Anti-icing coating and wind turbine blades with photothermal effect

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of anti-icing technology, and provides a low ice adhesion anti-icing coating with a photothermal effect and a wind turbine blade, which takes into account the anti-icing performance of photothermal deicing and hydrophobic lubricating coatings, and solves the problem that the anti-icing effect of hydrophobic polymer coatings in low temperature and high humidity environments is poor. The anti-icing coating with a photothermal effect includes a surface layer formed by a composite of a hydrogel component, a hydrophobic polymer component and photothermal micro-nano particles. The hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer component form a double network structure that interpenetrates each other. The photothermal micro-nano particles include first photothermal particles and second photothermal particles with different particle sizes. The first photothermal particles and the second photothermal particles are arranged in layers within the surface layer. The double network structure of the hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer can not only give the coating better hydrophobic anti-ice adhesion properties. At the same time, the layered structure of the first photothermal particles and the second photothermal particles plays a positive role in anti-icing and prevents the penetration of small molecule pollutants.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of anti-icing technology, and in particular to an anti-icing coating with photothermal effect and a wind turbine blade. Background Art

[0002] Icing and frosting bring great inconvenience to people's production and life, and will cause huge economic losses, especially for some equipment that needs to operate in cold environments, such as wind turbine blades and aircraft propellers. Once ice adheres to the surface of the running equipment, it will cause the weight of these equipment to increase sharply, the center of gravity to shift during operation, and the surrounding flow field to change, which will greatly affect the performance of the equipment and may even cause damage to the equipment and lead to serious consequences.

[0003] To address the issue of equipment icing or frosting, numerous surface heating structures and surface coating materials have been proposed in the prior art. While electric heating deicing can continuously heat and de-ice, it consumes significant energy, is costly, and requires complex construction processes. While solar thermal deicing utilizes renewable natural resources, it is constrained by the weather and cannot provide sustained and effective de-icing. Surface coating materials, such as fluoropolymer coatings, utilize their inherent hydrophobic and lubricating properties to prevent ice buildup, de-ice, reduce ice adhesion, and prevent frost on equipment surfaces. However, hydrophobic materials often have low adhesion to equipment surfaces and are ineffective at preventing the penetration of small molecule contaminants in corrosive fluids. In cold, high-humidity environments, the anti-ice adhesion performance of hydrophobic polymer coatings is significantly reduced. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The present invention provides a low-ice adhesion anti-icing coating and a wind turbine blade with a photothermal effect, which can take into account the anti-icing performance of both photothermal deicing and hydrophobic lubricating coatings, and can solve the problem of poor anti-icing effect of hydrophobic polymer coatings in low-temperature and high-humidity environments.

[0005] The low ice adhesion anti-icing coating with photothermal effect includes a surface layer formed by a composite of a hydrogel component, a hydrophobic polymer component and photothermal micro-nanoparticles. The hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer component form a double network structure that interpenetrates each other. The photothermal micro-nanoparticles include first photothermal particles and second photothermal particles with different particle sizes. The first photothermal particles and the second photothermal particles are alternately arranged in layers in the surface layer.

[0006] According to the technical solution of the present invention, first, the photothermal micro-nanoparticles absorb sunlight and convert it into heat. The hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer synergistically form an anti-adhesion lubricating layer on the coating surface, giving the coating hydrophobic lubrication properties. This enables the coating to simultaneously possess hydrophobic lubrication, low ice adhesion, and photothermal deicing properties.

[0007] Secondly, the first and second photothermal particles of different particle sizes are arranged in layers within the surface layer. Smaller particles can be relatively distributed in the gaps between larger particles, effectively reducing large particle agglomerations. The photothermal micro-nanoparticles can be more evenly dispersed within the coating, achieving high sunlight capture efficiency. At the same time, the staggered layered arrangement of large and small particle sizes provides a better specific surface area, and the layered reflection of different particle sizes promotes the absorption and capture of sunlight, giving the coating excellent photothermal performance.

[0008] Finally, the dual network structure of the hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer not only imparts excellent hydrophobic anti-ice adhesion properties to the coating, but also binds water molecules on the coating surface through hydrophilic sites in low-temperature and high-humidity environments, forming confined water, lowering the freezing point of the liquid and forming a water lubrication layer. This reduces the coating surface roughness and the contact area between ice and the coating, thereby significantly reducing ice adhesion strength. Simultaneously, the layered structure of the first and second photothermal particles effectively creates an air-blocking buffer layer, which plays a positive role in delaying freezing of the coating surface under supercooling conditions, significantly reducing the solid-liquid interface, and preventing the penetration of small molecular contaminants in the corrosive fluid.

[0009] As a preferred technical solution, the photothermal micro-nanoparticles include nano-silica particles, and the hydrophobic polymer component is polydimethylsiloxane.

[0010] According to this preferred technical solution, the nano-silica particles and polydimethylsiloxane are connected by silicon-oxygen bonds to form a network structure with Si-O-Si bonds, which is interspersed between the hydrogel components. On the one hand, it can enhance the adhesion between the particles, and on the other hand, it can form a super-hydrophobic micro-nano rough structure on the surface and inside of the coating, further improving the hydrophobic and anti-ice adhesion properties of the coating surface, and giving the coating high wear resistance and self-repairing properties. Even if the micro-nano rough structure on the surface is worn, the exposed new surface still has a new micro-nano rough structure.

[0011] As a preferred technical solution, the photothermal micro-nano particles are composite particles of ferroferric oxide particles and nano-silicon dioxide particles, and the nano-silicon dioxide particles are coated on the surface of the ferroferric oxide particles.

[0012] According to the preferred technical solution, the surface of ferroferric oxide particles is coated with silicon dioxide particles, the agglomeration of ferroferric oxide particles can be further reduced, so that photothermal micro-nano particles can be evenly dispersed, and ferroferric oxide particles have excellent photothermal effect, can absorb sunlight and convert to form heat, and nano-silicon can be attached to the surface of ferroferric oxide particles, and form an interpenetrating network with external hydrophobic polymers, so that the structure of the coating is more stable. Moreover, multiple nano-silicon is coated on ferroferric oxide particles and can form a rough surface of a concave-convex micro-nano structure, giving the coating super-hydrophobic performance.

[0013] As a preferred technical solution, the photothermal micro-nanoparticles further include a hydrophobic modifier wrapped on the surface of the composite particles, and the hydrophobic modifier is fluorosilane.

[0014] According to this preferred technical solution, fluorosilanes can, on the one hand, improve the chemical hydrophobicity of the photothermal micro-nanoparticles, that is, improve the hydrophobic and anti-ice adhesion properties of the coating; on the other hand, fluorosilanes can reduce the surface energy of the photothermal micro-nanoparticles, which is beneficial to the uniform dispersion of the photothermal micro-nanoparticles and promotes the Si-O-Si bond connection between the surface of the photothermal micro-nanoparticles and the hydrophobic polymer.

[0015] As a preferred technical solution, the particle size of the first photothermal particle is larger than that of the second photothermal particle, and the ratio of the particle size of the first photothermal particle to the particle size of the second photothermal particle is 8-12.

[0016] According to this preferred technical solution, the inventors have found through experimental research that a particle size ratio of the first photothermal particles to the second photothermal particles between 8 and 12 has better sunlight capture efficiency.

[0017] More preferably, the particle size of the first photothermal particle is 200 nm, and the particle size of the second photothermal particle is 20 nm.

[0018] According to this preferred technical solution, when the particle size of the first photothermal particles is 200nm and the particle size of the second photothermal particles is 20nm, the second photothermal particles can just fill the gaps between the first photothermal particles, thereby improving the anti-seepage performance of the coating. At the same time, it can also improve the efficiency of capturing sunlight and increase the photothermal performance of the coating through layered reflection between photothermal particles of different particle sizes.

[0019] As a preferred technical solution, the mass ratio of the first photothermal particles to the second photothermal particles is 1:2-2:1.

[0020] According to this preferred technical solution, when the mass ratio of the first photothermal particles to the second photothermal particles is in the range of 1:2-2:1, the first photothermal particles and the second photothermal particles can be arranged in layers more evenly and densely in the coating, and no particle accumulation or agglomeration will occur.

[0021] As a preferred technical solution, the hydrogel component is a zwitterionic hydrogel obtained by cross-linking reaction of a zwitterionic monomer, a silane coupling agent and a free radical initiator, and the silane coupling agent has an olefin group.

[0022] According to this preferred technical solution, the zwitterionic hydrogel can bind water molecules on the coating surface through its hydrophilic sites, forming confined water and lowering the freezing point of the coating surface. This allows for the continuous formation of a water lubricating layer at the interface between the coating and ice, thereby enhancing the lubrication and ice-resistance of the coating surface. Furthermore, the silane coupling agent with an olefin group can also undergo free radical polymerization with the zwitterionic monomer under the action of a free radical initiator to generate a polymer with a cross-linked network and a stable structure. Furthermore, the silane coupling agent forms strong chemical bonds with the polydimethylsiloxane and nano-silica particles, further stabilizing the dual network structure between the hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer component.

[0023] As a preferred technical solution, the zwitterionic monomer is one or more combinations of dodecylethoxysulfobetaine, carboxylic acid betaine methacrylate, and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, and the silane coupling agent is one or more combinations of vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxyvinylsilane, and allyltriethoxysilane.

[0024] Another aspect of the present invention provides a wind turbine blade, wherein the windward leading edge of the wind turbine blade is provided with an anti-ice adhesion coating with a photothermal effect as in any of the above technical solutions.

[0025] According to this technical solution, since the windward leading edge of a fan blade forms a windward surface during operation and is often in direct contact with cold, humid air, ice and frost may form. Applying an anti-ice adhesion coating with a photothermal effect to the windward leading edge of the fan blade can inhibit the recrystallization of ice crystals on the windward surface of the fan blade and reduce the ice adhesion on the windward surface of the fan blade. Even if ice cubes form, they will be blown off by the airflow due to their small size and inability to adhere to the windward surface, preventing ice accumulation on the fan blade. When operating in a low-temperature environment, the aerodynamic shape of the fan blade is not affected by ice, and aerodynamic performance can be maintained. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0026] Figure 1 is a line graph showing the relationship between the ice sliding angle and temperature for sample coatings 1-5 prepared in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 2 3 is a line graph of the frosting delay time of the sample coating 2 prepared in an embodiment of the present invention at different temperatures. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0029] In this embodiment, a low ice adhesion anti-icing coating with a photothermal effect is provided, wherein the low ice adhesion anti-icing coating with a photothermal effect includes a surface layer formed by a composite of a hydrogel component, a hydrophobic polymer component and photothermal micro-nanoparticles.

[0030] Among them, the hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer component form a double network structure that is interpenetrated with each other, and the photothermal micro-nanoparticles include first photothermal particles and second photothermal particles with different particle sizes. The first photothermal particles and the second photothermal particles are arranged in an interlaced layer in the surface layer.

[0031] The hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer component can be an interpenetrating network structure formed by a zwitterionic hydrogel and a hydrophobic polymer. Specifically, the hydrogel component can be a zwitterionic hydrogel obtained by crosslinking a zwitterionic monomer of one or more combinations of dodecylethoxysulfobetaine, carboxylic betaine methacrylate, and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine, the hydrophobic polymer is polydimethylsiloxane, and the crosslinking agent is a silane coupling agent (one or more of vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxyvinylsilane, and allyltriethoxysilane). The zwitterionic hydrogel can bind water molecules on the surface of the coating through hydrophilic sites to form restricted water, lowering the freezing point of the liquid on the surface of the coating, thereby continuously forming a water lubricating layer on the contact interface between the coating and ice, reducing the roughness of the coating surface, reducing the contact area between ice and the coating surface, and improving the lubrication and anti-ice adhesion properties of the coating surface. Polydimethylsiloxane has good strength and can be crosslinked through strong chemical bonds and silicon-oxygen bonds to increase the hydrophobic properties of the coating.

[0032] It is worth mentioning that the coating in this embodiment uses photothermal micro-nanoparticles as fillers, and the photothermal micro-nanoparticles include nano-silica particles, and the hydrophobic polymer component is polydimethylsiloxane. The nano-silica particles and polydimethylsiloxane are connected by silicon-oxygen bonds to form a network structure with Si-O-Si bonds, which is interspersed between the hydrogel components. On the one hand, it can enhance the adhesion between the particles, and on the other hand, it can also form a super-hydrophobic micro-nano rough structure on the surface and inside of the coating, further improving the hydrophobic anti-ice adhesion performance of the coating surface, and giving the coating high wear resistance and self-repairing properties. Even if the micro-nano rough structure on the surface is worn, the exposed new surface still has a new micro-nano rough structure.

[0033] Wherein, preferably, light heat micro-nano particle is the composite particle of ferroferric oxide particles and nano silicon dioxide particles, and nano silicon dioxide particles are coated on ferroferric oxide particle surface.Fetriferric oxide particle surface coating silicon dioxide particles, it is possible to further reduce the agglomeration of ferroferric oxide particles, so that light heat micro-nano particle can be evenly dispersed, and ferroferric oxide particles have excellent photothermal effect, can absorb sunlight and convert formation heat, and nano silicon dioxide can be attached to ferroferric oxide particle surface, and with the hydrophobic polymer composition interpenetrating network outside, so that the structure of coating is more stable.Also, multiple nano silicon dioxide is coated on ferroferric oxide particles and can form the rough surface of concavo-convex micro-nano structure, gives coating super-hydrophobicity.

[0034] Preferably, the photothermal micro-nanoparticles further include a hydrophobic modifier, which is coated on the surface of the composite particles. The hydrophobic modifier is a fluorosilane. Fluorosilanes can enhance the chemical hydrophobicity of the photothermal micro-nanoparticles, thereby improving the hydrophobic and ice-resistant properties of the coating. Furthermore, fluorosilanes can reduce the surface energy of the photothermal micro-nanoparticles, facilitating uniform dispersion of the photothermal micro-nanoparticles and promoting Si-O-Si bonding between the surface of the photothermal micro-nanoparticles and the hydrophobic polymer.

[0035] Among them, preferably, the particle size of the first photothermal particle is larger than the particle size of the second photothermal particle, and the ratio of the particle size of the first photothermal particle to the particle size of the second photothermal particle is 8-12. The inventors have found through experimental research that the ratio of the particle size of the first photothermal particle to the second photothermal particle has better sunlight capture efficiency when it is between 8-12. Furthermore, the particle size of the first photothermal particle is 200nm, and the particle size of the second photothermal particle is 20nm. When the particle size of the first photothermal particle is 200nm and the particle size of the second photothermal particle is 20nm, the second photothermal particle can just fill the gap between the first photothermal particles, which can improve the anti-seepage performance of the coating. At the same time, it can also improve the capture efficiency of sunlight and increase the photothermal performance of the coating through layered reflection between photothermal particles of different particle sizes.

[0036] Preferably, the mass ratio of the first photothermal particles to the second photothermal particles is 1:2-2:1. When the mass ratio of the first photothermal particles to the second photothermal particles is within the range of 1:2-2:1, the first photothermal particles and the second photothermal particles can be more evenly and densely layered within the coating without particle accumulation or agglomeration.

[0037] For example, the method for preparing the low ice adhesion anti-icing coating with photothermal effect in this embodiment can be:

[0038] First, ethyl orthosilicate was used to attach nano-silica particles to the surface of ferrosoferric oxide to form composite particles. Then, fluorosilane was added dropwise as a hydrophobic modifier to the composite particle solution. After washing and drying, the composite particles were ground to varying degrees to produce two different sizes of photothermal micro-nanoparticles.

[0039] The zwitterionic hydrogel is obtained by reacting a zwitterionic monomer (one or more combinations of dodecylethoxysulfobetaine, carboxylic acid betaine methacrylate, and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) and a silane coupling agent (one or more of vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxyvinylsilane, and allyltriethoxysilane).

[0040] Finally, after the zwitterionic hydrogel and two photothermal micro-nanoparticles of different sizes are mixed, a prepolymer of a hydrophobic polymer component (methylsiloxane) and a curing agent are added, and the mixture is cured to obtain the low ice adhesion anti-icing coating with a photothermal effect in this embodiment.

[0041] In this embodiment, the photothermal micro-nanoparticles absorb sunlight and convert it into heat. The hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer synergistically form an anti-adhesion lubricating layer on the coating surface, imparting hydrophobic lubrication properties. This allows the coating to simultaneously exhibit both hydrophobic lubrication, low ice adhesion, and photothermal deicing properties.

[0042] Secondly, the first and second photothermal particles of different particle sizes are arranged in layers within the surface layer. Smaller particles can be relatively distributed in the gaps between larger particles, effectively reducing large particle agglomerations. The photothermal micro-nanoparticles can be more evenly dispersed within the coating, improving sunlight capture efficiency. At the same time, the staggered layered arrangement of large and small particle sizes has a higher specific surface area, and the layered reflection of different particle sizes can promote the absorption and capture of sunlight, giving the coating excellent photothermal performance.

[0043] Finally, the dual network structure of the hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer not only imparts excellent hydrophobic anti-ice adhesion properties to the coating, but also binds water molecules on the coating surface through hydrophilic sites in low-temperature and high-humidity environments, forming confined water, lowering the freezing point of the liquid and forming a water lubrication layer. This reduces the coating surface roughness and the contact area between ice and the coating, thereby significantly reducing ice adhesion strength. Simultaneously, the layered structure of the first and second photothermal particles effectively creates an air-blocking buffer layer, which plays a positive role in delaying freezing of the coating surface under supercooling conditions, significantly reducing the solid-liquid interface, and preventing the penetration of corrosive fluids and contaminants.

[0044] The following experiments further demonstrate the performance of the low ice adhesion anti-icing coating with photothermal effect provided by this embodiment.

[0045] 1. Material Preparation

[0046] 1.1 Preparation of photothermal micro-nanoparticles

[0047] 4 ml of ammonium hydroxide and 20 ml of distilled water were added to 100 ml of anhydrous ethanol solution, and then the ferrosoferric oxide nanoparticles were added to the mixed solution and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Subsequently, ethyl orthosilicate (2 ml) was slowly injected drop by drop into the mixed solution, and the stirring was continued for 1 hour. Nano-silica particles were attached to the surface of the ferrosoferric oxide to form composite particles. Then, fluorodecyl (tripropoxy) silane (1 mL) was added dropwise as a hydrophobic modifier to the mixed solution of the uniform composite particles, and magnetic stirring was carried out at 40 ° C for 12 hours. Finally, after drying and grinding, photothermal micro-nanoparticles were obtained, which were purified with a magnet and then washed several times with deionized water.

[0048] In the same way, by controlling the grinding time, photothermal micro-nanoparticles of 160 nm and 20 nm, photothermal micro-nanoparticles of 200 nm and 20 nm, and photothermal micro-nanoparticles of 240 nm and 20 nm were prepared respectively.

[0049] 1.2 Preparation of hydrogel components

[0050] The zwitterionic monomer (dodecylethoxysulfobetaine), silane coupling agent (vinyltrimethoxysilane) and free radical initiator were added to the solvent of ethanol and water in proportion. The reaction environment was a nitrogen atmosphere, the reaction temperature was 70°C, mechanical stirring was performed, and the reaction time was 1 hour to obtain a zwitterionic hydrogel.

[0051] 1.3 Preparation of low ice adhesion anti-icing coating with photothermal effect

[0052] The zwitterionic hydrogel was dissolved in an ethanol aqueous solution, and the three groups of double-size photothermal micro-nanoparticles prepared in Section 1.1 were added at a molar ratio of 2:1 (the mass ratio of the first photothermal particle and the second photothermal particle was 1:1). The polydimethylsiloxane prepolymer and the curing agent were dispersed in the above mixed solution at a ratio of 1:0.1, and the mixed solution was applied to the surface of the substrate and cured at 80°C for 2h. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) formed a double network interpenetrating structure with the zwitterionic hydrogel and formed a Si-O-Si bond with the nanoparticles. An interpenetrating network structure was formed. At the same time, the second photothermal particles were adsorbed around the first photothermal particles under the action of silicon-oxygen bonds, forming a first photothermal particle arrangement. When the first photothermal particles were arranged in sequence, the upper and lower layers had second photothermal particle layers arranged in a manner embedded between the first photothermal particles, thereby forming a morphology in which the first photothermal particles and the second photothermal particles were arranged alternately. Sample coating 1 (160nm and 20nm, mass ratio 1:1), sample coating 2 (200nm and 20nm, mass ratio 1:1), and sample coating 3 (240nm and 20nm, mass ratio 1:1) were prepared.

[0053] In addition, based on two sizes of photothermal micro-nanoparticles of 200nm and 20nm, they were prepared according to their mass ratios of 2:1 and 1:2, respectively, to obtain sample coating 4 (200nm and 20nm, mass ratio 2:1) and sample coating 5 (200nm and 20nm, mass ratio 1:2).

[0054] 2. Material Characterization

[0055] 2.1 Hydrophobicity and anti-ice adhesion properties of sample coatings

[0056] A water droplet adhesion experiment was carried out on the sample coating, and the morphology and adhesion of the water droplets on the sample coating surface were recorded through video observation.

[0057] In the water droplet adhesion experiment, the static water contact angles and rolling angles of sample coatings 1-5 were around 150° and 5°, respectively. The static water contact angles of sample coatings 3 and 5 were both greater than 155°, indicating better hydrophobicity. In particular, the static water contact angle of sample coating 3 reached 159°. This is because the first photothermal particles with sizes of 240 nm and the second photothermal particles with sizes of 20 nm can form a more uniform micro-nano rough surface at a mass ratio of 1:1, and the micro-nano rough surface has better superhydrophobicity.

[0058] Then, a needle is used to touch the water droplets on the surface of the sample coating. The water droplets are easily carried away by the needle and do not adhere to the coating surface. This shows that the sample coating prepared in this embodiment has excellent hydrophobicity and anti-ice adhesion properties, which can prevent the adhesion of surface water droplets and ice crystals, thereby achieving the effect of inhibiting the nucleation of ice crystals.

[0059] Sample coatings 1-5 and uncoated substrates are placed in a temperature-controlled container and then cooled to -10°C, -20°C, -30°C, and -40°C, respectively. Specifically, a liftable platform is set in the temperature-controlled container to place the substrate, and liquid nitrogen is set under the platform for cooling. The temperature is controlled by adjusting the distance between the lifting platform and the liquid nitrogen device. After the lifting platform is adjusted to a suitable height, wait until the substrate on the platform is consistent with the ambient temperature, place an ice cube of the same size (10mm*10mm*10mm) on the substrate and keep it for 10 minutes, then control the lifting platform to slowly tilt to one side, and record the angle of the platform tilt when the ice cube slides as the sliding angle.

[0060] Figure 1 This is a line graph showing the relationship between the ice sliding angle and temperature for sample coatings 1 to 5. Since the uncoated substrate does not slide at -20°C, it is not Figure 1 Enter the data for the uncoated substrate in .

[0061] like Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the sliding angle of sample coatings 1-5 remains basically unchanged at temperatures above -20°C, and the minimum sliding angle of the sample coatings is also smaller than that of the uncoated substrate (about 5°). This is because the zwitterionic hydrogel can bind the water molecules on the surface of the coating to form confined water, lowering the freezing point of the liquid on the surface of the sample coating and forming a water lubricating layer. It can synergize with the hydrophobic PDMS to reduce ice adhesion, so ice cubes are more likely to slide off the surface of sample coatings 1-5.

[0062] When the ambient temperature dropped below -20°C, the sliding angles of coating samples 1 and 4 began to increase, while the sliding angles of the other coating samples remained unchanged. At temperatures below -40°C, the sliding angles of all coating samples increased, but ice still did not adhere to the sample coating surfaces. This indicates that the sample coatings prepared in this embodiment can maintain excellent ice adhesion resistance even at low temperatures.

[0063] 2.2 Solar light absorption performance of sample coatings

[0064] The solar absorption rates of sample coatings 1-5 were tested, and the results showed that sample coating 2 had the highest solar absorption rate, reaching 97.7%. The other sample coatings also had excellent solar absorption rates, among which the solar absorption rate of sample coating 1 was 89.1%; the solar absorption rate of sample coating 3 was 93.4%; the solar absorption rate of sample coating 4 was 95.7%; and the solar absorption rate of sample coating 5 was 94.5%.

[0065] This is because the first and second photothermal particles of different particle sizes are arranged in layers within the surface layer. The smaller particles can be relatively distributed in the gaps between the larger particles, effectively reducing large particle agglomerations. The photothermal micro-nanoparticles can be more evenly dispersed within the coating, resulting in high sunlight capture efficiency. At the same time, the layered arrangement of large and small particle sizes has a higher specific surface area, and the layered reflection of different particle sizes can promote the absorption and capture of sunlight. For example, 20nm second photothermal particles can be embedded in the arrangement gaps between 200nm first photothermal particles. After the sunlight is captured by the upper first photothermal particles, some of the sunlight that penetrates the gaps between the first photothermal particles downward is captured by the denser second photothermal particles in the lower layer. Some of the sunlight reflected on the surface of the first photothermal particles can also be captured by the upper second photothermal particles. At the same time, the surfaces of the two layers of photothermal particles with different particle sizes can produce multiple diffuse reflections, making the coating have a better solar light absorption rate.

[0066] 2.3 Anti-frost performance of sample coatings

[0067] Sample coating 2 was placed in a temperature-controlled container. The temperature of the temperature-controlled container was controlled at -10°C, -20°C, -30°C, and -40°C. Then, a humidifier (relative humidity 99%, water consumption 0.04 L / h) was used to generate a gentle water spray in the temperature-controlled container. When the substrate surface became opaque or frosted, the frosting delay time was recorded.

[0068] Figure 2 It is a line graph showing the frost delay time of the sample coating at different temperatures. Figure 2 As shown, it can be seen that the sample coating prepared in this embodiment can maintain a relatively high frost delay time even in a low temperature and high humidity environment. This is because the sample coating contains hydrophilic hydrogel, which can bind water molecules on the surface of the coating through hydrophilic sites to form restricted water, lower the freezing point of the liquid, and still form a water lubrication layer under low temperature and high humidity conditions, and has good anti-ice adhesion performance.

[0069] In particular, the layered arrangement of the first photothermal particles and the second photothermal particles in this embodiment can greatly reduce the infiltration of small molecule water vapor, reduce the solid-liquid interface, and facilitate the delay of frost formation on the coating surface under supercooling conditions. Therefore, compared with ordinary double-network hydrogel coatings, it has better anti-icing and anti-frost effects.

[0070] In other embodiments of the present invention, a fan blade is provided, wherein the windward leading edge of the fan blade is provided with an anti-ice adhesion coating with a photothermal effect, such as that described in any of the above-mentioned technical solutions. Since the windward leading edge of the fan blade forms a windward surface during operation, the windward surface is often in direct contact with low-temperature, humid air, which can cause ice and frost to form. Applying the anti-ice adhesion coating with a photothermal effect to the windward leading edge of the fan blade can inhibit the recrystallization of ice crystals on the windward surface of the fan blade and reduce the ice adhesion on the windward surface of the fan blade. Even if ice cubes form, they will be blown off by the airflow because the ice crystals are small and cannot adhere to the windward surface, preventing ice from accumulating on the fan blade. When operating in a low-temperature environment, the aerodynamic shape of the fan blade is not affected by ice, and aerodynamic performance can be maintained.

[0071] The above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions and improvements made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included in the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. An anti-icing coating with photothermal effect, characterized in that: The invention comprises a surface layer formed by a composite of a hydrogel component, a hydrophobic polymer component and photothermal micro-nanoparticles, wherein the hydrogel component and the hydrophobic polymer component form a double network structure interpenetrating each other, and the photothermal micro-nanoparticles include first photothermal particles and second photothermal particles of different particle sizes, and the first photothermal particles and the second photothermal particles are alternately arranged in layers within the surface layer; The hydrophobic polymer component is polydimethylsiloxane; The photothermal micro-nano particles are composite particles of ferroferric oxide particles and nano-silicon dioxide particles, and the nano-silicon dioxide particles are coated on the surface of the ferroferric oxide particles; The photothermal micro-nanoparticles further include a hydrophobic modifier coated on the surface of the composite particles, wherein the hydrophobic modifier is fluorosilane; The particle size of the first photothermal particle is larger than that of the second photothermal particle, and the ratio of the particle size of the first photothermal particle to the particle size of the second photothermal particle is 8-12.

2. The anti-icing coating with photothermal effect according to claim 1, characterized in that: The particle size of the first photothermal particle is 200 nm, and the particle size of the second photothermal particle is 20 nm.

3. The anti-icing coating with photothermal effect according to claim 2, characterized in that: The mass ratio of the first photothermal particles to the second photothermal particles is 1:2-2:

1.

4. The anti-icing coating with photothermal effect according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hydrogel component is a zwitterionic hydrogel obtained by reacting a zwitterionic monomer, a silane coupling agent and a free radical initiator, wherein the silane coupling agent has an olefin group.

5. The anti-icing coating with photothermal effect according to claim 4, characterized in that: The zwitterionic monomer is one or more combinations of dodecylethoxysulfobetaine, carboxylic acid betaine methacrylate, and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine. The silane coupling agent is one or more combinations of vinyltrimethoxysilane, allyltrimethoxysilane, triethoxyvinylsilane, and allyltriethoxysilane.

6. A fan blade, characterized in that: The windward leading edge of the wind turbine blade is provided with an anti-icing coating with a photothermal effect as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5.

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