PVC / ABS alloy material, preparation method and application thereof

Abstract

The application discloses a PVC / ABS alloy material and a preparation method and application thereof, and is characterized in that PVC and CPVC are used as base resins, ABS and the like are added to improve the toughness and processing performance of the material, PMMA is used to improve the compatibility and promote uniform dispersion, epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microspheres or dendritic PAMAM which have a good plasticizing effect on PVC are used as the first lubricant, the PVC and CPVC base resins can be fully plasticized, the molecular chains are entangled at the boundaries of PVC and CPVC primary particles, the compatibility with ABS is improved, and the flowability and toughness of the material are improved. The polyphosphazene or PAMAM has certain carbon formation flame-retardant performance and can solve the problem that the epoxy soybean oil is easy to burn. The design can effectively improve the processability, ductility and toughness and the like of the alloy material, and realizes high flame-retardant smoke suppression and high toughness of the material.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of high polymer materials, and particularly relates to a PVC / ABS alloy material with high flame-retardant smoke suppression, high flow and high flexibility as well as a preparation method and application thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] The PVC / ABS alloy material has the flame-retardant self-extinguishing property, chemical resistance of PVC and the heat resistance, impact resistance and easy processing of ABS, and has important market space as a raw material for plate, sheet and pipe products in the fields of household appliances, instruments and meters, automotive interiors and the like.

[0003] Although the PVC / ABS alloy material has many excellent properties, various modifications must be made to the alloy to improve its flowability, toughness, flame retardant and smoke suppression properties in order to realize application in various fields. For example, the literature (Chen Qinjie, Research on Flow Properties of PVC / ABS Alloy) reports that the flowability of the alloy material is improved by using plasticizer DOP, but the addition of DOP reduces the mechanical properties, oxygen index and other properties. The literature (Lu Chaoyun, Flame-retardant and toughened ABS / PVC alloy for injection molding, Plastics) reports that ACR, flow modifier and Sb2O3 and zinc borate are used to modify the flame retardant and smoke suppression of ABS / PVC alloy. By increasing the amount of ACR, the impact resistance is improved, and Sb2O3 and zinc borate can also improve the flame retardant properties of the material, but the change in smoke suppression performance is not reported. In addition to flowability and flame retardant properties, a formula and preparation method of a PVC / ABS high-impact alloy are reported in a world patent (WO2021129141), which removes the odor of the alloy during processing by using a deodorant to realize application in automobiles, but does not involve the flame retardant and smoke suppression and processing properties of the material.

[0004] From the existing literature reports, the PVC / ABS alloy material has developed various modification methods, and has been greatly improved in flowability, impact resistance and flame retardant properties, and has become the preferred material for thermoplastic plates in automobiles, household appliances and the like. However, the alloy thermoplastic plate for aerospace, rail transit and medical device shell has higher requirements for flame retardant and smoke suppression properties, flexibility and tensile ratio, and the existing PVC / ABS alloy material cannot meet the requirements. The patents CN115418059A and CN115093658A recently reported a method for preparing aerospace and medical thermoplastic plates by using ABS to toughen PVC, which absorbs HCl released during the combustion of PVC and CPVC by using layered zirconium phosphate material to achieve the effect of flame retardant and smoke suppression. However, the layered filler reduces the flowability of the alloy material, which increases the temperature required for the thermoplastic plate during the thermoforming process, especially for high-stretch products, and easily causes yellowing and degradation, which affects the quality of the product.

[0005] In view of the problems in preparing high-performance thermoplastic plates from the existing PVC / ABS alloy materials, according to the forming process requirements of the high-performance alloy thermoplastic plates, the application provides a PVC / ABS alloy material with high flame-retardant smoke suppression, high flow and high flexibility, which has high impact resistance and flame-retardant smoke suppression performance, good flowability and flexibility, and can meet the requirements of high-speed rail and aircraft luggage compartment, nuclear magnetic and cover plate for the preparation of thermoplastic plate products with high requirements for depth and appearance quality. SUMMARY

[0006] The application aims to provide a PVC / ABS alloy material with high flame-retardant smoke suppression, high flow and high flexibility, which has good flowability and flexibility and high flame-retardant smoke suppression performance.

[0007] The application also aims to provide a preparation method of the PVC / ABS alloy material, which is simple, universal, can effectively reduce the cost, improve the production efficiency, and has no harm to the environment.

[0008] The application also aims to provide the application of the PVC / ABS alloy material.

[0009] In order to achieve the above application purposes, the technical scheme of the application comprises the following steps:

[0010] The application first provides a PVC / ABS alloy material, which comprises the following components in parts by weight: 20-35 parts of PVC resin, 25-50 parts of CPVC resin, 15-20 parts of ABS resin, 2-5 parts of a compatibilizer, 2-4 parts of a stabilizer, 3-6 parts of a first lubricant, 3-6 parts of a processing aid, 1-2 parts of a second lubricant, 4-8 parts of a flame retardant and 5-10 parts of a smoke suppressant.

[0011] The application takes PVC and CPVC as base resins, improves the toughness and processing performance of the material by adding ABS, etc., improves the compatibility of ABS and the base resin by using PMMA, promotes uniform dispersion, and uses epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microspheres or dendritic PAMAM as the first lubricant, which has a good plasticizing effect on PVC, so that the epoxy soybean oil can fully plasticize the PVC and CPVC base resin, the molecular chains are entangled at the boundary of PVC and CPVC primary particles, the compatibility with ABS is improved, and the flowability and toughness of the material are improved. The spherical polyphosphazene nitrile and dendritic PAMAM grafted with epoxy soybean oil are dispersed between the molecular chains, which plays a role in lubricating the ball, greatly improves the slip between the molecular chains, and makes the material stretch at a lower thermoforming temperature. In addition, the polyphosphazene or PAMAM has certain carbon formation flame retardant performance, which can solve the problem of easy combustion of epoxy soybean oil. This design can effectively improve the processability, ductility and toughness of the alloy material, and at the same time, it will not cause the decline of the flame retardant performance caused by the traditional internal plasticizer, realizing the high flame retardant smoke suppression and high toughness of the material.

[0012] As a preferred scheme of the application, the compatilizer is PMMA.

[0013] As a preferred scheme of the application, the stabilizer is a calcium-zinc stabilizer or an organic tin stabilizer.

[0014] As a preferred scheme of the application, the first lubricant is a complex of epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microspheres or epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM dendritic macromolecules.

[0015] As a preferred scheme of the application, the preparation process of the epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microsphere complex is as follows:

[0016] 1) Dissolve hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and hyperbranched polyethyleneimine in acetonitrile, then add a certain amount of triethylamine, and react at room temperature under the condition of 100W ultrasonic for 2h, and then centrifugal separation, water and ethanol repeated washing to obtain amine-rich polyphosphazene microspheres.

[0017] 2) Mix the amine-rich polyphosphazene microspheres with epoxy soybean oil, and react at 100℃ for 3h to obtain the epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene complex.

[0018] By precipitating hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and hyperbranched polyethyleneimine in acetonitrile, amine-rich polyphosphazene microspheres with a size of several hundred nanometers can be prepared under the condition of ultrasonic, when mixed with epoxy soybean oil and heated to 100℃, the amine group reacts with the epoxy group, so that the epoxy soybean oil is uniformly grafted on the surface of the polyphosphazene microspheres.

[0019] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the epoxy soybean oil in step 2) is preferably epoxy soybean oil with an epoxy content greater than 6%, and the mass ratio of the polyphosphazene microspheres to the epoxy soybean oil is 1:0.5-2.

[0020] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the preparation process of the epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex is as follows: PAMAM (polyamide-amine type) dendrimer is mixed with epoxy soybean oil, and the mixture is reacted at 100°C for 3h to obtain the epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex.

[0021] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the PAMAM is a half-generation dendrimer with a generation number of 2.5-5.5, and the molar ratio of the amine groups to the epoxy groups is 1:0.5-1 when mixed with the epoxy soybean oil.

[0022] The grafted and modified polyphosphazene microspheres and dendrimer PAMAM have excellent compatibility with PVC and CPVC, and can be uniformly dispersed between the molecular chains to reduce the entanglement of the molecular chains, promote the slippage of the molecular chains, and enable the alloy sheet to realize large stretching deformation at a lower forming temperature while avoiding the internal stress and surface lines caused by the entanglement of the molecular chains.

[0023] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the flame retardant is a carbonate magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite flame retardant, which has a lamellar structure, can play a similar flame-retardant role as aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, and forms a synergistic flame-retardant effect with the polyphosphazene microspheres or PAMAM. The lamellar structure of the flame retardant can also block the entry of oxygen and the volatilization of organic volatile components, and plays a role in blocking heat and combustion. In addition, the rich carbonate can react with HCl volatilized from the combustion of PVC and CPVC, thereby playing a role in absorbing HCl and inhibiting the generation of smoke and toxic gas.

[0024] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the smoke suppressant is molybdate molybdenum trioxide or zinc borate, which can undergo a dehydration reaction during combustion to absorb the surrounding heat and play a role in flame retardation. Moreover, the smoke suppressant can make the polymer form a dense carbon layer when heated, thereby playing a role in blocking heat, slowing down combustion, and reducing the amount of black smoke generated.

[0025] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the compatibilizer is PMMA resin, which is a good compatibilizer for PVC or CPVC and ABS, and can improve the impact strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the alloy.

[0026] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the processing aid is ACR processing aid, which can improve the processing stability of the resin and, in cooperation with PMMA, can improve the processability and comprehensive performance of the alloy material.

[0027] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the second lubricant is polyethylene wax, which can improve the stability and appearance quality of the alloy material during extrusion.

[0028] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the stabilizer is calcium-zinc stabilizer or organic tin stabilizer, preferably a mixture of calcium stearate and zinc stearate, thiomethyl tin stabilizer or thio-butyl tin stabilizer.

[0029] The present application further discloses a preparation method of the high-flame-retardant smoke-suppressing, high-flow and high-flexibility PVC / ABS alloy material.

[0030] As a preferred scheme of the present application, the double-screw extrusion condition is that the screw temperature is 170-210 DEG C, the die temperature is 180-220 DEG C, and the screw rotating speed is 50-150 r / min.

[0031] The preparation process adopted by the method is consistent with the traditional polymer material extrusion process, the method has low cost, high production efficiency, and no harm to the environment, and the prepared flame-retardant and smoke-suppressing PVC alloy material is easy to form and has high tensile property.

[0032] The present application further discloses application of the high-flame-retardant smoke-suppressing, high-flow and high-flexibility PVC / ABS alloy material in preparation of alloy thermoplastic plates for products such as aircraft luggage compartments, table and chair plates and nuclear magnetic outer cover plates.

[0033] The high-flame-retardant smoke-suppressing, high-flow and high-flexibility PVC / ABS alloy material of the present application is prepared by introducing epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microspheres or PAMAM dendritic macromolecules which have excellent compatibility with PVC and CPVC, reducing the entanglement between molecular chains, improving the slip of the molecular chains, and avoiding the damage of the introduction of the epoxy soybean oil to the flame-retardant property by the flame-retardant effect of the polyphosphazene and the PAMAM, and by introducing magnesium aluminum carbonate hydroxide as a flame retardant, the magnesium aluminum carbonate hydroxide can not only be flame-retardant, but also absorb HCl released during combustion, so that efficient flame-retardant and smoke-suppressing is realized.

[0034] Compared with the prior art, the present application has the following advantages:

[0035] 1) The present application grafts epoxy soybean oil onto polyphosphazene microspheres or dendrimers PAMAM, which can greatly improve the dispersion of microspheres and dendrimers in PVC and CPVC resins, achieve molecular-level compatibility, and the "ball bearing" effect of microspheres and dendrimers can reduce molecular entanglement and make molecular sliding easier, thereby making the alloy thermoplastic plate have a lower heat forming temperature and high tensile property.

[0036] 2) In the present application, magnesium aluminum carbonate hydrocalumite is introduced as a flame retardant to achieve both flame retardation and HCl absorption, and form a good synergistic flame-retardant smoke suppression with molybdenum oxide or zinc borate, so that the alloy thermoplastic plate has excellent flame-retardant smoke suppression performance.

[0037] 3) The present application can directly blend raw materials and use traditional double-screw extrusion granulation, which is simple to operate, high in production efficiency, and has universality.

[0038] 4) The alloy material prepared by the present application has good flowability, high flexibility, excellent flame-retardant smoke suppression performance, and can be used for the preparation of alloy thermoplastic plates for products such as aircraft luggage compartments, table and chair plates, and nuclear magnetic outer cover plates, thereby providing a new idea for the preparation of high-performance alloy materials. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] In order to make the technical means, creative features, purposes and effects achieved by the present application easy to understand, the present application will be further described below in combination with specific examples, but the following examples are only preferred embodiments of the present application, not all. Based on the examples in the embodiments, other examples obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor are within the protection scope of the present application. In the following examples, the experimental methods are conventional methods, and the materials, reagents, etc. used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified.

[0040] Example 1

[0041] Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and hyperbranched polyethyleneimine were dissolved in acetonitrile at a mass ratio of 1:1 to form a 20wt% mass concentration solution, then 5wt% content of triethylamine relative to hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene was added, and the reaction was carried out at room temperature under ultrasonic conditions of 100W for 2h. The obtained precipitate was separated by centrifugation, washed repeatedly with water and ethanol, and then dried to obtain polyphosphazene microspheres rich in amine groups. The polyphosphazene microspheres were mixed with epoxy soybean oil at a mass ratio of 1:0.5, and the temperature was raised to 100℃ for reaction for 3h to obtain epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microspheres.

[0042] PVC 20 parts, CPVC 22 parts, ABS 20 parts, 5 parts of the compatibilizer PMMA, 2 parts of the stabilizer zinc stearate and calcium stearate (mass ratio 1:1), 6 parts of the first lubricant (epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microspheres), 2 parts of polyethylene wax, 5 parts of ACR processing aid, 8 parts of magnesium aluminum carbonate water sludge and 10 parts of molybdenum trioxide smoke suppressant were added into a high-speed mixer and mixed for 3-5 minutes. The obtained mixed resin was melt-extruded, pulled, cooled and pelletized by a twin-screw extruder under the conditions of a temperature of 180°C, a screw speed of 50 r / min and a die temperature of 200°C to obtain an alloy material.

[0043] Example 2

[0044] The polyphosphazene microspheres were prepared according to the method of Example 1, and the polyphosphazene microspheres were mixed with epoxy soybean oil at a mass ratio of 1:1, and the temperature was raised to 100°C for 3h to obtain epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microspheres.

[0045] PVC 35 parts, CPVC 20 parts, ABS 15 parts, 5 parts of the compatibilizer PMMA, 4 parts of the stabilizer zinc stearate and calcium stearate (mass ratio 1:1), 3 parts of the first lubricant (epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microspheres), 2 parts of polyethylene wax, 3 parts of ACR processing aid, 4 parts of magnesium aluminum carbonate water sludge and 10 parts of molybdenum trioxide smoke suppressant were added into a high-speed mixer and mixed for 3-5 minutes. The obtained mixed resin was melt-extruded, pulled, cooled and pelletized by a twin-screw extruder under the conditions of a temperature of 170°C, a screw speed of 150 r / min and a die temperature of 200°C to obtain an alloy material.

[0046] Example 3

[0047] The polyphosphazene microspheres were prepared according to the method of Example 1, and the polyphosphazene microspheres were mixed with epoxy soybean oil at a mass ratio of 1:2, and the temperature was raised to 100°C for 3h to obtain epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microspheres.

[0048] PVC 10 parts, CPVC 45 parts, ABS 15 parts, 2 parts of the compatibilizer PMMA, 4 parts of the stabilizer zinc stearate and calcium stearate (mass ratio 1:1), 6 parts of the first lubricant (epoxy soybean oil grafted polyphosphazene microspheres), 5 parts of ACR processing aid, 1 part of polyethylene wax, 7 parts of magnesium aluminum carbonate water sludge and 5 parts of molybdenum trioxide smoke suppressant were added into a high-speed mixer and mixed for 3-5 minutes. The obtained mixed resin was melt-extruded, pulled, cooled and pelletized by a twin-screw extruder under the conditions of a temperature of 210°C, a screw speed of 50 r / min and a die temperature of 210°C to obtain an alloy material.

[0049] Example 4

[0050] Mix 2.5 generation PAMAM at 1:1 (amine group and epoxy ratio), and heat to 100℃ for 3h to obtain epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex.

[0051] Put 35 parts of PVC, 20 parts of CPVC, 10 parts of ABS, 4 parts of compatible agent PMMA, 4 parts of stabilizer zinc stearate and calcium stearate (mass ratio 1:1), 6 parts of first lubricant (epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex), 2 parts of polyethylene wax, 5 parts of ACR processing aid, 6 parts of carbonate magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite and 8 molybdenum trioxide smoke suppressant into a high-speed mixer, mix for 3-5 minutes, and melt extrude, pull, cool, and pelletize the obtained mixed resin through a double screw extruder at a temperature of 180℃, screw speed of 50r / min, and die temperature of 200℃ to obtain an alloy material.

[0052] Example 5

[0053] Mix 5.5 generation PAMAM at 1:1 (amine group and epoxy ratio), and heat to 100℃ for 3h to obtain epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex.

[0054] Put 35 parts of PVC, 20 parts of CPVC, 10 parts of ABS, 4 parts of compatible agent PMMA, 4 parts of stabilizer zinc stearate and calcium stearate (mass ratio 1:1), 6 parts of first lubricant (epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex), 2 parts of polyethylene wax, 5 parts of ACR processing aid, 6 parts of carbonate magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite and 8 molybdenum trioxide smoke suppressant into a high-speed mixer, mix for 3-5 minutes, and melt extrude, pull, cool, and pelletize the obtained mixed resin through a double screw extruder at a temperature of 180℃, screw speed of 50r / min, and die temperature of 200℃ to obtain an alloy material.

[0055] Example 6

[0056] Mix 3.5 generation PAMAM at 1:1 (amine group and epoxy ratio), and heat to 100℃ for 3h to obtain epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex.

[0057] Put 35 parts of PVC, 20 parts of CPVC, 15 parts of ABS, 4 parts of compatible agent PMMA, 2 parts of stabilizer zinc stearate and calcium stearate (mass ratio 1:1), 4 parts of first lubricant (epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex), 2 parts of polyethylene wax, 5 parts of ACR processing aid, 8 parts of carbonate magnesium aluminum hydrotalcite and 10 molybdenum trioxide smoke suppressant into a high-speed mixer, mix for 3-5 minutes, and melt extrude, pull, cool, and pelletize the obtained mixed resin through a double screw extruder at a temperature of 180℃, screw speed of 50r / min, and die temperature of 200℃ to obtain an alloy material.

[0058] Comparative Example 1

[0059] PVC 20 parts, CPVC 22 parts, ABS 20 parts, 5 parts of the compatibilizer PMMA, 4 parts of the stabilizer zinc stearate and calcium stearate (mass ratio 1:1), 2 parts of polyethylene wax, 4 parts of chlorinated polyethylene, 5 parts of ACR processing aid, 8 parts of magnesium aluminum carbonate hydroxide and 10 parts of molybdenum trioxide smoke suppressant were added into a high-speed mixer and mixed for 3-5 minutes. The obtained mixed resin was melt-extruded, pulled, cooled and pelletized by a twin-screw extruder at a temperature of 200°C, a screw speed of 50 r / min and a die temperature of 210°C to obtain an alloy material.

[0060] Comparative Example 2

[0061] PVC 35 parts, CPVC 20 parts, ABS 15 parts, 4 parts of the compatibilizer PMMA, 4 parts of the stabilizer zinc stearate and calcium stearate (mass ratio 1:1), 3 parts of epoxy soybean oil, 2 parts of polyethylene wax, 3 parts of ACR processing aid, 4 parts of magnesium aluminum carbonate hydroxide and 10 parts of molybdenum trioxide smoke suppressant were added into a high-speed mixer and mixed for 3-5 minutes. The obtained mixed resin was melt-extruded, pulled, cooled and pelletized by a twin-screw extruder at a temperature of 180°C, a screw speed of 50 r / min and a die temperature of 190°C to obtain an alloy material.

[0062] Table 1. Test data

[0063]

[0064] As can be seen from Table 1, the addition of the lubricant with flame-retardant function in the examples can greatly improve the flowability of the material, and at the same time has good flame-retardant and smoke-suppressing effect. After the addition of the lubricant with flame-retardant function, the heat release and smoke density are significantly reduced. However, when the traditional lubricants CPE and epoxy soybean oil are added, not only the flowability is poor, but also the heat release and smoke density are increased, which leads to the fact that the material cannot meet the aviation flame-retardant requirements.

[0065] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present application, and is not a limitation on the form and essence of the present application. It should be pointed out that, for ordinary skilled persons in the art, some improvements and supplements can be made without departing from the method of the present application, and these improvements and supplements should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present application. Any slight changes, modifications and equivalent changes made by skilled persons in the art based on the disclosed technical content without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application are equivalent embodiments of the present application; at the same time, any equivalent changes, modifications and evolution of the above-mentioned embodiments according to the essential technology of the present application are still within the scope of the technical solutions of the present application.

Claims

1. A PVC / ABS alloy material, characterized in that, By weight parts, including the following components: 35 parts of PVC resin, 20-45 parts of CPVC resin, 10-20 parts of ABS resin, 2-5 parts of compatibilizer, 2-4 parts of stabilizer, 6 parts of first lubricant, 3-5 parts of processing aid, 1-2 parts of second lubricant, 4-8 parts of flame retardant and 5-10 parts of smoke suppressant; The compatibilizer is PMMA; The stabilizer is calcium-zinc stabilizer or organic tin stabilizer; The first lubricant is a complex of epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM dendritic macromolecule, namely, an epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex; The processing aid is an ACR processing aid, the second lubricant is polyethylene wax, the flame retardant is a magnesium-aluminum carbonate type flame retardant, and the smoke suppressant is molybdate or zinc borate; The preparation process of the epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex is as follows: PAMAM dendritic macromolecule is mixed with epoxy soybean oil, and the mixture is reacted at 100℃ for 3h to obtain the epoxy soybean oil grafted PAMAM complex, the PAMAM is a half-generation dendritic macromolecule with 2.5-5.5 generations, and the molar ratio of amine groups to epoxy groups is 1:0.5-1 when mixed with epoxy soybean oil.

2. A process for the production of a PVC / ABS alloy material as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that, Comprise: PVC, CPVC, ABS, compatibilizer, stabilizer, first lubricant, second lubricant, flame retardant and smoke suppressant are mixed at high speed, the mixture is extruded through a double screw extruder, and then the alloy material is obtained by traction, cooling and granulation.

3. The process for the preparation of PVC / ABS alloys according to claim 2, characterized in that, The conditions for double screw extrusion are as follows: screw temperature is 170-210℃, die temperature is 180-220℃, and screw rotation speed is 50-150r / min.

4. Use of a PVC / ABS alloy material, characterized in that, The application of the PVC / ABS alloy material of claim 1 or the PVC / ABS alloy material prepared by the preparation method of claim 2 or 3 in the preparation of automotive interior parts, medical equipment shells, thermoplastic plates for rail transit and aerospace interiors.

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