Habitat configuration method of soil and water conservation riparian zone in northern river basin

Abstract

The present application belongs to the field of water and soil conservation ecological technology and river regulation engineering, and particularly relates to a kind of northern watershed water and soil conservation riparian zone habitat configuration method, and the construction area of riparian zone habitat is constructed along the slope from the river bank slope to the underwater region of water-land interlaced area, and a strengthened carbon storage embankment shelterbelt area, a wetland carbon sequestration buffer zone and an enhanced carbon deposition and burial shallow water / deep pool area are constructed; the strengthened carbon storage embankment shelterbelt area comprises a carbon sequestration functional soil and water conservation forest network, a "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch and a carbon reduction retention ditch arranged in a "coordinate system"; the wetland carbon sequestration buffer zone comprises a carbon sand deposition pool, a biodiversity wetland and an intermittent wetland ecological water requirement shallow dike; the carbon deposition and burial shallow water / deep pool area comprises an underwater shallow water / deep pool system constructed by a fishbone type wood dike and a methane configuration aquatic plant planting cabin for preventing river erosion. The present application can promote the potential of carbon sink growth and promote the riparian ecosystem of water and soil conservation.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application belongs to the field of water and soil conservation ecology and river regulation engineering, and particularly relates to a water and soil conservation riparian zone habitat configuration method beneficial to northern river basin. BACKGROUND

[0002] Water and soil loss is one of the major ecological and environmental problems currently faced by China. During the process of water and soil loss, a large amount of soil organic carbon is horizontally and spatially transferred with soil erosion. This part of organic carbon is more susceptible to mineralization under the influence of variable environment, resulting in carbon loss.

[0003] The riparian zone is a transitional zone between water and land. Riparian engineering measures and ecological restoration are effective barriers to prevent water and sand on the slope from entering the river, and play an important role in water and soil conservation in the riparian zone. The water-land interface environment and vegetation productivity of the riparian zone also provide an important way for carbon accumulation in the ecological system. The biological-physical habitat constructed by riparian zone ecological restoration engineering can effectively reduce runoff erosion, increase soil infiltration, and reduce water and soil loss. At the same time, the construction of biological-physical habitat not only brings about vegetation "green carbon", but also promotes microbial carbon fixation and carbon burial. Therefore, riparian zone habitat construction is an important means for the riparian zone ecosystem to play the functions of water and soil conservation and carbon sink.

[0004] Better utilization of riparian zone water and soil conservation ecological construction, improvement of riparian zone carbon sink capacity, and realization of double promotion of water and soil conservation and carbon sequestration capacity in the riparian zone have become a hot spot of industry concern and a technical difficulty facing the industry. The current water and soil conservation measures fail to combine water and sand control with the upgrading and efficiency improvement of carbon sink function, and cannot meet the needs of water and soil conservation and carbon sequestration and sink enhancement. Therefore, developing a water and soil conservation type riparian zone habitat configuration method that is beneficial to water and soil conservation, strengthening the carbon sink function of the riparian zone ecosystem, and realizing the synergistic effect of water and soil conservation and carbon sequestration and sink enhancement are of great significance for preventing and controlling water and soil loss and mitigating global climate change. SUMMARY

[0005] The purpose of the present application is to provide a riparian zone habitat configuration method that can effectively reduce water and soil loss in the riparian zone ecosystem, while strengthening the carbon sink function of the system, making the ecosystem structure stable and beneficial to water and soil conservation type riparian zone habitat configuration. This method fully utilizes the water and soil conservation function of the riparian zone, while promoting the potential for carbon sink growth, providing green power for carbon emission reduction.

[0006] To solve the above technical problems, the present application is implemented as follows:

[0007] A northern river basin water and soil conservation riparian zone habitat configuration method, in which a strengthened carbon sequestration embankment shelterbelt area, a wetland carbon sequestration and sink buffer area, and an enhanced carbon deposition and burial shallow / deep pool area are constructed in sequence from the riparian slope to the water-land interlaced area and then to the underwater area along the slope in the riparian zone habitat construction area.

[0008] The enhanced carbon sequestration embankment protection forest area includes: carbon sequestration functional soil and water conservation forest network, "Z"-shaped energy reduction terrace slope overflow ditch and carbon reduction retention ditch with "coordinate system" layout;

[0009] The wetland carbon sequestration and enrichment buffer zone includes: carbon sand deposition ponds, biodiversity wetlands, and intermittent wetland ecological water-requiring shallow dikes;

[0010] The carbon deposition burial shallow / deep pool area includes: an underwater shallow / deep pool system constructed of multiple herringbone-shaped wooden dikes and "methane-configured" aquatic plant planting compartments to prevent river erosion.

[0011] Furthermore, the carbon sequestration functional soil and water conservation forest network adopts a grid planting method, selecting deep-rooted local coniferous trees and local broad-leaved trees for mixed planting; small trees and shrubs are randomly planted among the deep-rooted local coniferous trees and local broad-leaved trees; the ratio of small trees to shrubs is controlled at 1:2 to 2.5; herbaceous plants are used for natural restoration; the selection of tree species is no less than 5 to 10 species, the density is 1000 trees / mu, and the canopy closure is 0.65.

[0012] Furthermore, the native coniferous trees include: larch, slash pine, bald cypress, or dawn redwood; the native broad-leaved trees include: Amur cork tree, Manchurian ash, white elm, Mongolian oak, Liaodong oak, birch, alder, walnut, maple, weeping willow, or drought-resistant willow; the small trees include: tamarisk, willow, silk cottonwood, tea-leaved maple, five-lobed maple, yew, spring elm, large-fruited elm, or buckthorn; the shrubs include: lilac, pearl bush, chicken tree branch, honeysuckle, plum, purple locust, lespedeza, euonymus, red osier dogwood, or small-leaved privet.

[0013] Furthermore, the ratio of coniferous and broadleaf soil mixed planting is determined based on the percentage content of aggregates in the soil;

[0014] When the proportion of large and micro aggregates is >95%, the mixing ratio of local coniferous trees to local broad-leaved trees is 6:4.

[0015] When the proportion of large and micro aggregates is less than 95%, the ratio of local coniferous trees to local broad-leaved trees should be 5:5.

[0016] When 80% < large aggregates and micro aggregates < 90%, the ratio of local broad-leaved trees in mixed planting is 4:6;

[0017] When 70% < large aggregates and micro aggregates < 80%, the mixing ratio of local coniferous trees to local broad-leaved trees is 3:7;

[0018] When 60% < large aggregates and micro aggregates < 75%, the mixing ratio of local coniferous trees to local broad-leaved trees is 2:8;

[0019] When the large and micro-agglomerates are less than 60%, the local coniferous trees are mixed with local broad-leaved trees at a ratio of 1:9.

[0020] Further, a "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch is arranged per 100m along the river and perpendicular to the river in the carbon sequestration type soil and water conservation forest network; 3-5 kinds of drought and wet tolerant herbaceous plants are planted in each step of the "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch.

[0021] Further, each step of the "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch is composed of a water retaining groove with a length of 60cm, a width of 40cm and a height of 25cm; the water retaining groove is made of cement and coated with an anti-leakage layer; the water retaining groove is buried in the slope and has the same height as the slope; 15cm deep planting soil is filled in the water retaining groove and a layer of gravel is covered on each 5cm thick planting soil; a 20cm long and 5cm high overflow channel is arranged in the middle of the front baffle of the water retaining groove; each step of the water retaining groove is horizontally staggered with the next step by 20cm and arranged in a "Z" shape; baffles are arranged on both sides of the "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch.

[0022] Further, the carbon reduction retention ditch arranged in the "coordinate system" is arranged at the junction of the carbon sequestration embankment protection forest area and the wetland carbon sequestration and sink buffer area; the carbon reduction retention ditch is designed in a coordinate system, 16-31.5mm particle size gravel is laid on the base, planting soil is laid on the gravel in the first and third quadrants, a tree bark layer is laid on the planting soil, and 3-5 kinds of drought and wet tolerant plants are planted thereon; 0.5mm-1mm coarse sand is laid on the gravel in the second and fourth quadrants, and large pebbles are filled in the coarse sand; small pebbles are laid on the slopes on both sides of the carbon reduction retention ditch.

[0023] Further, the carbon sand deposition pool is connected with the wetland carbon sequestration and sink buffer area; shrubs are planted around the carbon sand deposition pool, and the outer edge is a gentle slope composed of pebbles; the carbon sand deposition pool pit is fixed by gravel, and a steel mesh is arranged on the top; floating plants are planted in the carbon sand deposition pool; the floating plants are a combination of two or three of Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton crispus, Lemna minor and Nymphaea tetragona.

[0024] Further, the biological diversity wetland is a beach that is submerged during floods and exposed during dry seasons, and a large number of aquatic, hygrophyte and xerophyte plants are planted thereon, and the vegetation coverage is controlled at about 50%.

[0025] Further, the intermittent wetland ecological water demand shallow dike is an intermittent water retaining shallow dike constructed along the river direction in the wetland carbon sequestration and sink buffer area.

[0026] Further, the fishbone type wood embankment is provided with a fishbone type permeable wood embankment every 20m on one side of the intermittent wetland ecological water demand shallow embankment along the river; the fishbone type wood embankment is a wood embankment made of pine piles in the shape of fishbone; wherein the branches of the fishbone are at an angle of 60 degrees with the trunk.

[0027] Further, the aquatic plant planting cabin adopts a methane molecular configuration structure, and the position of the hydrogen atom is a fulcrum; the center line of the aquatic plant planting cabin is 15cm long, and a plurality of aquatic plant planting cabins are arranged around the fishbone type permeable wood embankment.

[0028] The habitat configuration method for soil and water conservation river bank in northern river basin is a combined restoration technology for river bank. For the middle and lower reaches of the river in the north, the vegetation coverage is low, the degree of water and soil loss is high, and the sediment carried by the upstream river causes river channel siltation, biodiversity decline, and ecological environment deterioration. At the same time, as an important carrier of organic carbon, a large amount of organic carbon migrates and transforms in the process of transporting sediment. The current soil and water conservation measures cannot combine water and sediment control with carbon sink function upgrading and efficiency improvement, and cannot meet the demand of soil and water conservation and carbon sequestration and sink management. The present application fully utilizes the ecological functions of soil and water protection forest, wetland buffer zone and river bed, and integrates carbon sequestration function type soil and water conservation forest network, "Z" type energy reduction cascade slope overflow ditch, "coordinate system" layout carbon reduction retention ditch, carbon sand deposition pool, biodiversity wetland, "intermittent" wetland ecological water demand shallow embankment, "fishbone type" wood embankment and "methane structure" aquatic plant planting cabin to prevent river erosion, etc. Various measures are organically combined, the advantages of each measure are fully utilized and the weaknesses are made up, and a habitat beneficial to soil and water conservation river bank is formed. After 3-5 years of near-natural growth, a stable river bank ecosystem is obtained, and the synergy of soil and water conservation and carbon sequestration and sink is realized. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0029] The present application will be further described below in conjunction with the drawings and specific embodiments. The protection scope of the present application is not limited to the following content.

[0030] Figure 1 The present application is a habitat layout diagram for soil and water conservation type river bank;

[0031] Figure 2 The present application is a habitat layout diagram and measure plan for soil and water conservation type river bank;

[0032] Figure 3 The present application is a "Z" type energy reduction cascade slope overflow ditch diagram;

[0033] Figure 4 The present application is a "Z" type energy reduction cascade slope overflow ditch section view;

[0034] Figure 5 Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the carbon-cutting retention ditch of the coordinate system layout of the present application;

[0035] Figure 6 Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the carbon sand deposition pool of the present application;

[0036] Figure 7 Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the fishbone-type wood dike of the present application;

[0037] Figure 8 Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the methane structure aquatic plant planting cabin for preventing river washout of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] As shown in Figs. 1-5, the soil and water conservation riparian zone habitat configuration method in the northern river basin comprises the following steps. Figure 1 , 2 The soil and water conservation riparian zone habitat configuration method in the northern river basin comprises the following steps.

[0039] The carbon storage-strengthened riparian protection forest area comprises a carbon fixation function type soil and water conservation forest network, a “Z” type energy-reducing stepped slope overflow ditch, and a carbon-cutting retention ditch of the coordinate system layout.

[0040] The carbon storage-strengthened riparian protection forest area comprises a carbon fixation function type soil and water conservation forest network, a “Z” type energy-reducing stepped slope overflow ditch, and a carbon-cutting retention ditch of the coordinate system layout.

[0041] The carbon sand deposition pool, the biodiversity wetland, and the intermittent wetland ecological water requirement shallow dike.

[0042] (1) Carbon storage-strengthened riparian protection forest area construction steps:

[0043] The carbon fixation function type soil and water conservation forest network is constructed by using a grid type planting method, and deep-rooted local conifer and local broad-leaved tree species with strong carbon fixation capacity are selected for conifer and broad-leaved mixed planting. Small trees or shrubs are randomly planted in the deep-rooted trees, and the ratio of small trees to shrubs is controlled to be 1:2-2.5, and herbaceous plants are naturally restored. The selection of tree species is not less than 5-10 species, the density is 1000 trees per mu, and reasonable density planting is performed with a canopy density of 0.65. The complexity and biodiversity of the community structure are increased, and the carbon fixation capacity of the forest network is enhanced. A high and low combined, staggered, and well-proportioned jo, shrub, and grass complete carbon fixation type soil and water conservation forest ecosystem is formed.

[0044] The deep-rooted local arbor tree species with high carbon sequestration capacity in the carbon sequestration functional water and soil conservation forest network can select needle-leaf tree species including Larix kaempferi, Pinus elliottii, Taxodium distichum, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, etc. Broad-leaf tree species include Tilia japonica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Ulmus pumila, Quercus mongolica, Quercus liaotungensis, Betula platyphylla, Populus suaveolens, Juglans hopeiensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix babylonica, Salix matsudana, etc. Small arbor tree species include Tamarix chinensis, Salix viminalis, Broussonetia papyrifera, Acer ginnala, Acer mono, Taxus chinensis, Ulmus carpinifolia, Ulmus macrocarpa, Rhamnus utilis, etc. Shrubs include Syringa oblata, Sorbus pohuashuaiana, Spiraea salicifolia, Lonicera japonica, Prunus mahaleb, Amorpha fruticosa, Lespedeza bicolor, Euonymus kiautschovicus, Ligustrum sinense, etc. The spatial configuration of arbor tree species adopts a "diamond grid" scheme, i.e. arbor trees are planted at the intersection of the diamond grid, with a plant spacing of 5 m and a row spacing of 2.5 m, and seedlings with a diameter at breast height of 5-8 cm and a tree height of 2-3 m are selected for transplanting. Small arbor trees or shrubs are randomly planted among the deep-rooted arbor trees, and the ratio of arbor trees to shrubs is controlled at 1:2-1:2.5, and seedlings with a height of 30-50 cm are selected for transplanting. Herbaceous plants are naturally restored.

[0045] The needle-broadleaf mixed ratio in the carbon sequestration functional water and soil conservation forest network is determined. Large aggregates (>0.25 mm) and micro-aggregates (0.25-2 mm) have good carbon interception capacity, while the silt clay component (<0.053 mm) has small organic carbon interception capacity. The percentage content of soil water-stable aggregates is determined by wet sieving method, and the corresponding needle-leaf tree species and broad-leaf tree species ratio is selected according to the percentage content of large aggregates and micro-aggregates and the percentage content of silt clay component (Table 1). Compared with needle-leaf forest, broad-leaf forest can promote the formation of soil aggregates, and thus the soil carbon interception capacity of broad-leaf forest is higher than that of needle-leaf forest. Therefore, the needle-broadleaf mixed ratio is determined according to the percentage content of large aggregates and micro-aggregates and the percentage content of silt clay component in the soil. When the percentage content of large aggregates and micro-aggregates is >95%, i.e. the percentage content of silt clay component is <5%, the ratio of needle-leaf tree species to broad-leaf tree species is 6:4; when the percentage content of large aggregates and micro-aggregates is 90%<95%, i.e. the percentage content of silt clay component is 5%<10%, the ratio of needle-leaf tree species to broad-leaf tree species is 5:5; when the percentage content of large aggregates and micro-aggregates is 80%<90%, i.e. the percentage content of silt clay component is 10%<20%, the ratio of needle-leaf tree species to broad-leaf tree species is 4:6; when the percentage content of large aggregates and micro-aggregates is 70%<80%, i.e. the percentage content of silt clay component is 20%<30%, the ratio of needle-leaf tree species to broad-leaf tree species is 3:7; when the percentage content of large aggregates and micro-aggregates is 60%<75%, i.e. the percentage content of silt clay component is 30%<40%, the ratio of needle-leaf tree species to broad-leaf tree species is 2:8; and when the percentage content of large aggregates and micro-aggregates is <60%, i.e. the percentage content of silt clay component is >40%, the ratio of needle-leaf tree species to broad-leaf tree species is 1:9.

[0046] Table 1 Correspondence table of aggregate structure and needle-leaf tree species and broad-leaf tree species mixed ratio

[0047]

[0048] The aforementioned zigzag energy-reducing tiered slope overflow ditch involves setting up a tiered overflow ditch perpendicular to the river every 100m along the river within a carbon-fixing functional soil and water conservation forest network. When the runoff on the embankment slope is large, some of the runoff preferentially flows into the overflow ditch, reducing the erosion of the slope and the loss of organic carbon. The overflow ditch adopts a zigzag design. Figure 3 This effectively reduces the kinetic energy and velocity of runoff, promoting the settling of sediment and organic carbon in the slope overflow ditch. Each terrace is planted with 3-5 species of drought- and moisture-tolerant herbaceous plants with well-developed root systems, forming unique microhabitats that aid in microbial carbon sequestration.

[0049] Each step of the zigzag energy-reducing tiered overflow ditch consists of a 60cm long, 40cm wide, and 25cm high water-retaining trough. The overflow ditch occupies a 1m wide area and does not affect the tree arrangement in the carbon-fixing functional soil and water conservation forest network. The water-retaining trough is made of cast cement with an inner impermeable layer. The water-retaining trough is buried on the slope surface, with its upper edge at the same height as the slope surface, facilitating preferential runoff inflow. The water-retaining trough is filled with 15cm deep planting soil, and every 5cm of planting soil is covered with a layer of gravel, with a 5cm pebble layer laid on top of the 15cm of planting soil. Figure 4 To prevent the planting soil from being washed away by the water flow, a 20cm long and 5cm high overflow channel is provided in the middle of the front baffle of the water-retaining trough. The runoff flows from the overflow channel into the water-retaining trough of the next tier. Each tier of water-retaining trough is staggered laterally by 20cm from the next tier and arranged in a zigzag pattern, so that the overflow channels are staggered and the water flows in a zigzag pattern, effectively reducing the kinetic energy and velocity of the runoff. Baffles are installed on both sides of the tiered overflow ditch and the slope to prevent the slope soil from sliding down and causing soil erosion. The zigzag energy-reducing tiered slope overflow ditch compensates for the shortcomings of heavy rain and storms, when precipitation exceeds the interception of trees and litter and soil infiltration, resulting in a large amount of runoff, which increases the erosion of the surface and reduces the interception of carbon and sand.

[0050] The carbon reduction and retention ditch, as described in the "coordinate system" layout, is a carbon reduction and retention ditch set up at the boundary between the enhanced carbon sequestration embankment protection forest area and the wetland carbon sequestration and enhancement buffer zone. Figure 5 This reduces the amount of sediment and organic carbon carried by slope runoff into the wetlands, and some of the sediment and organic carbon are deposited in carbon-retention ditches.

[0051] The carbon-retention ditch, laid out in a "coordinate system" layout, will strengthen the separation between the carbon sequestration embankment protection forest area and the wetland carbon sequestration and enhancement buffer zone. Shrubs are densely planted on both sides of the retention ditch to intercept garbage and waste on the slope embankment.

[0052] The carbon sequestration trench is designed using a coordinate system. Drought- and moisture-tolerant plants are planted in the first and third quadrants, while large pebbles are filled in the second and fourth quadrants. The combination of stone interception and plant interception allows carbon and sand to be deposited in the trench. At the same time, planting plants and filling pebbles at quadrant intervals effectively prevents plants from being washed away by water, forming a stable microhabitat that is conducive to carbon sequestration by plants and microorganisms.

[0053] The width of the carbon-cutting retention ditch of the "coordinate system" layout is 1 m, the base is paved with 16-31.5 mm granular gravel, the first and third quadrant gravel is paved with planting soil, the planting soil is paved with a bark layer, and 3-5 kinds of drought-tolerant and moisture-tolerant plants are planted thereon. The second and fourth quadrant gravel is paved with 0.5 mm-1 mm coarse sand, and the coarse sand is filled with large cobblestones. The two sides of the carbon-cutting retention ditch are paved with small cobblestones, which facilitates the gentle entry of runoff into the carbon-cutting retention ditch.

[0054] The drought-tolerant and moisture-tolerant herbaceous plants in the "Z" type energy-reducing stepped slope overflow ditch and the carbon-cutting retention ditch of the "coordinate system" layout include: waterweed, rush, millet, wild millet, reed, three grass, couch grass, dog tooth grass, plantain, water celery, feather grass, original liquid alkali caltha, reed, water sedge, wild soybean, reed, hemp grass, duck grass, waterweed, two amphibious, long spear leaf, long arrow leaf, and oriental.

[0055] (II) Wetland carbon sequestration and sink buffer zone

[0056] The "Z" type energy-reducing stepped slope overflow ditch and the carbon-cutting retention ditch of the "coordinate system" layout are connected to a carbon-sand deposition pool ( Figure 6 ), which is connected to the wetland carbon sequestration and sink buffer zone, and is used to reduce sediment deposition, deposit organic carbon in the sediment, and clarify the water flow.

[0057] The carbon-sand deposition pool is planted with shrubs around it, with a diameter of 1 m-2 m and a depth of 2 m-4 m, depending on the actual situation of the riparian zone. The outer edge is a gentle slope composed of cobblestones, and the carbon-sand deposition pool pit is fixed with gravel, with a steel mesh on top to intercept garbage and waste in the incoming water and to fix aquatic plants to prevent them from being washed away. Aquatic plants are planted in the carbon-sand deposition pool, with 2-3 kinds of two amphibious, pondweed, duckweed, and water lily being selected for planting.

[0058] The biodiversity wetland is a beach that is submerged during floods and exposed during dry seasons, and a large number of aquatic, hygrophytic, and xerophilous plants are planted on it. The multi-level plant configuration not only looks visually appealing, but also provides a rich habitat for aquatic animals and microorganisms, fully utilizing the carbon sequestration function of microorganisms.

[0059] The wetland plants include: lotus, spatterdock, acorus, yellow alocasia, alocasia, water lily, water lily, water onion, sword grass, cattail, alisma, sedge, reed, aquatic iris, bamboo, yellow grass, potamogeton, ceratophyllum, fox tail, waterweed, rush, millet, wild millet, reed, three grass, couch grass, dog tooth grass, plantain, water celery, feather grass, original liquid alkali caltha, reed, water sedge, wild soybean, reed, hemp grass, duck grass, two amphibious, long spear leaf, long arrow leaf, and oriental, with 10-15 kinds being selected for planting, and the vegetation coverage being controlled at about 50%.

[0060] The intermittent shallow dike for wetland ecological water demand is constructed along the river direction in the wetland carbon sequestration and enrichment buffer zone, according to the wetland topography. During the normal water period, some river water flows into the wetland from the inlet. During the high water period, the shallow dike is submerged and the river water overflows the wetland. During the low water period, the shallow dike is exposed, ensuring the ecological water demand of the wetland, maintaining the wetland's flooded conditions and anaerobic environment, inhibiting the mineralization and decomposition of soil organic carbon, improving the carbon sequestration capacity of soil / sediment, and at the same time maintaining wetland biodiversity and comprehensively enhancing wetland functions.

[0061] (III) Enhancing carbon deposition in shallow / deep pool areas

[0062] The aforementioned fishbone-shaped wooden dike is constructed from pine piles in a fishbone shape. It is used to intercept silt and organic carbon carried by upstream river water. It is laid on the river side of the shallow dike where the wetland ecosystem requires water, with the main trunk of the "fishbone" perpendicular to the direction of water flow, thus blocking silt and its carried organic carbon. The branches of the "fishbone" form a 60° angle with the main trunk, reducing the impact of hydrodynamic forces on the main trunk and making the dike more stable. Simultaneously, the "fishbone" design ensures that silt deposition follows a "fishbone" pattern, facilitating the formation of diverse habitats and promoting microbial carbon sequestration and carbon burial. Figure 7 A herringbone-shaped permeable wooden dike is installed every 20 meters along the river to continuously intercept silt and sand in the river water, gradually forming an underwater shallow / deep pool system.

[0063] The aquatic plant planting compartment designed to prevent river erosion uses a methane molecule configuration, with the hydrogen atom positioned as the fulcrum. Figure 8 This refers to a structure where each side has a triangular support for greater stability, and the carbon atom positions are filled with emergent or submerged plant seedlings in a perforated structure. The planting compartment has a centerline length of 15cm, and multiple planting compartments are arranged around the herringbone-shaped permeable wooden dike. The plant roots fix the silt intercepted by the herringbone-shaped wooden dike, while simultaneously creating a habitat for microorganisms and aquatic animals, increasing biodiversity and facilitating organic carbon fixation.

[0064] In the aquatic plant planting compartment designed to prevent river erosion, emergent plants such as lotus, loosestrife, calamus, yellow iris, water onion, pickerelweed, cattail, water plantain, umbrella sedge, and reed are selected, while submerged plants such as yellow silk grass, pondweed, goldfish algae, whorled hydrangea, and foxtail are selected. Three to five species are chosen for planting.

[0065] Example

[0066] This embodiment takes the construction of riverbank habitat in the middle reaches of the Hun River in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province as an example for detailed description.

[0067] The carbon storage and sequestration embankment protection forest area is 20m x 20m, the carbon sequestration and sink buffer zone is 20m x 15m, and the carbon deposition and burial shallow / deep pool area is 20m x 5m. The soil aggregate structure on the slope of the riparian zone is determined, and the results show that the proportion of large aggregates is 52.7%, the proportion of micro-aggregates is 31%, and the proportion of silt and clay is 16.3%. According to the aggregate structure and the corresponding table of the mixing ratio of coniferous and broad-leaved species (Table 1), the mixing ratio of coniferous and broad-leaved trees should be 4:6. Coniferous species such as larch and cypress, and broad-leaved species such as white birch, red willow and willow are selected for planting. Small trees and shrubs such as five-angled maple, honeysuckle, lilac and small-leaf privet are randomly planted between the trees. The planting distance is 5m, the row spacing is 2.5m, and the spatial configuration scheme of the trees adopts a grid type scheme. The herbaceous plants are naturally restored.

[0068] The "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch is constructed according to the method described in the embodiment, and the ditch is planted with three-pronged grass, dogtail grass, arundinella and cyperus.

[0069] The carbon sequestration and sink ditch with "coordinate system" layout is constructed according to the method described in the embodiment, and the ditch is planted with water iris, flowering bamboo, water sedge, wild soybean and amphibious knotweed.

[0070] At the connection between the "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch and the carbon sequestration and sink ditch with "coordinate system" layout, a carbon sand deposition pool with a diameter of 1m and a depth of 2m is dug, and the carbon sand deposition pool is constructed according to the method described in the embodiment. Small-leaf privet is planted around the carbon sand deposition pool, and duckweed and water lily are planted in the carbon sand deposition pool.

[0071] According to the embodiment, an intermittent water retaining shallow dike is constructed along the river direction on the beach of the riparian zone, and diverse plants are planted on the beach to make the beach a biodiversity wetland. The plants planted include: lotus, aconite, yellow aconite, aconite, water lily, water lily, water lily, cattail, reed, water iris, flowering bamboo, potamogeton, ceratophyllum, myriophyllum, waterweed, rush, millet, wild millet, three-pronged grass, dogtail grass, arundinella, cyperus, wild soybean, amphibious knotweed, long spear leaf knotweed, etc.

[0072] The fishbone type wood dike and plant planting cabin are arranged on one side of the wetland ecological water demand shallow dike river according to the embodiment, and aconite, reed and hygroryza ovals are planted in the planting cabin.

[0073] According to the above design, the vegetation restoration of the soil and water conservation forest network builds a vegetation system with high biomass and high carbon sink, increases the carbon fixation of plant photosynthesis, and effectively prevents the flow of carbon sand through the zigzag cascade overflow ditch, the coordinate system carbon cutting retention ditch, and the carbon sand deposition pool. The ecological water demand shallow dike maintains the flooding conditions and anaerobic environment of the river beach wetland, suppresses the mineralization and decomposition of soil organic carbon, and improves the carbon sequestration capacity of the soil / sediment. The "fishbone type" wood dike builds a shallow water and deep pool system in the river channel to promote the deposition and accumulation of organic carbon and improve the sediment carbon deposition and burial capacity. The planting of diverse plants in the riparian habitat can effectively improve the microenvironment of the riparian zone, and the root exudates and the microbial population affected thereby can promote the formation of soil aggregates, fix organic carbon in the aggregates, and make the organic carbon more stable. After nearly three years of near-natural growth, a stable soil and water conservation riparian habitat is obtained, which provides strong physical-biological prevention and control for watershed soil erosion, and effectively improves the carbon sequestration capacity of the riparian zone.

[0074] By comparing the characteristics of surface soil aggregates and organic carbon in the restored riparian habitat (including forest land, wetland, and river channel sediment) and the un-restored riparian zone (including wasteland and river beach), it can be seen that the aggregate content in the restored riparian forest land and wetland soil / sediment is significantly increased compared to the un-restored riparian wasteland and river beach, which plays an important role in soil and water conservation. At the same time, the increase in aggregates also significantly increases the organic carbon storage. The surface organic carbon storage in the restored forest land is increased by 1.42 kg / m 2 2 compared to the un-restored wasteland, and the surface organic carbon storage in the restored wetland is increased by 0.85 kg / m 2 2 compared to the un-restored river beach.

[0075] The vegetation in the riparian zone has a significant carbon sequestration effect. The vegetation carbon sequestration in the 20m x 20m strengthened carbon storage dike protection forest area is 441.95 kgC, the vegetation carbon sequestration in the 20m x 15m wetland carbon sink buffer area is 199.70 kgC, and the vegetation carbon sequestration in the 20m x 5m enhanced carbon deposition and burial shallow water / deep pool area is 0.57 kgC. In the next 5-10 years, the vegetation carbon sequestration will increase exponentially as the vegetation grows, and the riparian habitat will continue to improve and stabilize, and the soil and water conservation and carbon sequestration and sink functions will continue to expand.

[0076] Table 2 Characteristics of surface 0-10 cm soil aggregates and organic carbon

[0077]

[0078] Table 3 Characteristics of plant biomass and carbon sequestration after restoration

[0079]

[0080]

[0081] The above description of the specific embodiments or examples of the present application, all the technical solutions or methods described in the preferred embodiments of the present application are only used to illustrate the present application and are not limited to the specific description or examples of the present application. Those skilled in the art should understand that the modifications or equivalent replacements of the present application without violating the concept, scope and spirit of the present application, the technical means achieving the same technical effects, are all within the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for configuring riparian habitats for soil and water conservation in northern watersheds, characterized in that, The enhanced carbon storage bank protection forest area, the wetland carbon storage buffer area and the carbon deposition and burial shallow water / deep pool area are sequentially constructed from the bank slope to the water and land interlaced area and the underwater area along the bank habitat construction area; The enhanced carbon storage bank protection forest area comprises a carbon storage functional soil and water conservation forest network, a "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch and a carbon reduction and retention ditch arranged in a coordinate system; The wetland carbon storage buffer area comprises a carbon sand deposition pool, a biodiversity wetland and an intermittent wetland ecological water demand shallow dam; The carbon deposition and burial shallow water / deep pool area comprises an underwater shallow water / deep pool system constructed by a plurality of fishbone type wood dikes and a "methane configuration" aquatic plant planting cabin for preventing river flow from washing away; The carbon storage functional soil and water conservation forest network adopts a grid type planting method, selects deep-rooted local coniferous trees and local broad-leaved trees for coniferous and broad-leaved mixed planting, randomly plants small trees and shrubs between the deep-rooted local coniferous trees and the local broad-leaved trees, controls the ratio of the small trees and the shrubs to be 1:2-2.5, adopts herbaceous plants for natural restoration, selects no less than 5-10 tree species, and controls the density to be 1000 trees per mu and the canopy density to be 0.65; The coniferous and broad-leaved mixed planting ratio is determined according to the percentage of soil aggregates; When the ratio of macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates is greater than 95%, the mixed planting ratio of local coniferous trees and local broad-leaved trees is 6:4; When the ratio of macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates is 90%-95%, the mixed planting ratio of local coniferous trees and local broad-leaved trees is 5:5; When the ratio of macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates is 80%-90%, the mixed planting ratio of local broad-leaved trees is 4:6; When the ratio of macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates is 70%-80%, the mixed planting ratio of local coniferous trees and local broad-leaved trees is 3:7; When the ratio of macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates is 60%-75%, the mixed planting ratio of local coniferous trees and local broad-leaved trees is 2:8; When the ratio of macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates is less than 60%, the mixed planting ratio of local coniferous trees and local broad-leaved trees is 1:9; A "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch perpendicular to the river is arranged every 100 m along the river in the carbon storage functional soil and water conservation forest network; 3-5 kinds of drought and wet tolerant herbaceous plants are planted on each step of the "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch; Each step of the "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch is composed of a water retaining groove with a length of 60 cm, a width of 40 cm and a height of 25 cm; the water retaining groove is made of cement and coated with an anti-leakage layer inside; the water retaining groove is buried in the slope and the top of the water retaining groove is at the same height as the slope surface; 15 cm deep planting soil is filled in the water retaining groove and a layer of gravel is covered on each 5 cm thick planting soil, and a 5 cm thick pebble layer is laid on the 15 cm thick planting soil; a 20 cm long and 5 cm high overflow channel is arranged in the middle of the front baffle of the water retaining groove; each step of the water retaining groove is laterally staggered from the next step by 20 cm and arranged in a "Z" shape; baffles are arranged on both sides of the "Z" type energy reduction stepped slope overflow ditch. The carbon-cutting retention ditch of the "coordinate system" layout is arranged at the junction of the carbon sequestration embankment shelterbelt and the carbon sequestration buffer zone of the wetland, which adopts the coordinate system design, the base is paved with 16-31.5 mm particle size crushed stone, the first and third quadrant crushed stone is paved with planting soil, the planting soil is paved with a bark layer, and 3-5 kinds of drought-tolerant and moisture-tolerant plants are planted on the bark layer; the second and fourth quadrant crushed stone is paved with 0.5 mm-1 mm coarse sand, and the coarse sand is filled with large cobblestones; the two sides of the carbon-cutting retention ditch are the slope paved with small cobblestones; The carbon-sand deposition pool connected with the carbon-cutting retention ditch of the "coordinate system" layout is connected with the carbon sequestration buffer zone of the wetland; the carbon-sand deposition pool is surrounded by shrubs, and the outer edge is a gentle slope formed by cobblestones; the carbon-sand deposition pool pit is fixed by crushed stone, and a steel mesh is arranged on the top; aquatic plants are planted in the carbon-sand deposition pool; the aquatic plants are a combination of two or three of Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton crispus, Lemna and Nymphaea.

2. The northern riparian habitat configuration method of claim 1, wherein: The local coniferous trees include: Larch, Wetland Pine, Taxodium or Metasequoia; the local broad-leaved trees include: Yellow Phyllophorus, Fraxinus mandshurica, Ulmus pumila, Quercus mongolica, Quercus liaotungensis, Betula platyphylla, Tilia, Juglans hopeiensis, Pterocarya stenoptera, Salix babylonica or Salix matsudana; the small trees include: Tamarix, Salix cheopodendron, Broussonetia papyrifera, Acer spicatum, Taxus, Ulmus glabra, Ulmus macrocarpa or Frangula; the shrubs include: Syringa, Sorbus, chicken tree, Lonicera, Prunus, Amorpha fruticosa, Millettia, Euonymus, Swida or Ligustrum.

3. The northern riparian habitat configuration method of claim 2, wherein: In the carbon sequestration functional soil and water conservation forest network, a "zigzag energy-reducing stepped slope overflow ditch perpendicular to the river is arranged every 100 m along the river; in the "zigzag energy-reducing stepped slope overflow ditch, 3-5 kinds of drought-tolerant and moisture-tolerant herbaceous plants are planted in each step.

4. The northern river basin soil conservation riparian zone habitat configuration method of claim 3, wherein: The biological diversity wetland is a beach that is submerged during floods and exposed during dry seasons, and a large number of aquatic, hygrophytic and xerophytic plants are planted thereon, and the vegetation coverage is controlled at about 50%.

5. The northern riparian habitat configuration method of claim 4, wherein: The intermittent wetland ecological water demand shallow dike is an intermittent water retaining shallow dike constructed in the wetland carbon sequestration buffer zone along the river direction according to the wetland topography; a fishbone-shaped permeable wood dike is arranged every 20 m along the river; the fishbone-shaped wood dike is a wood dike made of pine stakes in the shape of a fishbone; wherein, the branches of the fishbone are at an angle of 60° with the trunk; the aquatic plant planting cabin adopts a methane molecular configuration structure, and the position of the hydrogen atom is the fulcrum; the center line of the aquatic plant planting cabin is 15 cm long, and a plurality of aquatic plant planting cabins are arranged around the fishbone-shaped permeable wood dike.

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