Mechanical vibration state perception and telemetry integrated system for power system key power transmission and distribution equipment

Abstract

The application relates to a mechanical vibration state sensing and telemetry integrated system for key power transmission and distribution equipment of a power system, and belongs to the field of micro-nano sensing. The system comprises a self-driven vibration sensor, a signal repeater and a vibration analysis display platform. The self-driven vibration sensor comprises a power generation / sensing module, an optical communication transmitting module and a wire. The power generation / sensing module senses mechanical vibration generated by power equipment, outputs an electric signal in the form of pulses to drive the optical communication transmitting module to propagate vibration information in the form of optical wave signals, and the wire is used for connecting the power generation / sensing module and the optical communication transmitting module. The signal repeater identifies the optical wave signals and transmits the signals to the vibration analysis display platform in the form of digital signals. The vibration state information received in the platform is analyzed, the mechanical vibration frequency of the power transmission and distribution equipment is displayed, and the current vibration state is evaluated. The application can be used for real-time monitoring of the vibration frequency of power equipment and the internal environment thereof, and in-depth evaluation of abnormal vibration behavior of the equipment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of micro-nano sensing and relates to online monitoring of the mechanical vibration status of key power transmission and distribution equipment in power systems. Specifically, it relates to an integrated system for sensing and telemetry of the mechanical vibration status of key power transmission and distribution equipment in power systems. Background Technology

[0002] Intelligent status sensing of power equipment is a crucial development trend for the future digital operation and maintenance of power grids, and also an industrial direction for improving the intelligence level of my country's power system network. Traditional intelligent sensing and analysis systems are mostly based on industrial control computers or dedicated systems, resulting in large equipment size, high power supply difficulty, and limited flexible deployment. Furthermore, the separation of the acquisition system and sensors makes the signals susceptible to interference; additionally, insufficient information processing capabilities hinder diagnostic assessment. In contrast, small-scale integrated sensing and telemetry systems for power equipment status sensing represent an effective way to solve these problems and an inevitable trend to break through existing sensor technology forms.

[0003] In recent years, the miniaturization, self-driving, and self-sensing technologies of sensors based on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have shown promise as an important development direction for smart power grid monitoring, while also providing new ideas for the integrated state sensing and telemetry of power equipment. TENGs collect the micro-energy from the mechanical vibration of equipment to power the sensor itself, while simultaneously identifying the output electrical signal to provide feedback on the current vibration state. Optical communication technology is used to enable high transmission rates and resistance to electromagnetic interference. Furthermore, the signal processing end is equipped with intelligent assessment technologies suitable for power equipment condition evaluation and fault diagnosis, ultimately achieving miniaturization, low power consumption, IoT information fusion, and intelligent diagnosis. Therefore, proposing a self-driving vibration sensor and constructing an integrated sensing and telemetry system based on it to address the problem of online monitoring of abnormal vibrations in power equipment has significant practical engineering application value.

[0004] However, due to the inherent characteristics of high internal impedance (megaohms) and high output voltage (hundreds of volts) and low current (microamps), TENGs have relatively low output power when powering low-impedance loads. When using the electrical energy generated by TENGs to power optical communication transmitter modules (hundreds of ohms), it is difficult to provide sufficient energy to the load side to ensure high stability and long-distance communication. Therefore, it is necessary to propose a self-driven vibration sensor based on a high-power TENG driving an optical communication module, and simultaneously design a wide-area wireless sensing and communication system to achieve integrated sensing and telemetry of the mechanical vibration status of key power transmission and distribution equipment in complex power system environments. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of this, the purpose of this invention is to provide a design and manufacturing process for a self-driven vibration sensor and an integrated sensing and telemetry system to realize online monitoring of abnormal mechanical vibration states of key power transmission and distribution equipment in power systems.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0007] Option 1: A self-driven vibration sensor, comprising a power generation / sensing module, an optical communication transmitting module, and a wire. The power generation / sensing module senses the mechanical vibration generated by electrical equipment and, under excitation, outputs a pulsed electrical signal to drive the optical communication transmitting module to transmit the mechanical vibration status information. The wire connects the power generation / sensing module and the optical communication transmitting module.

[0008] Optionally, the power generation / sensing module includes a mezzanine TENG, mechanical switch contacts, and auxiliary components.

[0009] The sandwich-type TENG comprises an upper fixed layer, a middle movable layer, and a lower fixed layer. The upper and lower fixed layers have identical structures, each consisting of a substrate, a sponge buffer layer, a metal electrode layer, and a polymer film layer stacked sequentially. The middle movable layer comprises a metal electrode layer and a polymer film layer. The metal electrode layer of the middle movable layer is also made of a conductive metal material, and the polymer film is a triboelectrone film identical to that of the lower fixed layer, attached to the upper surface of the metal electrode layer. Mechanical switch contacts are located on one side of the upper, lower, and middle movable layers, respectively, all overlapping in a vertical plane. The actuation components are distributed between the upper, middle, and lower fixed layers.

[0010] Optionally, the metal electrode layer is made of a conductive metal material and is attached to the upper surface of the sponge buffer layer to form an induction electrode. The conductive metal material can be any of the following materials:

[0011] Gold, silver, platinum, palladium, aluminum, nickel, copper, titanium, chromium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten or vanadium; aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, magnesium alloys, beryllium alloys, copper alloys, zinc alloys, manganese alloys, nickel alloys, lead alloys, tin alloys, cadmium alloys, bismuth alloys, indium alloys, gallium alloys, tungsten alloys, molybdenum alloys, niobium alloys or tantalum alloys.

[0012] Optionally, the polymer film layer is attached to the surface of the metal electrode layer, and the upper and lower fixing layers are made of materials with significant differences in electronegativity. The polymer film layer of the upper fixing layer is a triboelectric positive film layer; the polymer film layers of the lower fixing layer and the middle movable layer are both triboelectric negative film layers.

[0013] The polymer film can be made of any two of the following materials:

[0014] Perfluoroethylene propylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, vinylidene chloride acrylonitrile copolymer, polyimide, polyether ether ketone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyetherimide, polydimethylsiloxane, polycarbonate, chloroprene rubber, natural rubber, cellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, polyamide or polyurethane.

[0015] Optionally, the assist component is a spring.

[0016] Optionally, the optical communication transmitting module is a light-emitting diode (LED) that transmits the pulse-type electrical signal generated by the power generation / sensing module as light waves to transmit mechanical vibration state information. The LED can be any of the following:

[0017] Infrared LEDs, red LEDs, orange LEDs, yellow LEDs, yellow-green LEDs, emerald LEDs, blue LEDs, purple LEDs, or ultraviolet LEDs.

[0018] Optionally, the wire is made of a metallic conductive material.

[0019] Option 2: A method for fabricating a self-driven vibration sensor, comprising the following steps:

[0020] S1. Use a laser cutting machine to cut the acrylic sheet into squares as the substrate;

[0021] S2. Attach a square sponge with double-sided adhesive to the center of the upper surface of the substrate to form a sponge buffer layer;

[0022] S3. Clean the metal foil with alcohol and deionized water, and after drying, attach it to the upper surface of the sponge buffer layer to form a metal electrode layer.

[0023] S4. The polymer film layer is cleaned with alcohol and deionized water, dried in an oven, and its surface is etched before being attached to the upper surface of the metal electrode layer. Thus, the upper and lower fixing layers of the self-driven vibration sensor power generation / sensing module are fabricated.

[0024] S5. Use a laser cutting machine to cut the metal sheet into squares, and extend a smaller square at each of the four corners of the square metal sheet. At the same time, extend a mechanical switch contact on one side of the square metal sheet to form a metal electrode layer.

[0025] S6. Attach the polymer film layer to the upper surface of the metal electrode layer in step S5 to obtain the middle movable layer of the power generation / sensing module.

[0026] S7. Attach the metal blocks to the edges of the upper and lower fixing layer substrates respectively, with the height consistent with the upper surface of the polymer film layer, to form mechanical switch contacts.

[0027] S8. Fix the auxiliary component between the upper fixed layer, the lower fixed layer and the middle movable layer; this completes the fabrication of the power generation / sensing module.

[0028] S9. Connect the metal electrode layer of the lower fixing layer, the mechanical switch contact of the upper fixing layer, and the positive terminal of the optical communication transmitting module through wires. Also connect the metal electrode layer of the upper fixing layer, the mechanical switch contact of the lower fixing layer, and the negative terminal of the optical communication transmitting module through wires.

[0029] Optionally, the mechanical switch contacts of the upper fixed layer, the lower fixed layer, and the middle movable layer coincide in the vertical plane.

[0030] Option 3: An integrated remote sensing and measurement system for mechanical vibration status of key power transmission and distribution equipment, comprising a self-driven vibration sensor, a signal repeater, and a vibration analysis and display platform. The self-driven vibration sensor monitors the mechanical vibration status of power transmission and distribution equipment in real time and transmits the information outward in the form of optical signals. The signal repeater identifies the optical signals and transmits them as digital signals to the vibration analysis and display platform. The vibration analysis and display platform analyzes the received vibration status information, displays the mechanical vibration frequency of the power transmission and distribution equipment, and assesses the current vibration status.

[0031] Optionally, the signal repeater includes an optical communication detection module, a signal processing module, and a signal transmission module. The optical communication detection module is a photodiode that receives optical signals and transmits them as analog signals to the signal processing module. The signal processing module is a microcontroller unit that filters and performs analog-to-digital conversion on the signals before transmitting the vibration state information as digital signals to the signal transmission module. The signal transmission module transmits the vibration state information to the vibration analysis and display platform via wireless communication.

[0032] The wireless communication method can be any of the following:

[0033] WiFi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, 3G, 4G, 5G, NB-IoT, eMTC, LoRa, or WiMAX.

[0034] Optionally, the vibration analysis and display platform includes a signal receiving module and visualization system software, which are used to analyze the received vibration state information, display the mechanical vibration frequency of the power equipment, and assess the current abnormal vibration state.

[0035] The signal receiving module includes a wireless communication receiver and a display screen. The wireless communication receiver sends the collected vibration status information to the visualization system software for analysis and displays it on the display screen through a visualization interface.

[0036] Alternatively, the display screen may be any of the following:

[0037] Smartphones, tablets, laptops, desktop computers, or smart TVs.

[0038] Optionally, the visualization system software calculates the vibration frequency by reading the number of pulse peaks in the vibration state information, and displays the current vibration frequency, vibration frequency distribution, and current abnormal vibration state on the screen.

[0039] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention can realize wide-area wireless sensing of the vibration status of power equipment. Through the deployment of self-driven vibration sensors and integrated sensing and telemetry systems, it has the function of wide-area wireless transmission of vibration status information from small-area optical communication to large-area wireless radio frequency communication. It solves the problems of distributed sensor power supply and communication interference in strong magnetic field environments. It can be used to monitor the vibration frequency of power equipment and its internal environment in real time and to deeply evaluate the abnormal vibration behavior of the equipment.

[0040] Other advantages, objectives, and features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the following examination, or may be learned from practice of the invention. The objectives and other advantages of the invention can be realized and obtained through the following description. Attached Figure Description

[0041] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, the preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:

[0042] Figure 1 A structural block diagram of an integrated system for sensing and telemetry of mechanical vibration status of key power transmission and distribution equipment in a power system;

[0043] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a self-driven vibration sensor structure.

[0044] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the working principle of a self-driven vibration sensor.

[0045] Figure 4 This diagram illustrates the output signal of the optical communication transmitting module and the received signal of the optical communication detection module. Detailed Implementation

[0046] The following specific examples illustrate the implementation of the present invention. Those skilled in the art can easily understand other advantages and effects of the present invention from the content disclosed in this specification. The present invention can also be implemented or applied through other different specific embodiments, and various details in this specification can be modified or changed based on different viewpoints and applications without departing from the spirit of the present invention. It should be noted that the illustrations provided in the following embodiments are only schematic representations of the basic concept of the present invention. Unless otherwise specified, the following embodiments and features can be combined with each other.

[0047] The accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are schematic diagrams, not actual pictures. They should not be construed as limiting the invention. To better illustrate the embodiments of the invention, some parts in the drawings may be omitted, enlarged, or reduced, and do not represent the actual product dimensions. It is understandable to those skilled in the art that some well-known structures and their descriptions may be omitted in the drawings.

[0048] In the accompanying drawings of the embodiments of the present invention, the same or similar reference numerals correspond to the same or similar components. In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that if terms such as "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "front," and "rear" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, they are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, the terms used to describe positional relationships in the drawings are only for illustrative purposes and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the specific meaning of the above terms can be understood according to the specific circumstances.

[0049] Figure 1 The image shows an integrated remote sensing system for mechanical vibration status of key power transmission and distribution equipment. The system comprises three parts: a self-driven vibration sensor, a signal repeater, and a vibration analysis and display platform. First, when a mechanical defect occurs in the power equipment, it generates periodic abnormal vibrations, which activate the generator / sensing module of the self-driven vibration sensor. The output pulsed electrical signal drives the optical communication transmitter module to emit an optical signal. Second, the signal repeater receives the optical signal through the optical communication detection module and transmits it as an analog signal to the signal processing module. The signal is then converted from analog to digital and sent to the signal transmission module, where it is wirelessly transmitted to the vibration analysis and display platform. Finally, the system software on the backend platform analyzes the collected data, providing feedback on the current vibration frequency, frequency distribution, and current abnormal vibration status of the mechanical defect source in the power equipment, which is then displayed on a screen through a visual interface.

[0050] Figure 2The diagram shows the structure of a self-driven vibration sensor, which mainly consists of three parts: a power generation / sensing module, an optical communication transmitting module, and wires.

[0051] The power generation / sensing module includes a sandwich-type TENG, mechanical switch contacts, and auxiliary components. The sandwich-type TENG consists of an upper and lower fixed layer and a middle movable layer. Both the upper and lower fixed layers are constructed by sequentially attaching a sponge buffer layer, a metal electrode layer, and a polymer film layer to a substrate. The polymer film layer of the upper fixed layer uses a triboelectric positive film, while the polymer film layer of the lower fixed layer uses a triboelectric negative film. The middle movable layer consists of a metal electrode layer and a polymer film layer. Its metal electrode layer, together with the triboelectric negative film of the lower fixed layer, forms a triboelectric material. Its polymer film layer uses the same triboelectric negative film as the lower fixed layer and, together with the triboelectric positive film of the upper fixed layer, forms a triboelectric material. The mechanical switch contacts are located on one side of the upper and lower fixed layers and on one side of the metal electrode layer of the middle movable layer, all three overlapping in the vertical plane. The assistive component uses springs distributed between the upper and lower fixed layers and the middle movable layer. Under vibration, the middle movable layer is driven to separate from the upper and lower fixed layers, simultaneously triggering the opening / closing of the mechanical switch contacts. Furthermore, the power generation / sensing module and the optical communication transmitting module are connected by positive and negative wires. One end of the positive wire is connected to the positive terminal of the optical communication transmitting module (i.e., the light-emitting diode), and the other end is connected to the metal electrode layer of the lower fixed layer of the power generation / sensing module and the upper mechanical switch contact. One end of the negative wire is connected to the negative terminal of the light-emitting diode, and the other end is connected to the metal electrode layer of the upper fixed layer of the power generation / sensing module and the lower mechanical switch contact.

[0052] Figure 3The diagram illustrates the working principle of a self-driven vibration sensor. For the middle movable layer, its triboelectric negative film is bonded to the triboelectric positive film of the upper fixed layer, and its metal electrode layer is bonded to the triboelectric negative film of the lower fixed layer, forming a set of triboelectric materials. Furthermore, the two back metal electrodes are connected to the load terminals via mechanical contacts connected by wires. Based on the coupling effect of triboelectricity and electrostatic induction, equal amounts of positive and negative charges are generated on the surface of the set of triboelectric materials after physical contact. After separation, charge transfer occurs between the back metal electrode layers to balance the established potential difference, as shown in the initial stage (i). Here, the surface charge of the triboelectric positive film in the upper fixed layer is denoted as Q1, and the surface charge of the triboelectric negative film in the lower fixed layer is denoted as Q2. Since the metal electrode of the middle movable layer serves as both a triboelectric layer and an induction electrode, its charge is denoted as Q1-Q2. In stage (ii), as the middle movable layer gradually approaches the upper fixed layer, charge transfers between the upper and lower metal electrodes to balance the generated potential difference until it contacts the upper fixed layer, resulting in a charge transfer of -Q2. The output characteristic at this stage is a continuous small current output. In stage (iii), the middle movable layer contacts the upper fixed layer, and the mechanical switch contacts are open, releasing the charge Q1-Q2 within the metal electrodes of the middle movable layer. The output characteristic at this stage is a momentary large current pulse output. In stage (iv), as the middle movable layer gradually approaches the lower fixed layer, charge again transfers between the upper and lower metal electrodes. The maximum charge transfer in this stage is Q1, and the output characteristic at this stage is a continuous small current output. Returning to stage (i), the middle movable layer contacts the lower fixed layer again, triggering the mechanical switch to release the accumulated charge Q1-Q2 from the metal electrodes of the lower fixed layer into the metal electrodes of the middle movable layer, ensuring a new electrostatic balance. The output characteristic at this stage is a momentary large current pulse output.

[0053] Figure 4 The diagram illustrates the principle of the output signal from the optical communication transmitting module and the received signal from the optical communication detection module. For abnormal vibration excitation of power equipment, alternating contact and separation movements occur between the middle movable layer and the upper and lower fixed layers of the self-driven sensor. Simultaneously, the conduction of the mechanical switch contacts generates a transient high-current pulse output. This electrical signal powers the optical communication transmitting module and propagates as vibration sensing information in the form of light waves, ensuring the self-driven operation of the vibration sensor. Using a 5Hz vibration excitation as a simulated excitation source, the self-driven vibration sensor triggers the output signal of its optical communication transmitting module as shown below. Figure 4 As shown in the left figure, the optical communication detection module in the repeater receives signals as shown in the right figure. The current vibration frequency information can be obtained based on the number of pulses of the received signal.

[0054] This embodiment provides the fabrication methods for each module. First, the fabrication method of the self-driven vibration sensor is described:

[0055] The self-driven vibration sensor consists of three parts: a power generation / sensing module, an optical communication transmitting module, and wires.

[0056] For the power generation / sensing module, the substrates of its upper and lower fixing layers are made of acrylic. A 1mm thick acrylic sheet is cut into squares with sides of 9cm using a laser cutter. A 1mm thick square of double-sided adhesive sponge with sides of 6cm is attached to the center of the upper surface of the substrate to form a sponge buffer layer. A 100μm thick copper foil with sides of 6cm is cleaned with alcohol and deionized water, dried in an oven, and then attached to the upper surface of the sponge buffer layer; here, the copper foil is used as the metal electrode layer. Polyamide and polytetrafluoroethylene films with thicknesses of 100μm are used as polymer film layers for the upper and lower fixing layers, respectively. These are cleaned with alcohol and deionized water, dried in an oven, and etched before being attached to the upper surface of the copper foil in the upper and lower fixing layers. Simultaneously, a 1cm thick copper block is attached to the edge of the upper and lower fixing layer substrates, with its height consistent with the upper surface of the polymer film layer, serving as a mechanical switch contact point.

[0057] The surface etching process for the thin films involves using plasma etching to etch nanowires onto the surfaces of polyamide and polytetrafluoroethylene films, respectively. Specifically, this involves introducing A gas at flow rates of 15 sccm and 30 sccm into the plasma etching machine. r With CF4 gas, the output power of the high-density plasma generator was set to 400W and the output power of the plasma accelerator to 100W. The film was placed in an inductively coupled plasma etching machine, and the surface of the polyamide film was etched for 5 minutes and the surface of the polytetrafluoroethylene film was etched for 10 minutes to obtain the nanowire structure on the surface of the film.

[0058] The middle movable layer of the power generation / sensing module uses a 0.5mm thick copper sheet as the metal electrode layer, which is cut into 6cm² cores using a laser cutting machine. 2 A square is formed, and four squares with sides of 2cm are extended from the four corners of the square. Simultaneously, a 1cm wide mechanical switch contact is extended from one side, maintaining a total copper sheet side length of 9cm. A polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film of the same size is attached to the upper surface of the copper sheet. Finally, eight steel springs with a wire diameter of 0.3mm (length × width × height: 12mm × 12mm × 5mm) are fixed between the upper and lower fixed layers and the middle movable layer.

[0059] Copper wire with a diameter of 0.2mm is used as the connecting wire between the power generation / sensing module and the optical communication transmitting module. Taking an infrared LED as an example, one end of the positive wire is connected to the positive terminal of the infrared LED, and the other end is connected to the mechanical switch contact between the metal electrode layer of the lower fixing layer and the upper fixing layer; one end of the negative wire is connected to the negative terminal of the infrared LED, and the other end is connected to the mechanical switch contact between the metal electrode layer of the upper fixing layer and the lower fixing layer.

[0060] Accordingly, the design and fabrication of a signal repeater mainly includes an optical communication detection module, a signal processing module, and a signal transmission module. In this embodiment, the optical communication detection module uses a photodiode, the signal processing module can use an ESP series chip, and the signal transmission module uses a wireless communication module based on WiFi technology.

[0061] Accordingly, in the design of the vibration analysis display platform, the visualization system software uses the LabVIEW program development environment, and the display screen can be a desktop computer.

[0062] The above steps completed the construction of a self-driven vibration sensor and an integrated sensing and telemetry system. This sensor generates electricity through mechanical vibration to power optical communication, while simultaneously detecting changes in the output electrical signal to provide feedback on the vibration state. Integrating self-powered, self-sensing, and optical communication functions, it boasts four major advantages: lightweight design, micro-vibration triggering, high-speed communication, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. It can be used to measure abnormal vibrations in power equipment and its internal environment. Based on this, the sensor integrates a signal repeater and a vibration analysis and display platform to establish the integrated sensing and telemetry system. The sensor's sensing signal is transmitted to the repeater via optical communication and then further wirelessly to the backend platform, achieving wide-area visual online monitoring of vibration states and early warning of abnormal vibration conditions.

[0063] This invention relates to an integrated remote sensing and measurement system for mechanical vibration status, which can be used for online monitoring of abnormal vibration status and fault identification of key power transmission and distribution equipment in power systems, including but not limited to generators, oil-immersed transformers, gas-insulated switchgear, and overhead transmission lines. Relevant implementation examples are as follows:

[0064] For monitoring abnormal vibration conditions of generators, the system provided by this invention can be used to monitor abnormal vibrations in steam turbine generators, hydro turbine generators, and wind turbine generators. Specifically, for steam turbine generators, the vibration frequency at the end of the excitation winding inside the generator can be monitored primarily through a self-driven vibration sensor, and the signal is transmitted to a repeater installed on the casing via optical communication to avoid interference from the strong electromagnetic field environment inside. Furthermore, the vibration information is further transmitted wirelessly via the repeater, and the back-end platform determines the vibration fault state by monitoring the vibration frequency at the end of the stator winding in real time. Similarly, the self-driven vibration sensor can be installed on the stator core of the hydro turbine generator and the gearbox of the wind turbine generator, and the mechanical defect fault state can be determined by the vibration signal collected by the integrated sensing and telemetry system.

[0065] For monitoring abnormal vibration conditions in oil-immersed transformers, self-driven vibration sensors can be deployed inside the transformer, specifically at the windings and core. Repeaters are deployed on the transformer casing, serving as a communication medium between the transformer's internal and external systems, enabling in-situ monitoring of vibration information. Alternatively, self-driven vibration sensors can be directly deployed on the transformer tank surface to collect vibration signals. The system platform will then diagnose mechanical defects such as winding loosening and core loosening based on the monitored vibration information.

[0066] For monitoring abnormal vibration conditions in gas-insulated switchgear, self-driven vibration sensors can be deployed at key vibration monitoring points, while repeaters can be deployed in locations with low electromagnetic interference, away from the equipment, to ensure long-distance transmission of vibration information. Based on the vibration frequency distribution information fed back by the sensors, the system platform can be used to identify mechanical fault types such as loose busbar bases, loose disconnect switches, and poor contact of the perforated contact fingers.

[0067] For monitoring wind-induced vibration of overhead transmission lines, self-driven vibration sensors are installed on the transmission conductors at a certain distance from the clamp outlet, and repeaters are deployed at the towers where the clamps are located. An integrated vibration sensing and telemetry system is used to monitor conductor vibration online. Based on the monitored vibration frequency information, the backend system platform has the function of identifying vibration fault types such as light wind vibration, secondary span vibration, and galloping.

[0068] Considering the complex operating scenarios of self-driven vibration sensors, a housing is required to encapsulate them while retaining the transmission port of the optical communication module, while also meeting the requirements of insulation, dustproofing, and vibration damping. The housing structure design must ensure the smallest possible volume and a compact overall structure, providing sufficient rigidity to withstand harsh environments such as internal oil circuits and strong external winds. A high-permeability shielding material and a hemispherical shape are used for the housing to prevent external charged high points from forming poles in strong electromagnetic fields, which could cause corona discharge and damage the sensor. The protection design standard is IP68. Similarly, the signal repeater uses a housing encapsulation design of the same level.

[0069] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and all such modifications or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for fabricating a self-driven vibration sensor, the self-driven vibration sensor comprising a power generation / sensing module, an optical communication transmitting module, and a wire; the power generation / sensing module is used to sense mechanical vibrations generated by power equipment, and outputs pulse-shaped electrical signals under excited conditions to drive the optical communication transmitting module to propagate mechanical vibration state information in the form of optical wave signals; the wire is used to connect the power generation / sensing module and the optical communication transmitting module; The power generation / sensing module includes a sandwich-type TENG, mechanical switch contacts, and an auxiliary component; both the mechanical switch contacts and the auxiliary component are disposed within the sandwich-type TENG. The sandwich-type TENG includes an upper fixed layer, a middle movable layer, and a lower fixed layer. The upper and lower fixed layers have the same structure, each including a substrate, a sponge buffer layer, a metal electrode layer, and a polymer film layer stacked sequentially. The middle movable layer includes a metal electrode layer and a polymer film layer. The polymer film layer of the upper fixed layer is a triboelectric positive film layer. The polymer film layers of the lower fixed layer and the middle movable layer are both triboelectric negative film layers. The metal electrode layer of the middle movable layer and the polymer film layer of the lower fixed layer constitute a set of triboelectric materials, and the polymer film layer of the middle movable layer and the triboelectric positive film layer of the upper fixed layer constitute a set of triboelectric materials. The mechanical switch contacts are located on one side of the upper fixed layer, the lower fixed layer, and the middle movable layer, respectively; the assistive components are distributed between the upper fixed layer, the middle movable layer, and the lower fixed layer; The assisting component is a spring, distributed between the upper fixed layer and the middle movable layer, and between the lower fixed layer and the middle movable layer. Under the excitation of vibration, it drives the middle movable layer to contact and separate from the upper and lower fixed layers, and at the same time triggers the opening / closing of the mechanical switch contacts. Its features are: The preparation method includes the following steps: S1. Use a laser cutting machine to cut the acrylic sheet into squares as the substrate; S2. Attach a square sponge with double-sided adhesive to the center of the upper surface of the substrate to form a sponge buffer layer; S3. Clean the metal foil with alcohol and deionized water, and after drying, attach it to the upper surface of the sponge buffer layer to form a metal electrode layer. S4. The polymer film layer is cleaned with alcohol and deionized water, dried in an oven, and its surface is etched before being attached to the upper surface of the metal electrode layer. Thus, the upper and lower fixing layers of the self-driven vibration sensor power generation / sensing module are fabricated. S5. Use a laser cutting machine to cut the metal sheet into squares, and extend a smaller square at each of the four corners of the square metal sheet. At the same time, extend a mechanical switch contact on one side of the square metal sheet to form a metal electrode layer. S6. Attach the polymer thin film layer to the upper surface of the metal electrode layer to obtain the middle movable layer of the power generation / sensing module; S7. Attach the metal blocks to the edges of the upper and lower fixing layer substrates respectively, with the height consistent with the upper surface of the polymer film layer, to form mechanical switch contacts. S8. Fix the auxiliary component between the upper fixed layer, the lower fixed layer and the middle movable layer; this completes the fabrication of the power generation / sensing module. S9. Connect the metal electrode layer of the lower fixing layer, the mechanical switch contact of the upper fixing layer, and the positive terminal of the optical communication transmitting module through wires. Also connect the metal electrode layer of the upper fixing layer, the mechanical switch contact of the lower fixing layer, and the negative terminal of the optical communication transmitting module through wires.

2. The preparation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mechanical switch contacts of the upper fixed layer, the lower fixed layer, and the middle movable layer coincide in the vertical plane.

3. An integrated system for sensing and telemetry of mechanical vibration status in key power transmission and distribution equipment, characterized in that: The system includes the self-driven vibration sensor as described in claim 1, a signal repeater, and a vibration analysis and display platform. The self-driven vibration sensor is used to monitor the mechanical vibration state of power transmission and distribution equipment in the power system in real time and to transmit information outward in the form of optical wave signals. The signal repeater is used to identify the optical wave signals and transmit them to the vibration analysis and display platform as digital signals. The vibration analysis and display platform analyzes the received vibration state information, displays the mechanical vibration frequency of the power transmission and distribution equipment, and evaluates the current vibration state.

4. The integrated sensing and telemetry system according to claim 3, characterized in that: The signal repeater includes an optical communication detection module, a signal processing module, and a signal transmission module. The optical communication detection module receives optical signals and transmits them to the signal processing module as analog signals. The signal processing module filters and converts the signals from analog to digital, and then transmits the vibration state information to the signal transmission module in the form of digital signals. The signal transmission module transmits the vibration state information to the vibration analysis and display platform via wireless communication.

5. The integrated sensing and telemetry system according to claim 3, characterized in that: The vibration analysis and display platform includes a wireless communication receiver and a display screen; the wireless communication receiver sends the collected vibration status information to the visualization system software for analysis and displays it on the display screen through a visualization interface.

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