17 has a more complex trend. It can be seen from this reflection spectrum 18 that the reflection in the biconical wavelength range 5 is greater than the reflection in the BUVD wavelength range 6. Accordingly, the first biconical reflectivity is greater than the first BUVD reflectivity.

[0152] The transmission spectrum 19 of the optical structure 1 in the high reflection region 3 in the VIS wavelength range is only slightly different from the transmission spectrum in the low reflection region 4, which results in a large VIS transmittance ratio QT vis and a small color distance ΔE.

[0153] Figure 12 Shows traditional soda lime glass (first row), Figure 6d The optical parameters of the optical system 10 (second row) and the first optical system 10a (third row) are summarized in a tabular format. Here, T Vis Indicates the transmittance in the VIS wavelength range; parameter L * 、a * and b * Indicates L * a * b * Parameters of the color space. Parameter L * Corresponds to the brightness value. Parameter a * Gives the chromaticity and color intensity between green and red. Parameter b * Indicates the chromaticity and color intensity between blue and yellow. L * a * b * The color space is defined by EN ISO 11664-4 “Colorimetry — Part 4: CIE 1976 L * a * b * Color space (Colorimetry-Part 4: CIE 1976 L * a * b * colour space)" is previously known and standardized.

[0154] Column Osorio99D65 gives the first biconical reflectance within the biconical wavelength range 5. Column BUVD65 gives the first BUVD reflectance within the BUVD wavelength range. Column ΔDZ gives the biconical reflectance difference ΔDZ between the first biconical reflectance and the second biconical reflectance. Column ΔE gives the color distance between the high reflective region 3 and the low reflective region 4. The color distance ΔE is calculated by the parameter L described above. * 、a * and b * Sure.

[0155] from Figure 12The values in the table indicate that the first biconical reflectivity of the optical system 10 and the first optical system 10a is greater than the first BUVD reflectivity of the corresponding optical systems 10, 10a. The biconical reflectivity difference ΔDZ of the optical systems 10, 10a is greater than or equal to 10% and the color distance ΔE of the optical systems 10, 10a is less than 8.

[0156] 1Optical structural parts

[0157] 2 carrier elements

[0158] 2a First carrier component

[0159] 2b Second carrier component

[0160] 3 Highly reflective areas

[0161] 3a The first high reflection area

[0162] 3b The second high reflection area

[0163] 3c The third highest reflective area

[0164] 4 low reflection area

[0165] 4a The first low reflection area

[0166] 4b Second low reflection area

[0167] 5 Biconical wavelength range

[0168] 6BUVD wavelength range

[0169] 7 vertical direction

[0170] 8 horizontal direction

[0171] 9a High surface density area

[0172] Surface density region in 9b

[0173] 9c low surface density region

[0174] 10 Optical system

[0175] 10a First optical system

[0176] 11th floor

[0177] Layers 11a-f

[0178] 12 layers thick

[0179] 12a-f Additional layer thickness

[0180] 13 Thermal protection layer

[0181] 14 sun protection layers

[0182] 15BUVD65 spectrum

[0183] 16Osorio99D65 spectrum

[0184] Reflection spectrum of the high reflection area of 1710

[0185] Reflectance spectrum of the high-reflection area of 1810a

[0186] Transmission spectrum of the high reflection region of 1910a

[0187] ΔDZ biconical reflection difference

[0188] T vis Transmittance within the VIS wavelength range

[0189] QT vis VIS transmittance ratio

[0190] L * Brightness value

[0191] a * Chromaticity and color intensity between green and red

[0192] b * Chromaticity and color intensity between blue and yellow

[0193] ΔE color distance

Claims

1. An optical structure for minimizing or preventing bird strikes, the optical structure (1) comprising: at least one carrier element (2); at least one highly reflective region (3); as well as at least one low-reflection region (4); Wherein, the carrier element (2) is provided with the at least one high reflection area (3) and / or the at least one low reflection area (4); It is characterized by: In the high reflection area (3), the optical structure (1) has a first biconical reflectivity within a biconical wavelength range (5) and a first VIS transmittance within a VIS wavelength range; and In the low-reflection region (4), the optical structure (1) has a second biconical reflectivity within the biconical wavelength range (5) and a second VIS transmittance within the VIS wavelength range; Wherein, the biconical wavelength range (5) is between greater than or equal to 400 nm and less than or equal to 700 nm; The VIS wavelength range is between 380 nm and 780 nm; A biconical reflectivity difference between the first biconical reflectivity and the second biconical reflectivity is greater than or equal to 5%, and A VIS transmittance ratio of the first VIS transmittance to the second VIS transmittance is greater than or equal to 70%; and The VIS transmittance ratio is less than or equal to 200%.

2. The optical structural member according to claim 1, wherein: The biconical reflectivity difference is greater than or equal to 10%.

3. The optical structural member according to claim 2, wherein: The biconical reflectivity difference is greater than or equal to 15%.

4. The optical structural member according to claim 3, wherein: The biconical reflectivity difference is greater than or equal to 20%.

5. The optical structural member according to claim 1, wherein: The VIS transmittance ratio is greater than or equal to 80%.

6. The optical structural member according to claim 5, wherein: The VIS transmittance ratio is greater than or equal to 85%.

7. The optical structural member according to claim 6, wherein: The VIS transmittance ratio is greater than or equal to 90%.

8. The optical structural member according to claim 1, wherein: The VIS transmittance ratio is less than or equal to 180%.

9. The optical structural member according to claim 8, wherein: The VIS transmittance ratio is less than or equal to 150%.

10. The optical structural member according to claim 9, wherein: The VIS transmittance ratio is less than or equal to 130%.

11. The optical structural member according to claim 1, wherein: The first biconical reflectivity and the second biconical reflectivity of the optical structure are respectively determined by reflection measurement within the biconical wavelength range and by using Osorio 99 D65 spectral weighting.

12. An optical structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein: The color distance (ΔE) in visible transmission between the high-reflection area (3) and the low-reflection area (4) is less than or equal to 20.

13. The optical structural member according to claim 12, wherein: The color distance (ΔE) is less than or equal to 15.

14. The optical structural member according to claim 13, wherein: The color distance (ΔE) is less than or equal to 10.

15. The optical structural member according to claim 14, wherein: The color distance (ΔE) is less than or equal to 5.

16. The optical structure according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one high-reflection region (3) and the at least one low-reflection region (4) are arranged adjacent to each other.

17. The optical structure according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one high reflection area (3) is designed to: partially set a circular surface with a diameter of 15 cm in the high reflection area (3); and The at least one low-reflection area (4) is designed such that a circular surface with a diameter of 15 cm is partially provided in the low-reflection area (4).

18. The optical structure according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one high reflection area (3) is designed such that a circular surface with a diameter of 10 cm is partially provided in the high reflection area (3).

19. The optical structure according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one high reflection area (3) is designed such that a circular surface with a diameter of 8 cm is partially provided in the high reflection area (3).

20. The optical structure according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one low-reflection area (4) is designed such that a circular surface with a diameter of 10 cm is partially provided in the low-reflection area (4).

21. The optical structure according to claim 1, wherein: The at least one low-reflection area (4) is designed such that a circular surface with a diameter of 8 cm is partially provided in the low-reflection area (4).

22. The optical structural component according to claim 1, wherein in the high reflection area (3), the optical structural component (1) has a first BUVD reflectivity within a BUVD wavelength range (6); wherein, The BUVD wavelength range (6) is between 300 nm and 450 nm; and The first biconical reflectivity is greater than the first BUVD reflectivity.

23. The optical structure according to claim 1, wherein in the high reflection area (3), the optical structure (1) has a first BUVD reflectivity within a BUVD wavelength range (6); wherein, The BUVD wavelength range (6) is between 300 nm and 450 nm; and A first biconical-BUVD difference between the first biconical reflectivity and the first BUVD reflectivity is greater than or equal to 2%.

24. The optical structure according to claim 23, wherein: The first biconical-BUVD difference is greater than or equal to 5%.

25. The optical structure according to claim 24, wherein: The first biconical-BUVD difference is greater than or equal to 10%.

26. The optical structure according to claim 25, wherein: The first biconical-BUVD difference is greater than or equal to 15%.

27. The optical structural component according to claim 1, wherein in the high reflection area (3), the optical structural component (1) has a first BUVD reflectivity within a BUVD wavelength range (6); and In the low-reflection region (4), the optical structural component (1) has a second BUVD reflectivity within the BUVD wavelength range; in The BUVD wavelength range (6) is between 300 nm and 450 nm; and A BUVD reflectivity difference between the first BUVD reflectivity and the second BUVD reflectivity is less than or equal to 20%.

28. The optical structure according to claim 27, wherein: The BUVD reflectivity difference is less than or equal to 10%.

29. The optical structure according to claim 28, wherein: The BUVD reflectivity difference is less than or equal to 5%.

30. The optical structure according to claim 29, wherein: The BUVD reflectivity difference is less than or equal to 3%.

31. The optical structure according to claim 1, wherein in the high reflection area (3), the optical structure (1) has a layer with a refractive index between greater than or equal to 1.5 and less than or equal to 2.6, and / or In the high-reflection region (3), the optical structural component (1) has a layer containing silicon nitride, and the thickness of the layer containing silicon nitride is greater than or equal to 50 nm.

32. The optical structure according to claim 31, wherein: In the high-reflection region (3), the optical structural component (1) has a layer with a refractive index between greater than or equal to 1.7 and less than or equal to 2.

3.

33. The optical structure according to claim 32, wherein: In the high-reflection region (3), the optical structural component (1) has a layer with a refractive index between greater than or equal to 1.9 and less than or equal to 2.

2.

34. The optical structure according to claim 31, wherein: The thickness of the silicon nitride-containing layer is greater than or equal to 70 nm.

35. The optical structure according to claim 34, wherein: The thickness of the silicon nitride-containing layer is greater than or equal to 80 nm.

36. The optical structure according to claim 35, wherein: The thickness of the silicon nitride-containing layer is greater than or equal to 86 nm.

37. The optical structural component according to claim 1, wherein the optical structural component (1) comprises a plurality of low-reflection areas (4) and high-reflection areas (3).

38. The optical structure according to claim 37, wherein: The optical structural component (1) comprises at least 10 low-reflection areas (4) and high-reflection areas (3).

39. The optical structure according to claim 38, wherein: The optical structural component (1) comprises at least 20 low-reflection areas (4) and high-reflection areas (3).

40. The optical structure according to claim 39, wherein: The optical structural component (1) comprises at least 50 low-reflection areas (4) and high-reflection areas (3).

41. The optical structure according to claim 37, wherein: The low-reflection areas (4) and the high-reflection areas (3) are arranged alternately.

42. The optical structure according to claim 41, wherein: The low-reflection area (4) and the high-reflection area (3) are arranged into a stripe pattern consisting of alternating stripe-shaped low-reflection areas (4) and high-reflection areas (3).

43. The optical structure according to claim 1, wherein: The biconical reflectivity difference is greater than or equal to 10% and less than or equal to 30%.

44. The optical structure according to claim 1, wherein: The VIS transmittance ratio is greater than or equal to 80% and less than or equal to 130%.

45. An optical system comprising the optical structure (1) according to any one of claims 1 to 44, wherein: The carrier element (2) comprises: The first carrier component (2a) and Second carrier sub-element (2b).

46. The optical system of claim 45, wherein: The first carrier component (2a) and the second carrier component (2b) are made of glass or a film.

47. The optical system of claim 45, wherein: The first carrier sub-element (2a) is arranged on a second carrier sub-element (2b).

48. The optical system according to claim 45, wherein the optical system (10) comprises a heat protection layer (13) and / or a sun protection layer (14); in, The second carrier component (2b) is designed as an outer glass pane having an inner side; and The first carrier component (2a) and the heat protection layer (13) and / or the sun protection layer (14) are arranged on the inner side of the outer glass pane.

49. Use of the optical structural component according to any one of claims 1 to 48, wherein: The optical structural component (1) is used for installation or attachment on an optical facade element.

50. Use of the optical structural component according to claim 49, wherein: The optical structural component (1) is used for installation or attachment to a window or other facade glass structure.

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