A near-natural ecological restoration system for a road-affected damaged wetland

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of near-natural ecological restoration systems of road area damaged wetland, it is related to wetland ecological restoration technical field, including the adjustment sedimentation pond, vegetation planting slope and near-natural wetland connected in turn;The adjustment sedimentation pond is used to pretreat incoming water, wherein the pretreatment at least includes water quality deposition, adsorption filtration and water quantity regulation;The vegetation planting slope is sequentially provided with arbor zone, shrub zone and herb zone from high to low, and the vegetation planting slope is used to simulate natural plant community succession, and further purifies the runoff collected;The near-natural wetland is used to construct complete wetland ecosystem, and realizes depth water quality restoration by deposition filtration-plant absorption-substrate adsorption-microbial degradation and the like mode.This application can realize road area damaged wetland in-situ ecological restoration or off-site ecological compensation, and help to promote highway construction and natural environment harmonious symbiosis.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of wetland ecological restoration technology, and in particular to a near-natural ecological restoration system for roadside damaged wetlands, which can be used in the ecological restoration of wetlands along roadsides, under bridges, interchanges, service areas, and in industries such as construction and water conservancy, as well as in land transportation infrastructure such as highways, railways, and urban roads. Background Technology

[0002] Highway construction inevitably encroaches on wetlands, causing certain negative impacts on wetlands along the route. In the construction of domestic expressways, roadbeds passing through natural wetlands are typically treated as soft soil subgrades, primarily considering drainage and stability, while neglecting the disruptive effect of highway construction on wetland water cycles. This often leads to the shrinkage or even disappearance of the dissected wetland area. Furthermore, highways crossing wetlands may sever water flow connections between wetland patches, impacting the migration and transfer of matter, energy, and organisms, thereby damaging the health of the wetland ecosystem.

[0003] In the field of constructed wetland restoration technology for highways, foreign countries mainly focus on developing technologies for purifying and treating highway pavement runoff and service area wastewater, particularly in terms of wetland plant configuration and wetland structure. Domestically, research and development focuses on constructed wetland technologies for purifying and treating highway pavement runoff and service area wastewater, encompassing aspects such as constructed wetland structure, constructed wetland fillers, and wetland landscape creation.

[0004] The aforementioned existing technologies are all based on conventional water purification and do not take into account the overall restoration of wetland ecosystems. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a near-natural ecological restoration system for roadside damaged wetlands to solve the problems existing in the prior art. It can realize in-situ ecological restoration of damaged wetlands. Compared with conventional technologies, it has the advantages of good water purification effect, good landscape effect, ability to build wetland ecosystem, non-powered operation, and convenient management and maintenance. It can realize off-site ecological compensation of damaged wetlands and help promote the harmonious coexistence of highway construction and natural environment.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following solution:

[0007] This invention provides a near-natural ecological restoration system for roadside damaged wetlands, comprising the following components connected in sequence:

[0008] A settling pond is used for pretreatment of incoming water, wherein the pretreatment includes at least water sedimentation, adsorption filtration and water volume adjustment.

[0009] The vegetation-established slope is provided with tree belts, shrub belts and herb belts arranged in sequence from high to low. The vegetation-established slope is used to simulate the succession of natural plant communities and to further purify the collected runoff.

[0010] Near-natural wetlands are used to construct a complete wetland ecosystem and achieve deep water quality restoration through sedimentation filtration, plant absorption, matrix adsorption and microbial degradation.

[0011] Preferably, the near-natural wetland has an elliptical basin structure with gentle natural slopes around it; the water in the near-natural wetland is planted with wetland plants, emergent plants, and floating-leaved plants in sequence from the outside to the inside; and fish, shrimp, and benthic animals are released into the water in the near-natural wetland, and a near-natural matrix layer is laid at the bottom of the near-natural wetland, which is rich in indigenous microorganisms.

[0012] Preferably, the near-natural matrix layer comprises, from bottom to top, a compacted soil layer, a semi-permeable membrane layer, a sandy loam layer, a clinoptilolite layer, a first biochar layer, a humus layer, and a second biochar layer; wherein,

[0013] The compacted soil layer serves as the base layer, used to stabilize the near-natural wetland structure.

[0014] The semi-permeable membrane layer is used to slowly filter water and allow it to seep out;

[0015] The sandy loam soil layer is used to filter water and also serves as a structural stability layer.

[0016] The clinoptilolite layer is used for skeletal support and for adsorption and filtration of water.

[0017] The first biochar layer is used for adsorption and filtration of water, and for microbial degradation;

[0018] The humus layer is used to slowly release organic carbon sources;

[0019] The second biochar layer is used for internal electrolysis and microbial degradation.

[0020] Preferably, the first biochar layer is formed by laying first biochar, wherein the first biochar is a sheet-like structure formed by high-temperature carbonization of plant straw, fly ash and lime powder in a weight ratio of 20%-40%:25%-45%:30%-40%, and the thickness of the first biochar layer is 150mm-180mm.

[0021] The second biochar layer is formed by laying a second biochar, wherein the second biochar is a granular structure formed by high-temperature calcination of α-Fe2O3 nanofibers, sawdust, calcium carbonate and calcium carbide in a weight ratio of 1%-12%:20%-30%:30%-40%:30%-40%, and the thickness of the second biochar layer is 180mm-220mm.

[0022] Preferably, the first biochar is a sheet-like structure produced by high-temperature carbonization of plant straw, fly ash and lime powder in a weight ratio of 35%:30%:35%;

[0023] The second biochar is a granular structure formed by high-temperature calcination of α-Fe2O3 nanofibers, sawdust, calcium carbonate, and calcium carbide in a weight ratio of 10%:25%:35%:30%.

[0024] Preferably, the compacted soil layer is made of compacted silty clay, and the thickness of the compacted soil layer is 60mm-80mm.

[0025] The semi-permeable membrane layer is made of polymer fiber material through needle punching, hot bonding and perforation processes, and the surface has a uniform microporous structure. The thickness of the semi-permeable membrane layer is 2mm-5mm.

[0026] The sandy loam layer is made of sandy loam, which is prepared by mixing clay and sand in a volume ratio of 40%-50%: 50%-60%, and the thickness of the sandy loam layer is 50mm-80mm.

[0027] The clinoptilolite layer is made of clinoptilolite, which is a porous hydrous silicate crystal with a skeletal structure, and the thickness of the clinoptilolite layer is 230mm-260mm.

[0028] The humus layer is made of humus soil, which is black soil, black calcium soil or chestnut calcium soil, and the thickness of the humus layer is 30mm-60mm.

[0029] Preferably, the near-natural wetland has an elliptical basin structure with gentle natural slopes around it; the water in the near-natural wetland is planted with wetland plants, emergent plants, and floating-leaved plants from the outside to the inside; and fish, shrimp, and benthic animals are released into the water in the near-natural wetland.

[0030] Preferably, the inlet end of the regulating sedimentation pond is provided with a water diversion channel, which is connected to the regulating sedimentation pond via a rapid flow channel; wherein,

[0031] The irrigation ditch is a shallow butterfly-shaped irrigation ditch used to collect incoming water, and the surface of the irrigation ditch is covered with planting soil for sowing grass. The bottom of the irrigation ditch is paved with pebbles.

[0032] The rapid flow channel is a masonry structure with several water guide channels inside, used to collect water and transport the incoming water to the regulating sedimentation pond.

[0033] Preferably, the bottom of the regulating sedimentation pond is vertically provided with a first baffle wall and a second baffle wall in sequence from its inlet to its outlet. The upper part of the first baffle wall is provided with a first water passage hole, and the lower part of the second baffle wall is provided with a second water passage hole. A pre-sedimentation zone is formed between the rapid flow channel and the first baffle wall for preliminary sedimentation of large particles of silt in the water. A main sedimentation zone is formed between the first baffle wall and the second baffle wall for baffle sedimentation to further settle particulate matter in the water. A suction filter zone is formed between the second baffle wall and the outlet of the regulating sedimentation pond. The bottom of the suction filter zone is covered with waste residue modified filler, which is iron-based modified highway tunnel waste residue used to adsorb pollutants. The middle part of the second water passage hole is level with the top of the waste residue modified filler.

[0034] Preferably, the outer walls of both the first and second deflector walls are constructed of natural volcanic rock.

[0035] Preferably, the outlet sidewall of the regulating sedimentation pond is provided with maintenance steps, and the top of the outlet of the regulating sedimentation pond is provided with a water-blocking strip, which is used to prevent unpurified water from flowing back into the regulating sedimentation pond.

[0036] Preferably, the tree belt is planted with any one or more of the following: birch, Mongolian oak, red spruce, Scots pine, poplar, elm, willow, and black locust;

[0037] The shrub belt is planted with any one or more of the following: Acer truncatum, Prunus cerasifera, Acer pentaphyllum, Cornus alba, Sorbus alba, Prunus persica, Prunus armeniaca, Pyrus pyrifolia, Sunflower, Castor bean, and Rosa rugosa.

[0038] The herbaceous belt is planted with any one or more of the following: cosmos, spirea, dandelion, white clover, red fescue, ryegrass, daylily, and iris.

[0039] The present invention achieves the following beneficial technical effects compared to the prior art:

[0040] (1) In this invention, three units—a regulating sedimentation pond, a vegetation-established slope, and a near-natural wetland—are connected in series to work together to achieve the restoration effect of a near-natural ecosystem of the damaged wetland in the road area. The regulating sedimentation pond plays a pretreatment role in the sedimentation, adsorption and filtration, and water volume regulation of water from multiple sources such as natural precipitation and surface water. The vegetation-established slope further purifies the collected runoff through the vegetation control effect of a combination of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants. The near-natural wetland achieves deep water quality restoration through sedimentation and filtration, plant absorption, matrix adsorption and microbial degradation, and simulates the original natural environment to construct a complete ecosystem that includes non-biological substances, producers, consumers and decomposers.

[0041] (2) In this invention, the sedimentation pond achieves multi-stage sedimentation by setting up a first baffle wall, a second baffle wall, and staggered first and second water passage holes. The outer walls of the first and second baffle walls are constructed of natural volcanic rock, which has a large number of natural honeycomb pores, which can adsorb and purify the sedimentation pond and attach microorganisms to it, thus playing a certain role in biodegradation. In addition to the conventional pretreatment function, the sedimentation pond in this invention also innovatively designs a filter absorption zone. The filter absorption zone is filled with modified filler material formed by modifying tunnel waste, a type of waste generated from highway construction. This material can significantly improve the filtration and adsorption purification effect of major pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, petroleum, and heavy metals in the runoff, and can also realize the resource utilization of engineering waste.

[0042] (3) In this invention, the vegetation-established slope is composed of tree belts, shrub belts and herb belts arranged in sequence to simulate the succession of natural plant communities. Through the interception, filtration, adsorption and sedimentation of natural plant trunks, branches, leaves and topsoil, the slope can reduce pollutants such as heavy metals, oils and suspended solids in surface runoff. Among them, the tree belt can slow down the runoff speed and intercept large particles, the shrub belt can improve infiltration and vegetation control, and the herb belt can deeply purify water. Through the configuration of composite plant species, it can effectively combine landscape beautification effect and certain carbon sequestration function.

[0043] (4) The near-natural wetland in this invention is based on the philosophical principle of following the natural way. By rationally setting up units such as wetland plants, emergent plants, floating-leaved plants, fish and shrimp, benthic animals, and near-natural matrix layers, a stable near-natural wetland ecosystem is constructed. It can maintain the balance of wetland biological community succession for a long time, promote the full flux connection of wetland matter, energy and organisms, and has the advantages of good water purification effect, good landscape effect, non-powered operation and convenient management and maintenance.

[0044] (5) The ecosystem constructed by the near-natural wetland in this invention includes wetland plants, emergent plants, floating-leaved plants, fish and shrimp, benthic animals and native microorganisms, which constitute a complete food chain. They are interlinked and form a stable flow and cycle of matter and energy, creating a stable near-natural wetland ecosystem. This can realize in-situ ecological restoration or off-site ecological compensation of roadside damaged wetlands, and help promote the harmonious coexistence of highway construction and the natural environment.

[0045] (6) The near-natural matrix layer in this invention is the core innovative means of near-natural wetlands. It includes a seven-layer structure: compacted soil layer, semi-permeable membrane layer, sandy loam layer, clinoptilolite layer, first biochar layer, humus layer, and second biochar layer. Each layer works together and none can be omitted. Among them, the compacted soil layer mainly maintains the stability of the foundation, the semi-permeable membrane layer mainly plays the role of slow filtration and water infiltration, the sandy loam layer mainly realizes the functions of water filtration and structural stability, the clinoptilolite layer plays the role of skeleton support and adsorption filtration, the first biochar layer plays the function of adsorption and microbial degradation, the humus layer is mainly used for slow release of organic carbon source, and the second biochar layer mainly plays the role of internal electrolysis and microbial degradation. In particular, the first and second biochars have been optimized in terms of main components and ratios through a large number of experiments, which can achieve extremely strong water purification function.

[0046] (7) This invention adopts natural and eco-friendly measures as much as possible. By adjusting the sedimentation and filtration functions of sedimentation ponds and vegetation slopes, the enrichment and absorption of pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus by wetland plants, emergent plants and floating-leaved plants, the physical adsorption, chemical adsorption and ion exchange adsorption of multi-layered porous structures in the near-natural matrix layer, and the degradation, oxidation and galvanic cell reaction of a large number of indigenous microorganisms attached to the first and second biochar, a near-natural water quality restoration effect of sedimentation filtration-plant absorption-matrix adsorption-microbial degradation is achieved. Attached Figure Description

[0047] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0048] Figure 1 This is an elevation view of the sedimentation pond in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0049] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a vegetation-planted slope in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0050] Figure 3 This is an elevation view of a near-natural wetland in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0051] Figure 4 This is a diagram illustrating the composition of the near-natural matrix layer in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0052] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached figures:

[0053] 1: Regulating sedimentation pond; 2: Vegetated slope; 3: Near-natural wetland; 4: Water diversion ditch; 5: Rapid flow channel; 6: First deflector wall; 7: First water passage hole; 8: Second deflector wall; 9: Second water passage hole; 10: Maintenance steps; 11: Water barrier; 12: Tree belt; 13: Shrub belt; 14: Herbaceous belt; 15: Inlet channel; 16: Wetland plants; 17: Emergent plants; 18: Floating-leaved plants; 19: Outlet channel; 20: Fish and shrimp; 21: Benthic animals; 22: Waste residue modified filler; 23: Near-natural matrix layer; 23-1: Compacted soil layer; 23-2: Semi-permeable membrane layer; 23-3: Sandy loam layer; 23-4: Clinoptilolite layer; 23-5: First biochar layer; 23-6: Humus layer; 23-7: Second biochar layer. Detailed Implementation

[0054] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0055] The purpose of this invention is to provide a near-natural ecological restoration system for roadside damaged wetlands to solve the problems existing in the prior art. It can realize in-situ ecological restoration of damaged wetlands. Compared with conventional technologies, it has the advantages of good water purification effect, good landscape effect, ability to build wetland ecosystem, non-powered operation, and convenient management and maintenance. It can realize off-site ecological compensation of damaged wetlands and help promote the harmonious coexistence of highway construction and natural environment.

[0056] To make the above-mentioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention more apparent and understandable, the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0057] Example 1

[0058] like Figures 1-4As shown, this embodiment provides a near-natural ecological restoration system for damaged wetlands along roads. It can be used for the ecological restoration of wetlands along roadsides, under bridges, interchanges, service areas, and in industries such as construction and water conservancy, including highways, railways, and urban roads. The system mainly comprises a regulating sedimentation pond 1, a vegetated slope 2, and a near-natural wetland 3, connected sequentially. The regulating sedimentation pond 1 is used for pre-treatment of incoming water, including at least water sedimentation, adsorption filtration, and water volume regulation. The vegetated slope 2 is arranged from high to low with a tree belt 12, a shrub belt 13, and a herb belt 14. The vegetated slope 2 simulates natural plant community succession and further purifies collected runoff. The near-natural wetland 3 is used to construct a complete wetland ecosystem and achieves deep water quality restoration through sedimentation filtration, plant absorption, matrix adsorption, and microbial degradation.

[0059] In this embodiment, as Figure 1 As shown, the inlet of the regulating sedimentation pond 1 is equipped with a water diversion ditch 4, which is connected to the regulating sedimentation pond 1 via a rapid flow channel 5. Water from sources such as natural precipitation and surface water in the road area is collected through the water diversion ditch 4 and flows into the regulating sedimentation pond 1 through the rapid flow channel 5. The water diversion ditch 4 is a shallow butterfly-shaped structure, with its surface covered with planting soil for sowing grass, and its bottom paved with pebbles. The rapid flow channel 5 is a masonry structure with several water guide channels inside, used to collect water and transport the incoming water to the regulating sedimentation pond 1. When cleaning and maintaining the rapid flow channel 5, it is only necessary to periodically flush the water guide channels with a high-pressure water gun.

[0060] In this embodiment, a first baffle wall 6 and a second baffle wall 8 are vertically arranged from the bottom upwards in the regulating sedimentation pond 1. The first baffle wall 6 and the second baffle wall 8 are arranged sequentially from the inlet to the outlet of the regulating sedimentation pond 1, dividing the regulating sedimentation pond 1 into three spaces. Among them, the space between the rapid flow channel 5 and the first baffle wall 6 is the pre-sedimentation zone, mainly used for the preliminary sedimentation of large particles of silt in the wetland runoff. The space between the first baffle wall 6 and the second baffle wall 8 is the main sedimentation zone, and a first water passage hole 7 is provided on the upper part of the first baffle wall 6. A second water passage hole 9 is provided at the lower part of the baffle wall 8. The wetland water that has undergone preliminary sedimentation enters from the top and exits from the bottom in the main sedimentation zone, resulting in a baffle sedimentation effect, which further settles the particulate matter in the water. The space between the second baffle wall 8 and the outlet end of the regulating sedimentation pond 1 is a suction filter zone. The bottom of the suction filter zone is covered with a 30cm-50cm thick waste residue modified filler 22. The waste residue modified filler 22 is a highway tunnel waste residue that has been modified with iron. It can not only greatly improve the filtration and adsorption purification effect of major pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, petroleum, and heavy metals in the runoff, but also realize the resource utilization of engineering waste residue.

[0061] Furthermore, in this embodiment, the middle part of the second water passage hole 9 is level with the top of the waste residue modified packing 22, so that the outflowing water flows downward into the waste residue modified packing 22 for filtration and adsorption, thereby achieving a purification effect; and when the water flow is too large, the water can be directly discharged from the top of the second water passage hole 9, avoiding water flow blockage.

[0062] In this embodiment, the outer walls of the first baffle wall 6 and the second baffle wall 8 are both constructed with natural volcanic rock. Natural volcanic rock has a large number of natural honeycomb pores, which can play an adsorption and purification role, and can also attach microorganisms, thus playing a certain role in biodegradation.

[0063] In this embodiment, the side wall of the outlet end of the regulating sedimentation pond 1 is provided with a maintenance step 10 located above the waste residue modified filler 22, which facilitates regular flushing, replacement and other maintenance operations of the waste residue modified filler 22; in addition, a water-blocking strip 11 is provided at the top of the outlet end of the regulating sedimentation pond 1 to prevent unpurified rainwater from flowing back into the regulating sedimentation pond 1, clogging the waste residue modified filler 22 and affecting the subsequent water quality. The water-blocking strip 11 is made of concrete and its height is 10cm-15cm.

[0064] In a preferred embodiment, the regulating sedimentation pond 1 is located outside the roadside ditch and is a rectangular reinforced concrete structure. The rapid flow channel 5 and the maintenance steps 10 on it are both set up with an inclination of 30°-45° from top to bottom along the side wall. A first baffle wall 6 made of natural volcanic rock is built upward at one-third of the distance from the bottom of the regulating sedimentation pond 1 to the water inlet. A first water passage hole 7 with a height of 20cm-30cm is opened 20cm downward from the top of the first baffle wall 6. A second baffle wall 8 made of natural volcanic rock is built upward at two-thirds of the distance from the bottom of the regulating sedimentation pond 1 to the water inlet. A second water passage hole 9 with a height of 20cm-30cm is opened 30cm upward from the bottom of the second baffle wall 8.

[0065] In this embodiment, the aforementioned regulating sedimentation pond 1 can perform pretreatment functions such as sedimentation, adsorption filtration, and water volume regulation for water from multiple sources, including natural precipitation and surface water. Specifically, natural precipitation and surface water from the road area are collected through the water diversion ditch 4, and then flow through the rapid flow channel 5 to form surface runoff, which flows into the regulating sedimentation pond 1. In the regulating sedimentation pond 1, large particulate pollutants in the surface runoff are precipitated through two deflection sedimentation processes, and the water quality, which changes over time, is mixed evenly before flowing through the waste residue modified filler 22 for adsorption filtration. When the water level exceeds the water-blocking zone 11, it enters the vegetation-established slope 2.

[0066] In this embodiment, a downward natural topographic slope is formed from the regulating sedimentation pond 1 to the near-natural wetland 3; such as Figure 2As shown, the vegetation-established slope 2 makes full use of the natural terrain slope, with tree belts 12, shrub belts 13, and herb belts 14 arranged sequentially from high to low to simulate the succession of natural plant communities. Through vegetation interception and soil infiltration, it slows down the surface runoff velocity, further purifies the water pretreated by the regulating sedimentation pond 1, and also increases infiltration and prolongs the runoff time, thus integrating wetland landscape and highway greening. Among them, the tree belt 12 of the vegetation-established slope 2 can mainly slow down the runoff velocity and intercept large particles, the shrub belt 13 mainly plays a role in improving infiltration and vegetation control, and the herb belt 14 mainly plays a role in deep water purification.

[0067] In this embodiment, the width of the tree belt 12 is 2m-3m, and depending on the climate conditions and landscape design, it can be planted with birch, Mongolian oak, red spruce, Scots pine, poplar, elm, willow, locust, etc.; the width of the shrub belt 13 is 3m-5m, and depending on the climate conditions and landscape design, it can be planted with maple, chokecherry, five-lobed maple, red osier dogwood, rowan, Beijing peach, mountain apricot, mountain pear, sunflower, castor bean, red rose, etc.; the width of the herbaceous belt 14 is 4m-8m, and depending on the climate conditions and landscape design, it can be planted with cosmos, spirea, dandelion, white clover, purple fescue, ryegrass, daylily, iris, etc.

[0068] In this embodiment, the combination of the aforementioned vegetation types enhances the control of runoff pollution and promotes the transformation and succession of tree belt 12, shrub belt 13, and herbaceous belt 14 from artificially planted vegetation to a natural community structure, resulting in a natural landscape effect. Furthermore, it should be noted that the vegetation-established slope 2 should, as far as possible, select local native plant species to promote the transformation of tree belt 12, shrub belt 13, and herbaceous belt 14 into a natural community structure, achieving harmony with the surrounding natural environment.

[0069] In this embodiment, as Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, the near-natural wetland 3, as the core structural unit of this embodiment, adopts an elliptical basin structure with gentle natural slopes on all sides. The near-natural wetland 3 has an inlet channel 15 with a width of 1.5m-2m at its inlet end and an outlet channel 19 with a width of 2m-2.5m at its outlet end. Both the inlet channel 15 and the outlet channel 19 are shallow butterfly-shaped ditch structures with a concave upper part, constructed of clinoptilolite, primarily serving to buffer the water flow. Water from the herbaceous strip 14 of the vegetation-established slope 2 is buffered by the inlet channel 15 of the near-natural wetland 3 before entering the near-natural wetland 3. Within the near-natural wetland 3, further water purification occurs through sedimentation filtration, plant absorption, matrix adsorption, and microbial degradation. Excess water flows into natural water bodies through the outlet channel 19.

[0070] To achieve the above-mentioned functions, as a possible example, in this embodiment, a near-natural matrix layer 23 is laid at the bottom of the near-natural wetland 3, such as... Figure 4 As shown, the near-natural matrix layer 23 comprises seven layers arranged from bottom to top: compacted soil layer 23-1, semi-permeable membrane layer 23-2, sandy loam layer 23-3, clinoptilolite layer 23-4, first biochar layer 23-5, humus layer 23-6, and second biochar layer 23-7; specifically,

[0071] The compacted soil layer 23-1 is made of compacted sub-clay, with a preferred thickness of 60mm-80mm. It forms the outermost arc-shaped base of the near-natural wetland 3, which can ensure the overall structural stability of the near-natural wetland 3.

[0072] The semi-permeable membrane layer 23-2 is made of high molecular fiber materials such as polyester or polypropylene through processes such as needle punching, hot bonding, and perforation. Its surface has a uniform microporous structure, which can slowly filter and seep out water, enhancing the stability and load-bearing capacity of the wetland's external bed. The thickness of the semi-permeable membrane layer 23-2 is preferably 2mm-5mm.

[0073] The sandy loam layer 23-3 is made of sandy loam, which is prepared by mixing clay and sand in a volume ratio of (40-50)%:(50-60)%. It mainly serves to filter water and also has the function of structural stability. The thickness of the sandy loam layer 23-3 is preferably 50mm-80mm.

[0074] The clinoptilolite layer 23-4 is made of natural clinoptilolite, which is a porous hydrous silicate crystal with a skeletal structure. It is widely found in nature, inexpensive and readily available. It has strong adsorption, catalytic, ion exchange and good biological activity. In near-natural matrices, it mainly plays the role of skeletal support and adsorption filtration. The thickness of the clinoptilolite layer 23-4 is preferably 230mm-260mm.

[0075] The first biochar layer 23-5 is formed by laying the first biochar, which is made by using plant straw such as corn, reed, sugarcane, sorghum, and highland barley as the main raw materials, adding fly ash and lime powder in proportion and mixing them thoroughly. After carbonizing the mixture at high temperature in a low-oxygen and oxygen-deficient environment, a thin sheet structure is formed. A large number of micron and nanopores are formed inside, which have good adsorption performance and biocompatibility. The thickness of the first biochar layer 23-5 is preferably 150mm-180mm, and the weight ratio of plant straw, fly ash and lime powder is preferably (20%-40%):(25%-45%):(30%-40%).

[0076] The humus layer 23-6 is made of humus, which is mainly taken from black soil, black calcium soil, chestnut calcium soil and other natural environments. It is rich in soil organic matter and can gradually release organic carbon sources to form an environment similar to a natural swamp. The thickness of the humus layer 23-6 is preferably 30mm-60mm.

[0077] The second biochar layer 23-7 is formed by laying second biochar, which is a spherical granular Fe3C-C multi-element catalytic composite formed by fully mixing α-Fe2O3 nanofibers, calcium carbonate, sawdust, calcium carbide and other materials in a certain proportion and then firing it at high temperature. It can undergo both macroscopic and microscopic galvanic cell electrolysis reactions. The second biochar has a multi-level microporous structure, which provides a uniform water flow channel with a large specific surface area. It has strong adsorption and biocompatibility, which is conducive to the formation of microbial communities. The thickness of the second biochar layer 23-7 is preferably 180mm-220mm, and the weight ratio of α-Fe2O3 nanofibers, sawdust, calcium carbonate and calcium carbide is preferably (1%-12%):(20%-30%):(30%-40%):(30%-40%).

[0078] In this embodiment, the near-natural wetland 3 can collect runoff from the vegetated slope 2, forming a full pond. From the outside to the inside, wetland plants 16, emergent plants 17, and floating-leaved plants 18 are planted in the water. Specifically, based on climate conditions, pollutant absorption, and landscape design, wetland plants 16 can mainly include daylilies, water hyacinths, aquatic irises, foxtail grass, cattails, and water plantain, which are suitable for growth near water. Emergent plants 17 can mainly include lotus, water lilies, cattails, water onions, reeds, water bamboo, calamus, reeds, cattails, and loosestrife, all based on climate conditions, pollutant absorption, and landscape design. Floating-leaved plants 18 can mainly include water lilies, water lilies, water hyacinths, and giant water lilies, all based on climate conditions, pollutant absorption, and landscape design.

[0079] Furthermore, fish and shrimp 20 and benthic animals 21 are also released into the water body of the near-natural wetland 3. Among them, the fish and shrimp 20 can be aquatic organisms such as catfish, grass carp, bighead carp, crucian carp, loach, freshwater shrimp, grass shrimp, and freshwater shrimp, while the benthic animals 21 can be scraping benthic animals such as toothless mussels, river clams, and snails that can achieve the phenomenon of "snail-grass mutualistic symbiosis".

[0080] In summary, the near-natural wetland ecosystem in this embodiment mainly includes abiotic substances such as water, sunlight, and near-natural substrate layer; producers such as wetland plants, emergent plants, and floating-leaved plants; consumers such as fish, shrimp, and benthic animals; and decomposers such as various indigenous microorganisms attached to the near-natural substrate layer. Various biotic and abiotic substances are interconnected through material and energy flows, forming a trophic hierarchy and network relationships, thereby forming a stable near-natural ecosystem.

[0081] Moreover, the aforementioned producers, consumers, and decomposers constitute a complete food chain in near-natural wetlands. Hygrophytes, emergent plants, and floating-leaved plants provide food for fish and shrimp and release oxygen through photosynthesis. Edible algae such as fish and shrimp maintain ecological balance. Benthic animals help purify water quality. Indigenous microorganisms can decompose complex organic matter in the remains of animals and plants into simple inorganic matter and release energy into the environment for reuse by hygrophytes, emergent plants, and floating-leaved plants.

[0082] Example 2

[0083] This embodiment takes the near-natural ecological restoration system of roadside damaged wetlands located in the C ramp ring of an interchange area of ​​a highway in North China as an example for specific explanation. It mainly includes a regulating sedimentation pond 1, a vegetation-established slope 2, and a near-natural wetland 3.

[0084] In this embodiment, the sedimentation pond 1 is 15m long, 10m wide, and 1.5m deep, with a 1:1 slope on the side walls. The first deflector wall 6 is 1.4m high, the first water passage hole 7 is 0.2m high, the second deflector wall 8 is 1.4m high, the first water passage hole 7 is 0.2m high, the waste residue modified filler 22 is filled to a height of 0.4m, and the water-blocking strip 11 is 0.1m high. Both the first deflector wall 6 and the second deflector wall 8 are constructed of brick and concrete, with the outer walls covered with natural volcanic rock.

[0085] The vegetation-established slope 2 is divided into tree belt 12, shrub belt 13 and herb belt 14 according to the design. Tree belt 12 is 2m wide and planted with aspen, elm and black locust; shrub belt 13 is 3m wide and planted with maple, rowan and red rose; herb belt 14 is 5m wide and planted with cosmos, red fescue and ryegrass.

[0086] The inlet channel 15 of the near-natural wetland 3 is 1.5m wide, and the outlet channel 19 is 2m wide, both lined with clinoptilolite. The seven-layer structure of the near-natural matrix layer 23 is as follows: a compacted soil layer 23-1 with a thickness of 60mm, a semi-permeable membrane layer 23-2 with a thickness of 3mm, a sandy loam layer 23-3 with a thickness of 60mm (the sandy loam is composed of clay and sand in a volume ratio of 1:1), a clinoptilolite layer 23-4 with a thickness of 250mm, a first biochar layer 23-5 with a thickness of 150mm, a humus layer 23-6 with a thickness of 30mm, and a second biochar layer 23-7 with a thickness of 200mm. The wetland 3 near natural wetland 3 is planted with the following wetland plants: 16 aquatic irises and cattails, 17 emergent plants including water onions, calamus and loosestrife, and 18 floating-leaved plants including water lilies. Grass carp, crucian carp, grass shrimp, river clams and snails are also introduced into the pond.

[0087] Example 3

[0088] This embodiment takes a near-natural ecological restoration system for roadside damaged wetlands set up on the side of a highway wetland in Northeast China as an example for specific explanation. It mainly includes a regulating sedimentation pond 1, a vegetation-established slope 2, and a near-natural wetland 3.

[0089] Among them, the sedimentation pond 1 is filled with waste modified filler 22 with a particle size of 30mm-40mm, and the first baffle wall 6 and the second baffle wall 8 are all constructed of volcanic rock, a local material from the Changbai Mountain area.

[0090] The length of the vegetation-planted slope 2 is 100m, and the tree belt 12 is planted at 1 tree / m. 2 Plant red spruce, 2 trees / m 2 Plant aspen trees, 2 trees / m 2 Plant 5 willows per square meter 2 Plant black locust trees; in shrub belt 13, plant five-lobed maple, Beijing peach, rowan, twisted maple, red osier dogwood and red rose; in herb belt 14, plant spirea with 10% coverage, white clover with 10% coverage, red fescue with 30% coverage, ryegrass with 45% coverage, and dandelion with 5% coverage.

[0091] The area of ​​near-natural wetland 3 is 500m². 2 The wetland is planted with reeds, water onions, cattails, daylilies, loosestrife, and water lilies. Catfish, loach, prawns, and snails are introduced. Observations have shown that amphibians such as the Oriental bell toad and the Chinese forest frog, as well as wetland birds such as marsh tits and mallards, have appeared in the near-natural wetland, indicating that a complete and healthy wetland ecosystem has been constructed.

[0092] Example 4

[0093] In this embodiment, a near-natural ecological restoration system for roadside damaged wetlands was set up under a highway bridge in Northwest China. Ecological restoration of the plateau wetlands was carried out, and samples were taken after a rain in August of a certain year. The changes in water quality concentration in each unit are shown in Table 1.

[0094] Table 1. Water Quality Changes During Roadside Damage Wetland Restoration (Unit: mg / L)

[0095] Sampling points COD SS TP ammonia nitrogen Petroleum Surface runoff 80 300 0.5 3 4 Adjusting the effluent from the sedimentation pond 50 120 0.3 2 2.2 Vegetation-covered slopes with water outlets 35 70 0.2 1.5 1.7 Near natural wetland water outflow 25 40 0.06 0.8 0.3

[0096] As shown in Table 1, the near-natural ecological restoration system for damaged wetlands in this embodiment can significantly improve the filtration and adsorption purification effect on major pollutants such as ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, petroleum, heavy metals, and suspended solids (SS) in runoff.

[0097] Example 5

[0098] In this embodiment, plant straw, fly ash and lime powder were used as the main raw materials to prepare three different raw material ratios of first biochar. The specific raw material ratios are shown in Table 2.

[0099] Table 2. Weight ratio of the first biochar raw material composition (unit: %)

[0100] serial number plant straw fly ash lime powder 1# 25 40 35 2# 30 35 35 3# 35 30 35

[0101] In this embodiment, adsorption tests were also conducted on ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus in wastewater using biochar with three different raw material ratios. The adsorption process was a pseudo-second-order kinetic process. When the adsorption reached equilibrium, the saturated adsorption capacity was shown in Table 3.

[0102] Table 3. Equilibrium adsorption capacity for nitrogen and phosphorus (unit: mg / g)

[0103] serial number 1# 2# 3# Nitrogen balance adsorption capacity 8.2 9.1 10.6 Phosphorus equilibrium adsorption capacity 16.3 17.9 19.1

[0104] It is evident that the first biochar with a ratio of 3# (plant straw, fly ash, and lime powder in a weight ratio of 35%:30%:35%) used in this embodiment exhibits the highest saturation adsorption capacity for both ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus, which can better reduce the risk of eutrophication and oxidation in water bodies and contribute to the restoration of wetland ecosystems.

[0105] Example 6

[0106] In this embodiment, α-Fe2O3 nanofibers, calcium carbonate, sawdust, and calcium carbide were used as the main raw materials. Five different raw material ratios were calcined at high temperature to produce second biochar, as shown in Table 4. The specific preparation process is as follows:

[0107] After thoroughly mixing α-Fe2O3 nanofibers, calcium carbonate, sawdust, and calcium carbide in a specified ratio, the mixture is granulated into spherical particles with a diameter of 8 mm using a granulator. The particles are then placed in a sintering kiln and first heated to 100°C and held for 60 min. The temperature is then increased to 900°C and held for 60 min. Finally, the temperature is increased to 1050°C and held for 7 h. After naturally cooling to room temperature for 12 h, the second biochar is obtained through screening.

[0108] Table 4. Weight ratio of the second biochar raw material composition (unit: %)

[0109]

[0110]

[0111] In this embodiment, the specific surface area of ​​the second biochar with five different raw material ratios was also measured, and the specific specific surface areas are shown in Table 5.

[0112] Table 5. Specific surface area at different ratios

[0113] serial number 1# 2# 3# 4# 5# Specific surface area 6.15 6.28 6.34 6.41 6.49

[0114] It is evident that the 5# ratio of the second biochar has the largest specific surface area and the highest amount of microorganisms that can adhere to it, and its use is recommended. After long-term monitoring, the adsorption and microbial degradation effects of this ratio of the second biochar are significant. Combined with other layers, it forms a near-natural matrix layer, which together achieves a near-natural water quality restoration effect for damaged wetlands.

[0115] It should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, it is obvious that the present invention is not limited to the details of the above exemplary embodiments, and that the present invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics of the present invention. Therefore, the embodiments should be regarded as exemplary and non-limiting in all respects, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description. Therefore, all changes falling within the meaning and scope of equivalents of the claims are intended to be included within the present invention, and no reference numerals in the claims should be construed as limiting the scope of the claims.

[0116] Specific examples have been used to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of this invention. The descriptions of the above embodiments are only for the purpose of helping to understand the method and core ideas of this invention. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that, based on the ideas of this invention, there will be changes in the specific implementation methods and application scope. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of this invention.

Claims

1. A near-natural ecological restoration system for a road-affected damaged wetland, characterized in that: comprising sequentially connecting: an adjusting sedimentation pond for pretreating incoming water, wherein the pretreatment at least includes water quality sedimentation, adsorption filtration and water quantity adjustment; an inlet of the adjusting sedimentation pond is provided with a water inlet channel, the water inlet channel is connected with the adjusting sedimentation pond through a rapid flow tank, a first baffle wall and a second baffle wall are vertically arranged on a bottom of the adjusting sedimentation pond along a direction from the inlet to an outlet of the adjusting sedimentation pond, a first water passing hole is arranged on an upper portion of the first baffle wall, and a second water passing hole is arranged on a lower portion of the second baffle wall; a pre-sedimentation area is formed between the rapid flow tank and the first baffle wall for preliminarily depositing large particle silt in the water body; a main sedimentation area is formed between the first baffle wall and the second baffle wall for fold deposition to further deposit particles in the water body; an adsorption filtration area is formed between the second baffle wall and the outlet of the adjusting sedimentation pond, a modified waste filling material is laid on a bottom of the adsorption filtration area, the modified waste filling material is a highway tunnel waste filling material modified by iron, is used for adsorbing pollutants, and a middle portion of the second water passing hole is flush with a top portion of the modified waste filling material; outer walls of the first baffle wall and the second baffle wall are made of natural volcanic rocks; a vegetation planting slope, the vegetation planting slope is sequentially provided with a tree belt, a shrub belt and a herb belt from high to low, and the vegetation planting slope is used for simulating natural plant community succession and further purifying collected runoff; a near-natural wetland, the near-natural wetland is used for constructing a complete wetland ecological system and realizing deep water quality restoration through sedimentation filtration, plant absorption, substrate adsorption and microbial degradation; a near-natural substrate layer is laid on a bottom of the near-natural wetland, and the near-natural substrate layer is rich in indigenous microorganisms; the near-natural substrate layer comprises, from bottom to top, a compacted soil layer, a semi-permeable membrane layer, a sandy loam soil layer, a clinoptilolite layer, a first biochar layer, a humus soil layer and a second biochar layer; wherein the compacted soil layer is a base layer and is used for stabilizing the near-natural wetland structure; the semi-permeable membrane layer is used for slowly filtering the water body and causing the water body to seep out; the sandy loam soil layer is used for filtering the water body and simultaneously serving a structural stability function; the clinoptilolite layer is used for skeleton support and adsorption filtration of the water body; the first biochar layer is used for adsorption filtration of the water body and microbial degradation; the humus soil layer is used for slow-release of organic carbon sources; the second biochar layer is used for internal electrolysis and microbial degradation.

2. The near-natural ecological restoration system for impaired wetlands in road areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: the near-natural wetland has an elliptical basin structure and is surrounded by a natural gentle slope; wetland plants, emergent plants and floating leaf plants are sequentially planted in water in the near-natural wetland from outside to inside; and fish, shrimps and bottom-dwelling animals are put into the water in the near-natural wetland.

3. The near-natural ecological restoration system for a damaged wetland in a road area according to claim 2, characterized in that: The first biochar layer is laid by first biochar, wherein the first biochar is a flaky structure generated by high-temperature carbonization of plant straw, fly ash and lime powder at a weight ratio of 20%-40%:25%-45%:30%-40%, and the thickness of the first biochar layer is 150mm-180mm; The second biochar layer is laid by second biochar, wherein the second biochar is a granular structure generated by high-temperature sintering of α-Fe2O3 nanofiber, sawdust, calcium carbonate and calcium carbide at a weight ratio of 1%-12%:20%-30%:30%-40%:30%-40%, and the thickness of the second biochar layer is 180mm-220mm.

4. The near-natural ecological restoration system of the damaged wetland in the road area according to claim 3, wherein: The first biochar is a flaky structure generated by high-temperature carbonization of plant straw, fly ash and lime powder at a weight ratio of 35%:30%:35%; The second biochar is a granular structure generated by high-temperature sintering of α-Fe2O3 nanofiber, sawdust, calcium carbonate and calcium carbide at a weight ratio of 10%:25%:35%:30%.

5. The near-natural ecological restoration system of the damaged wetland in the road area according to claim 2, wherein: The compacted soil layer is laid by sub-clay compaction, and the thickness of the compacted soil layer is 60mm-80mm; The semi-permeable membrane layer is made of high molecular fiber material by needle punching, hot sticking and perforation process, and has a uniform micropore structure on the surface, and the thickness of the semi-permeable membrane layer is 2mm-5mm; The sandy loam layer is laid by sandy loam, which is prepared by clay and sand at a volume ratio of 40%-50%:50%-60%, and the thickness of the sandy loam layer is 50mm-80mm; The clinoptilolite layer is laid by clinoptilolite, which is a framework structure porous hydrous silicate crystal, and the thickness of the clinoptilolite layer is 230mm-260mm; The humus layer is laid by humus, which is black soil, black calcium soil or chestnut soil, and the thickness of the humus layer is 30mm-60mm.

6. The near-natural ecological restoration system for impaired wetlands in road areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: The water diversion ditch is a shallow butterfly-shaped water diversion ditch for collecting water, and the surface of the water diversion ditch is covered with planting soil for sowing grass, and the bottom of the water diversion ditch is paved with pebbles; The rapid flow tank is a mortar structure, and a plurality of water guide channels are arranged in the rapid flow tank for concentrating water and conveying water to the adjusting sedimentation pond.

7. The near-natural ecological restoration system for impaired wetlands in a road area according to claim 6, characterized in that: A maintenance step is arranged on the side wall of the water outlet end of the adjusting sedimentation pond, and a water retaining belt is arranged on the top of the water outlet end of the adjusting sedimentation pond, which is used to prevent the uncleaned incoming water from flowing back into the adjusting sedimentation pond.

8. The near-natural ecological restoration system for impaired wetlands in road areas according to claim 1, characterized in that: Any one or more of white birch, Mongolian oak, red skin spruce, dwarf pine, aspen, elm, willow, locust is planted in the arbor belt; Any one or more of twisted muscle acer, dense plum, five-cornered maple, red mahogany, siberian crabapple, Beijing peach, mountain apricot, mountain pear, castor, red thorn plum is planted in the shrub belt. Any one or more of the following are planted in the herb belt: cornflower, dandelion, white clover, fescue, ryegrass, day lily, iris. The herb belt is planted with any one or more of the following: cornflower, dandelion, white clover, fescue, ryegrass, day lily, iris.

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