Millimeter wave metamaterial microstrip antenna based on topology optimization and collaborative optimization design method

Abstract

The application provides a kind of millimeter wave metamaterial microstrip antenna based on topology optimization and collaborative optimization design method, including antenna dielectric substrate and antenna cladding substrate connected by support, the upper surface of antenna dielectric substrate is provided with radiation patch and coaxial cable, and the lower surface is provided with metal ground plate, the upper surface of antenna cladding substrate is etched with multiple metamaterial array elements, metamaterial unit and continuous line, and the upper surface of metamaterial unit is etched on the upper surface of metamaterial array element;Collaborative optimization design method includes theoretical design of millimeter wave metamaterial microstrip antenna structure, then based on the microstrip antenna, the array element-metamaterial unit of microstrip antenna is collaboratively optimized and designed using genetic algorithm, and finally a kind of millimeter wave metamaterial microstrip antenna based on array element-metamaterial unit collaborative optimization design is obtained.The collaborative optimization design method of the application has the advantages of high optimization efficiency, simple overall structure of the designed metamaterial microstrip antenna, strong preparation ability, high gain and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of communication antenna technology, specifically to a millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna based on topology optimization and a collaborative optimization design method. Background Technology

[0002] Compared to shape and size optimization, topology optimization methods for metamaterial microstrip antennas can significantly improve key antenna performance. However, current topology optimization methods for metamaterial microstrip antennas still have some shortcomings. For example, to improve the key performance of microstrip antennas, existing researchers usually do not consider the impact of the arrangement of metamaterial elements or primitives on antenna performance. Instead, they directly and uniformly arrange metamaterial structures on a dielectric substrate and then perform topology optimization on the configuration of the metamaterial primitives. This topology optimization method can achieve good optimization results when optimizing metamaterial microstrip antennas with small dielectric substrate areas, but it becomes inadequate when optimizing the topology of microstrip antennas with large dielectric substrate areas. This non-element-primitive metamaterial antenna design method reduces the efficiency of topology optimization, and the excessive arrangement of metamaterial structures on a large dielectric substrate inevitably causes severe electromagnetic coupling effects between metamaterial elements and primitives, thereby reducing the performance of the microstrip antenna.

[0003] Furthermore, non-element-based metamaterial antenna topology design methods are typically limited to the configuration design of individual metamaterial element microstructures. This involves first optimizing the topology of the metamaterial element microstructures, then arranging them in a repetitive periodic pattern to form one or more metamaterial elements. However, existing research indicates a strong electromagnetic coupling effect between metamaterial elements. Simply arranging the metamaterial element microstructures in a repetitive periodic pattern further enhances this coupling effect, significantly impacting the key performance characteristics of metamaterial microstrip antennas. Therefore, coordinating the electromagnetic coupling effect between metamaterial elements and basic components becomes a crucial problem in metamaterial antenna design. The greatest challenge in metamaterial antenna design lies in resolving the varying degrees of electromagnetic coupling between metamaterial elements and basic components, ultimately achieving high-performance metamaterial microstrip antenna design. Thus, the arrangement of metamaterial elements, the layout scheme of metamaterial basic components, and the configuration of metamaterial microstructures collectively dominate the morphological characteristics and fundamental performance of metamaterial microstrip antennas.

[0004] Existing researchers have studied the topology optimization method of metamaterial microstrip antennas and obtained relevant patent authorizations and paper results. However, the current topology optimization design method of metamaterial microstrip antennas is usually limited to the configuration design of individual metamaterial microstructures. The metamaterial part of the microstrip antenna is a repetitive periodic arrangement of individual metamaterial elements. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, the present invention aims to propose a millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna with three different levels of design variables and a collaborative optimization design method. This method has advantages such as high optimization efficiency, simple overall structure of the designed metamaterial microstrip antenna, strong fabrication capability, and high gain.

[0006] To solve the above-mentioned technical problems, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solution:

[0007] On one hand, the present invention provides a millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna based on topology optimization, including an antenna dielectric substrate and an antenna cladding substrate connected by pillars. The antenna dielectric substrate has a radiating patch and a coaxial cable on its upper surface and a metal ground plane on its lower surface. The antenna cladding substrate has a plurality of metamaterial array elements, metamaterial primitives and connecting lines etched on its upper surface. The metamaterial primitives are etched on the upper surface of the metamaterial array elements.

[0008] The antenna cladding substrate is divided into multiple design regions, each design region corresponding to a design element x. i x i =1 indicates that a metamaterial element is set in the design region, x i =0 indicates that no metamaterial element is set in the design region, and the set X of all design elements xi constitutes the topology optimization variable of the metamaterial element;

[0009] The design region 1 containing the metamaterial array element is divided into multiple design regions 2, each design region 2 corresponding to a design element y. i y i =1 indicates that a metamaterial element is set in the second design region, y i =0 indicates that no metamaterial primitives are set in the design region 2, and the set Y of all design elements yi constitutes the topology optimization variable of the metamaterial primitive;

[0010] Each design region 2 containing the metamaterial primitive has three connecting lines, each connecting line corresponding to a design element z. i , z i =1 indicates that the disconnected line is set to a connected state, z i = 0 indicates that the connection is set to the disconnected state, and the set Z of all design elements zi constitutes the topology optimization variable of the connection.

[0011] The topology optimization variables of the metamaterial array elements, metamaterial primitives, and connecting / disconnecting lines are calculated based on a topology optimization model using a genetic algorithm. The topology optimization model is as follows:

[0012]

[0013] In the formula, Gain is the optimization objective for achieving the best gain performance of the metamaterial microstrip antenna, f is the operating frequency of the metamaterial microstrip antenna, Ae is the effective area of ​​the antenna, fa is the carrier frequency of the antenna, and C is the speed of light in vacuum.

[0014] Preferably, the metamaterial array elements are arranged in a cross shape.

[0015] Preferably, the metamaterial array elements, metamaterial primitives, and connecting wires are all made of copper-clad material.

[0016] Preferably, the side length of the metamaterial array element is 10mm, the spacing between the metamaterial array elements is 1mm, and the horizontal spacing of the disconnected portions of the connecting line is 1.2mm.

[0017] Preferably, the length, width, and thickness dimensions of each of the connecting lines are 2.82mm × 0.62mm × 0.015mm.

[0018] Preferably, the distance between the antenna dielectric substrate and the antenna cladding substrate is 6.25 mm.

[0019] Preferably, the diameter of the support column is 1 mm, and the height of the support column is half the wavelength of 24 GHz millimeter wave.

[0020] Preferably, the support column is made of nylon.

[0021] On the other hand, the present invention provides a collaborative optimization design method for millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antennas based on topology optimization, the collaborative optimization design method comprising:

[0022] 1) Design of millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna structure: The antenna dielectric substrate and the antenna cladding substrate are connected by a pillar. The upper surface of the antenna dielectric substrate is provided with a radiating patch and a coaxial cable, and the lower surface is provided with a metal ground plane. Multiple metamaterial array elements, metamaterial primitives and connecting lines are etched on the upper surface of the antenna cladding substrate. The metamaterial primitives are etched on the upper surface of the metamaterial array elements.

[0023] 2) Design variables of metamaterial array elements: The antenna cladding substrate is divided into multiple design regions, each design region corresponding to a design element x. i x i =1 indicates that a metamaterial element is set in the design region, x i =0 indicates that no metamaterial element is set in the design region. The set X of all design elements xi constitutes the topology optimization variable of the metamaterial element. The topology optimization variable of the metamaterial element is calculated based on the topology optimization model of the genetic algorithm.

[0024] 3) Design variables of metamaterial primitives: The design region 1 containing the metamaterial primitives is divided into multiple design regions 2, and each design region 2 corresponds to a design element y. i y i =1 indicates that a metamaterial element is set in the second design region, y i =0 indicates that no metamaterial primitives are set in the design region 2. The set Y of all design elements yi constitutes the topology optimization variable of the metamaterial primitive. The topology optimization variable of the metamaterial primitive is calculated based on the topology optimization model of the genetic algorithm.

[0025] 4) Design variables for connection / disconnection lines: Three connection / disconnection lines are set within each design region 2 containing the metamaterial primitive, and each connection / disconnection line corresponds to a design element z. i , z i =1 indicates that the disconnected line is set to a connected state, z i = 0 indicates that the connection is set to the disconnected state. The set Z of all design elements zi constitutes the topology optimization variable of the connection. The topology optimization variable of the connection is calculated based on the topology optimization model of the genetic algorithm.

[0026] 5) Solving the collaborative optimization problem of millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antennas: First, the initial population is generated using the MATLAB genetic algorithm toolbox. Then, the electromagnetic simulation software is called using MATLAB to complete the modeling and simulation calculation of individual antennas in the population. The maximum gain of the antenna is obtained as the fitness. Then, the termination criterion is judged. If the termination criterion is not met, the next generation of population is generated and the iteration is repeated. If the termination criterion is met, the solution ends and the optimal individual is finally obtained.

[0027] 6) Determine the structure of the metamaterial array elements, metamaterial primitives, and connecting lines based on the solution results.

[0028] Preferably, the topology optimization variables of the metamaterial array elements, metamaterial primitives, and connecting / disconnecting lines are calculated based on a topology optimization model using a genetic algorithm. The topology optimization model is as follows:

[0029]

[0030] In the formula, Gain is the optimization objective for achieving the best gain performance of the metamaterial microstrip antenna, f is the operating frequency of the metamaterial microstrip antenna, Ae is the effective area of ​​the antenna, fa is the carrier frequency of the antenna, and C is the speed of light in vacuum.

[0031] The metamaterial microstrip antenna array element-base element collaborative optimization design method of the present invention uses three different levels of variables as design variables: the arrangement of metamaterial array elements, the layout scheme of metamaterial base elements, and the configuration of metamaterial microstructure; it fully considers the factors that may affect the performance of metamaterial microstrip antenna, and achieves the system design of metamaterial microstrip antenna.

[0032] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:

[0033] Existing metamaterial antenna topology optimization methods typically involve uniformly arranging metamaterials on the antenna's dielectric substrate, neglecting the impact of element-to-element coupling on antenna gain performance. However, current research indicates that metamaterial coupling significantly influences antenna gain performance. Furthermore, excessive metamaterial placement consumes considerable time for topology optimization. In contrast, this invention employs an element-to-element co-optimization method to determine a reasonable design region for elements and primitives. This method simultaneously achieves strong coupling between metamaterial primitives and weak coupling between metamaterial elements, and arranges optimal connection / disconnection line configurations within this region. This weakens element-to-element coupling while significantly improving antenna optimization efficiency, ultimately achieving superior performance for the metamaterial microstrip antenna. The implementation of this technical solution requires no complex structure, and the introduction of the metamaterial coating further enhances the antenna's space utilization, enabling miniaturization and integration. Attached Figure Description

[0034] Figure 1 A schematic diagram illustrating the method for setting design variables for collaborative optimization of Fabry-Perot metamaterial microstrip antennas; where... Figure 1 a is a schematic diagram showing the division of the metamaterial array elements and the design region of the metamaterial primitive elements; Figure 1 b is a flowchart for setting variables for any metamaterial array element-primary element.

[0035] Figure 2 Axial test diagram of the optimal configuration of the Fabry-Perot metamaterial microstrip antenna.

[0036] Figure 3 Top view of the optimal configuration of the Fabry-Perot metamaterial microstrip antenna.

[0037] Figure 4 Comparison of E-plane test and simulation radiation patterns for Fabry-Perot metamaterial microstrip antennas.

[0038] Figure 5 Comparison of test and simulation radiation patterns for the H-plane of the Fabry-Perot metamaterial microstrip antenna.

[0039] Reference numerals: 1-Metal ground plane; 2-Antenna dielectric substrate; 3-Radiating patch; 4-Coaxial cable; 5-Antenna cladding substrate; 6-Support; 7-Metamaterial element; 8-Metamaterial element; 9-Connection status; 10-Disconnection status. Detailed Implementation

[0040] To enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solutions of the present invention, preferred embodiments of the present invention are described below in conjunction with specific examples. However, it should be understood that the accompanying drawings are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the present patent. For better illustration of this embodiment, some components in the drawings may be omitted, enlarged, or reduced, and do not represent the actual dimensions of the product. It is understandable that some well-known structures and their descriptions may be omitted in the drawings for those skilled in the art. The positional relationships described in the drawings are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the present patent.

[0041] like Figure 2 and 3 As shown, the present invention provides a millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna based on topology optimization, including an antenna dielectric substrate 2, an antenna cladding substrate 5, a pillar 6, a metal ground plane 1, a radiating patch 3, a coaxial cable 4, a metamaterial array element 7, a metamaterial element 8, and connecting wires.

[0042] Among them, a support column 6 connects the antenna dielectric substrate 2 and the antenna cladding substrate 5. The distance between the antenna dielectric substrate 2 and the antenna cladding substrate 5 is 6.25mm. The length, width and thickness of the antenna dielectric substrate 2 and the antenna cladding substrate 5 are both 36mm×36mm×1mm. The support column 6 is made of nylon, has a diameter of 1mm, and a height of 24GHz millimeter wave half wavelength.

[0043] A radiating patch 3 is positioned at the center of the upper surface of the antenna dielectric substrate 2 for transmitting or receiving electromagnetic wave energy; a coaxial cable 4 is mounted on the radiating patch 3. A copper-clad metal ground plane 1 is provided on the lower surface of the antenna dielectric substrate 2. Multiple metamaterial elements 7, metamaterial primitives 8, and connecting lines are etched onto the upper surface of the antenna cladding substrate 5. The metamaterial primitives 8 are etched onto the upper surface of the metamaterial elements 7. The metamaterial elements 7 are uniformly arranged on the upper surface of the antenna cladding substrate 5 after co-optimization. Each metamaterial element 7 consists of nine metamaterial primitives, and each metamaterial primitive 8 consists of three disconnected or connected connecting lines. A complete metamaterial element 7 consists of 27 disconnected or connected connecting lines.

[0044] The metamaterial array elements 7 are arranged in a cross shape. The metamaterial array elements 7, metamaterial primitives 8, and connecting lines are all made of copper-clad material. The side length of the metamaterial array element 7 is 10mm, the spacing between the metamaterial array elements 7 is 1mm, and the horizontal spacing of the broken parts of the connecting lines is 1.2mm. The length, width, and thickness dimensions of each connecting line are 2.82mm × 0.62mm × 0.015mm.

[0045] like Figure 1 As shown, this invention also provides a collaborative optimization design method for millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antennas based on topology optimization. This method mainly includes theoretically designing the structure of the millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna; then, based on this microstrip antenna, using a genetic algorithm to perform collaborative optimization design of the array elements and primitives of the microstrip antenna; finally, a millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna based on array element-primitive collaborative optimization design is obtained. This invention has three different levels of design variables: the presence or absence of array elements, the presence or absence of primitives, and the disconnection or reconnection of elements, all represented using a 0-1 binary method.

[0046] The collaborative optimization design method includes the following steps:

[0047] 1) Design of millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna structure: The antenna dielectric substrate 2 and the antenna cladding substrate 5 are connected by a pillar 6. The upper surface of the antenna dielectric substrate 2 is provided with a radiating patch 3 and a coaxial cable 4, and the lower surface is provided with a metal ground plane 1. Multiple metamaterial array elements 7, metamaterial primitives 8 and connecting lines are etched on the upper surface of the antenna cladding substrate 5. The metamaterial primitives 8 are etched on the upper surface of the metamaterial array elements 7.

[0048] 2) Design variables of metamaterial array element 7: The antenna cladding substrate 5 is divided into multiple design regions 1. Each design region 1 corresponds to a design element xi. When xi = 1, it means that the metamaterial array element 7 is set in the design region 1. When xi = 0, it means that the metamaterial array element 7 is not set in the design region 1. The set X of all design elements xi constitutes the topology optimization variables of metamaterial array element 7. The topology optimization variables of metamaterial array element 7 are calculated based on the topology optimization model of genetic algorithm.

[0049] 3) Design variables of metamaterial primitive 8: Design region 1 with metamaterial matrix 7 is divided into multiple design regions 2. Each design region 2 corresponds to a design element yi. When yi = 1, it means that the design region 2 has metamaterial primitive 8. When yi = 0, it means that the design region 2 does not have metamaterial primitive 8. The set Y of all design elements yi constitutes the topology optimization variables of metamaterial primitive 8. The topology optimization variables of metamaterial primitive 8 are calculated based on the topology optimization model of genetic algorithm.

[0050] 4) Design variables for connection and disconnection lines: Three connection and disconnection lines are set in each design region 2 with metamaterial primitive 8. Each connection and disconnection line corresponds to a design element zi. When zi=1, it means that the connection and disconnection line is set to the connected state. When zi=0, it means that the connection and disconnection line is set to the disconnected state. The set Z of all design elements zi constitutes the topology optimization variables of the connection and disconnection lines. The topology optimization variables of the connection and disconnection lines are calculated based on the topology optimization model of the genetic algorithm.

[0051] The above design method connects the three design variables of metamaterial array element 7, metamaterial primitive 8, and connecting / disconnecting lines, and performs co-optimization design of array element-primary element based on this method. Since metamaterial array element 7 and metamaterial primitive 8 maintain overall left-right symmetry, there are a total of 150 design variables for the metamaterial microstrip antenna array element-primary element co-optimization design considering different array elements and primitives.

[0052] Among them, the topology optimization variables of metamaterial element 7, metamaterial primitive 8, and connecting / disconnecting lines were calculated based on the topology optimization model of the genetic algorithm. The topology optimization model is as follows:

[0053]

[0054] In the formula, Gain is the optimization objective for achieving the best gain performance of the metamaterial microstrip antenna, f is the operating frequency of the metamaterial microstrip antenna, Ae is the effective area of ​​the antenna, fa is the carrier frequency of the antenna, and C is the speed of light in vacuum.

[0055] 5) Solving the collaborative optimization problem of millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antennas: First, the initial population is generated using the MATLAB genetic algorithm toolbox. Then, the electromagnetic simulation software is called using MATLAB to complete the modeling and simulation calculation of individual antennas in the population. The maximum gain of the antenna is obtained as the fitness. Then, the termination criterion is judged. If the termination criterion is not met, the next generation of population is generated and the iteration is repeated. If the termination criterion is met, the solution ends and the optimal individual is finally obtained.

[0056] 6) Determine the structure of the metamaterial array elements, metamaterial primitives, and connecting lines based on the solution results.

[0057] Figure 4 and Figure 5 The comparative conclusions are as follows: The experimental results show that the maximum measured gain of the selected metamaterial antenna is 17.09 dB, and the gain error between the measured and simulated values ​​is only 0.26 dB, representing an error percentage of 1.54%. Furthermore, the measured E-plane and H-plane beamwidths are 21.25° and 22.06°, respectively. The E-plane beamwidth is 0.87° larger than the simulated beamwidth, and the H-plane beamwidth is 1° larger than the simulated beamwidth. Figure 4It can be seen that the two-dimensional radiation E-plane pattern of the Fabry-Perot metamaterial resonant cavity antenna, except for a certain deviation in the 30°-90° angle range, shows a high degree of agreement between the measured and simulated results in other regions, especially in the main radiation direction of the antenna (i.e., the angle is within the half-power beamwidth), where the measured and simulated results are highly consistent. Figure 5 It can be seen that the two-dimensional radiation H-plane pattern of the Fabry-Perot metamaterial resonant cavity antenna shows good agreement with the measured results in most regions, except for a slight deviation in the 60°-120° angle range. The errors are attributed to factors such as oxidation on the antenna's back surface and the effects of coaxial cable welding. The comparison between measured and simulated results fully verifies the feasibility of the array element-primary element co-optimization design and the antenna's high gain performance.

[0058] Table 1 provides a comprehensive comparison of two different Fabry-Perot metamaterial antenna optimization methods. The comparison reveals that the maximum gain of the Fabry-Perot metamaterial microstrip antenna obtained through the non-element-primitive co-optimization design is only 14.83 dB. Furthermore, because each metamaterial element and primitive is constant in this design method, meshing of all metamaterial elements and primitives is required for each individual element, resulting in low efficiency in topology optimization. In contrast, the element-primitive co-optimization design method, by arranging optimal connection and disconnection configurations within a reasonable element and primitive design area, significantly reduces optimization time and also significantly improves the maximum gain of the optimized antenna. Although the element-primitive co-optimization method involves 150 design variables, the more reasonable arrangement of the metamaterial structure within a larger area still significantly reduces the topology optimization time to 7 days compared to the Fabry-Perot metamaterial microstrip antenna design method with a fully packed metamaterial element array, while increasing the maximum gain of the antenna by 2 dB.

[0059] Table 1 Comparison of two different metamaterial antenna topology optimization methods

[0060]

[0061] Based on the description and accompanying drawings of this invention, those skilled in the art can readily manufacture or use the topology-optimized millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna of this invention, and can achieve the positive effects described in this invention.

[0062] Unless otherwise specified, in this invention, terms such as "length," "width," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," "counterclockwise," "axial," "radial," and "circumferential" indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, the terms used to describe orientation or positional relationships in this invention are for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting this patent. For those skilled in the art, the specific meaning of the above terms can be understood in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and according to the specific circumstances.

[0063] Unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "set up," "connected," and "linked" in this invention should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0064] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way. Any simple modifications or equivalent changes made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A millimeter wave metamaterial microstrip antenna based on topology optimization, comprising an antenna dielectric substrate (2) and an antenna cladding substrate (5) connected by a support (6), the upper surface of the antenna dielectric substrate (2) is provided with a radiation patch (3) and a coaxial cable (4), and the lower surface is provided with a metal ground plate (1), characterized in that: Multiple metamaterial array elements (7), metamaterial primitives (8) and connecting lines are etched on the upper surface of the antenna cladding substrate (5), and the metamaterial primitives (8) are etched on the upper surface of the metamaterial array elements (7); The metamaterial array elements (7) are arranged in a cross shape after collaborative optimization design; the side length of the metamaterial array elements (7) is 10mm, the spacing between the metamaterial array elements (7) is 1mm, and the horizontal spacing of the disconnected parts of the connecting lines is 1.2mm; the length, width and thickness of each connecting line are 2.82mm×0.62mm×0.015mm; the distance between the antenna dielectric substrate (2) and the antenna cladding substrate (5) is 6.25mm; the diameter of the pillar (6) is 1mm, and the height of the pillar (6) is half the wavelength of 24GHz millimeter wave; The antenna cladding substrate (5) is divided into multiple design regions, each design region corresponds to a design element xi. When xi=1, it means that the design region is equipped with a metamaterial array element (7), and when xi=0, it means that the design region is not equipped with a metamaterial array element (7). The set X of all design elements xi constitutes the topology optimization variable of the metamaterial array element (7). Design region 1, which is set with the metamaterial matrix (7), is divided into multiple design regions 2. Each design region 2 corresponds to a design element yi. When yi=1, it means that the design region 2 is set with the metamaterial matrix (8). When yi=0, it means that the design region 2 is not set with the metamaterial matrix (8). The set Y of all design elements yi constitutes the topology optimization variable of the metamaterial matrix (8). Three connection lines are set in each design region 2 where the metamaterial primitive (8) is set. Each connection line corresponds to a design element zi. When zi=1, it means that the connection line is set to the connected state. When zi=0, it means that the connection line is set to the disconnected state. The set Z of all design elements zi constitutes the topology optimization variable of the connection line. The topology optimization variables of the metamaterial array element (7), metamaterial primitive element (8), and connecting / disconnecting lines are calculated based on the topology optimization model of the genetic algorithm. The topology optimization model is as follows: In the formula, Gain is an optimization target for the best gain performance of the metamaterial microstrip antenna, f is the working frequency of the metamaterial microstrip antenna, Ae is the effective area of the antenna, fa is the carrier frequency of the antenna, C is the speed of light in vacuum.

2. The topology-optimization-based millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna according to claim 1, wherein: The metamaterial array element (7), metamaterial basic element (8), and connecting wire are all made of copper-clad material.

3. The topology-optimized millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna according to claim 1, wherein: The material of the support column (6) is nylon.

4. A collaborative optimization design method for millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antennas based on topology optimization as described in any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The collaborative optimization design method includes: 1) Design of millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antenna structure: The antenna dielectric substrate (2) and the antenna cladding substrate (5) are connected by a support (6). The antenna dielectric substrate (2) is provided with a radiating patch (3) and a coaxial cable (4) on its upper surface and a metal ground plane (1) on its lower surface. Multiple metamaterial array elements (7), metamaterial primitives (8) and connecting lines are etched on the upper surface of the antenna cladding substrate (5). The metamaterial primitives (8) are etched on the upper surface of the metamaterial array elements (7). 2) Design variables of metamaterial array element (7): The antenna cladding substrate (5) is divided into multiple design regions. Each design region corresponds to a design element xi. When xi=1, it means that the design region is equipped with a metamaterial array element (7). When xi=0, it means that the design region is not equipped with a metamaterial array element (7). The set X of all design elements xi constitutes the topology optimization variables of the metamaterial array element (7). The topology optimization variables of the metamaterial array element (7) are calculated based on the topology optimization model of the genetic algorithm. 3) Design variables of metamaterial primitive (8): The design region 1 with the metamaterial primitive (7) is divided into multiple design regions 2. Each design region 2 corresponds to a design element yi. When yi=1, it means that the design region 2 has a metamaterial primitive (8). When yi=0, it means that the design region 2 does not have a metamaterial primitive (8). The set Y of all design elements yi constitutes the topology optimization variable of the metamaterial primitive (8). The topology optimization variable of the metamaterial primitive (8) is calculated based on the topology optimization model of the genetic algorithm. 4) Design variables for connection and disconnection lines: Three connection and disconnection lines are set in each design region 2 of the metamaterial element (8). Each connection and disconnection line corresponds to a design element zi. When zi=1, it means that the connection and disconnection line is set to the connected state. When zi=0, it means that the connection and disconnection line is set to the disconnected state. The set Z of all design elements zi constitutes the topology optimization variables of the connection and disconnection lines. The topology optimization variables of the connection and disconnection lines are calculated based on the topology optimization model of the genetic algorithm. 5) Solving the collaborative optimization problem of millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antennas: First, the initial population is generated using the MATLAB genetic algorithm toolbox. Then, the electromagnetic simulation software is called using MATLAB to complete the modeling and simulation calculation of individual antennas in the population. The maximum gain of the antenna is obtained as the fitness. Then, the termination criterion is judged. If the termination criterion is not met, the next generation of population is generated and the iteration is repeated. If the termination criterion is met, the solution ends and the optimal individual is finally obtained. 6) Determine the structure of the metamaterial array element (7), the metamaterial basic element (8), and the connecting lines based on the solution results.

5. The collaborative optimization design method for millimeter-wave metamaterial microstrip antennas based on topology optimization according to claim 4, characterized in that: The topology optimization variables of the metamaterial array element (7), metamaterial primitive element (8), and connecting / disconnecting lines are calculated based on the topology optimization model of the genetic algorithm. The topology optimization model is as follows: In the formula, Gain represents the optimization objective for achieving the optimal gain performance of the metamaterial microstrip antenna. f This refers to the operating frequency of the metamaterial microstrip antenna. Ae The effective area of ​​the antenna. fa The carrier frequency of the antenna. C It is the speed of light in a vacuum.

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