A concentrate supplement for preventing ruminal tympany in cattle and sheep and its preparation method

Abstract

The invention discloses a concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloating of cattle and sheep and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of animal feed. The raw materials of the concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloating of cattle and sheep include, by mass, 30.2-40.5 parts of corn, 15-20 parts of sorghum, 14-20 parts of brown rice, 12-25 parts of heat-treated soybean meal, 0.2-1 parts of concentrated tannin, 0.1-0.05 parts of composite soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, 1.2-1.8 parts of calcium carbonate, 1.5-2.6 parts of sodium bicarbonate, 0.3-0.5 parts of NaCl and 0.3-0.5 parts of premix. The concentrate supplement designed by the invention has lower soluble non-starch polysaccharide, rumen degradable protein, magnesium ion content, higher tannin, soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, sodium ion content, and can better prevent the problem of foamy rumen bloating of goats caused by high concentrate.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of animal feed technology, and in particular to a concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Although the mortality rate of rumen bloat in animals is not high, the process from onset to recovery takes at least 20 days. During this period, animal productivity is significantly reduced, resulting in severe economic losses for farmers. Therefore, preventing rumen bloat in animals has become a key research focus.

[0003] Studies have shown that feeding goats a high-concentrate diet is the leading cause of rumen bloat, with an incidence rate exceeding 20%. Under high-concentrate diet conditions, the gas produced by rumen fermentation mixes with the rumen contents to form a large amount of stable foam. This gas cannot escape, resulting in bloat; therefore, rumen bloat is also called foamy bloat. In foamy rumen bloat, gas release from the rumen is usually inhibited by the foamy rumen contents, causing the gas to remain trapped in the rumen fluid, forming small bubble-like emulsions with a diameter of approximately 1-2 mm. The rumen gradually fills with expanding foam, inhibiting the excitability of nerve endings controlling esophageal opening, thus obstructing belching. Two necessary conditions are required for the formation of a large amount of stable foam in the rumen: first, the presence of a foaming agent to promote foam production in the rumen fluid; and second, good foam holding power to maintain stability and prevent rupture.

[0004] In the rumen, substances that act as foaming agents and foam stabilizers mainly include proteins, soluble non-starch polysaccharides, and metal ions. The main components of foam are hydrophobic proteins and polypeptides. Among these, surfactants and proteins are crucial factors affecting the foaming properties and stability of liquids. Proteins bind to the bubble interface, interacting with the interface through electrostatics, hydrophobic forces, hydrogen bonds, or covalent bonds to form a viscoelastic film. This film not only possesses high tensile strength but also withstands film thickness. Proteins themselves are also low-activity surfactants. After their peptide chains extend on the liquid surface, they form a two-dimensional protective network at the bubble edge through intramolecular and intermolecular forces, stabilizing the foam. The hydrophobic side stabilizes the gas, while the hydrophilic side stabilizes the aqueous phase.

[0005] Existing technologies indicate that reducing the level of soluble proteins in rumen fluid can decrease the risk of rumen bloat. Furthermore, the dissolution of soluble non-starch polysaccharides in water significantly increases the viscosity of the solution. Solution viscosity affects the flow rate of the foam film; higher viscosity results in a slower drainage rate at the foam surface and a more stable foam. Additionally, higher foam film viscosity leads to greater airtightness and stronger foam stability. The more non-starch polysaccharides dissolved in the liquid, the higher the viscosity and the longer the foam lifespan. Therefore, designing a concentrate supplement to address the problem of foamy rumen bloat caused by high-concentrate diets in goats is crucial for high-value goat farming. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep, and a method for preparing the same. The concentrate supplement designed in this invention has lower levels of soluble non-starch polysaccharides, rumen-degradable proteins, and magnesium ions, and higher levels of tannins, soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzymes, and sodium ions. This prevents the formation of foam in the rumen and reduces the foam-holding capacity of rumen foam, thereby better preventing foamy rumen bloat in goats caused by high concentrate intake.

[0007] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0008] One of the technical solutions of this invention is to provide a concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep. The raw materials, by weight, include: 30.2 parts corn, 20 parts sorghum, 20 parts brown rice, 25 parts heat-treated soybean meal, 1 part concentrated tannin, 0.1 parts compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, 1.2 parts calcium carbonate, 1.5 parts sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 parts NaCl, and 0.5 parts premix.

[0009] Preferably, the method for preparing the heat-treated soybean meal is as follows: heating soybean meal at 110°C for 50 minutes to obtain the heat-treated soybean meal.

[0010] This invention reduces the degradation rate of soybean meal in the rumen by heat treatment, thereby allowing more protein to pass through the rumen and be digested in the small intestine, thus reducing the protein content in the rumen fluid.

[0011] Preferably, the composite soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme is composed of xylanase, glucanase, mannanase and pectinase.

[0012] More preferably, the enzyme activities of the composite soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme are: xylanase 15000 U / g, glucanase 2500 U / g, mannanase 2000 U / g and pectinase 500 U / g.

[0013] Preferably, the premixed material is formulated in the following proportions by weight: 2.0 parts FeSO4·7H2O, 0.82 parts CuSO4·5H2O, 1.74 parts ZnSO4·7H2O, 2.52 parts MnSO4·H2O, 0.41 parts Na2SeO3·5H2O, 0.42 parts CoCl2·6H2O, 0.12 parts CaI2O6, 2.0 parts DL-α-tocopherol acetate, 0.04 parts vitamin D3, 0.2 parts retinol, and 89.73 parts bentonite.

[0014] The second technical solution of the present invention provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep, comprising the following steps:

[0015] (1) Crush corn, sorghum, brown rice and heat-treated soybean meal to obtain powder A;

[0016] (2) Mix powder A with the remaining raw materials to obtain the concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep.

[0017] Preferably, in step (1): the pulverization is pulverizing to a particle size of less than 6 mm.

[0018] Preferably, after the mixing step in step (2) is completed, a granulation operation is also included; the granulation specifications are: 3 mm in diameter and 6 mm in length.

[0019] The third technical solution of the present invention provides an application of the above-mentioned concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep in preventing rumen bloat in goats, characterized in that the concentrate supplement is mixed with goat roughage at a mass ratio of 7:3, and then fed to goats.

[0020] The beneficial technical effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0021] This invention increases the tannin content in the supplementary feed by selecting sorghum with high tannin content and adding concentrated tannins to the diet. In the rumen at a pH of 5.0-7.0, tannins can form stable tannin-protein complexes with proteins dissolved in rumen fluid. These complexes are insoluble and resist rumen microbial degradation. Subsequently, under the acidic conditions of the abomasum, these complexes decompose and release the proteins, thus not reducing the overall intestinal digestibility of the proteins. This allows proteins to bypass rumen degradation and undergo enzymatic hydrolysis in the abomasum, effectively reducing the concentration of soluble proteins in the rumen fluid.

[0022] The brown rice used in this invention contains lower levels of soluble non-starch polysaccharides than wheat and wheat bran. Furthermore, a complex soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, composed of xylanase, glucanase, mannanase, and pectinase, is added to the refined feed. This effectively degrades the content of soluble non-starch polysaccharides in rumen fluid, significantly reducing the viscosity of the rumen fluid, thereby decreasing its foaming power and foam stability.

[0023] The inventors discovered that the concentrations of potassium, nickel, magnesium, and calcium ions in rumen fluid are significantly positively correlated with the foaming power and foam holding capacity of rumen fluid, while sodium ions are significantly negatively correlated with both. Conventional goat concentrate supplement formulations use sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide in a 2:1 ratio as buffers. To prevent foamy rumen flatulence, this invention uses only sodium bicarbonate as a buffer, aiming to increase the concentration of sodium ions in the diet and decrease the concentration of magnesium ions. Furthermore, when formulating the goat concentrate supplement, this invention selects raw materials with low potassium and magnesium content, such as brown rice, and avoids raw materials with high potassium and magnesium content, such as rice bran. While meeting the requirements, it minimizes the concentration of potassium and magnesium in the diet, resulting in a final concentrate supplement concentration of approximately 0.7 wt.% and 0.2 wt.%, respectively.

[0024] The concentrate supplement designed in this invention has lower levels of soluble non-starch polysaccharides, rumen-degradable proteins, and magnesium ions, and higher levels of tannins, soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzymes, and sodium ions. This prevents the formation of foam in the rumen and reduces the foam-holding capacity of rumen foam, thus better preventing foamy rumen bloat in goats caused by high concentrate feed intake. Furthermore, the concentrate supplement designed in this invention also has a good preventive effect on foamy rumen bloat in cattle. Attached Figure Description

[0025] Figure 1 Images of rumen fluid from Comparative Example 1.

[0026] Figure 2 Images of rumen fluid from the two comparative groups.

[0027] Figure 3 Images of rumen fluid from the three comparative groups.

[0028] Figure 4 Images of rumen fluid from the experimental group. Detailed Implementation

[0029] Various exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detail. This detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention, but rather as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features, and embodiments of the present invention. It should be understood that the terminology used in this invention is merely for describing particular embodiments and is not intended to limit the present invention.

[0030] Furthermore, regarding the numerical ranges in this invention, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range is also specifically disclosed. Any stated value or intermediate value within a stated range, as well as each smaller range between any other stated value or intermediate value within said range, are also included in this invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included or excluded from the range.

[0031] Unless otherwise stated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. While only preferred methods and materials have been described herein, any methods and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein may be used in the implementation or testing of this invention.

[0032] The terms “comprising,” “including,” “having,” “containing,” etc., used in this invention are all open-ended terms, meaning that they include but are not limited to.

[0033] The preparation method of heat-treated soybean meal used in the following embodiments and comparative examples of the present invention is as follows: soybean meal is dry-heat treated at 110°C for 50 minutes, and then cooled in an open environment to obtain the heat-treated soybean meal.

[0034] The composite soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme used in the following embodiments and comparative examples of the present invention is composed of xylanase, glucanase, mannanase and pectinase, and the enzyme activities of each enzyme are: xylanase 15000 U / g, glucanase 2500 U / g, mannanase 2000 U / g and pectinase 500 U / g.

[0035] The premix formulations used in the following embodiments and comparative examples of the present invention, by mass parts, are as follows: 2.0 parts FeSO4·7H2O, 0.82 parts CuSO4·5H2O, 1.74 parts ZnSO4·7H2O, 2.52 parts MnSO4·H2O, 0.41 parts Na2SeO3·5H2O, 0.42 parts CoCl2·6H2O, 0.12 parts CaI2O6, 2.0 parts DL-α-tocopherol acetate, 0.04 parts vitamin D3, 0.2 parts retinol, and 89.73 parts bentonite.

[0036] All raw materials used in the following embodiments and comparative examples of the present invention are commercially available products.

[0037] Example 1

[0038] The raw materials for concentrate supplements, by weight parts, are:

[0039] The ingredients are: 30.2 parts corn, 20 parts sorghum, 20 parts brown rice, 25 parts heat-treated soybean meal, 1 part concentrated tannin, 0.1 part compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, 1.2 parts calcium carbonate, 1.5 parts sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 parts NaCl, and 0.5 parts premix.

[0040] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0041] (1) Crush corn, sorghum, brown rice and heat-treated soybean meal to a particle size of less than 6 mm to obtain powder A;

[0042] (2) Pour powder A and the remaining raw materials into a horizontal feed mixer according to the formula ratio and mix for 10 minutes. Then, use a ring die with a compression ratio of 9:1 to extrude the mixture at 85°C into granules with a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 6 mm, which is the concentrate supplement.

[0043] Comparative Example 1

[0044] The raw materials for the concentrate supplement in Comparative Example 1, by weight (the only difference from Example 1 is that the heat-treated soybean meal is replaced with an equal weight of soybean meal):

[0045] The ingredients are: 30.2 parts corn, 20 parts sorghum, 20 parts brown rice, 25 parts soybean meal, 1 part concentrated tannin, 0.1 part compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, 1.2 parts calcium carbonate, 1.5 parts sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 parts NaCl, and 0.5 parts premix.

[0046] The specific preparation process is described in Example 1, which yielded the concentrate supplement of Comparative Example 1.

[0047] Comparative Example 2

[0048] By weight, the raw materials for the concentrate supplement in Comparative Example 2 are (conventional goat concentrate supplement):

[0049] The ingredients are: 31.3 parts corn, 10 parts wheat, 10 parts wheat bran, 20 parts rice bran, 25 parts soybean meal, 1.2 parts calcium carbonate, 1 part sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 parts magnesium oxide, 0.5 parts NaCl, and 0.5 parts premix.

[0050] The specific preparation steps are as follows:

[0051] (1) Crush corn, wheat, wheat bran, rice bran and soybean meal to a particle size of less than 6 mm to obtain powder A;

[0052] (2) Powder A and the remaining raw materials are mixed in a horizontal feed mixer for 10 minutes according to the formula ratio. Then, the mixture is extruded at 85°C using a ring die with a compression ratio of 9:1 to form granules with a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 6 mm, which is the concentrate supplement of Comparative Example 2.

[0053] Comparative Example 3

[0054] The raw materials for the concentrate supplement, by weight (the only difference from Comparative Example 1 is that the compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme is replaced with an equal weight of xylanase):

[0055] The ingredients are: 30.2 parts corn, 20 parts sorghum, 20 parts brown rice, 25 parts soybean meal, 1 part concentrated tannin, 0.1 part xylanase, 1.2 parts calcium carbonate, 1.5 parts sodium bicarbonate, 0.5 parts NaCl, and 0.5 parts premix.

[0056] The specific preparation process is described in Example 1, which yielded the concentrate supplement of Comparative Example 3.

[0057] Effect verification

[0058] (1) The chemical composition ratio of the products of Example 1 and Comparative Example 2 was measured, and the measurement results are shown in Table 1.

[0059] Table 1 Chemical Composition

[0060]

[0061]

[0062] As shown in Table 1, the digestible energy and crude protein content of the concentrate supplement designed in this invention are not significantly different from those of conventional goat concentrate supplements (Comparative Example 2), as well as Comparative Examples 1 and 3. This proves that this invention does not treat goat rumen bloat by reducing the proportion of nutrients such as protein and polysaccharides.

[0063] (2) Feeding trials were conducted using the products of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 1-3.

[0064] 1.1 Experimental Methods: A single-factor controlled experimental design was adopted. Four treatment groups were established based on dietary differences: Comparative Example 1 (fed a diet formulated with the concentrate supplement from Comparative Example 1), Comparative Example 2 (fed a diet formulated with the concentrate supplement from Comparative Example 2), Comparative Example 3 (fed a diet formulated with the concentrate supplement from Comparative Example 3), and the experimental group (fed a diet formulated with the concentrate supplement from Example 1). The raw material composition of the diets is shown in Table 2. The diets were prepared into a total mixed ration (TMR) according to the specified ratio, with a concentrate-to-roughage ratio of 7:3. Forty growing goats were selected as experimental animals and randomly divided into four groups based on similar weight and age, with 10 replicates per group and one goat per replicate. The four groups of goats were randomly assigned to their respective treatment groups. The composition of the diets for each treatment group is shown in Table 2.

[0065] Table 2. Dietary Composition (%)

[0066]

[0067] Animal experiments were conducted at the research and teaching base of the Animal Nutrition Institute of Sichuan Agricultural University. The experiment lasted for 40 days, starting with a 10-day pre-feeding trial followed by a 30-day formal feeding trial. During the experiment, sheep were fed individually in pens, twice a day with a total mixed ration (TMR) (at 09:00 and 17:00), and had free access to water.

[0068] 1.2 Rumen Fluid Sample Collection: Rumen contents were collected from experimental sheep 4 hours after morning feeding on day 30 of the formal experiment using a gastric tube connected to a vacuum pump. After photographing the collected samples, the filtrate was filtered through four layers of gauze, then aliquoted and labeled. All samples were stored at -20℃ for the determination of rumen fermentation parameters and foaming properties.

[0069] 1.3 Rumen Distension Score: From day 25 to 30 of the experiment, the bloat status of goats was checked and visually assessed daily in the morning, and a rumen bloat score (BS) was calculated. The scoring system was based on the severity of bloat: 0–3 points; a score of 0 (BS0) indicated no obvious signs of bloat; a score of 1 (BS1) indicated mild bloat on the left side of the animal; a score of 2 (BS2) indicated significant bloat on the left side of the animal, with the rumen bulging upwards and towards the back; and a score of 3 (BS3) indicated severe bloat, with distension extending upwards and towards the back of the animal, visible from the right side, resulting in an asymmetrical appearance when the animal walks. The average bloat score over 6 days was used as the final rumen bloat score for the goats. The measurement results are shown in Table 3.

[0070] 1.4 Determination of rumen fluid foaming properties: The foam stability of rumen fluid was measured using a combination of the modified Roche method and the Rudin method.

[0071] Foam holding capacity: 30 mL of rumen fluid was introduced into a 100 mL sealed separatory funnel, and CO2 gas was slowly introduced into the rumen fluid, causing the rumen fluid to transform into a large amount of foam. The aeration pressure and time were kept constant. The time required for the foam column to collapse completely after 60 s of CO2 gas bubbled at 1 Pa was used to calculate foam stability. Foam stability was expressed as foam holding capacity (min). Each sample was measured three times and the average value was taken. The measurement results are shown in Table 3.

[0072] 1.5 Measurement of rumen fluid viscosity: The viscosity of rumen fluid was determined using the capillary viscometer method (GB / T22235-2008). The measurement results are shown in Table 3.

[0073] 1.6 Measurement of protein content in rumen fluid: The protein concentration in rumen fluid was determined using the Coomassie brilliant blue method. The measurement results are shown in Table 3.

[0074] 2. Experimental Results

[0075] Figures 1-4Images of rumen fluid from Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2, Comparative Example 3, and the experimental group are shown. The left image is a front view of the rumen fluid, and the right image is a top view. Figure 1 , Figure 2 , Figure 3 and Figure 4 It can be seen that the rumen contents samples of the control group diet contained a large amount of foam, and the foam content of control group 2 was the highest, while the foam content of the experimental group rumen contents was significantly less than that of the control group.

[0076] Table 3. Rumen Data Analysis

[0077]

[0078] Note: If the same letter is in the same number subscript in the same row, the difference is not significant (P>0.05); if the letters in the subscript are adjacent, the difference is significant (P<0.05); and if the letters in the subscript are alternating, the difference is extremely significant (P<0.01).

[0079] Table 3 shows that the rumen foam holding power and rumen fluid viscosity were lowest in the experimental group, followed by control group 1, and highest in control group 2. The differences among the four treatment groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05), with the experimental group showing extremely significant lower values ​​than control groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.01). The rumen fluid foaming power and rumen fluid protein content were significantly lower in the experimental group than control groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.05), and extremely significantly lower than control group 2 (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between control groups 1 and 3 (P > 0.05), but both were significantly lower than control group 2 (P < 0.05). No rumen bloat was observed in the experimental group goats, while bloat occurred in all other groups, especially in control group 2 where the bloat was most severe.

[0080] The embodiments described above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Various modifications and improvements made by those skilled in the art to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit of the present invention should fall within the protection scope defined by the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep, characterized in that, The raw materials, by weight, include: 30.2-40.5 parts corn, 15-20 parts sorghum, 14-20 parts brown rice, 12-25 parts heat-treated soybean meal, 0.2-1 parts concentrated tannins, 0.1-0.05 parts compound soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme, 1.2-1.8 parts calcium carbonate, 1.5-2.6 parts sodium bicarbonate, 0.3-0.5 parts NaCl, and 0.3-0.5 parts premix.

2. The concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method for preparing the heat-treated soybean meal is as follows: heat the soybean meal at 110°C for 50 minutes to obtain the heat-treated soybean meal.

3. The concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep according to claim 1, characterized in that, The complex soluble non-starch polysaccharide enzyme is composed of xylanase, glucanase, mannanase and pectinase.

4. The concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep according to claim 1, characterized in that, The premixed material is formulated by mass parts as follows: 2.0 parts FeSO4·7H2O, 0.82 parts CuSO4·5H2O, 1.74 parts ZnSO4·7H2O, 2.52 parts MnSO4·H2O, 0.41 parts Na2SeO3·5H2O, 0.42 parts CoCl2·6H2O, 0.12 parts CaI2O, 2.0 parts DL-α-tocopherol acetate, 0.04 parts vitamin D3, 0.2 parts retinol, and 89.73 parts bentonite.

5. A method for preparing a concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep as described in any one of claims 1-4, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Crush corn, sorghum, brown rice and heat-treated soybean meal to obtain powder A; (2) Mix powder A with the remaining raw materials to obtain the concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep.

6. The preparation method according to claim 5, characterized in that, In step (1): the pulverization is to pulverize to a particle size of less than 6 mm.

7. The preparation method according to claim 5, characterized in that, After the mixing step in step (2) is completed, a granulation operation is also included; the granulation specifications are: 3 mm in diameter and 6 mm in length.

8. The application of the concentrate supplement for preventing rumen bloat in cattle and sheep as described in any one of claims 1-4 in the prevention of rumen bloat in goats, characterized in that, The concentrate supplement is mixed with goat roughage at a mass ratio of 7:3, and then the goats are fed the mixture.

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