Vehicle interior system with improved reliability of curved cover glass and method of forming the same

Abstract

This application relates to vehicle interior systems with curved cover glass having improved reliability and methods of forming the same. Embodiments of vehicle interior systems are disclosed. In one or more embodiments, the system includes a base having a curved surface, a cold-formed glass substrate having a thickness of 1.5 mm or less and a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater, and an adhesive between the curved surface and the glass substrate. Methods of forming such systems are also disclosed. The systems and methods include components and / or design modifications or methods for reducing stress in the adhesive.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference of related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 570,430, filed October 10, 2017, pursuant to 35 U.S. SC §119, which is based on and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Technology

[0003] This disclosure relates to vehicle interior systems comprising glass and methods of forming the same, and more specifically, to vehicle interior systems comprising curved cover glass, the curved cover glass being cold-formed or cold-bent, having improved reliability.

[0004] Vehicle interiors include curved surfaces in which displays and / or touch panels can be integrated. Materials used to form such curved surfaces are typically limited to polymers, which do not exhibit the durability and optical properties of glass. Therefore, curved glass substrates are desirable, particularly when used as covers for displays and / or touch panels. Existing methods for forming such curved glass substrates (e.g., thermoforming) have disadvantages including high cost, optical distortion, and surface markings. Therefore, the applicant identified a need for vehicle interior systems that can integrate curved glass substrates cost-effectively without the problems typically associated with glass thermoforming processes. Furthermore, the applicant identified a need for vehicle interior systems employing structural adhesives that simultaneously achieve improved product reliability and performance, as well as reduced likelihood of defect propagation through areas of adhesive with high stress levels. Summary of the Invention

[0005] A first aspect of the present disclosure relates to a vehicle interior system. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system includes a base having a curved surface, a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate. The glass substrate of one or more embodiments includes a first major surface, a second major surface opposite the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface. The glass substrate further includes a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces that is perpendicular to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces that is perpendicular to both the thickness and the width, wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less and the second major surface includes a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or more. According to one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system further includes at least one stress reduction component coupled to the glass substrate in a position that reduces an amount of adhesive stress in one or more regions of the adhesive.

[0006] A second aspect of the present disclosure relates to a vehicle interior system. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system includes a base having a curved surface, a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate. The glass substrate of one or more embodiments includes a first major surface, a second major surface opposite the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface. The glass substrate further includes a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces that is perpendicular to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces that is perpendicular to both the thickness and the width, wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less and the second major surface includes a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or more. According to one or more embodiments, the base and / or the second major surface includes a second radius of curvature that is greater than the first radius of curvature.

[0007] A third aspect of the present disclosure relates to a vehicle interior system. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system includes a base having a curved surface, a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate. The glass substrate of one or more embodiments includes a first major surface, a second major surface opposite the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface. The glass substrate further includes a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to both the thickness and the width, wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less and the second major surface includes a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or more. According to one or more embodiments, the second major surface includes a second region having a heat-formed curved surface including a second radius of curvature.

[0008] Another aspect of the present disclosure pertains to a method of forming a curved vehicle interior component. The method includes heat-forming a first region of a glass substrate to a first radius of curvature, the glass substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface, the first radius of curvature measured on the second major surface; and cold-forming a second region of the glass substrate to a second radius of curvature, the second radius of curvature measured on the second major surface, the second region being different than the first region.

[0009] Other features and advantages will be apparent from the following detailed description, in which reference is made to the appended drawings, which form a part thereof, and in which, by way of illustration, various embodiments are disclosed.

[0010] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claims. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the various embodiments, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate the various embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles and operations of the various embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0011] Figure 1 FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an interior of a vehicle having a vehicle interior system according to one or more embodiments;

[0012] Figure 2 FIG. 2 is a side view showing a curved display including a glass substrate and a display module according to one or more embodiments; FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing an interior of a vehicle having a vehicle interior system according to one or more embodiments;

[0013] Figure 3 is a side view of a glass substrate for a curved display of Figure 2

[0014] Figure 4 is a front perspective view of a glass substrate of Figure 3

[0015] Figure 5 is a detail view of an embodiment of a display module of Figure 2

[0016] Figure 6 is a detail view of an alternative embodiment of a display module

[0017] Figure 7 is a detail view of a curved display of Figure 2

[0018] Figure 8 is a process flow diagram for forming a curved display according to one or more embodiments; and

[0019] Figure 9 shows Figure 8 the method.

[0020] Figure 10 is a process flow diagram for forming a curved display according to another example embodiment.

[0021] Figure 11 is a process flow diagram for forming a curved display according to another example embodiment.

[0022] Figure 12 is a detail view of a process according to another example embodiment of Figure 11

[0023] Figure 13 is a process flow diagram for forming a curved display according to another example embodiment.

[0024] Figure 14 is a perspective view of a curved display according to an example embodiment.

[0025] Figure 15 is a side view of a curved display of Figure 14

[0026] Figures 16A-16I is a side view of a kit according to one or more embodiments.

[0027] Figures 17A-17I is a side view of a kit according to one or more embodiments.​​​​​​

[0028] Figure 18A and 18B is a side view of a kit according to one or more embodiments.

[0029] Figures 19A-19E is a side view schematic showing one or more embodiments of a method for forming a curved display.

[0030] Figure 20A and 20B is a side view schematic showing a curved cover glass and corresponding adhesive stress profile, with or without stress reduction inhibition according to one or more embodiments.

[0031] Figure 21A and 21B is a side view schematic showing a curved cover glass and corresponding adhesive stress profile, with or without stress reduction design modifications for the cover glass according to one or more embodiments.

[0032] Figure 22A and 22B is a side view schematic showing a curved cover glass with a thermoformed portion according to one or more embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Generally, vehicle interior systems can include various different curved surfaces designed to be transparent (e.g., curved display surfaces), and the present disclosure provides articles and methods of forming these curved surfaces from glass materials. Forming curved vehicle surfaces from glass materials can provide a number of advantages over typical plastic curved panels commonly found in vehicle interiors. For example, for many curved cover material applications (e.g., display applications and touch screen applications), glass is generally considered to provide enhanced functionality and user experience over plastic cover materials.

[0034] While glass offers these advantages, curved glass articles are typically formed using a hot forming process. As described herein, various curved glass articles and manufacturing processes provided avoid the drawbacks of typical glass hot forming processes. For example, relative to the cold bending processes discussed herein, hot forming processes are energy intensive and increase the cost of forming curved glass assemblies. In addition, hot forming processes typically make application of glass coatings (e.g., anti-reflective coatings) significantly more difficult. For example, many coating materials cannot be applied to flat sheets of glass material prior to the hot forming process because the coating materials typically cannot withstand the high temperatures of the hot forming process. In addition, application of coating materials to the surfaces of curved glass substrates after hot bending is significantly more difficult than application to flat glass substrates. In addition to this, applicants believe that by avoiding the additional high temperature heating steps required for hot forming, glass articles produced by the cold forming processes and systems discussed herein have improved optical and / or surface properties relative to similar shaped glass articles made by hot forming processes.

[0035] In addition to these advantages over plastic cover sheets and hot formed glass cover sheets, applicants have found that the systems and methods discussed herein specifically provide cold bending of thin strengthened glass sheets in an economical and efficient process. As one example, applicants have found that using air pressure (e.g., vacuum or overpressure) to bend the glass sheets provides a fast and accurate way to conform the glass sheets to the bending fixture frame. In addition, in some embodiments, the systems and processes discussed herein provide bending and curing of the bonding adhesive in the same equipment and / or the same processing step. In addition, the processes and systems discussed herein can also enable attachment of display assemblies to the glass cover sheets during bending using the same equipment and / or the same processing step.

[0036] A first aspect of the present application relates to vehicle interior systems. Various embodiments of the vehicle interior systems can be integrated into vehicles, such as: trains, vehicles (e.g., cars, trucks, and buses, etc.), watercraft (boats, ships, and submarines, etc.), and aircraft (e.g., drones, airplanes, jets, and helicopters, etc.).

[0037] Figure 1Exemplary vehicle interior 10 is shown, comprising three different implementations 100, 200, and 300 of vehicle interior systems. Vehicle interior system 100 includes a center console base 110 with a curved surface 120, which includes a curved display 130. Vehicle interior system 200 includes an instrument panel base 210 with a curved surface 220, which includes a curved display 230. Instrument panel base 210 typically includes an instrument panel 215 that may also include a curved display. Vehicle interior system 300 includes an instrument panel steering wheel base 310 with a curved surface 320 and a curved display 330. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system may include a base that includes armrests, pillars, seat backs, floors, headrests, door panels, or any portion of the vehicle interior that includes a curved surface.

[0038] The curved display embodiments described herein are interchangeable with vehicle interior systems 100, 200, and 300, respectively. Furthermore, the curved glass articles discussed herein can be used as curved cover glass for any of the curved display embodiments discussed herein, including those for vehicle interior systems 100, 200, and / or 300.

[0039] like Figure 2 As shown, in one or more embodiments, the curved display 130 includes: a cold-formed curved glass article or substrate 140 having a first radius of curvature and a display module 150 attached to the glass substrate, wherein at least a portion of the display module 150 has a second radius of curvature similar to or matching the first radius of curvature, thereby providing a curved display having a curved glass substrate as a cover glass.

[0040] See Figure 3 and 4 The glass substrate 140 includes a first main surface 142 and a second main surface 144 opposite to the first main surface. The cold-formed glass substrate exhibits the first radius of curvature measured on the second main surface 144.

[0041] As used herein, the terms “cold-bent,” “cold-formed,” or “cold-forming” refer to bending a glass substrate at a cold-forming temperature below the softening point of the glass (as described herein). A cold-formed glass substrate is characterized by asymmetrical surface compression between a first primary surface 142 and a second primary surface 144. A secondary surface 146 connects the first primary surface 142 and the second primary surface 144. In one or more embodiments, prior to the cold-forming process or in the case of cold forming, the corresponding compressive stresses in the first primary surface 142 and the second primary surface 144 of the glass substrate are substantially equal. In one or more embodiments where the glass substrate is unstrengthened, prior to cold forming, the first primary surface 142 and the second primary surface 144 do not exhibit perceptible compressive stress. In one or more embodiments where the glass substrate is strengthened (as described herein), prior to cold forming, the first primary surface 142 and the second primary surface 144 exhibit compressive stresses that are substantially equal to each other. In one or more embodiments, after cold forming (e.g., as described herein), the compressive stresses are further reduced. Figure 2 and 7 As shown), a surface with a concave shape after bending (e.g., Figure 2 and 7 The compressive stress on the second primary surface 144 increases. In other words, after cold forming, the compressive stress on the concave surface (e.g., the second primary surface 144) is greater than before cold forming. Not limited to theory, the cold forming process increases the compressive stress on the formed glass substrate to compensate for the tensile stress imposed during bending and / or forming operations. In one or more embodiments, the cold forming process causes the concave surface (second primary surface 144) to experience compressive stress, while after cold forming, a convex surface (i.e., ...) is formed. Figure 2 and 7 The first primary surface 142 of the glass sheet is subjected to tensile stress. After cold forming, the tensile stress experienced by the convex surface (i.e., the first primary surface 142) results in a net decrease in surface compressive stress, so that after cold forming, the compressive stress in the convex surface (i.e., the first primary surface 142) of the glass sheet is less than the compressive stress on the same surface (i.e., the first primary surface 142) when the glass sheet is flat.

[0042] When a tempered glass substrate is used, the first and second primary surfaces (142, 144) are already under compressive stress, and therefore the first primary surface can withstand greater tensile stress during bending without the risk of breakage. This allows the tempered glass substrate to conform more closely to the bent surface.

[0043] In one or more embodiments, the thickness of the glass substrate is adjusted to allow the glass substrate to be more flexible to achieve a desired radius of curvature. Further, a thinner glass substrate 140 can be more easily deformed, which can potentially compensate for shape mismatches and gaps that can result from the shape of the display module 150. In one or more embodiments, thin and strengthened glass substrates 140 exhibit greater flexibility, particularly during cold-forming processes. The greater flexibility of the glass substrates discussed herein can allow for both sufficient bending via air pressure-based bending processes as discussed herein and also uniform bending formation without heating. In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate 140 and at least a portion of the display module 150 have substantially similar radii of curvature, thereby providing a substantially uniform distance (which can be filled with adhesive) between the first major surface 142 and the display module 150.

[0044] In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate and the curved display can have a compound curvature including a major radius and a cross curvature. The complexly curved cold-formed glass substrate and display according to one or more embodiments can have different radii of curvature in two independent directions. Thus, the complexly curved cold-formed glass substrate and curved display according to one or more embodiments can be characterized as having a "cross curvature," in which the cold-formed glass substrate and curved display is curved along one axis parallel to a given dimension (i.e., a first axis) and is also curved along one axis perpendicular to the same dimension (i.e., a second axis). The curvature of the cold-formed glass substrate and curved display can be even more complex when a significant minimum radius is combined with a significant cross curvature and / or bending depth.

[0045] In the illustrated embodiment, the thickness (t) of the glass substrate is substantially constant and is defined as the distance between the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144. As used herein, thickness (t) refers to the maximum thickness of the glass substrate. In other embodiments, the dimensions discussed herein are average dimensions. Figures 3-4 In the illustrated embodiment, the glass substrate includes a width (W), which is defined as a first maximum dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to the thickness (t), and the glass substrate also includes a length (L), which is defined as a second maximum dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to both the thickness and the width. In other embodiments, the dimensions discussed herein are average dimensions.

[0046] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate has a thickness (t) of about 1.5 mm or less. For example, the thickness can be in a range from about 0.1 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.15 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.2 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.25 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.35 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.4 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.45 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.55 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.6 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.65 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.7 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.4 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.3 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.2 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.1 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.05 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.95 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.9 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.85 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.75 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.7 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.65 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.6 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.55 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.4 mm, or from about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm.

[0047] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate has a width (W) in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, from about 10 cm to about 250 cm, from about 15 cm to about 250 cm, from about 20 cm to about 250 cm, from about 25 cm to about 250 cm, from about 30 cm to about 250 cm, from about 35 cm to about 250 cm, from about 40 cm to about 250 cm, from about 45 cm to about 250 cm, from about 50 cm to about 250 cm, from about 55 cm to about 250 cm, from about 60 cm to about 250 cm, from about 65 cm to about 250 cm, from about 70 cm to about 250 cm, from about 75 cm to about 250 cm, from about 80 cm to about 250 cm, from about 85 cm to about 250 cm, from about 90 cm to about 250 cm, from about 95 cm to about 250 cm, from about 100 cm to about 250 cm, from about 110 cm to about 250 cm, from about 120 cm to about 250 cm, from about 130 cm to about 250 cm, from about 140 cm to about 250 cm, from about 150 cm to about 250 cm, from about 5 cm to about 240 cm, from about 5 cm to about 230 cm, from about 5 cm to about 220 cm, from about 5 cm to about 210 cm, from about 5 cm to about 200 cm, from about 5 cm to about 190 cm, from about 5 cm to about 180 cm, from about 5 cm to about 170 cm, from about 5 cm to about 160 cm, from about 5 cm to about 150 cm, from about 5 cm to about 140 cm, from about 5 cm to about 130 cm, from about 5 cm to about 120 cm, from about 5 cm to about 110 cm, from about 5 cm to about 110 cm, from about 5 cm to about 100 cm, from about 5 cm to about 90 cm, from about 5 cm to about 80 cm, or from about 5 cm to about 75 cm.

[0048] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate has a length (L) in a range from about 5 cm to about 250 cm, from about 10 cm to about 250 cm, from about 15 cm to about 250 cm, from about 20 cm to about 250 cm, from about 25 cm to about 250 cm, from about 30 cm to about 250 cm, from about 35 cm to about 250 cm, from about 40 cm to about 250 cm, from about 45 cm to about 250 cm, from about 50 cm to about 250 cm, from about 55 cm to about 250 cm, from about 60 cm to about 250 cm, from about 65 cm to about 250 cm, from about 70 cm to about 250 cm, from about 75 cm to about 250 cm, from about 80 cm to about 250 cm, from about 85 cm to about 250 cm, from about 90 cm to about 250 cm, from about 95 cm to about 250 cm, from about 100 cm to about 250 cm, from about 110 cm to about 250 cm, from about 120 cm to about 250 cm, from about 130 cm to about 250 cm, from about 140 cm to about 250 cm, from about 150 cm to about 250 cm, from about 5 cm to about 240 cm, from about 5 cm to about 230 cm, from about 5 cm to about 220 cm, from about 5 cm to about 210 cm, from about 5 cm to about 200 cm, from about 5 cm to about 190 cm, from about 5 cm to about 180 cm, from about 5 cm to about 170 cm, from about 5 cm to about 160 cm, from about 5 cm to about 150 cm, from about 5 cm to about 140 cm, from about 5 cm to about 130 cm, from about 5 cm to about 120 cm, from about 5 cm to about 110 cm, from about 5 cm to about 110 cm, from about 5 cm to about 100 cm, from about 5 cm to about 90 cm, from about 5 cm to about 80 cm, or from about 5 cm to about 75 cm.

[0049] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate can be strengthened. In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate can be strengthened to include compressive stress extending from the surface to a depth of compression (DOC). The compressive stress region is balanced by a central region exhibiting tensile stress. At the DOC, the stress transitions from positive (compressive) to negative (tensile).

[0050] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate can be mechanically strengthened by exploiting a mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion between portions of the article to create a compressive stress region and a central region exhibiting tensile stress. In some embodiments, the glass substrate can be thermally strengthened by heating the glass to a temperature above the glass transition point and then rapidly quenching.

[0051] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate can be chemically strengthened by ion exchange. During ion exchange, ions at or near the surface of the glass substrate are replaced or exchanged with larger ions having the same valence or oxidation state. In those embodiments where the glass substrate comprises an alkali aluminosilicate glass, the ions in the surface layer of the article, as well as the larger ions, are monovalent alkali metal cations, such as Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , and Cs + . Alternatively, the monovalent cations in the surface layer can be replaced with monovalent cations other than alkali metal cations, such as Ag + , and the like. In such embodiments, the monovalent ions (or cations) exchanged into the glass substrate create stress.

[0052] The ion exchange process is typically carried out by immersing the glass substrate in a molten salt bath (or two or more molten salt baths) containing the larger ions to be exchanged for the smaller ions in the glass substrate. It should be noted that aqueous salt baths can also be used. Furthermore, the composition of the bath can include more than one type of larger ion (e.g., Na+and K+) or a single larger ion. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the parameters of the ion exchange process, including but not limited to: bath composition and temperature, immersion time, number of immersions of the glass substrate in the salt bath (or baths), use of multiple salt baths, additional steps (e.g., annealing and washing, etc.), are generally determined by the composition of the glass substrate (including the structure of the article and any crystalline phases present), and the desired DOC and CS of the glass substrate to be achieved by strengthening. Exemplary molten bath compositions can include nitrates, sulfates, and chlorides of the larger alkali metal ions. Typical nitrates include KNO3, NaNO3, LiNO3, NaSO4, and combinations thereof. Depending on the thickness of the glass substrate, the bath temperature, and the glass (or monovalent ion) diffusivity, the temperature of the molten salt bath is typically in the range from about 380 °C up to about 450 °C, while the immersion time is in the range from about 15 minutes up to about 100 hours. However, temperatures and immersion times different from those described above can also be employed.

[0053] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate can be immersed in a molten salt bath of 100% NaN03, 100% KN03, or a combination of NaN03and KN03at a temperature of about 370 °C to about 480 °C. In some embodiments, the glass substrate can be immersed in a mixed molten salt bath comprising about 5% to about 90% KN03and about 10% to about 95% NaN03. In one or more embodiments, after the glass substrate is immersed in a first bath, the glass substrate can be immersed in a second bath. The first and second baths can have different compositions and / or temperatures from one another. The immersion times in the first and second baths can be different. For example, the immersion in the first bath can be longer than the immersion in the second bath.

[0054] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate can be immersed in a mixed molten salt bath comprising NaN03and KN03(e.g., 49% / 51%, 50% / 50%, 51% / 49%) at a temperature of less than about 420 °C (e.g., about 400 °C or about 380 °C) for less than about 5 hours or even about 4 hours or less.

[0055] The ion exchange conditions can be adjusted to provide a "spike" or to increase the slope of the stress profile at or near the surface of the resulting glass substrate. The spike can result in a greater surface CS value. Due to the unique properties of the glass compositions used for the glass substrates described herein, this spike can be achieved by a single bath or multiple baths having a single composition or a mixed composition.

[0056] In one or more embodiments, if more than one monovalent ion is exchanged into the glass substrate, different monovalent ions can be exchanged to different depths in the glass substrate (and produce different magnitudes of stress at different depths within the glass substrate). The relative depths of the resulting stress-producing ions can be determined, and this relative depth can result in a stress profile having different characteristics.

[0057] CS is measured using measurement means known in the art, for example by surface stress meter (FSM), using a commercially available instrument, for example FSM-6000 manufactured by Orihara Industrial Co., Ltd. (Japan). Surface stress measurement relies on the accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC), which is related to the birefringence of the glass. SOC is measured using those methods known in the art, for example the fiber and four point bend methods, both of which are described in ASTM Standard C770-98(2013) entitled "Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress-Optical Coefficient", which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. As used herein, CS can be the "maximum compressive stress", which is the highest compressive stress value measured in the compressive stress layer. In some embodiments, the maximum compressive stress is located at the surface of the glass substrate. In other embodiments, the maximum compressive stress can be generated at some depth below the surface, giving a compressive profile that appears as a "buried peak".

[0058] DOC can be measured by FSM or by scattered light polariscope (SCALP), for example SCALP-04 scattered light polariscope available from Glasstress Ltd., Tallinn, Estonia, depending on the strengthening method and conditions. When a glass substrate is chemically strengthened by ion exchange treatment, depending on which ions are exchanged into the glass substrate, either FSM or SCALP can be used. When stress is generated in a glass substrate by exchanging potassium ions into the glass substrate, FSM is used to measure DOC. If stress is generated by exchanging sodium ions into the glass substrate, SCALP is used to measure DOC. When stress is generated in a glass substrate by exchanging both potassium and sodium ions into the glass, DOC is measured by SCALP because it is believed that the exchange depth of sodium represents the DOC and the exchange depth of potassium represents the change in magnitude of the compressive stress (rather than a change in stress from compressive to tensile); in such glass substrates, the exchange depth of potassium is measured by FSM. Central tension or CT is the maximum tensile stress and is measured by SCALP.

[0059] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate can be strengthened to exhibit a DOC, described as a fraction of the thickness t of the glass substrate (as described herein). For example, in one or more embodiments, the DOC can be equal to or greater than about 0.05t, equal to or greater than about 0.1t, equal to or greater than about 0.11t, equal to or greater than about 0.12t, equal to or greater than about 0.13t, equal to or greater than about 0.14t, equal to or greater than about 0.15t, equal to or greater than about 0.16t, equal to or greater than about 0.17t, equal to or greater than about 0.18t, equal to or greater than about 0.19t, equal to or greater than about 0.2t, equal to or greater than about 0.21t. In some embodiments, the DOC can be in the range from about 0.08t to about 0.25t, from about 0.09t to about 0.25t, from about 0.18t to about 0.25t, from about 0.11t to about 0.25t, from about 0.12t to about 0.25t, from about 0.13t to about 0.25t, from about 0.14t to about 0.25t, from about 0.15t to about 0.25t, from about 0.08t to about 0.24t, from about 0.08t to about 0.23t, from about 0.08t to about 0.22t, from about 0.08t to about 0.21t, from about 0.08t to about 0.2t, from about 0.08t to about 0.19t, from about 0.08t to about 0.18t, from about 0.08t to about 0.17t, from about 0.08t to about 0.16t, or from about 0.08t to about 0.15t. In some cases, the DOC can be about 20 pm or less. In one or more embodiments, the DOC can be about 40 pm or more (e.g., from about 40 pm to about 300 pm, from about 50 pm to about 300 pm, from about 60 pm to about 300 pm, from about 70 pm to about 300 pm, from about 80 pm to about 300 pm, from about 90 pm to about 300 pm, from about 100 pm to about 300 pm, from about 110 pm to about 300 pm, from about 120 pm to about 300 pm, from about 140 pm to about 300 pm, from about 150 pm to about 300 pm, from about 40 pm to about 290 pm, from about 40 pm to about 280 pm, from about 40 pm to about 260 pm, from about 40 pm to about 250 pm, from about 40 pm to about 240 pm, from about 40 pm to about 230 pm, from about 40 pm to about 220 pm, from about 40 pm to about 210 pm, from about 40 pm to about 200 pm, from about 40 pm to about 180 pm, from about 40 pm to about 160 pm, from about 40 pm to about 150 pm, from about 40 pm to about 140 pm, from about 40 pm to about 130 pm, from about 40 pm to about 120 pm, from about 40 pm to about 110 pm, or from about 40 pm to about 100 pm.

[0060] In one or more embodiments, the CS of the strengthened glass substrate, which can be found at the surface of the glass substrate or at a depth in the glass substrate, can be about 200 MPa or greater, 300 MPa or greater, 400 MPa or greater, about 500 MPa or greater, about 600 MPa or greater, about 700 MPa or greater, about 800 MPa or greater, about 900 MPa or greater, about 930 MPa or greater, about 1000 MPa or greater, or about 1050 MPa or greater.

[0061] In one or more embodiments, the maximum tensile stress or central tension (CT) of the strengthened glass substrate can be about 20 MPa or greater, about 30 MPa or greater, about 40 MPa or greater, about 45 MPa or greater, about 50 MPa or greater, about 60 MPa or greater, about 70 MPa or greater, about 75 MPa or greater, about 80 MPa or greater, or about 85 MPa or greater. In some embodiments, the maximum tensile stress or central tension (CT) can be in a range from about 40 MPa to about 100 MPa.

[0062] Suitable glass compositions for the glass substrate include soda-lime glasses, alumino-silicate glasses, borosilicate glasses, boro-alumino-silicate glasses, alkali-containing alumino-silicate glasses, alkali-containing borosilicate glasses, and alkali-containing boro-alumino-silicate glasses.

[0063] Unless otherwise indicated, the glass compositions disclosed herein are described in terms of molar percent (mol%) as analyzed on an oxide basis.

[0064] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition can include Si02in an amount from about 66 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 67 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 68 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 69 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 70 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 72 mol% to about 80 mol%, from about 65 mol% to about 78 mol%, from about 65 mol% to about 76 mol%, from about 65 mol% to about 75 mol%, from about 65 mol% to about 74 mol%, from about 65 mol% to about 72 mol%, or from about 65 mol% to about 70 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0065] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Al2O3 in an amount greater than about 4 mol% or greater than about 5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Al2O3 in a range from greater than about 7 mol% to about 15 mol%, from greater than about 7 mol% to about 14 mol%, from about 7 mol% to about 13 mol%, from about 4 mol% to about 12 mol%, from about 7 mol% to about 11 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 15 mol%, from 9 mol% to about 15 mol%, from about 9 mol% to about 15 mol%, from about 10 mol% to about 15 mol%, from about 11 mol% to about 15 mol%, or from about 12 mol% to about 15 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the upper limit of Al2O3 can be about 14 mol%, 14.2 mol%, 14.4 mol%, 14.6 mol%, or 14.8 mol%.

[0066] In one or more embodiments, the glass article is described as an aluminosilicate glass article or comprises an aluminosilicate glass composition. In such embodiments, the glass composition or article formed thereby comprises SiO2 and Al2O3 and is not a soda-lime silicate glass. In this regard, the glass composition or article formed thereby comprises Al2O3 in an amount of about 2 mol% or greater, 2.25 mol% or greater, 2.5 mol% or greater, about 2.75 mol% or greater, about 3 mol% or greater.

[0067] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises B2O3 (e.g., about 0.01 mol% or more). In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises B2O3 in an amount from about 0 mol% to about 5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 5 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of B2O3.

[0068] As used herein, the expression "substantially free of" with respect to a composition component means that the component is not added to the composition intentionally or deliberately in the initial batch, but can be present as an impurity in an amount less than about 0.001 mol%.

[0069] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition optionally comprises P2O5(e.g., about 0.01 mol% or more). In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises a non-zero amount of P2O5up to and including 2 mol%, 1.5 mol%, 1 mol%, or 0.5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of P2O5.

[0070] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition can include R2O (which is the total amount of alkali metal oxides such as Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Rb2O, and Cs2O) in a total amount greater than or equal to about 8 mol%, greater than or equal to about 10 mol%, or greater than or equal to about 12 mol%. In some embodiments, the glass composition comprises a total amount of R2O in a range from about 8 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 18 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 16 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 14 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 12 mol%, from about 9 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 11 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 12 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 13 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 10 mol% to about 14 mol%, or from 11 mol% to about 13 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition can be substantially free of Rb2O, Cs2O, or can be substantially free of both Rb2O and Cs2O. In one or more embodiments, R2O can include only the total amount of Li2O, Na2O, and K2O. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition can comprise at least one alkali metal oxide selected from Li2O, Na2O, and K2O, wherein the alkali metal oxide is present in an amount greater than about 8 mol% or greater.

[0071] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Na2O in an amount greater than or equal to about 8 mol%, greater than or equal to about 10 mol%, or greater than or equal to about 12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the composition comprises Na2O in a range from about 8 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 18 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 16 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 14 mol%, from about 8 mol% to about 12 mol%, from about 9 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 11 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 12 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 13 mol% to about 20 mol%, from about 10 mol% to about 14 mol%, or from 11 mol% to about 16 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0072] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises less than about 4 mol% K2O, less than about 3 mol% K2O, or less than about 1 mol% K2O. In some cases, the glass composition can include K2O in an amount from about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 3.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 2.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.1 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 3.5 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 2.5 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, or from about 0.5 mol% to about 1 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition can be substantially free of K2O.

[0073] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of Li2O.

[0074] In one or more embodiments, the amount of Na2O in the composition can be greater than the amount of Li2O. In some cases, the amount of Na2O can be greater than the total amount of Li2O and K2O. In one or more alternative embodiments, the amount of Li2O in the composition can be greater than the amount of Na2O or can be greater than the total amount of Na2O and K2O.

[0075] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition can comprise a total amount of RO (which is the total amount of alkaline earth metal oxides such as CaO, MgO, BaO, ZnO, and SrO) from about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%. In some embodiments, the glass composition comprises a non-zero amount of RO up to about 2 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises RO in an amount from about 0 mol% to about 1.8 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.6 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.4 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.8 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0076] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises CaO in an amount less than about 1 mol%, less than about 0.8 mol%, or less than about 0.5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of CaO.

[0077] In some embodiments, the glass composition comprises MgO in an amount in a range from about 0 mol% to about 7 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 6 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 7 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 6 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 5 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 1 mol% to about 7 mol%, from about 2 mol% to about 6 mol%, or from about 3 mol% to about 6 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0078] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Zr02in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Zr02in a range from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.18 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.16 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.15 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.14 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.12 mol%, or from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.10 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0079] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Sn02in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Sn02in a range from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.18 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.16 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.15 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.14 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.12 mol%, or from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.10 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0080] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition can comprise an oxide that imparts color or tint to the glass article. In some embodiments, the glass composition comprises an oxide that prevents discoloration of the glass article when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Examples of such oxides include, but are not limited to, oxides of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ce, W, and Mo.

[0081] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Fe expressed as Fe2O3, wherein Fe is present in an amount up to (and including) about 1 mol%. In some embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of Fe. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Fe2O3 in an amount equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Fe2O3 in a range from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.18 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.16 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.15 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.14 mol%, from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.12 mol%, or from about 0.01 mol% to about 0.10 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0082] When the glass composition comprises TiO2, TiO2may be present in an amount of about 5 mol% or less, about 2.5 mol% or less, about 2 mol% or less, or about 1 mol% or less. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition can be substantially free of TiO2.

[0083] Exemplary glass compositions comprise: SiO2in an amount from about 65 mol% to about 75 mol%, Al2O3in an amount from about 8 mol% to about 14 mol%, Na2O in an amount from about 12 mol% to about 17 mol%, K2O in an amount from about 0 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, and MgO in an amount from about 1.5 mol% to about 6 mol%. Optionally, SnO2may be included in the amounts disclosed anywhere else herein.

[0084] In one or more embodiments, the curvature (first radius of curvature) of the cold- formed glass substrate 140 matches the curvature (second radius of curvature) of at least a portion of the display module 150. In one or more embodiments, at least a portion of the display module 150 is curved to approximate or match the curvature of the cold-formed glass substrate 140. In one or more embodiments, the display module 150 includes a second glass substrate, a backlight unit, and other components, any of which can be flexible or can permanently exhibit a curvature. In some embodiments, the entire display module is curved to a second radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate 140 is cold-formed to a curvature that approximates or matches the curvature of at least a portion of the display module 150. In one or more embodiments, at least a portion of the display module 150 is cold-formed to a curvature that approximates or matches the curvature of the cold-formed glass substrate 140.

[0085] As used herein, when the first radius of curvature of the glass substrate varies over its area, the radius of curvature referred to herein is the smallest first radius of curvature of the glass substrate. Similarly, when the second radius of curvature of the display module varies over its area, the second radius of curvature referred to herein is the smallest radius of curvature of the display module.

[0086] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate 140 has a first radius of curvature of about 60 mm or greater. For example, the first radius of curvature can be in a range from about 60 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 70 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 80 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 90 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 100 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 120 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 140 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 150 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 160 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 180 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 200 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 220 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 240 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 250 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 260 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 270 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 280 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 290 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 300 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 350 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 400 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 450 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 500 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 550 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 600 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 650 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 700 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 750 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 800 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 900 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 9500 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 1000 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 1250 mm to about 1500 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1400 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1300 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1200 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1100 mm, from about 60 mm to about 1000 mm, from about 60 mm to about 950 mm, from about 60 mm to about 900 mm, from about 60 mm to about 850 mm, from about 60 mm to about 800 mm, from about 60 mm to about 750 mm, from about 60 mm to about 700 mm, from about 60 mm to about 650 mm, from about 60 mm to about 600 mm, from about 60 mm to about 550 mm, from about 60 mm to about 500 mm, from about 60 mm to about 450 mm, from about 60 mm to about 400 mm, from about 60 mm to about 350 mm, from about 60 mm to about 300 mm, or from about 60 mm to about 250 mm.

[0087] In one or more embodiments, the display module 150 has a second radius of curvature of about 60 mm or greater. For example, the first radius of curvature can be in a range from about 60 mm to about 1500 mm, about 70 mm to about 1500 mm, about 80 mm to about 1500 mm, about 90 mm to about 1500 mm, about 100 mm to about 1500 mm, about 120 mm to about 1500 mm, about 140 mm to about 1500 mm, about 150 mm to about 1500 mm, about 160 mm to about 1500 mm, about 180 mm to about 1500 mm, about 200 mm to about 1500 mm, about 220 mm to about 1500 mm, about 240 mm to about 1500 mm, about 250 mm to about 1500 mm, about 260 mm to about 1500 mm, about 270 mm to about 1500 mm, about 280 mm to about 1500 mm, about 290 mm to about 1500 mm, about 300 mm to about 1500 mm, about 350 mm to about 1500 mm, about 400 mm to about 1500 mm, about 450 mm to about 1500 mm, about 500 mm to about 1500 mm, about 550 mm to about 1500 mm, about 600 mm to about 1500 mm, about 650 mm to about 1500 mm, about 700 mm to about 1500 mm, about 750 mm to about 1500 mm, about 800 mm to about 1500 mm, about 900 mm to about 1500 mm, about 9500 mm to about 1500 mm, about 1000 mm to about 1500 mm, about 1250 mm to about 1500 mm, about 60 mm to about 1400 mm, about 60 mm to about 1300 mm, about 60 mm to about 1200 mm, about 60 mm to about 1100 mm, about 60 mm to about 1000 mm, about 60 mm to about 950 mm, about 60 mm to about 900 mm, about 60 mm to about 850 mm, about 60 mm to about 800 mm, about 60 mm to about 750 mm, about 60 mm to about 700 mm, about 60 mm to about 650 mm, about 60 mm to about 600 mm, about 60 mm to about 550 mm, about 60 mm to about 500 mm, about 60 mm to about 450 mm, about 60 mm to about 400 mm, about 60 mm to about 350 mm, about 60 mm to about 300 mm, or about 60 mm to about 250 mm.

[0088] In one or more embodiments, the glass substrate is cold-formed such that it exhibits a first radius of curvature that is within 10% (e.g., about 10% or less, about 9% or less, about 8% or less, about 7% or less, about 6% or less, or about 5% or less) of a second radius of curvature of the display module 150. For example, if the display module 150 exhibits a radius of curvature of 1000 mm, the glass substrate is cold-formed to have a radius of curvature of about 900 mm to about 1100 mm.

[0089] In one or more embodiments, the display module 150 is as shown and includes a second glass substrate 152 and a backlight unit 154. As shown and described in Figure 5 Figure 6 and Figure 7 the second glass substrate is disposed adjacent to the first major surface 142 of the glass substrate. Thus, the second glass substrate 152 is disposed between the backlight unit 154 and the first major surface 142. In the illustrated embodiment, the backlight unit 154 is optionally curved such that it exhibits a second radius of curvature of the curved display 150. In one or more embodiments, the backlight unit 154 can be flexible such that it is bent to the second radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate 152 can be curved to the second radius of curvature. In one or more specific embodiments, the second glass substrate can be cold-formed such that it exhibits the second radius of curvature. In such embodiments, the second radius of curvature is measured on the surface of the second glass substrate 152 that is adjacent to the glass substrate 140. In one or more embodiments, the display module 150 (including any one or more of the backlight unit, the second glass substrate, and the frame) is permanently curved to the second radius of curvature of the curved display 150. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate can be cold-formed prior to or during lamination.

[0090] ​In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate can have a thickness greater than the thickness of the glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the thickness is greater than 1 mm or about 1.5 mm or more. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate can have a thickness substantially equal to the glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate has a thickness in a range from about 0.1 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.15 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.2 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.25 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.3 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.35 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.4 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.45 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.5 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.55 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.6 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.65 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.7 mm to about 1.5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.4 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.3 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.2 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.1 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1.05 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 1 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.95 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.9 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.85 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.8 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.75 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.7 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.65 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.6 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.55 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.5 mm, from about 0.1 mm to about 0.4 mm, or from about 0.3 mm to about 0.7 mm.

[0091] The glass composition of the second glass substrate can be the same as the glass substrate 140 or can be different from the glass composition used for the glass substrate 140. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate can have an alkali-free glass composition. Suitable glass compositions for the second glass substrate can include: a soda-lime glass, an alkali-free aluminosilicate glass, an alkali-free borosilicate glass, an alkali-free boroaluminosilicate glass, an alkali-containing aluminosilicate glass, an alkali-containing borosilicate glass, and an alkali-containing boroaluminosilicate glass. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate can be strengthened (as disclosed herein with respect to the glass substrate 140). In some embodiments, the second glass substrate is not strengthened or is strengthened only by mechanical and / or thermal strengthening means (i.e., not by chemical strengthening). In some embodiments, the second glass substrate can be annealed.

[0092] In one or more embodiments, the display module 150 includes a frame 158. In the illustrated embodiment, the frame 158 is positioned between the backlight unit 154 and the second glass substrate 152. The frame may have an "L" shape, with a flange 159 extending outwardly from the display module 150. In one or more embodiments, the frame 158 at least partially surrounds the backlight unit 154. Figure 6 In one or more embodiments shown, the frame at least partially surrounds the second glass substrate 152. In one or more embodiments, the frame may at least partially surround the subsurface 146 of the glass substrate 140, or the subsurface of the glass substrate may not be surrounded by the frame. In other words, the frame may include a second flange 157 that extends to partially surround the second glass substrate 152 and / or the subsurface of the glass substrate 140.

[0093] In one or more embodiments, the curved display includes an adhesive or adhesive layer 160 between the glass substrate 140 and the display module 150. The adhesive may be optically transparent. In some embodiments, the adhesive is disposed on a portion of the glass substrate 140 and / or the display module 150. For example, as... Figure 4 As shown, the glass substrate may include a perimeter 147 adjacent to the subsurface 146 defining an internal portion 148, and an adhesive may be disposed on at least a portion of the perimeter. The thickness of the adhesive can be adjusted to ensure lamination between the display module 150 (more specifically, the second glass substrate) and the glass substrate 140. For example, the thickness of the adhesive may be about 1 mm or less. In some embodiments, the thickness of the adhesive is in the following ranges: about 200 μm to about 500 μm, about 225 μm to about 500 μm, about 250 μm to about 500 μm, about 275 μm to about 500 μm, about 300 μm to about 500 μm, about 325 μm to about 500 μm, about 350 μm to about 500 μm, about 375 μm to about 500 μm, about 400 μm to about 500 μm, about 200 μm to about 475 μm, about 200 μm to about 450 μm, about 200 μm to about 425 μm, about 200 μm to about 400 μm, about 200 μm to about 375 μm, about 200 μm to about 350 μm, about 200 μm to about 325 μm, about 200 μm to about 300 μm, or about 225 μm to about 275 μm.

[0094] In one or more embodiments, either or both of the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144 of the glass substrate includes a surface treatment. The surface treatment can cover at least a portion of the first major surface 142 and the second major surface 144. Exemplary surface treatments include an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, a reduced-reflectance surface, and a pigment design. In one or more embodiments, the at least a portion of the first major surface 142 and / or the second major surface 144 can include any one, any two, or all three of an anti-glare surface, a reduced-reflectance surface, and a pigment design. For example, the first major surface 142 can include an anti-glare surface, while the second major surface 144 can include a reduced-reflectance surface. In another example, the first major surface 142 includes a reduced-reflectance surface, while the second major surface 144 includes an anti-glare surface. In another example, the first major surface 142 includes either or both of an anti-glare surface and a reduced-reflectance surface, while the second major surface 144 includes a pigment design.

[0095] The pigment design can include any aesthetic design formed from a pigment (e.g., ink and paint, etc.) and can include a wood grain design, a brushed metal design, a graphic design, a portrait, or a logo. The pigment design can be printed onto the glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the anti-glare surface includes an etched surface. In one or more embodiments, the reduced-reflectance coating includes a multi-layer coating. In one or more embodiments, the easy-to-clean surface includes an oleophobic coating that imparts anti-fingerprint properties.

[0096] In one or more embodiments, the surface treatment (i.e., easy-to-clean surface, anti-glare surface, reduced-reflectance surface, and / or pigment design) is disposed on at least a portion of the perimeter 147, and the interior portion 148 is substantially free of the surface treatment.

[0097] In one or more embodiments, the display module includes touch functionality, and such functionality is accessible through the glass substrate 140. In one or more embodiments, a display image or content displayed by the display module is visible through the glass substrate 140.

[0098] A second aspect of the disclosure pertains to various methods and systems for cold-forming and / or forming curved displays from glass sheets / substrates (e.g., substrate 140). In various embodiments, the methods and systems discussed herein employ air pressure differentials to cause the bending of glass sheets / substrates. As described above, these systems and methods cause the glass sheets / substrates to bend without the use of high temperatures (e.g., temperatures greater than the glass transition temperature) that are common in thermal bending / thermal forming processes.

[0099] Referring to Figure 8 and 9, a method 1000 of forming a curved display according to an exemplary embodiment is shown. In one or more embodiments, the method includes a step 1100 of cold-forming a glass substrate (e.g., substrate 140) to a first radius of curvature (as described herein); and laminating a display module 150 to a first one of the major surfaces 142 or 144 (see Figure 2 and 3 ), while maintaining the first radius of curvature in the glass substrate, thereby forming a curved display, wherein a second radius of curvature (as described herein) of the display module is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. As shown in Figure 9 one or more embodiments, the cold-forming of the glass substrate 140 includes applying a vacuum to the second major surface 144 of the glass substrate to create the first radius of curvature 1120. Thus, in embodiments as shown in Figure 9 the vacuum includes placing the glass substrate on a vacuum fixture 1110 prior to applying the vacuum to the second major surface. To maintain the first radius of curvature, the assembly of the glass substrate and subsequent display module (steps 1150, 1200) is performed while the vacuum is applied to the glass substrate, thereby cold-forming the glass substrate to the first radius of curvature. In other words, the glass substrate 140 is temporarily cold-formed by the application of the vacuum, and the subsequent lamination with the display module 150 permanently cold-forms the glass substrate and forms the curved display. In such embodiments, the display module provides the rigidity needed to permanently cold-form the glass substrate. Other mechanisms of temporarily cold-forming the glass substrate can be used. For example, the glass substrate can be temporarily fixed to a mold having the desired curvature, thereby cold-forming the glass substrate. The glass substrate can be temporarily fixed by a pressure sensitive adhesive or other mechanism.

[0100] After cold-forming the glass substrate, the method of one or more embodiments includes laminating an adhesive to the first major surface 142 of the glass substrate 140 prior to laminating the display module to the first major surface, thereby disposing the adhesive between the first major surface and the display module. In one or more embodiments, the lamination of the adhesive can include applying a layer of adhesive, and then applying a normal force using a roller or other mechanism. Exemplary examples of adhesives for bonding the glass substrate to the second glass substrate of the display module 150 include any suitable optically clear adhesive. In one example, the adhesive can include an optically clear adhesive available from 3M Company under the trade designation 8215. The thickness of the adhesive can range from about 200 μιη to about 500 μιη.

[0101] In one or more embodiments, the lamination step 1200 of the display module includes laminating a second glass substrate 152 to the glass substrate 140 Figure 9Step 1210), and then attaching the backlight unit 154 to the second glass substrate ( Figure 9 (Step 1220 in the text). In one or more embodiments, the method includes cold-forming the second glass substrate during lamination to the glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate is bent prior to lamination. For example, the second glass substrate may be temporarily bent or cold-formed prior to lamination to exhibit a second radius of curvature. In another example, the second glass substrate may be permanently bent (e.g., by thermoforming) to exhibit a second radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the backlight unit is bent to exhibit a second radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the backlight unit is flexible and bends to a second radius of curvature during lamination. In one or more embodiments, the backlight unit may be bent prior to lamination. For example, the backlight unit may be temporarily bent prior to lamination to exhibit a second radius of curvature. In another example, the backlight unit may be permanently bent to exhibit a second radius of curvature.

[0102] In one or more embodiments, step 1220 includes attaching the frame and backlight unit to the second glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the method includes step 1230 of removing a vacuum from a second primary surface of the glass substrate 140. For example, removing a vacuum from the second primary surface may include removing a bent display from a vacuum holder.

[0103] In one or more embodiments, the method includes arranging or mounting a curved display in a vehicle interior system 100, 200, 300.

[0104] See Figures 10-15 Additional systems and methods for forming curved glass sheets / substrates via cold forming are shown and described. In the specific embodiments shown and described, curved glass substrates are used as curved displays for vehicles, such as vehicle interior systems 100, 200, and 300. It should be understood that this can be combined with... Figures 10-15 The processes and systems discussed herein form or use any of the glass substrates, frames, and display module implementations described herein.

[0105] See Figure 10 The diagram illustrates a method 1300 for cold bending a glass substrate. In step 1310, the glass substrate (e.g., glass substrate 140) is supported on and / or placed on a bent frame. The frame may be a display frame (e.g., frame 158) that defines the perimeter and bent shape of a vehicle display. Generally, the bent frame includes a bent support surface, and one of the main surfaces 142 or 144 of the glass substrate 140 is positioned to contact the bent support surface of the frame.

[0106] At step 1320, while supported by the frame, an air pressure differential is applied to the glass substrate, causing the glass substrate to bend into a curved shape that conforms to the curved support surface of the frame. In this way, a curved glass substrate is formed from a substantially flat glass substrate / glass sheet (see FIG. 13B). In this arrangement, the flat glass material sheet is caused to bend, which forms a curved shape on the major surface facing the frame, while also causing a corresponding (but complementary) bend in the major surface of the glass substrate opposite the frame. Applicants have discovered that by bending the glass substrate directly over a curved frame, the need for a separate bending die or mold (typically required in other glass bending processes) is eliminated. Moreover, Applicants have discovered that by shaping the glass substrate directly to a curved frame, a wide range of glass radii can be achieved in a low complexity manufacturing process. Figure 3 and 4 ). In this arrangement, the flat glass material sheet is caused to bend, which forms a curved shape on the major surface facing the frame, while also causing a corresponding (but complementary) bend in the major surface of the glass substrate opposite the frame. Applicants have discovered that by bending the glass substrate directly over a curved frame, the need for a separate bending die or mold (typically required in other glass bending processes) is eliminated. Moreover, Applicants have discovered that by shaping the glass substrate directly to a curved frame, a wide range of glass radii can be achieved in a low complexity manufacturing process.

[0107] In some embodiments, the vacuum can be created by a vacuum fixture (e.g., fixture 1110). In some other embodiments, the air pressure differential is created by applying a vacuum to an air-tight enclosure surrounding the frame and the glass substrate. In specific embodiments, the air-tight enclosure is a flexible polymer shell, such as a plastic bag or pouch. In other embodiments, the air pressure differential is created by creating an increased air pressure around the glass substrate and frame with an overpressure device (e.g., an autoclave). Applicants have also discovered that air pressure provides a consistent and highly uniform bending force (as compared to contact-based bending methods), which further results in a reliable manufacturing process.

[0108] At step 1330, the temperature of the glass substrate is maintained below the glass transition temperature of the material of the glass substrate during the bending process. As such, method 1300 is a cold-forming or cold-bending process. In specific embodiments, the temperature of the glass substrate is maintained below 500 degrees Celsius, 400 degrees Celsius, 300 degrees Celsius, 200 degrees Celsius, or 100 degrees Celsius. In specific embodiments, the glass substrate is maintained at or below room temperature during the bending process. In specific embodiments, the glass substrate is not actively heated via a heating element (furnace, oven, etc.) during the bending process, as would be the case if the glass were hot-formed into a curved shape.

[0109] As mentioned above, in addition to providing processing advantages such as eliminating expensive and / or slow heating steps, it is believed that the cold-forming process discussed herein produces curved glass sheets with various properties superior to those of hot-formed glass sheets, particularly for display cover glass applications. For example, the applicant believes that, at least for some glass materials, heating during the hot-forming process reduces the optical properties of the curved glass sheet; therefore, the curved glass substrate formed using the cold-forming process / system discussed herein simultaneously provides the curved glass shape and improved optical quality that is believed to be unattainable by hot bending processes.

[0110] Furthermore, many glass coating materials (e.g., anti-glare coatings, anti-reflective coatings, etc.) are applied via deposition processes (e.g., sputtering), which are generally unsuitable for application to curved glass articles. Additionally, many coating materials cannot withstand the high temperatures associated with hot bending processes. Therefore, in the specific embodiments discussed herein, one or more coating materials are applied to the main surfaces 142 and / or 144 of the glass substrate 140 prior to cold bending, and the coated glass substrate is bent into a curved shape as discussed herein. Therefore, the applicant believes that the process and system discussed herein allow for bending of glass after one or more coating materials have been applied to the glass article, unlike typical thermoforming processes.

[0111] See Figure 11 The diagram illustrates a process 1400 for forming a curved display. In step 1410, an adhesive material is applied between the curved support surface of the frame and the first main surface 142 of the glass substrate 140. In a specific embodiment, the adhesive is first placed on the frame support surface, and then, in step 1420, the glass substrate 140 is placed on the frame coated with the adhesive. In another embodiment, the adhesive may be placed on the first main surface 142 and then positioned to contact the support surface of the frame.

[0112] The adhesive material can be applied in various ways. In one embodiment, the adhesive is applied using a coating gun and a mixing nozzle or a pre-mixed syringe and spread evenly using any of the following (e.g., a roller, brush, doctor blade, or squeegee). In various embodiments, the adhesives discussed herein are structural adhesives. In particular embodiments, the structural adhesives can include, but are not limited to, adhesives selected from one or more of the following categories: (a) toughened epoxies (e.g., Masterbond EP21TDCHT-LO, 3M Scotch Weld® epoxy DP460, white), (b) flexible epoxies (e.g., Masterbond EP21TDC-2LO, 3M Scotch Weld® epoxy 2216), (c) acrylics and / or toughened acrylics (e.g., LORD adhesives 403, 406, or 410 acrylic adhesives with LORD accelerator 19 or 19GB w / LORD AP 134 primer, LORD adhesives 850 or 852 / LORD accelerator 25GB, Loctite HF8000, Loctite AA4800), (d) urethanes (e.g., 3M Scotch Weld® urethane DP640 brown, Sikaflex 552, and polyurethane (PUR) hot melt adhesives such as Technomelt PUR9622-02UVNA, Loctite HHD 3542, Loctite HHD 3580, 3M hot melt adhesives 3764 and 3748), and (e) silicones (Dow Corning 995, Dow Corning 3-0500 silicone assembly adhesive, Dow Corning 7091, SikaSil-GP). In some cases, structural adhesives in sheet or film form can be used (e.g., but not limited to: 3M structural adhesive film AF126-2, AF 163-2M, SBT 9263 and 9214, Masterbond FLM36-LO). Additionally, pressure sensitive structural adhesives can be employed (e.g., 3M VHB tape). In such embodiments, the use of pressure sensitive adhesives enables the curved glass substrate to be bonded to the frame without the need for a curing step.

[0113] At step 1420, the glass substrate can be aligned with the frame using various different techniques or mechanisms. For example, the glass substrate can be aligned with the frame support surface using markings, indicia, and jigs.

[0114] At step 1430, an air pressure differential is applied causing the glass substrate 140 to bend to conform to the shape of the curved support surface of the curved frame, as described above with respect to step 1320. At step 1440, the now-bent glass substrate is bonded to the curved frame support surface by an adhesive. Because the air pressure does not cause the glass substrate to permanently deform, the bonding step is performed during the application of the air pressure differential. In various embodiments, the air pressure differential is 0.5 to 1.5 atmospheres (atm), specifically 0.7 to 1.1 atm, and more specifically 0.8 to 1 atm.

[0115] Step 1440 is performed based on the type of adhesive used to create the bond between the glass substrate and the frame. For example, in embodiments where increasing the temperature accelerates the curing of the adhesive, the adhesive is heated to cure the adhesive. In one such embodiment, a heat-curable adhesive can be cured by raising the temperature to the curing temperature of the adhesive but below the glass transition temperature of the glass substrate while the glass sheet is maintained bent to conform to the shape of the curved support surface of the curved frame via the pressure differential. In specific embodiments, a furnace or oven can be used to perform the heating. In another embodiment, both heating and pressurization can be performed by a pressure over device (e.g., an autoclave).

[0116] In embodiments where the adhesive is a UV-curable adhesive, UV light is applied to cure the adhesive. In other embodiments, the adhesive is a pressure sensitive adhesive and pressure is applied to bond the adhesive between the glass substrate and the frame. In various embodiments, regardless of the process by which the bond between the glass substrate and the frame is formed, the adhesive can be an optically clear adhesive (e.g., a liquid optically clear adhesive).

[0117] At step 1450, a display module (e.g., display module 150) is attached to the frame supporting the now-bent and bonded glass substrate. In specific embodiments, the glass substrate-frame assembly can be removed from the device applying the pressure differential prior to attaching the display module to the frame. In specific embodiments, the display module is attached to the frame via an adhesive (e.g., an optically clear adhesive). In other embodiments, the display module can be attached to the frame by various mechanical attachment means (e.g., screws, snap-in components, etc.). In specific embodiments, a liquid optically clear adhesive (LOCA) available from E3 Display Corporation having a thickness of 125 um is applied to bond the display module to the frame and then the adhesive is UV cured to obtain the assembled part.

[0118] Figure 12A representative diagram of the process 1400 is shown including additional steps according to an exemplary embodiment. At step 1425, the glass substrate supported on the frame is placed in an air-tight enclosure, shown as a plastic vacuum bag 1426. In particular embodiments, a breather cloth is placed on the frame 158 / glass substrate 140 to provide connectivity of the component surface to the vacuum port. In addition, the breather cloth helps to absorb excess glue that can seep from the component during the process.

[0119] Then, at step 1430, a vacuum is pulled in the vacuum bag 1426. At step 1440, the vacuum bag 1426, along with the glass substrate and frame, are placed in an autoclave 1442, which generates heat to cure the adhesive that bonds the glass substrate and frame. In particular embodiments, the vacuum bag 1426 is placed in a 66 degree Celsius / 90 psi autoclave for a 1 hour duration to cure the adhesive. At step 1460, after the display module is attached at step 1450, a finished display assembly 1470 is completed that includes the glass substrate (e.g., cover glass), the display frame, and the display module, all of which are attached together and ready for installation into a vehicle interior.

[0120] Referring to Figure 13 , a process 1500 for forming a curved display according to another embodiment is shown. The process 1500 is substantially the same as the process 1400, except as described herein. Instead of attaching the display module to the frame after the display is curved and after the glass substrate is attached to the frame, the process 1500 attaches the display module to the frame at step 1510 in advance. In some such embodiments, the display module is bonded to the frame via an adhesive that is cured during the same curing step that bonds the glass substrate to the frame. In such embodiments, the display module is bonded to the frame during the application of the air pressure differential that causes the glass substrate to curve into the frame.

[0121] Referring to Figure 14 and 15 , a display assembly 1470 according to an exemplary embodiment is shown. In the embodiment shown, the display assembly includes a frame 158 that supports both a display module 150 and a cover glass sheet (glass substrate 140). As Figure 14 and 15As shown, both the display module 150 and the glass substrate 140 are attached to the frame 158, and the display module 150 is positioned to allow a user to view the display module 150 through the glass substrate 140. In various embodiments, the frame 158 can be formed from a variety of materials, including but not limited to: plastics (e.g., polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), PC / ABS blends, etc.), metals (Al alloys, Mg alloys, Fe alloys, etc.), glass-filled resins, fiber-reinforced plastics, and fiber-reinforced composites. Various processes, such as casting, machining, stamping, injection molding, extrusion, pultrusion, resin transfer molding, etc., can be employed to form the curved shape of the frame 158.

[0122] In another example, a toughened epoxy adhesive (available from 3M Company under the trade designation 3M Scotchweld Epoxy DP460, white) is applied to the major surface of the glass substrate or to the curved frame using a spreader gun or a hybrid nozzle. A roller or brush is used to spread the adhesive evenly. The glass substrate and frame are stacked or assembled such that the adhesive layer is between the glass substrate and the frame. A high temperature resistant tape is then applied to temporarily maintain the stack alignment. The stack is then placed into a vacuum bag. In this particular example, an (optional) release cloth is placed on the stack to prevent sticking to the vacuum bag, a breather cloth is then placed on top to provide connectivity of the component surfaces to the vacuum port, and finally, the assembly of the stack, release cloth, and breather cloth is placed into the vacuum bag. The vacuum bag is then sealed to withstand 760 mm Hg. The vacuum bag is then degassed by pulling a vacuum, during which the glass substrate is bent to conform to the curved shape of the frame support surface. The vacuum bag and the bent glass substrate and support frame are placed into an autoclave at 66 degrees Celsius / 90 psi for a 1 hour duration to allow the adhesive to cure. The glass substrate is bonded to the curved frame support surface by the cured adhesive. The autoclave is then cooled to a temperature below 45 degrees Celsius before depressurization. The bent glass substrate / frame stack is removed from the vacuum bag. The resulting bent glass substrate maintains the curved shape of the frame without visible delamination to the naked eye. A display module can be assembled to the stack to provide a curved display assembly.

[0123] It is to be understood that the adhesive can be applied and the cold-formed stack can be assembled with curing of the adhesive at room temperature or elevated temperature or with UV depending on the curing regime of the particular adhesive. In some embodiments, pressure can be applied in conjunction with heating. In some cases, heating can be applied to the stack alone. In one or more embodiments, heating can be applied such that the temperature of the stack is in a range from greater than room temperature (i.e., 23 °C) up to 300 °C, about 25 °C to about 300 °C, about 50 °C to about 300 °C, about 75 °C to about 300 °C, about 100 °C to about 300 °C, about 110 °C to about 300 °C, about 115 °C to about 300 °C, about 120 °C to about 300 °C, about 150 °C to about 300 °C, about 175 °C to about 300 °C, about 200 °C to about 300 °C, about 25 °C to about 250 °C, about 25 °C to about 200 °C, about 25 °C to about 150 °C, about 25 °C to about 125 °C, about 25 °C to about 115 °C, about 25 °C to about 110 °C, or about 25 °C to about 100 °C. The stack can be heated to such temperatures for a duration of about 2 seconds to about 24 hours, 10 seconds to about 24 hours, about 30 seconds to about 24 hours, about 1 minute to about 24 hours, about 10 minutes to about 24 hours, about 15 minutes to about 24 hours, about 20 minutes to about 24 hours, about 30 minutes to about 24 hours, about 1 hour to about 24 hours, about 1.5 hours to about 24 hours, about 2 hours to about 24 hours, about 3 hours to about 24 hours, about 2 seconds to about 4.5 hours, about 2 seconds to about 4 hours, about 2 seconds to about 3 hours, about 2 seconds to about 2 hours, about 2 seconds to about 1.5 hours, about 2 seconds to about 1 hour, about 2 seconds to about 45 minutes, about 2 seconds to about 30 minutes, about 2 seconds to about 15 minutes, about 2 seconds to about 10 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 45 minutes, or about 15 minutes to about 45 minutes.

[0124] In various embodiments, the systems and methods described herein enable the formed glass substrate to conform to a wide range of various curved shapes that the frame 158 can have. As shown, the frame 158 has a support surface 155 that has a curved shape to which the glass substrate 140 is to be formed to match. In Figure 14 Figure 14 and 15 In the particular embodiment shown, the support surface 155 includes convex sections 161 and concave sections 163, and the glass substrate 140 is to be formed to conform to the curved shape of the sections 161 and 163.

[0125] As will generally be understood, when the glass substrate is curved to conform to the curved shape of the frame support surface 155, both the opposing first and second major surfaces of the glass substrate 140 are formed to have a curved shape. See Figure 15 ​In this arrangement, the first major surface 1471 of the glass substrate 140 is the surface in contact with the frame support surface 155, and during the bending process, receives a complementary shape to the opposite shape of the support surface 155, while the outer second major surface 1472 of the glass substrate 140 receives a curved shape that generally matches the curved shape of the support surface 155. Thus, in this arrangement, the second major surface 1472 has a convex section at the location of the convex section 161 of the frame support surface 155, and a concave section at the location of the concave section 163 of the support surface 155. Conversely, the first major surface 1471 has a concave section at the location of the convex section 161 of the frame support surface 155, and a convex section at the location of the concave section 163 of the support surface 155.

[0126] In particular embodiments, the radius of curvature of the convex curve 161 is 250 mm, and the radius of the concave curve 163 is 60 mm. In some embodiments, there is a non-curved central section between the two curved sections. Further, in some embodiments, the glass substrate 14 is a chemically strengthened aluminosilicate glass having a thickness of 0.4 mm.

[0127] It should be understood that, Figures 14-15 Particular examples of glass substrates formed with more than one curved section are provided, but in some embodiments, the processes and systems discussed herein can be used to form a wide range of curved substrates with more or fewer curved sections than Figures 14-15 Further, it should be understood that while the exemplary embodiments discussed herein are primarily described with respect to curved display cover glass, the glass substrate 140 can be formed for any non-display curved glass application, such as cover glass for instrument panels in vehicles.

[0128] Referring to Figures 16A-16I Another aspect of the present disclosure pertains to kits of parts and methods of assembling such kits of parts to provide a curved display. Figures 16A-16I The cold-formed glass 2010 exhibits a concave curvature, and is arranged between the observer and the display. In one or more embodiments, the curvature can be convex, or can have a combination of convex and concave portions having the same or different radii from each other. Referring to Figures 16A-16CIn accordance with one or more embodiments, a kit component 2000 includes a cold- formed glass substrate 2010 (as described herein in accordance with one or more embodiments) and a frame 2020. In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate includes a first major surface 2012, a second major surface 2014 opposite the first major surface, and a minor surface 2016 connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as the distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to both the thickness and the width, wherein the second major surface 2014 includes a first radius of curvature. In accordance with one or more embodiments, the frame 2020 includes a curved surface 2022 connected to the second major surface of the cold-formed glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the curved surface 2022 can have a radius of curvature substantially the same as the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the curved surface 2022 has a radius of curvature the same as the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the thickness of the cold-formed glass substrate is about 1.5 mm or less. In one or more embodiments, the width of the cold-formed glass substrate is about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length of the cold-formed glass substrate is about 5 cm to about 250 cm. In one or more embodiments, the first radius of curvature is 500 nm or greater. Figures 16A-16F In the illustrated embodiment, the second major surface forms a concave surface that exhibits a compressive stress greater than that exhibited by the same surface prior to cold-forming. In some embodiments, the second major surface exhibits a compressive stress greater than the first major surface. The frame 2020 has a curved surface 2022 connected to the second major surface of the cold-formed glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the curved surface 2022 can have a radius of curvature substantially the same as the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the curved surface 2022 has a radius of curvature the same as the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the thickness of the cold-formed glass substrate is about 1.5 mm or less. In one or more embodiments, the width of the cold-formed glass substrate is about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length of the cold-formed glass substrate is about 5 cm to about 250 cm. In one or more embodiments, the first radius of curvature is 500 nm or greater.

[0129] In one or more embodiments, the kit component is a display module. As illustrated in the embodiments of Figure 16B and 16C , the display module includes a display comprising a second glass substrate 2030 and, optionally, a backlight unit (BLU) 2040. In some embodiments, the display module includes only the display (without the BLU 2040), as illustrated in the embodiments of Figure 16E . In such embodiments, the BLU can be provided separately and attached to the display, as illustrated in the embodiments of Figure 16F . In one or more embodiments, the display can be a liquid crystal display or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display. In one or more embodiments, the kit component can include a touch panel as an alternative to or in addition to the display module (the touch panel being positioned between the cold-formed glass substrate and the display module). In the embodiments of Figure 16B and 16CIn the illustrated embodiment, the display or touch panel includes a curved second glass substrate 2030. In such embodiments, the second glass substrate includes a curved display surface or curved touch panel surface having a second radius of curvature that differs from the first radius of curvature by less than 10%. In some embodiments, for example... Figure 16C , 16E As shown in 16F, 16H, and 16I, the mating element includes an adhesive layer 2050 for attaching the second glass substrate 2030 to the cold-formed glass substrate or frame. The adhesive layer may be disposed on the cold-formed glass substrate, on the surface to which it will be attached. Figures 16A-16I In the illustrated embodiments, an adhesive layer is disposed on the first main surface. In one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer may be disposed on the second glass substrate, or may be disposed simultaneously on both the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate. Adhesive 2050 may be an optically clear adhesive, such as the optically clear adhesive described herein. In one or more embodiments, after the cold-formed substrate 2010 is laminated with the curved second glass substrate 2030, it is believed that such a lamination applies lower stress to any adhesive layer disposed therein. In one or more embodiments, the second radius of curvature may differ from the first radius of curvature by within 5%, 4%, 3%, or 2%. In some embodiments, after lamination, the cold-formed glass substrate (and the corresponding frame) is substantially aligned with the second glass substrate, such that less than 2% of the width, less than 2% of the length, or less than 2% of both the width and length of the cold-formed glass are not aligned with the curved second glass substrate (i.e., misaligned portions are exposed). In one or more embodiments, after lamination, less than 5% of the surface area of ​​the first main surface 2012 is not aligned with or exposed to the second glass substrate. In some implementations, the thickness of the adhesive can be increased to enhance the alignment between the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate.

[0130] like Figure 16C , 16E As shown in 16F, 16H, or 16I, the mating element may include a second glass substrate attached to the first main surface 2012. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate is attached to a frame 2020 (not shown). Figure 16D and 16G As shown in the embodiment, the second glass substrate 2030 is substantially flat and can be cold-formed to form a second radius of curvature, the second radius of curvature differing from the first radius of curvature by less than 10%. Figures 16D to 16FAs shown, the second glass substrate can be cold-formed to a second radius of curvature and attached to a cold-formed glass substrate, or optionally attached to a frame (not shown). In such embodiments, the second glass substrate 2030 or the cold-formed glass substrate 2010 may include an adhesive layer for attaching the second glass substrate to the cold-formed glass substrate or the frame (if applicable). In one or more embodiments, the first main surface 2012 includes an adhesive disposed thereon. In such embodiments, the adhesive may be an optically transparent adhesive, a composite, or exhibit a different Young's modulus value on the surface in contact with or adjacent to the first main surface than on the opposite surface in contact with or to be in contact with the second glass substrate. It is believed that the second glass substrate can be subjected to lower stress on the adhesive layer, and thus may require lower bending forces to cold-form the second glass substrate into the cold-formed glass substrate. In some such embodiments, after lamination, the cold-formed glass substrate is substantially aligned with the second glass substrate, such that less than 2% of the width, less than 2% of the length, or less than 2% of both the width and length of the cold-formed glass are not aligned with the second glass substrate (i.e., misaligned portions are exposed). In one or more embodiments, after lamination, less than 5% of the surface area of ​​the first primary surface 2012 is not aligned with or exposed to the second glass substrate.

[0131] like Figures 16B-16C As shown in 16F, the BLU can be curved. In some embodiments, the BLU exhibits a third radius of curvature that differs from the first radius of curvature by within 10%, from the second radius of curvature by within 10%, or from both the first and second radii of curvature by within 10%.

[0132] exist Figures 16H-16I In the illustrated embodiments, the display includes a second glass substrate that is substantially flat and attached to a first main surface. In such embodiments, the second glass substrate, or a cold-formed glass substrate, includes an adhesive layer 2050 that attaches the second glass substrate to the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., directly to the first main surface or a portion of the frame). In such embodiments, the adhesive attaches the cold-formed glass substrate to the flat second glass substrate. As shown, in one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer includes a substantially flat first surface and an opposite second surface, the radius of curvature of the second surface differing from the radius of curvature of the first surface by within 10%. In such embodiments, the adhesive may be a liquid optically transparent adhesive. In some embodiments, the first radius of curvature is from about 500 nm to about 1000 nm.

[0133] In one or more embodiments, as in Figures 16A-16IIn the illustrated kit component, an air gap can exist between the second glass substrate and the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., the first major surface). In one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer can only exist on a portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and / or the second glass substrate, such that no attachment exists between the portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate (as no adhesive exists to form such attachment).

[0134] Figures 17A-17I Various embodiments of a kit component 3000 are illustrated, which include a frame 3020 removably or temporarily attached to a cold-formed glass substrate 3010. Figures 17A-17I In one or more embodiments, the curvature can be concave, or can have a combination of convex and concave portions having the same or different radii from each other. In one or more embodiments, the kit component includes a cold-formed glass substrate 3010 including a first major surface 3012, a second major surface 3014 opposite the first major surface having a first radius of curvature, and a minor surface connecting the first and second major surfaces, a thickness defined as the distance between the first and second major surfaces, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to the thickness, and a length defined as a dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to both the thickness and the width, wherein the second major surface 2014 includes the first radius of curvature; and a removable frame 3020 removably attached to the second major surface. In one or more embodiments, the frame has a curved surface attached to the second major surface. The curved surface of the frame has the same radius of curvature as the first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, the frame has a curved surface attached to the second major surface. The curved surface of the frame has a radius of curvature that is different than the first radius of curvature. Figures 17A-17I In the illustrated embodiments, the second major surface forms a concave surface that exhibits a compressive stress greater than that exhibited by the same surface prior to cold-forming. In some embodiments, the second major surface exhibits a compressive stress greater than the first major surface.

[0135] The cold-formed glass substrate has a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less. In one or more embodiments, the cold-formed glass substrate has a width of about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and a length of about 5 cm to about 250 cm. In one or more embodiments, the first radius of curvature is 500 nm or greater.

[0136] In one or more embodiments, as illustrated, the kit component includes a display module. As illustrated, the display module includes a display 3100, a frame 3020, and a second glass substrate 3010. Figures 17A-17I In one or more embodiments, as illustrated, the kit component includes a display module. As illustrated, the display module includes a display 3100, a frame 3020, and a second glass substrate 3010. Figure 17B and 17CAs shown, the display module includes a display, which includes a second glass substrate 3030 and an optional backlight unit (BLU) 3040. In some embodiments, the display module includes only the display (without the BLU 3040), as shown in FIG. 17A. In such embodiments, the BLU can be provided separately and attached as shown in FIG. 17B, such that the cold-formed shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate is maintained after removal of the removable frame. Figure 17E As shown. In such embodiments, the BLU or other mechanism or structure can be provided separately and attached as shown in FIG. 17B, such that the cold-formed shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate is maintained after removal of the removable frame. Figure 17F As shown. In such embodiments, the BLU or other mechanism or structure can be provided separately and attached as shown in FIG. 17B, such that the cold-formed shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate is maintained after removal of the removable frame. Figure 17B As shown. In such embodiments, the BLU or other mechanism or structure can be provided separately and attached as shown in FIG. 17B, such that the cold-formed shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate is maintained after removal of the removable frame. 17C As shown. In such embodiments, the BLU or other mechanism or structure can be provided separately and attached as shown in FIG. 17B, such that the cold-formed shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate is maintained after removal of the removable frame. Figure 17C As shown. In such embodiments, the BLU or other mechanism or structure can be provided separately and attached as shown in FIG. 17B, such that the cold-formed shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate is maintained after removal of the removable frame. 17E As shown. In such embodiments, the BLU or other mechanism or structure can be provided separately and attached as shown in FIG. 17B, such that the cold-formed shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate is maintained after removal of the removable frame. Figure 17B As shown. In such embodiments, the BLU or other mechanism or structure can be provided separately and attached as shown in FIG. 17B, such that the cold-formed shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate is maintained after removal of the removable frame. 17C As shown. In such embodiments, the BLU or other mechanism or structure can be provided separately and attached as shown in FIG. 17B, such that the cold-formed shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate is maintained after removal of the removable frame.As shown, after the curved cold-formed substrate 3010 is laminated with the curved second glass substrate 3030, it is believed that such a lamination imposes lower stress on any adhesive layers disposed therein. In one or more embodiments, after the cold-formed substrate 3010 is laminated with the curved second glass substrate 3030, the second radius of curvature may differ from the first radius of curvature by within 5%, within 4%, within 3%, or within 2%. In some embodiments, after lamination, the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate are substantially aligned, such that less than 2% of the width, less than 2% of the length, or less than 2% of both the width and length of the cold-formed glass substrate are not aligned with the second glass substrate (i.e., misaligned portions are exposed). In one or more embodiments, after lamination, less than 5% of the surface area of ​​the first main surface 2012 is not aligned with the second glass substrate or is exposed. In some embodiments, the thickness of the adhesive may be increased to enhance the alignment between the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate.

[0137] like Figure 17C , 17E As shown in 17F, 17H, or 17I, the mating element may include a second glass substrate attached to the first main surface 3012. Figure 17D and 17G As shown, the second glass substrate 3030 can be substantially flat and can be cold-formed to form a second radius of curvature, the second radius of curvature differing from the first radius of curvature by less than 10%. Figures 17D to 17FAs shown, the second glass substrate can be cold-formed to a second radius of curvature and can be attached to the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., the first main surface 3012). In such embodiments, the second glass substrate 3030 or the cold-formed glass substrate 3010 may include an adhesive layer for attaching the second glass substrate to the cold-formed glass substrate (if applicable). In one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer may be disposed on the first main surface. In such embodiments, the adhesive may be an optically transparent adhesive, a composite, or exhibit a different Young's modulus value on the surface in contact with or adjacent to the first main surface than on the opposite surface in contact with or to be in contact with the second glass substrate. It is believed that the second glass substrate can be subjected to lower stress on the adhesive layer, thus requiring lower bending forces to cold-form the second glass substrate into the cold-formed glass substrate. In some such embodiments, after lamination, the cold-formed glass substrate is substantially aligned with the second glass substrate, such that less than 2% of the width, less than 2% of the length, or less than 2% of both the width and length of the cold-formed glass are not aligned with the second glass substrate (i.e., misaligned portions are exposed). In one or more embodiments, after lamination, less than 5% of the surface area of ​​the first primary surface 2012 is not aligned with or exposed to the second glass substrate.

[0138] like Figures 17B-17C As shown in 17F, a curved BLU 3040 can be attached to a second glass substrate 3030. In some embodiments, the BLU 3040 exhibits a third radius of curvature that differs from the first radius of curvature by less than 10%, from the second radius of curvature by less than 10%, or from both the first and second radii of curvature by less than 10%. In such embodiments, the BLU 3040 provides a structure that maintains the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate after the removal of the removable frame, such as... Figure 17C and 17F As shown. When a touch panel is included, the corresponding structure is attached to the second substrate, opposite to the surface to which the cold-formed glass substrate is attached or to be attached.

[0139] exist Figures 17H-17IIn the illustrated embodiment, the display includes a second glass substrate 3030 that is substantially planar and attached to the first major surface. In such embodiments, the frame 3020 maintains the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate, and the second glass substrate 3030 or the cold-formed glass substrate 3010 includes an adhesive layer 3050 that attaches the second glass substrate to the first major surface. In such embodiments, the adhesive attaches the cold-formed glass substrate to a planar second glass substrate. As illustrated, in one or more embodiments, the adhesive layer includes a first surface that is substantially planar and an opposing second surface having a radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. In such embodiments, the adhesive can be a liquid optically clear adhesive. In some embodiments, the first radius of curvature is about 500 nm to about 1000 nm. In such embodiments, the adhesive layer is a structural adhesive that provides a structure that maintains the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate after removal of the frame, as Figure 17I illustrated.

[0140] In one or more embodiments, an air gap can exist between the second glass substrate and the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., the first major surface). In such embodiments, the adhesive layer can exist only on a portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and / or the second glass substrate, such that there is no attachment between the portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate (because no adhesive exists to form such attachment).

[0141] Figures 18A-18B The display kit includes a flexible glass substrate 4010 comprising a first major surface, a second major surface opposite the first major surface, and a minor surface connecting the first and second major surfaces, a thickness defined as the distance between the first and second major surfaces, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to the thickness, and a length defined as a dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to both the thickness and the width; and a curved display module 4020 or a curved touch panel having a first radius of curvature, as Figure 18A illustrated. Figures 18A-18B The display has a convex curvature, the flexible glass substrate 4010 is disposed between an observer and the display. In one or more embodiments, the curvature can be concave, or can have a combination of convex and concave portions having the same or different radii from each other.

[0142] The flexible glass substrate has a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less. In one or more embodiments, the flexible glass substrate has a width of about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and a length of about 5 cm to about 250 cm. In one or more embodiments, the first radius of curvature is 500 nm or greater.

[0143] like Figure 18A and Figure 18B As shown, the display module includes a display, which comprises a second glass substrate 4030 and a backlight unit (BLU) 4040 or other structures for maintaining the curved shape of the curved display module 4020. In some embodiments, the display module includes only the display (without the BLU 4040), such as... Figure 16E and 16F As shown. In such embodiments, the BLU or other structures can be provided separately and attached to the display, such as... Figure 16G As shown. In one or more embodiments, the display may be a liquid crystal display or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. Figure 18B In the illustrated embodiment, the display includes a curved second glass substrate 4030 exhibiting a first radius of curvature. In one or more embodiments, an auxiliary element includes a curved touch panel as an alternative to or supplement to the curved display module (the touch panel is positioned between the cold-formed glass substrate and the curved display module). In such embodiments, the curved touch panel includes a curved second glass substrate, and may optionally be provided with structural rigidity to maintain its curved shape (even after attachment to a flexible glass substrate, such as...). Figure 18B (As shown). In some embodiments, the mating element includes an adhesive layer 4050 for attaching the second glass substrate 4030 to the flexible glass substrate 4010 (i.e., the first main surface 4012). The adhesive layer may be provided on the flexible glass substrate (i.e., the first main surface), on the second glass substrate, or on both the flexible glass substrate and the second glass substrate. The adhesive 4050 may be an optically clear adhesive, such as the optically clear adhesive described herein. In one or more embodiments, after the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed and laminated to a curved display module or touch panel, the second radius of curvature exhibited by the second main surface 4014 differs from the first radius of curvature by within 10%, within 5%, within 4%, within 3%, or within 2%. Figure 18B In the illustrated embodiment, the second primary surface forms a concave surface, exhibiting greater compressive stress than the same surface before cold forming. In some embodiments, the second primary surface exhibits greater compressive stress than the first primary surface.

[0144] In some embodiments, after lamination, the resulting cold-formed glass substrate (and corresponding frame) is substantially aligned with the second glass substrate such that less than 2% of the width, less than 2% of the length, or both of the width and length of the cold-formed glass is not aligned with the second glass substrate (i.e., unaligned portions are exposed). In one or more embodiments, after lamination, less than 5% of the surface area of the first major surface 2012 is not aligned with or exposed by the second glass substrate. In some embodiments, the thickness of the adhesive can be increased to strengthen the alignment between the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate.

[0145] In one or more embodiments, after cold-forming and lamination of the flexible glass substrate 4010 to the curved second glass substrate 4030, it is believed that by minimizing the thickness of the flexible glass substrate (i.e., to the ranges described herein), the stress imparted to any adhesive layer disposed therein can be minimized. In one or more embodiments, the mating element includes a bevel formed on the flexible glass substrate to reduce stress on the flexible glass substrate upon cold-forming.

[0146] As shown in FIG. 4A, the second glass substrate is attached to the first major surface 4012. As shown in FIG. 4B, the flexible glass substrate 4010 is substantially flat and can be cold-formed to a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. As shown in FIG. 4C, the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed to the second radius of curvature and attached to the second glass substrate. As shown in FIG. 4D, the BLU is curved and provides a structure to maintain the cold-formed shape of the second glass substrate and the flexible glass substrate (after cold-forming thereof relative to the second glass substrate). In some embodiments, the BLU exhibits a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature, within 10% of the second radius of curvature, or within 10% of both the first and second radii of curvature. In some embodiments, the second glass substrate is curved and the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate can be maintained by the BLU or other structure. Figure 18B Figure 18A As shown in FIG. 4A, the second glass substrate is attached to the first major surface 4012. As shown in FIG. 4B, the flexible glass substrate 4010 is substantially flat and can be cold-formed to a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. As shown in FIG. 4C, the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed to the second radius of curvature and attached to the second glass substrate. As shown in FIG. 4D, the BLU is curved and provides a structure to maintain the cold-formed shape of the second glass substrate and the flexible glass substrate (after cold-forming thereof relative to the second glass substrate). In some embodiments, the BLU exhibits a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature, within 10% of the second radius of curvature, or within 10% of both the first and second radii of curvature. In some embodiments, the second glass substrate is curved and the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate can be maintained by the BLU or other structure. Figure 18B Figures 18A-18B As shown in FIG. 4A, the second glass substrate is attached to the first major surface 4012. As shown in FIG. 4B, the flexible glass substrate 4010 is substantially flat and can be cold-formed to a second radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature. As shown in FIG. 4C, the flexible glass substrate is cold-formed to the second radius of curvature and attached to the second glass substrate. As shown in FIG. 4D, the BLU is curved and provides a structure to maintain the cold-formed shape of the second glass substrate and the flexible glass substrate (after cold-forming thereof relative to the second glass substrate). In some embodiments, the BLU exhibits a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the first radius of curvature, within 10% of the second radius of curvature, or within 10% of both the first and second radii of curvature. In some embodiments, the second glass substrate is curved and the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate can be maintained by the BLU or other structure.

[0147] In one or more embodiments, an air gap can exist between the second glass substrate and the cold-formed glass substrate (i.e., the first major surface). In such embodiments, the adhesive layer can only exist on a portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and / or the second glass substrate such that no attachment exists between a portion of the cold-formed glass substrate and the second glass substrate (as no adhesive exists to form such attachment).

[0148] Figures 19A-19E ​​This describes an implementation of a method for forming a curved display. Figures 19A-19E The curvature can be convex; however, the curvature can be concave, or it can have a combination of convex and concave portions having the same or different radii. In one or more embodiments, method 5000 includes cold-forming a stack 5001 to a first radius of curvature, measured on a first surface 5005 of the stack. The stack can be a display stack, a touch panel stack, or a stack including a touch panel and a display. In one or more embodiments, the display can be a liquid crystal display or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display. The stack is as follows... Figure 19A As shown, and including: a first glass substrate 5010 having a first main surface 5012 forming a first surface of a display stack and a second main surface 5014 opposite to the first main surface; and a display and / or touch panel module including a second glass substrate 5030 disposed on the second main surface 5014. Figure 19A In the illustrated embodiments, the stacks are placed on frame 5020 before and during cold forming to maintain the shape of the stacked cold-formed material. In one or more embodiments, the method includes laminating a display and / or touch panel module onto a second main surface such that the second radius of curvature of the second glass substrate differs from the first radius of curvature by within 10%. In one or more embodiments, the first radius of curvature is from about 60 mm to about 1500 mm. Figures 19A-19E In the illustrated embodiments, after cold forming, the second primary surface forms a concave surface exhibiting greater compressive stress than the same surface before cold forming. In some embodiments, the second primary surface exhibits greater compressive stress than the first primary surface. In one or more embodiments, the method includes cold forming the stack by creating a first radius of curvature by applying a vacuum to the first surface. In one or more embodiments, applying the vacuum includes placing the stack on a vacuum holder before applying the vacuum to the first surface. Figure 19A In the illustrated embodiment, the method includes applying an adhesive layer 5050 between the second glass substrate and the first glass substrate prior to cold forming the stack. In some embodiments, the adhesive layer is disposed on a portion of the second glass substrate or the first glass substrate.

[0149] In such Figure 19A In the illustrated embodiment, the display module may include a cold-formable backlight unit 5040 disposed on a second glass substrate, opposite to the first glass substrate. Figures 19C to 19E In the illustrated implementation, the module includes only a display or touch panel (without BLU 5040). In such implementations, the BLU or other mechanisms or structures may be provided separately and attached to the display or touch panel, such as... Figure 19EThe frame 5020 is shown to thereby maintain the curved shape of the display stack. In some embodiments, the frame 5020 can be removed if the BLU, the second glass substrate, or other component provides sufficient structural maintenance of the curved shape of the cold-formed glass substrate. In some embodiments, the frame and the BLU together serve to maintain the cold-formed shape. Thus, in one or more embodiments, cold-forming and / or layering the display stack comprises: attaching the BLU to the second glass substrate opposite the first glass substrate, wherein the BLU is optionally curved to thereby exhibit a second radius of curvature.

[0150] In one or more embodiments, the method comprises attaching a frame to the first glass substrate to maintain the first radius of curvature, and simultaneously cold-forming and layering the display stack.

[0151] In one or more embodiments, the first glass substrate is strengthened. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate is not strengthened. In one or more embodiments, the second glass substrate has a thickness greater than the thickness of the glass substrate. In one or more embodiments, the method comprises disposing the curved display in a vehicle interior system.

[0152] Figures 20A-22B Embodiments directed to address the effective stress issues that can exist in structural adhesives used in one or more embodiments discussed herein. While the structural adhesive is sufficient to fix the shape of the cold-bent glass, stresses are created in the adhesive due to the elastic nature and the higher modulus of the glass substrate, which can cause the glass substrate to tend to revert to a flat 2D shape. In these cases, one or more regions of maximum stress can be created in the adhesive layer. While not intending to be bound by this theory, it is believed that some regions of the curved portion of the glass substrate can have a higher tendency to retain a 2D shape than other regions. These regions with a higher tendency to revert to a 2D shape cause higher stresses in the adhesive layer. This tendency can be conceptualized as a restoring force that exists in the elastically deformed or cold-formed glass substrate. As used herein, "restoring force" refers to the force that tends to cause a cold-formed or cold-bent glass substrate to revert to the state of the glass substrate prior to bending.

[0153] Higher stress areas in the adhesive are potential failure points during the product lifetime, especially when used in automotive environments that can require long product lifetimes and harsh environmental conditions. For example, once a crack is initiated in a high stress area, it can propagate over a large area or the entire area of the product. This is the case for high modulus adhesive materials that tend to exhibit brittle behavior. Therefore, adhesives with a higher safety margin between the adhesive stress of the component and the adhesive strength are preferred for such applications. This results in a reduced number of options for adhesive materials for cold bending applications. Therefore, it is desirable to minimize the peak stress in the adhesive layer.

[0154] In general, Figure 20B , 21B and embodiments of 22B show that using one or more components, design elements, and / or methods to address this effective stress issue in the adhesive can result in a cold formed bent glass surface with improved performance, adhesion, and shape retention. Moreover, according to these embodiments, the above advantages can be achieved at a low cost.

[0155] As Figure 20A shown, a glass substrate 6010 is cold formed against a base 6020 having a curved surface with a first radius of curvature 6030. The first radius of curvature 6030 can be, for example, about 500 mm or greater. In some cases, the first radius of curvature 6030 can be from about 60 mm to about 1500 mm. The cold forming of the glass substrate 6010 results in an effective stress 6040 in the adhesive between the glass substrate 6010 and the base 6020. As Figure 20A shown, where 6050 represents an effective stress of 0, the magnitude of the effective stress 6040 varies over the length of the curved surface of the glass substrate 6010. Therefore, the effective stress 6040 has high stress areas 6060, 6062. In this case, the high stress areas 6060, 6062 include the maximum effective stress values in the adhesive.

[0156] To alleviate the high stress areas 6060, 6062 in Figure 20A , a stress alleviating component. Figure 20B One embodiment of a stress alleviating component in the form of a mechanical restraint 6072 is shown located near the area with the highest effective stress. In the example shown in Figure 20A , the high stress areas 6060, 6062 are located at the edges of the glass substrate 6010. Therefore, in Figure 20BIn some embodiments, mechanical restraints 6070, 6072 are placed at the edges of the glass substrate 6010. The mechanical restraints can be placed substantially around the entire edge of the glass substrate 6010, or can be placed only at selected locations determined to be most relevant for reducing the effective stress in the adhesive. The mechanical restraints 6070, 6072 can be ramps, clamps, clips, or springs configured to reinforce or maintain the cold-bent shape of the glass substrate 6010. In some embodiments, the mechanical restraints 6070, 6072 can be made of plastic, metal, or other known materials suitable for engaging the glass substrate 6010, so long as the mechanical restraints are configured to have mechanical properties sufficient to at least partially counteract any restorative forces exerted by the glass substrate 6010. The examples of stress relief assemblies are not limited to these examples, and one of skill in the art would recognize suitable alternatives that can be configured to relieve or reduce the high stress regions 6060, 6062. As Figure 20B shown, the mechanical restraints 6070, 6072 result in a changed effective stress profile 6080 in the adhesive, without the maximum stress peak as Figure 20A shown.

[0157] As Figure 21A and 21B shown, design modifications of assemblies having cold-formed glass with bends can be used to relieve high effective stress levels in the adhesive, according to one or more embodiments. Figure 21A A cold-formed glass substrate 6010 is shown without design modifications, and substantially corresponds to Figure 20A . For brevity purposes, the assembly of Figure 20A of Figure 21A will not be repeated here. As Figure 21B shown, the design modification includes the base 6020 being formed with a second radius of curvature 6032, where the second radius of curvature 6032 is greater than the first radius of curvature 6030. The location of the region of the base having the second radius of curvature 6032 corresponds to the region in the glass substrate 6010 where the adhesive will contain the high stress regions 6060, 6062, as Figure 21A shown. In some embodiments, the second radius of curvature is about 500 mm or greater; or about 1000 mm or greater; or is substantially flat. As Figure 21B shown, the region having the second radius of curvature 6032 can include more than one region or separate regions of the base 6020. In the example of Figure 21B , these separate regions correspond to the edges of the glass substrate 6010. However, embodiments are not limited to these specific locations.

[0158] Figure 22A and 22BOther solutions to mitigate high effective stresses in the adhesive are shown. In this solution, the region 7040 in the glass substrate 7010 that can correspond to a region of potentially high effective stress in the adhesive is thermoformed. The thermoforming can be selectively performed on the region 7040, while the rest or other portions of the glass substrate can be cold formed to surface 7020. In some embodiments, the glass substrate 7010 can be selectively thermoformed; and then, subsequently, chemically strengthened, and finally cold formed to surface 7020. In Figure 22A and 22B In the embodiments shown in FIGS. 22A, 22B, the selectively thermoformed region 7040 is a region having a local radius of curvature that is less than an overall radius of curvature 7030 of the surface 7020, wherein the glass substrate 7010 is cold formed to the surface 7020 portion having the overall radius of curvature 7030. In some embodiments, the local radius of curvature is about 100 mm or less, and the overall radius of curvature is about 500 mm or more. Embodiments include glass substrates or assemblies having glass substrates, and methods of forming glass substrates and / or assemblies having glass substrates.

[0159] For a given curved vehicle interior, Figure 20B , 21B and 22B can be practiced alone or in one or more combinations to provide the reliability of strengthened adhesives with the adhesion of cold-bent glass.

[0160] Example 1

[0161] Example 1 includes a curved display formed from a 0.55 mm thick glass substrate that is chemically strengthened and exhibits a first radius of curvature of about 1000 mm. The glass substrate is provided flat, and one major surface (the second major surface) is placed on a vacuum chuck having a radius of curvature of 1000 mm. A vacuum is applied to the major surface of the glass substrate, and the glass substrate is temporarily cold formed to exhibit a first radius of curvature of about 1000 mm, matching the radius of curvature of the vacuum chuck. If the vacuum is removed, the glass substrate will return to flat and no longer be cold formed. While the glass substrate is placed on the vacuum chuck and temporarily cold formed, a layer of adhesive having a thickness of 250 μιη, available from 3M Company under the trade designation 8215, is applied to the first major surface of the glass substrate (i.e., the surface that is exposed and not in contact with the vacuum chuck). A normal force is applied to the roll such that the layer of adhesive is laminated to the first major surface of the cold formed glass substrate. The layer of adhesive includes a carrier film that is removed after the layer of adhesive is laminated to the cold formed glass substrate.

[0162] A second glass substrate, which is an LCD glass substrate, is disposed on the adhesive layer. The second glass substrate is cold-formed and laminated to the adhesive layer using a roller and an applied normal force. During the lamination of the second glass substrate, a vacuum is utilized such that the glass substrate remains temporarily cold-formed. After the second glass substrate is laminated, a backlight and a frame are applied to the second glass substrate. In Example 1, a double sided tape is applied between the frame and the glass substrate. The double sided tape is a double sided acrylic foam tape available from 3M Company under the trade designation VHB TM The double sided acrylic foam tape. The frame has an L-shaped bevel. The frame and the backlight unit are assembled, completing the formation of the curved display. The vacuum is then removed from the glass substrate, and the curved display is removed. The cold-formed glass substrate is permanently cold-formed and has a first radius of curvature. The display module, in particular the second glass substrate, exhibits a second radius of curvature that is close to or matches the first radius of curvature.

[0163] Aspect (1) of the present disclosure pertains to a vehicle interior system comprising: a base having a curved surface; a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, the glass substrate comprising a first major surface, a second major surface opposite the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to the thickness, and a length defined as a dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to both the thickness and the width; an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate; and at least one stress reducing component associated with the glass substrate and positioned to reduce an amount of adhesive stress in one or more regions of the adhesive, wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less, and wherein the second major surface comprises a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or more.

[0164] Aspect (2) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (1), further comprising a display module attached to the first major surface and comprising a second radius of curvature within 10% of the first radius of curvature.

[0165] Aspect (3) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (1) or Aspect (2), wherein the width is about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length is about 5 cm to about 250 cm.

[0166] Aspect (4) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1) - (3), wherein the cold-formed glass substrate is strengthened.

[0167] Aspect (5) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of aspects (2)-(4), wherein the adhesive is disposed between the glass substrate and the display module.

[0168] Aspect (6) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of aspects (1)-(5), wherein the adhesive is optically transparent.

[0169] Aspect (7) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of aspect (1) or aspect (2), wherein the glass substrate comprises a perimeter adjacent the minor surface, and the adhesive is disposed between the perimeter of the second major surface and the display module.

[0170] Aspect (8) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of aspects (1)-(7), wherein the display module comprises a second glass substrate and a backlight unit, wherein the second glass substrate is disposed adjacent the first major surface and between the backlight unit and the first major surface, and wherein, optionally, the backlight unit is curved, thereby exhibiting the second radius of curvature.

[0171] Aspect (9) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of aspect (8), wherein the second glass substrate comprises a cold-formed second glass substrate.

[0172] Aspect (10) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of aspect (8) or aspect (9), wherein the display module further comprises a frame at least partially surrounding the backlight unit.

[0173] Aspect (11) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of aspect (10), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the second glass substrate.

[0174] Aspect (12) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of aspect (10) or aspect (11), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the minor surface of the glass substrate.

[0175] Aspect (13) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of aspect (10) or aspect (11), wherein the minor surface of the glass substrate is not surrounded by the frame.

[0176] Aspect (14) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of aspect (10), wherein the frame comprises an L-shape.

[0177] Aspect (15) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of aspects (1)-(14), wherein either or both of the first major surface and the second major surface comprises a surface treatment.

[0178] Aspect (16) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (15), wherein the surface treatment covers at least a portion of the first major surface and the second major surface.

[0179] Aspect (17) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (15) or Aspect (16), wherein the surface treatment comprises any one of: an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, a reduced-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

[0180] Aspect (18) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (17), wherein the surface treatment comprises at least two of any one of: an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, a reduced-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

[0181] Aspect (19) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (18), wherein the first major surface comprises an anti-glare surface, and the second major surface comprises a reduced-reflective surface.

[0182] Aspect (20) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (18), wherein the first major surface comprises a reduced-reflective surface, and the second major surface comprises an anti-glare surface.

[0183] Aspect (21) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (18), wherein the first major surface comprises either or both of an anti-glare surface and a reduced-reflective surface, and the second major surface comprises a pigment design.

[0184] Aspect (22) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (18), wherein the pigment design is disposed on at least a portion of the perimeter, and the interior portion is substantially free of the pigment design.

[0185] Aspect (23) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (17)-(22), wherein the pigment design comprises any one of: a wood grain design, a brushed metal design, a graphic design, a portrait, and a logo.

[0186] Aspect (24) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (17)-(23), wherein the anti-glare surface comprises an etched surface, and wherein the reduced-reflective surface comprises a multi-layer coating.

[0187] Aspect (25) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(24), further comprising a touch function.

[0188] Aspect (26) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(25), wherein the base comprises any one of a center console, an instrument panel, an armrest, a pillar, a seat back, a floor, a headrest, a door panel, and a steering wheel.

[0189] Aspect (27) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(26), wherein the vehicle is any one of an automobile, a watercraft, and an aircraft.

[0190] Aspect (28) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(27), wherein the at least one reduced pressure component comprises a mechanical restraint.

[0191] Aspect (29) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (28), wherein the mechanical restraint comprises at least one of a ramp, a clamp, and a spring.

[0192] Aspect (30) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (28), wherein the mechanical restraint is configured to apply a force to the glass substrate to maintain a cold-formed shape of the glass substrate.

[0193] Aspect (31) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (30), wherein the force is in a direction opposite a restoring force of the glass substrate in the cold-formed shape.

[0194] Aspect (32) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(31), wherein the location of the at least one reduced pressure component comprises an edge of the first major surface.

[0195] Aspect (33) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(32), wherein the one or more regions of adhesive comprise a maximum adhesive stress region.

[0196] Aspect (34) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (1)-(32), wherein the one or more regions of adhesive comprise a region having a local maximum adhesive stress.

[0197] Aspect (35) of the present disclosure pertains to a vehicle interior system comprising: a base having a curved surface; a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, the glass substrate comprising a first major surface, a second major surface opposite the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to the thickness, and a length defined as a dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to both the thickness and the width; and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate, wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less, wherein the second major surface comprises a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or more, and wherein the second major surface comprises a second radius of curvature greater than the first radius of curvature.

[0198] Aspect (36) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (35), further comprising a display module affixed to the first major surface and comprising a third radius of curvature within 10% of the first radius of curvature.

[0199] Aspect (37) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (35) or Aspect (36), wherein the width is about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length is about 5 cm to about 250 cm.

[0200] Aspect (38) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(37), wherein the cold-formed glass substrate is strengthened.

[0201] Aspect (39) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (36)-(38), wherein the adhesive is disposed between the glass substrate and the display module.

[0202] Aspect (40) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(39), wherein the adhesive is optically transparent.

[0203] Aspect (41) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (35) or Aspect (36), wherein the glass substrate comprises a perimeter adjacent the minor surface, and the adhesive is disposed between the perimeter of the second major surface and the display module.

[0204] Aspect (42) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(41), wherein the display module comprises a second glass substrate and a backlight unit, wherein the second glass substrate is disposed adjacent to the first major surface and between the backlight unit and the first major surface, and wherein optionally the backlight unit is curved, thereby exhibiting the second radius of curvature.

[0205] Aspect (43) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (42), wherein the second glass substrate comprises a cold-formed second glass substrate.

[0206] Aspect (44) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (42) or Aspect (43), wherein the display module further comprises a frame at least partially surrounding the backlight unit.

[0207] Aspect (45) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (44), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the second glass substrate.

[0208] Aspect (46) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (44) or Aspect (45), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the minor surface of the glass substrate.

[0209] Aspect (47) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (44) or Aspect (45), wherein the minor surface of the glass substrate is not surrounded by the frame.

[0210] Aspect (48) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (44), wherein the frame comprises an L-shape.

[0211] Aspect (49) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(48), wherein either or both of the first major surface and the second major surface comprises a surface treatment.

[0212] Aspect (50) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (49), wherein the surface treatment covers at least a portion of the first major surface and the second major surface.

[0213] Aspect (51) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (49) or Aspect (50), wherein the surface treatment comprises any one of an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, a reduced reflection surface, and a pigment design.

[0214] Aspect (52) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (51), wherein the surface treatment comprises at least two of any one of an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, a reduced reflection surface, and a pigment design.

[0215] Aspect (53) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (52), wherein the first major surface comprises an anti-glare surface, and the second major surface comprises an anti-reflective surface.

[0216] Aspect (54) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (52), wherein the first major surface comprises an anti-reflective surface, and the second major surface comprises an anti-glare surface.

[0217] Aspect (55) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (52), wherein the first major surface comprises either or both of an anti-glare surface and an anti-reflective surface, and the second major surface comprises a pigment design.

[0218] Aspect (56) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (52), wherein a pigment design is disposed on at least a portion of the perimeter, and the interior portion is substantially free of the pigment design.

[0219] Aspect (57) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (51)-(56), wherein the pigment design comprises any one of the following: a wood grain design, a brushed metal design, a graphic design, a portrait, and a logo.

[0220] Aspect (58) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (51)-(57), wherein the anti-glare surface comprises an etched surface, and wherein the anti-reflective surface comprises a multi-layered coating.

[0221] Aspect (59) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(58), further comprising a touch function.

[0222] Aspect (60) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(59), wherein the base comprises any one of the following: a center console, an instrument panel, an armrest, a pillar, a seat back, a floor, a headrest, a door panel, and a steering wheel.

[0223] Aspect (61) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(60), wherein the vehicle is any one of the following: an automobile, a watercraft, and an aircraft.

[0224] Aspect (62) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (35)-(61), wherein the second radius of curvature is disposed in a region of the second major surface that is opposite a region of the first major surface having an elevated adhesive stress of the adhesive.

[0225] Aspect (63) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (62), wherein the elevated adhesive stress is higher than an average adhesive stress of the adhesive over the region of the first major surface of the cold-formed glass substrate.

[0226] Aspect (64) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (62), wherein the elevated adhesive stress is a region of maximum adhesive stress in the adhesive over the region of the first major surface.

[0227] Aspect (65) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (62), wherein the elevated adhesive stress is a region of local maximum adhesive stress in the adhesive over the region of the first major surface.

[0228] Aspect (66) of the present disclosure pertains to a vehicle interior system, comprising: a base having a curved surface; a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, the glass substrate comprising a first major surface, a second major surface opposite the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to the thickness, and a length defined as a dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to both the thickness and the width; and an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate, wherein the thickness is 1.5 mm or less, wherein the second major surface comprises a first region having a cold-formed curved surface comprising a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or more, and wherein the second major surface comprises a second region having a heat-formed curved surface comprising a second radius of curvature.

[0229] Aspect (67) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (66), further comprising a display module attached to the first major surface and comprising a third radius of curvature within 10% of the first radius of curvature.

[0230] Aspect (68) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (66) or Aspect (67), wherein the width is about 5 cm to about 250 cm, and the length is about 5 cm to about 250 cm.

[0231] Aspect (69) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(68), wherein the cold-formed glass substrate is strengthened.

[0232] Aspect (70) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (67)-(69), wherein the adhesive is disposed between the glass substrate and the display module.

[0233] Aspect (71) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(70), wherein the adhesive is optically transparent.

[0234] Aspect (72) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (66) or Aspect (67), wherein the glass substrate comprises a perimeter adjacent the minor surface, and the adhesive is disposed between the perimeter of the second major surface and the display module.

[0235] Aspect (73) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(72), wherein the display module comprises a second glass substrate and a backlight unit, wherein the second glass substrate is disposed adjacent the first major surface and between the backlight unit and the first major surface, and wherein, optionally, the backlight unit is curved, thereby exhibiting the second radius of curvature.

[0236] Aspect (74) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (73), wherein the second glass substrate comprises a cold-formed second glass substrate.

[0237] Aspect (75) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (73) or Aspect (74), wherein the display module further comprises a frame at least partially surrounding the backlight unit.

[0238] Aspect (76) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (75), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the second glass substrate.

[0239] Aspect (77) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (75) or Aspect (76), wherein the frame at least partially surrounds the minor surface of the glass substrate.

[0240] Aspect (78) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (75) or Aspect (76), wherein the minor surface of the glass substrate is not surrounded by the frame.

[0241] Aspect (79) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (75), wherein the frame comprises an L-shape.

[0242] Aspect (80) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(79), wherein either or both of the first major surface and the second major surface comprises a surface treatment.

[0243] Aspect (81) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (80), wherein the surface treatment covers at least a portion of the first major surface and the second major surface.

[0244] Aspect (82) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (80) or Aspect (81), wherein the surface treatment comprises any one of: an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, a reduced-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

[0245] Aspect (83) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (82), wherein the surface treatment comprises at least two of any one of: an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, a reduced-reflective surface, and a pigment design.

[0246] Aspect (84) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (83), wherein the first major surface comprises an anti-glare surface, and the second major surface comprises a reduced-reflective surface.

[0247] Aspect (85) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (83), wherein the first major surface comprises a reduced-reflective surface, and the second major surface comprises an anti-glare surface.

[0248] Aspect (86) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (83), wherein the first major surface comprises either or both of an anti-glare surface and a reduced-reflective surface, and the second major surface comprises a pigment design.

[0249] Aspect (87) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (83), wherein the pigment design is disposed on at least a portion of the perimeter, and the interior portion is substantially free of the pigment design.

[0250] Aspect (88) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (82)-(87), wherein the pigment design comprises any one of: a wood grain design, a brushed metal design, a graphic design, a portrait, and a logo.

[0251] Aspect (89) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (82)-(88), wherein the anti-glare surface comprises an etched surface, and wherein the reduced-reflective surface comprises a multi-layer coating.

[0252] Aspect (90) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(89), further comprising a touch function.

[0253] Aspect (91) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(90), wherein the base comprises any one of: a center console, an instrument panel, an armrest, a pillar, a seat back, a floor, a headrest, a door panel, and a steering wheel.

[0254] Aspect (92) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(91), wherein the vehicle is any one of: an automobile, a watercraft, and an aircraft.

[0255] Aspect (93) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(92), wherein the second radius of curvature is less than the first radius of curvature.

[0256] Aspect (94) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of any one of Aspects (66)-(93), wherein the second radius of curvature is less than 500 nm.

[0257] Aspect (95) of the present disclosure pertains to the vehicle interior system of Aspect (94), wherein the second radius of curvature is about 100 mm or less.

[0258] Aspect (96) of the present disclosure pertains to a method of forming a curved vehicle interior component, comprising: thermoforming a first region of a glass substrate to a first radius of curvature, the glass substrate having a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface, the first radius of curvature measured on the second major surface; and cold-forming a second region of the glass substrate to a second radius of curvature, the second radius of curvature measured on the second major surface, the second region being different than the first region.

[0259] Aspect (97) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (96), further comprising: laminating a display module to the first major surface while maintaining the second radius of curvature in the glass substrate, thereby forming a curved display, wherein the display module has a third radius of curvature that is within 10% of the second radius of curvature.

[0260] Aspect (98) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (96), wherein the cold-forming of the glass substrate comprises applying a vacuum to the second major surface to produce the second radius of curvature.

[0261] Aspect (99) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of Aspect (97), wherein the applying a vacuum comprises placing the glass substrate on a vacuum holder prior to applying the vacuum to the second major surface.

[0262] Aspect (100) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of any one of aspects (96)-(98), further comprising laminating an adhesive to the first major surface prior to laminating the display module to the first major surface, such that the adhesive is disposed between the first major surface and the display module.

[0263] Aspect (101) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of any one of aspects (96)-(100), wherein the laminating of the display module comprises laminating a second glass substrate to the glass substrate; and affixing a backlight unit to the second glass substrate, wherein, optionally, the backlight unit is curved, thereby exhibiting the third radius of curvature.

[0264] Aspect (102) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of aspect (101), wherein the laminating of the second glass substrate comprises cold-forming the second glass substrate.

[0265] Aspect (103) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of aspect (101) or aspect (102), further comprising affixing a frame having the backlight unit to the second glass substrate.

[0266] Aspect (104) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of any one of aspects (101)-(103), wherein the adhesive is disposed between the second glass substrate and the glass substrate.

[0267] Aspect (105) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of any one of aspects (97)-(104), further comprising removing the vacuum from the second major surface.

[0268] Aspect (106) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of aspect (105), wherein the removing the vacuum from the second major surface comprises removing the curved display from a vacuum holder.

[0269] Aspect (107) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of any one of aspects (95)-(106), wherein the glass substrate has a thickness of about 1.5 mm or less.

[0270] Aspect (108) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of any one of aspects (95)-(107), wherein the glass substrate is strengthened.

[0271] Aspect (109) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of any one of aspects (101)-(108), wherein the second glass substrate is unstrengthened.

[0272] Aspect (110) of the present disclosure belongs to the method of any one of aspects (101)-(109), wherein the second glass substrate has a thickness greater than the thickness of the glass substrate.

[0273] Aspect (111) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of any one of aspects (96)-(110), wherein the second radius of curvature is about 60 mm to about 1500 mm.

[0274] Aspect (112) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of any one of aspects (99)-(111), wherein the thickness of the adhesive is about 1 mm or less.

[0275] Aspect (113) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of any one of aspects (96)-(112), further comprising disposing the curved display in a vehicle interior system.

[0276] Aspect (114) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of any one of aspects (96)-(113), wherein the first radius of curvature is less than the second radius of curvature.

[0277] Aspect (115) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of any one of aspects (96)-(114), wherein the first radius of curvature is about 100 mm or less.

[0278] Aspect (116) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of any one of aspects (96)-(115), wherein the first region is hot-formed prior to cold-forming the second region.

[0279] Aspect (117) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of any one of aspects (96)-(116), further comprising treating at least one of the first major surface and the second major surface by a surface treatment after hot-forming.

[0280] Aspect (118) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of aspect (117), wherein the surface treatment covers at least a portion of the first major surface and the second major surface.

[0281] Aspect (119) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of aspect (117) or aspect (118), wherein the surface treatment comprises any one of: an easy-to-clean surface, an anti-glare surface, a reduced reflection surface, and a pigment design.

[0282] Aspect (120) of the present disclosure pertains to the method of any one of aspects (96)-(119), wherein the maximum temperature of the glass substrate during cold-forming is less than the glass transition temperature of the glass substrate.

[0283] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present application without departing from the scope or spirit of the application.

Claims

1. A vehicle interior system comprising: a surface having a curved surface; a cold-formed glass substrate disposed on the curved surface, the glass substrate comprising: a first major surface, a second major surface opposite the first major surface and facing the curved surface, and a minor surface connecting the first major surface and the second major surface, a thickness defined as a distance between the first major surface and the second major surface, a width defined as a first dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to the thickness, and a length defined as a second dimension of one of the first or second major surfaces perpendicular to both the thickness and the width; an adhesive disposed between the curved surface and the glass substrate; and at least one stress reducing component positioned to reduce an amount of adhesive stress in one or more regions of the adhesive, wherein: the thickness of the glass substrate is 0.1 mm to 1.5 mm, the width of the glass substrate ranges from 5 cm to 250 cm, and the length of the glass substrate is 5 cm to 250 cm, the at least one stress reducing component comprises a thermoformed portion of the cold-formed glass substrate at an edge of the cold-formed glass substrate, and the second major surface comprises a first radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater.

2. The vehicle interior system of claim 1, further comprising a display module affixed to the first major surface and including a second radius of curvature within 10% of the first radius of curvature.

3. The vehicle interior system of claim 2, wherein, the adhesive is disposed between the glass substrate and the display module.

4. The vehicle interior system of any of claims 1-3, wherein, the glass substrate comprises a perimeter adjacent the minor surface, and the adhesive is disposed between the perimeter and the curved surface.

5. The vehicle interior system of claim 4, wherein, the glass substrate is cold-formed to have an overall radius of curvature of 500 mm or greater.

6. The vehicle interior system of claim 5, wherein, the thermoformed portion includes a local radius of curvature that is less than the overall radius of curvature.

7. The vehicle interior system of claim 6, wherein, the local radius of curvature is less than or equal to 100 mm.

8. The vehicle interior system of any of claims 1-3, wherein: the thickness of the glass substrate is greater than or equal to 0.7 mm and less than or equal to 1.5 mm, the adhesive includes a thickness greater than or equal to 200 pm and less than or equal to 500 pm, and the adhesive comprises a pressure sensitive structural adhesive.

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