A cultivation substrate for prolonging the flowering period of a multi-seasonal rhododendron and a method of preparing the same

Abstract

The application belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation substrate, and discloses a cultivation substrate for prolonging the flowering period of multi-season rhododendron and a preparation method thereof. The cultivation substrate is configured from the following raw materials according to weight components: 10-20 parts of coffee grounds, 80-90 parts of acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, 1-3 parts of inorganic fertilizer, 3-5 parts of compound microbial agent, 0.1-0.5 parts of exogenous enzyme preparation, 15 parts of rhododendron pruning materials, 0-0.3 parts of ferrous sulfate, 0.5-1 parts of bacillus velezensis and 0.2-0.5 parts of a bonding agent. The cultivation substrate not only realizes the resource utilization of waste and provides basic nutrient components, but also effectively promotes the reproductive development of rhododendron, increases the ornamental duration of a single rhododendron flower and prolongs the flowering period of multi-season rhododendron.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of plant cultivation substrate technology, specifically relating to a cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of multi-season azaleas and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Azaleas are one of China's ten traditional famous flowers, often referred to as "the Xi Shi of flowers" (a reference to the legendary beauty Xi Shi). Multi-season azaleas, in particular, refer to varieties that bloom in multiple seasons. Their vibrant colors and diverse types are highly popular, and their planting area has been continuously expanding in recent years. Flowering period is one of the most important ornamental indicators for flowering plants, and its length directly affects their economic value. Currently, research on regulating the flowering period of azaleas is still in its early stages. Extending the flowering period mainly involves appropriately lowering the temperature, reducing light exposure, and GA3 treatment. For example, CN107493776 provides a method for extending the flowering period of spring azaleas. While this method can prolong the flowering period of spring azaleas, it is complex and costly. Delaying petal senescence through substrate improvement to extend the flowering period is more feasible, but current technology does not yet provide a cultivation substrate specifically for extending the flowering period of azaleas.

[0003] Azaleas have high requirements for their substrate, and the soil conditions in most cities cannot meet their need for acidic, humus-rich soil. The substrate issue is a key challenge restricting the development of the azalea industry. Currently, peat moss is the most widely used substrate for azalea cultivation both domestically and internationally, but peat moss is a non-renewable resource. Therefore, creating a new substrate that can replace peat moss and extend the flowering period of azaleas using renewable resources can achieve a win-win situation for both environmental protection and economic value.

[0004] Hydrothermal charcoal refers to the material obtained by carbonizing waste biomass with a certain moisture content under low temperature and pressure. Hydrothermal charcoal requires no pretreatment, consumes little energy, has a low pH, high yield, well-developed pore structure, and high organic matter content. Iron-modified hydrothermal charcoal integrates the advantages of both iron and charcoal, with a significantly increased surface area, richer oxygen-containing functional groups, and enhanced functionality. Currently, plant rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) colonized in the plant rhizosphere are gradually being widely used due to their advantages such as increased yield and environmental friendliness. PGPR can produce plant hormones, thereby effectively promoting plant growth. Studies have shown that applying it mixed with a suitable organic carrier is more effective than applying it alone. Hydrothermal charcoal can be used as a carrier material for growth-promoting bacteria to produce stable microbial agents, achieving the goal of autonomous synthesis of GA3. In addition, the water and fertilizer retention functions of hydrothermal charcoal and its ability to promote the net photosynthetic rate of plants can also delay petal senescence and prolong the flowering period of azaleas. Therefore, by using hydrothermal carbon with PGPR as the core, combined with other waste materials that have undergone composting or biodegradation, a target substrate can be formulated to prolong the flowering period of azaleas, thereby achieving the substitution of non-renewable energy sources, increasing the ornamental value of azaleas, and enhancing their economic value. This can provide an effective way to expand the suitable planting range of azaleas. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a special cultivation substrate that utilizes waste resources to replace peat and extend the flowering period of multi-season azaleas.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, in a first aspect, the present invention provides a cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of multi-season azaleas. The cultivation substrate is composed of the following raw materials in the following weight proportions: 10-20 parts coffee grounds, 80-90 parts acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, 1-3 parts inorganic fertilizer, 3-5 parts compound microbial inoculant, 0.1-0.5 parts exogenous enzyme preparation; 15 parts azalea pruning materials; 0-0.3 parts ferrous sulfate; 0.5-1 parts Bacillus belye; and 0.2-0.5 parts binder. The cultivation substrate is formed by first granulating the Bacillus belye with modified hydrothermal charcoal or hydrothermal charcoal using the binder, and then mixing it with an organic material matrix.

[0007] The organic material matrix is ​​obtained by fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis of the above-mentioned raw materials, including coffee grounds, acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, inorganic fertilizer, compound microbial agent, and exogenous enzyme preparation. Preferably, the fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis process includes: mixing coffee grounds, acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, inorganic fertilizer, and compound microbial agent according to the above-mentioned raw material formula ratio and fermenting for 30 days at a reaction temperature of 65°C, maintaining the moisture content of the pile at about 60%, introducing oxygen during the reaction process or turning the pile every 4 days to obtain a mixed fermented product; dissolving the exogenous enzyme preparation in hot water at about 60°C with a volume of about 100 times, mixing thoroughly, and then adding it to the mixed fermented product; stirring and reacting overnight to form the organic material matrix.

[0008] The hydrothermal char is prepared by hydrothermal method from the above-mentioned pulverized azalea pruning material; the modified hydrothermal char is prepared by hydrothermal method from the pulverized azalea pruning material mixed with ferrous sulfate; the pulverization process involves pulverizing the azalea pruning material into powder of 3-10 mm; during the hydrothermal treatment, the mass ratio of the pulverized azalea pruning material to water is 1:10.

[0009] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pulverization process includes two processes with different degrees of pulverization, namely, the pulverization process is to pulverize the azalea pruning material into azalea pruning material powder of 3mm to 5mm and azalea pruning material powder of 5mm to 10mm respectively; more preferably, the mass ratio of the azalea pruning material powder of 3mm to 5mm and the azalea pruning material powder of 5mm to 10mm is (1 to 2):(1 to 2);

[0010] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the raw materials for the cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of azaleas in multiple seasons include, by weight: 10 parts coffee grounds, 80 parts acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, 1.3 parts inorganic fertilizer, 3.5 parts compound microbial inoculant, 0.1 parts exogenous enzyme preparation, 15 parts azalea pruning materials, 0.3 parts ferrous sulfate, 0.5 parts Bacillus belyssus, and 0.3 parts binder; and the cultivation substrate is formed by first granulating Bacillus belyssus and modified hydrothermal carbon using the binder, and then mixing it with the organic material substrate.

[0011] Preferably, the inorganic fertilizer is urea.

[0012] Preferably, the compound microbial agent is a mixture of Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus licheniformis, and Streptomyces louchei.

[0013] Preferably, the exogenous enzyme preparation is a mixed enzyme preparation of acidic protease, phytase and cellulase, wherein the mass ratio of phytase:acidic protease:cellulase is 2:1:1.

[0014] Preferably, the binder is calcium sulfate.

[0015] Secondly, the present invention also provides a preferred method for preparing the above-mentioned cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of multi-season azaleas, the preparation method comprising the following steps:

[0016] Step S1: Mix coffee grounds, acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, urea and compound microbial agent according to the raw material formula ratio. Ferment the mixture for 30 days at a reaction temperature of 65°C. Keep the moisture content of the pile at about 60%. During the reaction, introduce oxygen or turn the pile over once every 4 days to obtain the mixed fermented product.

[0017] In step S2, the exogenous enzyme preparation is dissolved in hot water at about 60°C with a volume of about 100 times its volume, mixed thoroughly, and then added to the product mixture fermentation material in step S1. After stirring, the mixture is reacted overnight to form an organic material matrix.

[0018] Step S3: Crush some of the rhododendron pruning material into powder with a particle size of 3-5 mm, and crush the remaining rhododendron pruning material into powder with a particle size of 5-10 mm. Pour one-third of the weighed water into the hydrothermal reactor, then pour the crushed rhododendron pruning material of both particle sizes and ferrous sulfate into the hydrothermal reactor, and then add the remaining water. Stir for 30 minutes at room temperature. The mass ratio of crushed rhododendron pruning material to water is 1:10. Heat the hydrothermal reactor to the target temperature of 200℃, maintain the constant temperature for 1 hour, then stop heating and allow it to cool naturally to room temperature. Open the hydrothermal reactor lid and place the hydrothermal material into a filter bag to filter the hydrothermal liquid. Put the filtered material and filter bag into a dehydrator for dehydration. After dehydration, remove the material and place the modified rhododendron 200℃ hydrothermal charcoal in a tray to dry.

[0019] Step S4: Use calcium sulfate as a binder to mix and granulate Bacillus belye with the rhododendron pruning modified hydrothermal carbon prepared in step S3.

[0020] Step S5: Mix the organic material matrix produced in step S2 and the product of step S4 evenly by weight to form a cultivation substrate.

[0021] Beneficial Effects: The cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of azaleas provided by this invention is prepared mainly from kitchen waste and agricultural and forestry waste, such as coffee grounds and garden plant pruning materials. These waste materials account for more than 90% of all raw materials. These waste materials are easy to obtain and effectively solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by waste, realizing the resource utilization of kitchen waste and agricultural and forestry waste. After fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, some waste materials release nutrients such as mineral elements and amino acids, achieving a state of sufficient nutrients, easy absorption of nutrients, and environmental stability. Another part of the waste materials, mainly garden plant pruning materials, are processed into hydrothermal charcoal through a hydrothermal method and prepared into hydrothermal charcoal with different particle sizes. This charcoal is used to support Bacillus belyeis, which can also adjust the pH of the substrate, enrich the substrate layers, strengthen the structural stability, and improve the water and fertilizer retention function of the substrate as well as the activity of growth-promoting bacteria. This effectively promotes the reproductive development of azaleas, increases the viewing time of a single azalea flower, and prolongs the flowering period of azaleas. Azaleas do not require additional fertilization within a year of planting, greatly reducing labor intensity. Furthermore, the modified hydrothermal charcoal's ability to retain water and fertilizer reduces the frequency of watering while improving nutrient utilization efficiency. Attached Figure Description

[0022] Figure 1This describes the process of a single flower of the 'Huanhuan' variety in autumn, from its initial color appearance to its withering and decay.

[0023] Figure 2 This describes the process of a single flower of 'Xiangfeiyu' in autumn, from the initial appearance of color to its fall and decay.

[0024] Figure 3 This describes the process of a single flower of the 'Jade Unicorn' variety in autumn, from its initial color appearance to its withering and decay. Detailed Implementation

[0025] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that the following embodiments are merely illustrative and explanatory of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention. All technologies implemented based on the above content of the present invention are covered within the scope of protection intended by the present invention. Furthermore, unless otherwise specified, all raw materials, reagents, instruments, and equipment used in the present invention can be obtained commercially or prepared using existing methods.

[0026] The sources of some of the raw materials and reagents used in the following examples and comparative examples are as follows:

[0027] Coffee grounds: sourced from Starbucks and Luckin Coffee chain stores.

[0028] Prunes of acid-loving garden plants: These were taken from the Rhododendron Germplasm Resource Nursery of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences or purchased from Jiangsu Yuhua Rhododendron Planting Co., Ltd., specifically prunes of camellia, gardenia, and rhododendron.

[0029] The compound microbial agent was purchased from Nanjing Ningliang Bioengineering Co., Ltd.; the registration number is Microbial Fertilizer (2014) Approval No. (1364); the strains include: Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Streptomyces loucheri, and Aspergillus oryzae, and the type is powder.

[0030] Urea: Purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.

[0031] Exogenous enzyme preparation: It is made from three raw materials produced by Wuhan Xinhua Yang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.: phytase (enzyme activity ≥5000U / g), acidic protease (enzyme activity ≥50000U / g), and cellulase (enzyme activity ≥2000U / g) in a mass ratio of 2:1:1.

[0032] Azalea pruning materials: Pruning materials of withered flowers, leaves and branches of azaleas taken from the Azalea Germplasm Resource Garden of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

[0033] Calcium sulfate: purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.

[0034] Bacillus belysinus: purchased from Hubei Zhongxiang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0035] Example 1

[0036] Example 1 provides a specific embodiment of a cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of azaleas in multiple seasons according to the present invention. The raw materials for preparation include: 10 kg coffee grounds, 80 kg acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, 1.3 kg urea as inorganic fertilizer, 3.5 kg compound microbial inoculant, 0.1 kg exogenous enzyme preparation; 15 kg azalea pruning materials, 500 g Bacillus belye and 300 g calcium sulfate as binder.

[0037] Specific steps:

[0038] Step S1: Mix coffee grounds, acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, urea and compound microbial agent according to the above formula ratio. Ferment the mixture for 30 days at a reaction temperature of 65°C. Keep the moisture content of the pile at about 60%. During the reaction, introduce oxygen or turn the pile over once every 4 days to obtain the mixed fermented product.

[0039] Step S2: Dissolve 0.1 kg of exogenous enzyme preparation in hot water at about 60°C with a volume of about 100 times, mix thoroughly, and then add it to the product mixture fermentation material of step S1. Stir and react overnight to form an organic material matrix.

[0040] Step S3: Crush 8 kg of rhododendron pruning material into powder with a particle size of 3-5 mm, and crush the remaining 7 kg of rhododendron pruning material into powder with a particle size of 5-10 mm. Pour one-third of the weighed water into a hydrothermal reactor, then pour the crushed rhododendron pruning material of both particle sizes into the hydrothermal reactor, and add the remaining water. Stir at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mass ratio of crushed rhododendron pruning material to water is 1:10. Heat the hydrothermal reactor to the target temperature of 200℃ and maintain the temperature for 1 hour. After 1 hour, stop heating the hydrothermal reactor and allow it to cool naturally to room temperature. Open the lid of the hydrothermal reactor and place the hydrothermal material into a filter bag to filter the hydrothermal liquid. Place the filtered material and filter bag into a dehydrator for dehydration. After dehydration, remove the material and place the rhododendron 200℃ hydrothermal carbon in a tray to dry. Prepare unmodified hydrothermal carbon of rhododendron pruning material with a pH of 4.4.

[0041] Step S4: Using calcium sulfate as a binder, Bacillus belye is mixed with unmodified hydrothermal char from azalea pruning material produced in step S3 and granulated.

[0042] Step S5: Mix the organic material matrix produced in step S2 and the product of step S4 evenly by weight to form a cultivation substrate.

[0043] Example 2

[0044] Example 2 also provides a specific embodiment of a cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of azaleas in multiple seasons according to the present invention. The raw materials for preparation include: 10 kg coffee grounds, 80 kg acidophilic garden plant prunings, 1.3 kg urea as inorganic fertilizer, 3.5 kg compound microbial agent, 0.1 kg exogenous enzyme preparation, 15 kg azalea prunings, 0.3 kg ferrous sulfate, 500 g Bacillus belyssus and 300 g calcium sulfate as binder.

[0045] Specific steps:

[0046] The operations of steps S1 and S2 are the same as those in Example 1;

[0047] Step S3: Crush all azalea pruning materials into powder with a particle size of 3-5 mm; weigh the crushed azalea pruning materials and ferrous sulfate and place them in a container; pour one-third of the weighed water into a hydrothermal reactor, then pour the crushed azalea pruning materials and ferrous sulfate into the reactor, and add the remaining water. Stir for 30 minutes at room temperature, with a mass ratio of crushed azalea pruning materials to water of 1:10; heat the hydrothermal reactor to the target temperature of 200℃ and maintain the temperature for 1 hour. After 1 hour, stop heating the hydrothermal reactor and allow it to cool naturally to room temperature; open the hydrothermal reactor lid and place the hydrothermal material into a filter bag to filter the hydrothermal liquid. Place the filtered material and filter bag into a dehydrator for dehydration; after dehydration, remove the material and place the modified azalea 200℃ hydrothermal carbon in a tray to dry. The resulting modified hydrothermal carbon from azalea pruning materials has a pH of 4.3.

[0048] Step S4: Use calcium sulfate as a binder to mix and granulate Bacillus belye with the rhododendron pruning modified hydrothermal carbon prepared in step S3.

[0049] Step S5 involves mixing the organic material matrix produced in step S2 with the product from step S4 in a uniform weight ratio to form a cultivation substrate.

[0050] Example 3

[0051] Example 3 also provides a specific embodiment of a cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of multi-season azaleas according to the present invention, and the raw materials used in preparation are the same as those in Example 2.

[0052] Specific steps:

[0053] The operations of steps S1 and S2 are the same as those in Example 1;

[0054] Step S3: Crush all rhododendron pruning materials into powder with a particle size of 5-10 mm; weigh the crushed rhododendron pruning materials and ferrous sulfate and place them in a container; pour one-third of the weighed water into the hydrothermal reactor, then pour the crushed rhododendron pruning materials and ferrous sulfate into the hydrothermal reactor, and then add the remaining water. Stir for 30 minutes at room temperature. The mass ratio of crushed rhododendron pruning materials to water is 1:10; heat the hydrothermal reactor to the target temperature of 200℃ and maintain the constant temperature for 1 hour. After 1 hour, stop heating the hydrothermal reactor and allow it to cool naturally to room temperature; open the hydrothermal reactor lid and place the hydrothermal material into a filter bag to filter the hydrothermal liquid. Place the filtered material and filter bag into a dehydrator for dehydration; after dehydration, remove the material and place the modified rhododendron 200℃ hydrothermal carbon in a tray to dry.

[0055] The operations of steps S4 and S5 are the same as those in Example 2.

[0056] Example 4

[0057] Example 4 also provides a specific embodiment of a cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of multi-season azaleas according to the present invention, and the raw materials used in its preparation are the same as those in Example 2.

[0058] Specific steps:

[0059] The operations of steps S1 and S2 are the same as those in Example 1;

[0060] Step S3: Crush 5 kg of rhododendron pruning material into powder with a particle size of 3-5 mm, and crush the remaining 10 kg of rhododendron pruning material into powder with a particle size of 5-10 mm; weigh the crushed rhododendron pruning material of both particle sizes and ferrous sulfate and place them in a container; first pour one-third of the weighed water into the hydrothermal reactor, then pour the crushed rhododendron pruning material and ferrous sulfate into the hydrothermal reactor, and then add the remaining water, and stir for 30 minutes at room temperature. The mass ratio of crushed rhododendron pruning material to water is 1:10; heat the hydrothermal reactor to the target temperature of 200℃ and maintain the constant temperature for 1 hour. After 1 hour, stop heating the hydrothermal reactor and allow it to cool naturally to room temperature; open the hydrothermal reactor lid and place the hydrothermal material into a filter bag to filter the hydrothermal liquid. Place the filtered material and filter bag into a dehydrator for dehydration; after dehydration, remove the material and place the modified rhododendron 200℃ hydrothermal charcoal in a tray to dry.

[0061] The operations of steps S4 and S5 are the same as those in Example 2.

[0062] Example 5

[0063] Example 5 also provides a specific embodiment of a cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of multi-season azaleas according to the present invention, and the raw materials used in its preparation are the same as those in Example 2.

[0064] The operations of steps S1 and S2 are the same as those in Example 1;

[0065] Step S3: Crush 10 kg of rhododendron pruning material into powder with a particle size of 3-5 mm, and crush the remaining 5 kg of rhododendron pruning material into powder with a particle size of 5-10 mm; weigh the crushed rhododendron pruning material of both particle sizes and ferrous sulfate and place them in a container; first pour one-third of the weighed water into the hydrothermal reactor, then pour the crushed rhododendron pruning material and ferrous sulfate into the hydrothermal reactor, and then add the remaining water, and stir for 30 minutes at room temperature. The mass ratio of crushed rhododendron pruning material to water is 1:10; heat the hydrothermal reactor to the target temperature of 200℃ and maintain the constant temperature for 1 hour. After 1 hour, stop heating the hydrothermal reactor and allow it to cool naturally to room temperature; open the hydrothermal reactor lid and place the hydrothermal material into a filter bag to filter the hydrothermal liquid. Place the filtered material and filter bag into a dehydrator for dehydration; after dehydration, remove the material and place the modified rhododendron 200℃ hydrothermal charcoal in a tray to dry.

[0066] The operations of steps S4 and S5 are the same as those in Example 2;

[0067] Comparative Example 1

[0068] Danish Pinsch peat of the same volume as in Example 1;

[0069] Comparative Example 2

[0070] Comparative Example 2 provides a cultivation substrate, the raw materials of which are the same as those in Example 1. The only difference is the treatment method of the rhododendron pruning material. In Comparative Example 2, biochar is obtained by traditional thermal pyrolysis carbonization treatment followed by pH adjustment to acidity.

[0071] Specific steps:

[0072] The operations of steps S1 and S2 are the same as those in Example 1;

[0073] Step S3: 8 kg of rhododendron pruning material is crushed into powder with a particle size of 3-5 mm, and the remaining 7 kg of rhododendron pruning material is crushed into powder with a particle size of 5-10 mm. The powder is then pyrolyzed and carbonized at 300℃ under limited oxygen conditions for 1 hour to prepare rhododendron pruning material biochar with two different particle sizes. The biochar is then acid-washed with 10% hydrochloric acid, placed in a 10% hydrochloric acid solution and left to stand for 12 hours, and then filtered. It is washed five times each with ultrapure water and anhydrous ethanol. The resulting rhododendron pruning material biochar has a pH of 4.5. Finally, it is dried in a vacuum drying oven at 105℃ to obtain rhododendron pruning material biochar.

[0074] Step S4: Use calcium sulfate as a binder to bind Bacillus belye with the rhododendron pruning biochar produced in step S3;

[0075] Step S5: Mix the organic material matrix produced in step S2 and the product of step S4 in a weight ratio to form a cultivation substrate.

[0076] The experimental cultivation method is as follows:

[0077] Six-year-old azalea cuttings (crown diameter up to 30cm) with similar growth were used as experimental materials. Specific experimental varieties included the multi-season azalea varieties 'Huanhuan' and 'Yanzhimi' independently developed by the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the commercially available classic multi-season azalea variety 'Yuqilin'. The potting substrates were selected from the control group and the examples. Pots of the same capacity and shape were selected, and the same amount of the cultivation substrate described in Examples 1-5 and Comparative Examples 1-2 was filled into each container, and the substrate was moistened appropriately. The azaleas were then potted according to the industry standard LY / T 1966-2011, with one seedling planted in each pot. Each example and comparative example had 20 replicates per group, and each group was randomly arranged. After planting, the plants were thoroughly watered, placed in a ventilated area, and the substrate was kept moist. The experiment was conducted in the intelligent greenhouse of the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. No other nutrient solution was required during the entire cultivation period, and temperature, light, and water management were carried out according to the provisions of LY / T 1966-2011. After 12 months of cultivation, the entire potted plant bloomed uniformly in spring. The samples were continuously observed daily, and the flowering period was divided into the initial flowering period (flower count > 5%), the peak flowering period (flower count > 25%), and the end flowering period (flower count < 10%). The flowering period of the samples was recorded, and the average duration was calculated.

[0078] Two-year-old azalea cuttings (miniature potted products) with similar growth were used as experimental materials. Specific experimental varieties included the multi-season azalea varieties 'Huanhuan' and 'Yanzhimi' independently developed by the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and the commercially available classic multi-season azalea variety 'Yuqilin'. The potting substrates were selected from the control group and the examples. Pots of the same capacity and shape were selected, and the same amount of the cultivation substrate described in Examples 1-4 and Comparative Examples 1-2 was filled into each container, and the substrate was moistened appropriately. The azaleas were then potted according to LY / T 1966-2011, with one seedling planted in each pot. Each example had 20 replicates per group, and each group was randomly arranged. After planting, the plants were thoroughly watered and placed in a ventilated area, keeping the substrate moist. The experiment was conducted in the intelligent greenhouse of the Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. No other nutrient solution was required during the entire cultivation period, and temperature, light, and water management were all carried out according to LY / T1966-2011. After six months of cultivation, the flowers bloomed successively in autumn. The viewing time of each individual flower was statistically analyzed, referring to the period from the initial appearance of color to its decline. Figure 1 The image shows the process of a single flower of the 'Huanhuan' variety in autumn, from its initial color development to its withering and decay. Figure 2 The image shows the process of a single flower of 'Xiangfeiyu' in autumn, from its initial color appearance to its eventual withering and decay. Figure 3The image shows the process of a single flower of the 'Jade Unicorn' variety in autumn, from the initial appearance of color to its withering and decay.

[0079] Table 1: Duration of Different Flowering Stages of 'Huanhuan'

[0080]

[0081] Table 1 demonstrates that the cultivation substrates configured in Examples 4 and 5 can prolong the flowering period of the multi-season azalea 'Huanhuan' in spring, with the initial flowering period, peak flowering period, and end flowering period all being extended, with a total increase of 42%. In addition, the cultivation substrates configured in Examples 4 and 5 can also increase the viewing time of a single 'Huanhuan' flower in autumn, with an average increase of 35%.

[0082] Table 2: Duration of Different Flowering Stages of 'Xiangfeiyu'

[0083]

[0084] Table 2 demonstrates that the cultivation substrates configured in Examples 4 and 5 can prolong the flowering period of the multi-season azalea 'Xiangfeiyu' in spring, with the initial flowering period, peak flowering period, and end flowering period all being extended, with a total increase of 35%. In addition, the cultivation substrates configured in Examples 4 and 5 can also increase the viewing time of a single 'Xiangfeiyu' flower in autumn, with an average increase of 35%.

[0085] Table 3: Duration of Different Flowering Stages of 'Jade Kirin'

[0086]

[0087]

[0088] Table 3 demonstrates that the cultivation substrates configured in Examples 4 and 5 can prolong the flowering period of the multi-season azalea 'Yu Qilin' in spring, with extensions in the initial flowering period, peak flowering period, and end flowering period, with a total increase of 40%. In addition, the cultivation substrates configured in Examples 4 and 5 can also increase the viewing time of a single 'Yu Qilin' flower in autumn, with an average increase of 38%.

[0089] The physicochemical properties of the cultivation substrates for prolonging the flowering period of multi-season azaleas prepared by the methods in Examples 4-5 are shown in Table 4, and the safety indicators are shown in Table 5.

[0090] Table 4: Measurement Table of Physicochemical Properties

[0091]

[0092] Table 4 demonstrates that the cultivation substrates for extending the flowering period of multi-season azaleas in Examples 4-5 have excellent physicochemical properties and sufficient nutrients, making them ideal cultivation substrates for multi-season azaleas.

[0093] Table 5: Safety Indicator Measurement Table

[0094]

[0095] Table 5 demonstrates that, in terms of safety indicators, Examples 4-5 are all within the ideal range.

Claims

1. A cultivation substrate for prolonging the flowering period of multi-season azaleas, characterized in that, The cultivation substrate is composed of the following raw materials in the following weight proportions: 10-20 parts coffee grounds, 80-90 parts acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, 1-3 parts inorganic fertilizer, 3-5 parts compound microbial inoculant, 0.1-0.5 parts exogenous enzyme preparation; 15 parts azalea pruning materials, 0.3 parts ferrous sulfate; 0.5-1 parts Bacillus belye and 0.2-0.5 parts binder; and the cultivation substrate is formed by first granulating Bacillus belye and modified hydrothermal carbon using the binder, and then mixing it with the organic material substrate. The organic material matrix is ​​obtained by fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis of coffee grounds, acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, inorganic fertilizer, compound microbial agents and exogenous enzyme preparations from the above raw materials. The modified hydrothermal carbon is prepared by mixing pulverized azalea pruning material with ferrous sulfate via a hydrothermal method; the pulverization process involves pulverizing the azalea pruning material into powder of 3-10 mm; during the hydrothermal treatment, the mass ratio of the pulverized azalea pruning material to water is 1:

10. The compound microbial agent is a mixture of Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus oryzae, Bacillus licheniformis and Streptomyces louchei; The exogenous enzyme preparation is a mixed enzyme preparation of acidic protease, phytase and cellulase, and the mass ratio of phytase:acidic protease:cellulase is 2:1:

1.

2. The cultivation substrate for prolonging the flowering period of multi-season azaleas as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis steps include: mixing coffee grounds, acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, inorganic fertilizer, and compound microbial agents according to the above raw material formula ratio, fermenting for 30 days at a reaction temperature of 65°C, maintaining the moisture content of the pile at about 60%, introducing oxygen during the reaction process or turning the pile every 4 days to obtain a mixed fermented product, dissolving the exogenous enzyme preparation in about 100 times its volume of hot water at about 60°C, mixing thoroughly, and then adding it to the mixed fermented product, stirring, and reacting overnight to form an organic material matrix.

3. The cultivation substrate for prolonging the flowering period of multi-season azaleas as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The pulverization process includes two different degrees of pulverization: the pulverization process involves pulverizing the azalea pruning material into 3mm~5mm azalea pruning powder and 5mm~10mm azalea pruning powder.

4. The cultivation substrate for prolonging the flowering period of multi-season azaleas as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The mass ratio of the 3mm~5mm rhododendron pruning material crushed particles to the 5mm~10mm rhododendron pruning material crushed particles is (1~2):(1~2).

5. A cultivation substrate for prolonging the flowering period of multi-season azaleas as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The raw materials for the cultivation substrate for extending the flowering period of azaleas in multiple seasons, by weight, include: 10 parts coffee grounds, 80 parts acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, 1.3 parts inorganic fertilizer, 3.5 parts compound microbial inoculant, 0.1 parts exogenous enzyme preparation, 15 parts azalea pruning materials, 0.3 parts ferrous sulfate, 0.5 parts Bacillus vesiculus, and 0.3 parts binder; and the cultivation substrate is formed by first granulating Bacillus vesiculus with modified hydrothermal carbon using the binder, and then mixing it with the organic material substrate.

6. The cultivation substrate for prolonging the flowering period of multi-season azaleas as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The inorganic fertilizer is urea.

7. The cultivation substrate for prolonging the flowering period of multi-season azaleas as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The adhesive is calcium sulfate.

8. The method for preparing a cultivation substrate for prolonging the flowering period of multi-season azaleas as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The preparation method includes the following steps: Step S1: Mix coffee grounds, acidophilic garden plant pruning materials, urea and compound microbial agent according to the raw material formula ratio. Ferment the mixture for 30 days at a reaction temperature of 65°C. Keep the moisture content of the pile at about 60%. During the reaction, introduce oxygen or turn the pile over once every 4 days to obtain the mixed fermented product. In step S2, the exogenous enzyme preparation is dissolved in hot water at about 60°C with a volume of about 100 times its volume, mixed thoroughly, and then added to the product mixture fermentation material in step S1. After stirring, the mixture is reacted overnight to form an organic material matrix. Step S3: Crush some of the rhododendron pruning material into powder with a particle size of 3-5 mm, and crush the remaining rhododendron pruning material into powder with a particle size of 5-10 mm. Pour one-third of the weighed water into the hydrothermal reactor, then pour the crushed rhododendron pruning material of the two particle sizes and ferrous sulfate into the hydrothermal reactor, and then add the remaining water. Stir for 30 minutes at room temperature. The mass ratio of crushed rhododendron pruning material to water is 1:

10. Heat the hydrothermal reactor to the target temperature of 200℃, maintain the constant temperature for 1 hour, then stop heating the hydrothermal reactor and allow it to cool naturally to room temperature. Open the hydrothermal reactor lid and place the hydrothermal material into the filter bag to filter the hydrothermal liquid. Put the filtered hydrothermal material and filter bag into the dewatering machine for dehydration. After dehydration, remove the modified rhododendron 200℃ hydrothermal charcoal and place it in a tray to dry; Step S4: Use calcium sulfate as a binder to mix and granulate Bacillus belye with the rhododendron pruning modified hydrothermal carbon prepared in step S3. Step S5: Mix the organic material matrix produced in step S2 and the product of step S4 evenly by weight to form a cultivation substrate.

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