A polishing device for machining a crankshaft of a vehicle-mounted air compressor

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of crankshaft machining technology for vehicle-mounted air compressors, specifically a grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors. It includes a bracket with a sliding groove, a platform on the bracket surface, a positioning frame on the sliding groove surface, a cross groove in the positioning shaft, a positioning plate on the positioning shaft surface, a positioning rod and a spring on the positioning plate surface, a rotating seat on the positioning rod surface, a limit groove in the fixture table, a limit ring and a protruding plate on the fixture table surface, and a fixture on the fixture table surface. The advantages are: the positioning shaft enables automatic up-and-down sliding; the positioning rod ensures the fixing of the rotating seat, preventing the positioning rod from carrying away the pressure plate when the positioning shaft is completely released from holding the crankshaft; the spring limits the rotating seat, ensuring the pressure plate limits the crankshaft; and the lifting mechanism enables automatic flipping of the crankshaft.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of crankshaft machining technology for vehicle-mounted air compressors, specifically a grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors. Background Technology

[0002] The crankshaft of a vehicle-mounted air compressor is the main moving part of the air compressor. It bears large loads and frictional wear that vary periodically in both direction and magnitude. Therefore, it has high requirements for fatigue strength and wear resistance. It comes in two forms: crankshaft and crankpin shaft.

[0003] In the prior art, the crankshaft of the vehicle-mounted air compressor is placed on the clamp of the robotic arm, and a pressure bar is provided above the robotic arm. The pressure bar holds the top of the crankshaft of the vehicle-mounted air compressor, and the robotic arm carries the crankshaft of the vehicle-mounted air compressor into contact with the polishing stone, thereby achieving the effect of polishing the crankshaft of the vehicle-mounted air compressor.

[0004] However, the crankshaft of the vehicle-mounted air compressor on the fixture can only be ground on one side. When grinding the other side, the crankshaft needs to be disassembled and flipped manually. The whole operation is time-consuming and laborious, which affects the improvement of work efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors, in order to solve the problem mentioned in the background art that the crankshaft of a vehicle-mounted air compressor on the fixture can only be ground on one side. When grinding the other side, it is necessary to manually disassemble and flip the crankshaft, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive and affects the improvement of work efficiency.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors, characterized in that it comprises:

[0007] The bracket has a sliding groove inside, a platform on its surface, and a positioning frame on the surface of the sliding groove.

[0008] A positioning shaft, wherein a cross groove is formed inside the positioning shaft, a positioning plate is provided on the surface of the positioning shaft, a positioning rod and a spring are provided on the surface of the positioning plate, and a rotating seat is provided on the surface of the positioning rod; and

[0009] The fixture table has a limiting groove inside, a limiting ring and a protruding plate on its surface, and a fixture on its surface.

[0010] Preferably, the bracket has a sliding groove inside, and a positioning frame is provided on the inner surface of the sliding groove. The inner surface of the sliding groove and the outer surface of the side end of the positioning frame are slidably connected. The outer surface of the bottom end of the bracket is provided with a platform, and the outer surface of the bottom end of the bracket and the top outer surface of the side end of the platform are fixedly connected.

[0011] Preferably, the positioning frame has a positioning machine on its top outer surface, the top outer surface of the positioning frame and the bottom outer surface of the positioning machine are fixedly connected, a circular hole is opened on the side end of the positioning frame, and a positioning shaft is provided on the inner surface of the circular hole. The inner surface of the circular hole and the outer surface of the positioning shaft are slidably connected, and the outer surface of the positioning shaft and the inner surface of the side end of the positioning machine are slidably connected.

[0012] Preferably, a cross groove is formed inside the bottom end of the positioning shaft, and a positioning plate is provided on the outer surface of the bottom end of the positioning shaft. The inner surface of the positioning plate is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the bottom end of the positioning shaft. Multiple positioning holes are formed inside the positioning plate, and the multiple positioning holes are located on both sides inside the positioning plate. A positioning rod is provided on the inner surface of the positioning hole. The inner surface of the positioning hole and the outer surface of the positioning rod are slidably connected. A rotating seat is provided at the bottom end of the positioning rod. The bottom surface of the top of the positioning rod abuts against the top outer surface of the positioning plate. A spring is provided on the outer surface of the bottom end of the positioning plate, and the outer surface of the bottom end of the positioning plate is fixedly connected to the top of the spring.

[0013] Preferably, the top outer surface of the rotating seat is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the positioning hole, the outer surface of the rotating seat is provided with a pressure plate, the top outer surface of the rotating seat is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the spring, and a rotating groove is provided inside the pressure plate. A cross seat is provided on the top outer surface of the pressure plate, and the inner surface of the rotating groove is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the rotating seat. The cross seat cross ...

[0014] Preferably, the platform has a lift on its bottom outer surface, and the platform bottom outer surface and the lift top outer surface are fixedly connected. The platform bottom center outer surface has a turntable, and the platform bottom center outer surface and the turntable top outer surface are fixedly connected.

[0015] Preferably, the top outer surface of the elevator is provided with a limiting plate, and the bottom end of the limiting plate is fixedly connected to the top output end of the elevator. The top of the limiting plate is provided with a clamping table, and a limiting groove is opened inside the bottom end of the clamping table. The inner surface of the limiting groove is slidably connected to the top outer surface of the limiting plate.

[0016] Preferably, the top outer surface of the rotating machine is provided with a rotating shaft, and the bottom end of the rotating shaft is fixedly connected to the top output end of the rotating machine. A circular hole is opened in the center of the bottom end of the platform, and the inner surface of the circular hole is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the rotating shaft. A clamping table is provided at the top of the rotating shaft, and the top of the rotating shaft is fixedly connected to the bottom center outer surface of the clamping table.

[0017] Preferably, the outer surface of the fixture table is provided with a limiting ring, the outer surface of the fixture table and the inner surface of the limiting ring are fixedly connected, and a limiting ring groove is opened inside the platform, and the inner surface of the limiting ring groove and the outer surface of the limiting ring are rotatably connected, and a protruding plate is provided on the outer surface of the top of the fixture table, and a fixture is provided on the outer surface of the top of the fixture table, and the outer surface of the top of the fixture table and the bottom end of the fixture are fixedly connected.

[0018] Preferably, the convex plate is annular, the inner surface of the convex plate is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the top of the fixture table, and a groove is provided inside the top of the platform, and the inner surface of the groove is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the convex plate.

[0019] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0020] This invention proposes a grinding device for machining the crankshaft of a vehicle-mounted air compressor. When grinding one side of the crankshaft is finished, the positioning machine controls the positioning shaft to slide upwards. The positioning shaft drives the positioning plate to move upwards, and the positioning rod slides within the positioning hole. A spring holds the rotating seat in place. The positioning shaft achieves automatic up-and-down sliding, while the positioning rod ensures the rotating seat is fixed, preventing the positioning rod from carrying away the pressure plate when the positioning shaft is completely released from holding the crankshaft. The spring limits the rotation of the rotating seat, ensuring the pressure plate limits the crankshaft. When the crankshaft rotates, the rotating seat rotates within the rotating groove, and the pressure plate holds the rotating seat in place. The pressure plate holds the crankshaft of the vehicle-mounted air compressor, ensuring stability during rotation and eliminating the need for positioning operations required in traditional methods. The rotating seat ensures the stability of the positioning plate structure during pressure plate rotation, and the cross seat limits and holds the pressure plate in place by the positioning shaft. The lifting platform moves the limiting plate downward, releasing its limiting effect on the fixture table. The lifting platform then drives the rotating shaft to rotate the fixture table, which in turn rotates the crankshaft of the vehicle-mounted air compressor. This automatic flipping of the crankshaft eliminates the need for traditional disassembly and assembly operations, saving time and improving work efficiency. The limiting plate also limits the bottom end of the fixture table. Attached Figure Description

[0021] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the main structure of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 2 This is a cross-sectional view of the main structure of the present invention;

[0023] Figure 3 For the present invention Figure 2 Enlarged schematic diagram of the structure at point A;

[0024] Figure 4 For the present invention Figure 2 Enlarged schematic diagram of the structure at point B;

[0025] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the positioning plate structure of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the fixture table structure of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the limiting plate structure of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 8 This is a schematic diagram of the positioning shaft structure of the present invention.

[0029] In the diagram: 1. Bracket; 2. Slide; 3. Platform; 4. Lift; 6. Positioning frame; 7. Positioning shaft; 8. Positioning machine; 9. Rotary machine; 10. Positioning plate; 11. Positioning rod; 12. Positioning hole; 13. Spring; 14. Pressure plate; 15. Rotary groove; 16. Cross seat; 17. Cross groove; 18. Rotating shaft; 19. Limiting plate; 20. Limiting groove; 21. Limiting ring groove; 22. Limiting ring; 23. Groove; 24. Protruding ring; 25. Fixture table; 26. Fixture; 27. Detailed Implementation

[0030] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clear and complete, the embodiments of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only some, not all, embodiments of the present invention, and are merely illustrative of the embodiments of the present invention. They are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0031] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that the terms "center," "middle," "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "inner," "outer," "top," "bottom," "side," "vertical," and "horizontal," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing the invention and for simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the invention. Furthermore, the terms "a," "first," "second," "third," "fourth," "fifth," and "sixth" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0032] In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0033] For purposes of simplicity and illustration, the principles of the embodiments are described primarily by way of example. In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these embodiments may not be limited to these specific details in practice. In some instances, well-known methods and structures have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring these embodiments. Furthermore, all embodiments can be used in combination with each other.

[0034] Example 1

[0035] Please see Figures 1 to 8 This invention provides a technical solution: a grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors, characterized in that it includes:

[0036] The bracket 1 has a sliding groove 2 inside, a platform 3 on the surface of the bracket 1, and a positioning frame 6 on the surface of the sliding groove 2.

[0037] The positioning shaft 7 has a cross groove 18 inside, a positioning plate 10 on its surface, a positioning rod 11 and a spring 13 on its surface, and a rotating seat 16 on its surface.

[0038] The fixture table 26 has a limiting groove 21 inside, a limiting ring 23 and a protruding plate 25 on its surface, and a fixture 27 on its surface.

[0039] The bracket 1 has a sliding groove 2 inside, and a positioning frame 6 is provided on the inner surface of the sliding groove 2. The inner surface of the sliding groove 2 and the outer surface of the side end of the positioning frame 6 are slidably connected. The bottom outer surface of the bracket 1 has a platform 3, and the bottom outer surface of the bracket 1 and the top outer surface of the side end of the platform 3 are fixedly connected. The top outer surface of the positioning frame 6 has a positioning machine 8, and the top outer surface of the positioning frame 6 and the bottom outer surface of the positioning machine 8 are fixedly connected. The side end of the positioning frame 6 has a round hole, and a positioning shaft 7 is provided on the inner surface of the round hole. The inner surface of the round hole and the outer surface of the positioning shaft 7 are slidably connected. The outer surface of the positioning shaft 7 and the inner surface of the side end of the positioning machine 8 are slidably connected. The bottom end of the positioning shaft 7 has a cross groove 18 inside, and a positioning plate 10 is provided on the bottom outer surface of the positioning shaft 7. The inner surface of the positioning plate 10 and the bottom outer surface of the positioning shaft 7 are fixedly connected. The positioning plate 10 has multiple positioning holes 12 inside, and the multiple positioning holes 12 are located on both sides inside the positioning plate 10. The inner surface of the positioning holes 12 has positioning... The inner surface of the positioning hole 12 and the outer surface of the positioning rod 11 are slidably connected, and the bottom end of the positioning rod 11 is provided with a rotating seat 16. The bottom surface of the top of the positioning rod 11 abuts against the top outer surface of the positioning plate 10, and the bottom outer surface of the positioning plate 10 is provided with a spring 13. The bottom outer surface of the positioning plate 10 and the top end of the spring 13 are fixedly connected. When the grinding of one side of the crankshaft of the vehicle air compressor is finished, the positioning machine 8 controls the positioning shaft 7 to slide upward. The positioning shaft 7 drives the positioning plate 10 to move upward. The positioning rod 11 slides in the positioning hole 12. The spring 13 holds the rotating seat 16. The positioning shaft 7 realizes the function of automatic up and down sliding. The positioning rod 11 ensures the function of fixing the rotating seat 16. When the positioning shaft 7 completely releases the holding of the crankshaft of the vehicle air compressor, the positioning rod 11 will take away the pressure plate 14. The spring 13 realizes the function of limiting the rotating seat 16 and ensures that the pressure plate 14 limits the crankshaft of the vehicle air compressor.

[0040] Example 2

[0041] See attached document Figures 1 to 8Based on Embodiment 1, in order to achieve the effect of the rotating seat 16, the top outer surface of the rotating seat 16 is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the positioning hole 12, a pressure plate 14 is provided on the outer surface of the rotating seat 16, the top outer surface of the rotating seat 16 is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the spring 13, and a rotating groove 15 is provided inside the pressure plate 14. A cross seat 17 is provided on the top outer surface of the pressure plate 14, and the inner surface of the rotating groove 15 is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the rotating seat 16. The cross-sectional dimension of the cross seat 17 is smaller than the cross-sectional dimension of the cross groove 18, and the outer surface of the cross seat 17 is slidably connected to the inner surface of the cross groove 18. When the crankshaft of the vehicle air compressor rotates, the rotating seat 16 rotates in the rotating groove 15, and the pressure plate 14 holds the crankshaft of the vehicle air compressor. The pressure plate 14 achieves the stability of the crankshaft of the vehicle air compressor during rotation, avoiding the need for positioning operations in the traditional method. The rotating seat 16 achieves the stability of the positioning plate 10 structure when the pressure plate 14 rotates, and the cross seat 17 achieves the function of limiting and holding the pressure plate 14 by the positioning shaft 7.

[0042] Example 3

[0043] See attached document Figures 1 to 8Based on Embodiment 2, in order to achieve the following: a lifting platform 4 is provided on the outer surface of the bottom end of the platform 3, and the outer surface of the bottom end of the platform 3 and the outer surface of the top end of the lifting platform 4 are fixedly connected; a rotating mechanism 9 is provided on the outer surface of the center of the bottom end of the platform 3, and the outer surface of the center of the bottom end of the platform 3 and the outer surface of the top end of the rotating mechanism 9 are fixedly connected; a limiting plate 20 is provided on the outer surface of the top end of the lifting platform 4, and the bottom end of the limiting plate 20 is fixedly connected to the top output end of the lifting platform 4; a clamping table 26 is provided on the top of the limiting plate 20, and a limiting mechanism is provided inside the bottom end of the clamping table 26. The positioning groove 21 is slidably connected to the inner surface of the positioning groove 21 and the top outer surface of the positioning plate 20. The top outer surface of the rotating machine 9 is provided with a rotating shaft 19, and the bottom end of the rotating shaft 19 is fixedly connected to the top output end of the rotating machine 9. A circular hole is opened in the center of the bottom end of the platform 3, and the inner surface of the circular hole is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the rotating shaft 19. A clamping table 26 is provided at the top of the rotating shaft 19, and the top of the rotating shaft 19 is fixedly connected to the bottom center outer surface of the clamping table 26. A limiting ring 23 is provided on the outer surface of the clamping table 26. The platform 3 is fixedly connected to the inner surface of the limiting ring 23, and a limiting ring groove 22 is opened inside the platform 3. The inner surface of the limiting ring groove 22 is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the limiting ring 23. A protruding plate 25 is provided on the outer surface of the top of the fixture table 26, and a fixture 27 is provided on the outer surface of the top of the fixture table 26. The outer surface of the top of the fixture table 26 and the bottom end of the fixture 27 are fixedly connected. The protruding plate 25 is annular, and the inner surface of the protruding plate 25 is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the top of the fixture table 26. A groove 24 is opened inside the top of the platform 3. The inner surface of the groove 24 and the outer surface of the convex plate 25 are rotatably connected; the lifting platform 4 moves the limiting plate 20 downward, and the limiting plate 20 releases its limiting effect on the clamping table 26. The lifting platform 4 drives the rotating shaft 19 to rotate the clamping table 26, and the clamping table 26 drives the crankshaft of the vehicle air compressor to rotate. The lifting platform 4 realizes the function of automatically flipping the crankshaft of the vehicle air compressor, avoiding the traditional disassembly and assembly operation, saving time, and improving work efficiency. The limiting plate 20 realizes the limiting effect on the bottom end of the clamping table 26.

[0044] Although the illustrative specific embodiments of this application have been described above to enable those skilled in the art to understand this application, this application is not limited to the scope of the specific embodiments. For those skilled in the art, all applications utilizing the concept of this application are protected as long as various variations are within the spirit and scope of this application as defined and determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors, characterized in that: include: A bracket (1) is provided with a sliding groove (2) inside the bracket (1), a platform (3) is provided on the surface of the bracket (1), and a positioning frame (6) is provided on the surface of the sliding groove (2); A positioning shaft (7) is provided with a cross groove (18) inside. A positioning plate (10) is provided on the surface of the positioning shaft (7). A positioning rod (11) and a spring (13) are provided on the surface of the positioning plate (10). A rotating seat (16) is provided on the surface of the positioning rod (11). A cross groove (18) is provided inside the bottom end of the positioning shaft (7). A positioning plate (10) is provided on the outer surface of the bottom end of the positioning shaft (7). The inner surface of the positioning plate (10) is fixedly connected to the outer surface of the bottom end of the positioning shaft (7). A plurality of positioning holes (12) are provided inside the positioning plate (10). The plurality of positioning holes (12) are located on both sides inside the positioning plate (10). A positioning rod (11) is provided on the inner surface of the positioning hole (12). The inner surface of the positioning hole (12) and the outer surface of the positioning rod (11) are slidably connected. A rotating seat (16) is provided at the bottom end of the positioning rod (11). 6) The top bottom surface of the positioning rod (11) abuts against the top outer surface of the positioning plate (10), and the bottom outer surface of the positioning plate (10) is provided with a spring (13), and the bottom outer surface of the positioning plate (10) and the top end of the spring (13) are fixedly connected; the top outer surface of the rotating seat (16) is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the positioning hole (12), the outer surface of the rotating seat (16) is provided with a pressure plate (14), the top outer surface of the rotating seat (16) is fixedly connected to the bottom end of the spring (13), and the pressure plate (14) is provided with a rotating groove (15) inside, the top outer surface of the pressure plate (14) is provided with a cross seat (17), and the inner surface of the rotating groove (15) is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the rotating seat (16), and the cross-sectional dimension of the cross seat (17) is smaller than the cross-sectional dimension of the cross groove (18), and the outer surface of the cross seat (17) and the inner surface of the cross groove (18) are slidably connected; A fixture table (26) is provided with a limiting groove (21) inside the fixture table (26), a limiting ring (23) and a protrusion plate (25) are provided on the surface of the fixture table (26), and a fixture (27) is provided on the surface of the fixture table (26).

2. The grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bracket (1) has a sliding groove (2) inside, and a positioning frame (6) is provided on the inner surface of the sliding groove (2). The inner surface of the sliding groove (2) and the outer surface of the side end of the positioning frame (6) are slidably connected. The outer surface of the bottom end of the bracket (1) is provided with a platform (3), and the outer surface of the bottom end of the bracket (1) and the outer surface of the top side end of the platform (3) are fixedly connected.

3. A grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors according to claim 2, characterized in that: The positioning frame (6) has a positioning machine (8) on its top outer surface. The top outer surface of the positioning frame (6) and the bottom outer surface of the positioning machine (8) are fixedly connected. A circular hole is opened on the side of the positioning frame (6), and a positioning shaft (7) is provided on the inner surface of the circular hole. The inner surface of the circular hole and the outer surface of the positioning shaft (7) are slidably connected, and the outer surface of the positioning shaft (7) and the inner surface of the side of the positioning machine (8) are slidably connected.

4. A grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors according to claim 1, characterized in that: The platform (3) has a lift (4) on its bottom outer surface. The bottom outer surface of the platform (3) and the top outer surface of the lift (4) are fixedly connected. The platform (3) has a turner (9) on its bottom central outer surface. The bottom central outer surface of the platform (3) and the top outer surface of the turner (9) are fixedly connected.

5. A grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors according to claim 4, characterized in that: The top outer surface of the elevator (4) is provided with a limiting plate (20), and the bottom end of the limiting plate (20) is fixedly connected to the top output end of the elevator (4). The top of the limiting plate (20) is provided with a clamping table (26), and a limiting groove (21) is opened inside the bottom end of the clamping table (26), and the inner surface of the limiting groove (21) is slidably connected to the top outer surface of the limiting plate (20).

6. A grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors according to claim 4, characterized in that: The top outer surface of the rotating machine (9) is provided with a rotating shaft (19), and the bottom end of the rotating shaft (19) is fixedly connected to the top output end of the rotating machine (9). A circular hole is opened in the center of the bottom end of the platform (3), and the inner surface of the circular hole is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the rotating shaft (19). A clamping table (26) is provided at the top of the rotating shaft (19), and the top of the rotating shaft (19) is fixedly connected to the bottom center outer surface of the clamping table (26).

7. A grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outer surface of the fixture platform (26) is provided with a limiting ring (23), the outer surface of the fixture platform (26) and the inner surface of the limiting ring (23) are fixedly connected, and a limiting ring groove (22) is opened inside the platform (3), and the inner surface of the limiting ring groove (22) and the outer surface of the limiting ring (23) are rotatably connected, and a protruding plate (25) is provided on the top outer surface of the fixture platform (26), and a clamp (27) is provided on the top outer surface of the fixture platform (26), and the top outer surface of the fixture platform (26) and the bottom end of the clamp (27) are fixedly connected.

8. A grinding device for machining crankshafts of vehicle-mounted air compressors according to claim 7, characterized in that: The convex plate (25) is circular. The inner surface of the convex plate (25) is fixedly connected to the top outer surface of the fixture table (26). A groove (24) is provided inside the top of the platform (3), and the inner surface of the groove (24) is rotatably connected to the outer surface of the convex plate (25).

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