Construction technology of non-stop double sealing and double plugging

Abstract

The application relates to the field of pipeline plugging construction, in particular to a construction process of double plugging and double blocking without stopping conveying, which comprises the following steps: excavating a working pit at a pipeline maintenance position and determining the installation position of a saddle-shaped pipe fitting; rounding the pipeline at the installation position of the saddle-shaped pipe fitting; using surface treatment equipment to first flush the pipeline at the installation position of the saddle-shaped pipe fitting, then scrape off the oxide layer, and then flush again; connecting the saddle-shaped pipe fitting to the pipeline by using electric fusion welding, then installing a rack on the saddle-shaped pipe fitting, and performing air tightness test; installing a drilling machine on the rack to drill the pipeline, taking off the drilling machine after drilling is completed, and cleaning the inside of the pipeline under pressure; after cleaning is completed, connecting bypass valves of two racks by using a bypass pipe, performing air tightness test, then opening the bypass valves, installing a plugging device on the rack to plug the pipeline, and reducing the influence on the connection quality between the saddle-shaped pipe fitting and the pipeline.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of pipeline sealing construction, and in particular to a construction process for double sealing and double plugging without interrupting pipeline flow. Background Technology

[0002] Polyethylene pipes are now widely used in gas pipelines. In the past, when a part of the pipeline had a problem and needed to be repaired or replaced, the entire pipeline would have to be shut down. However, this would greatly affect the use of the users. Therefore, nowadays, a double-seal double-blocking process is often used to maintain or replace the pipeline without interrupting the supply, so that a bypass pipe can be set up to transport gas, thereby reducing the impact on the gas use of the users.

[0003] In the existing non-stop double sealing and double plugging process, saddle-shaped pipe fittings need to be fastened to the pipeline by electrofusion. A frame is set on the saddle-shaped pipe fitting, which is used to connect and set up the subsequent hole-opening machine and plugging machine. Before setting the saddle-shaped pipe fitting, the oxide layer on the surface of the polyethylene pipe needs to be scraped off to improve the welding effect.

[0004] Regarding the aforementioned technologies, when the oxide layer is scraped off, some soil impurities are still unavoidably present on the pipe surface. This makes it easy for some impurities to be carried into the pipe surface after the oxide layer is scraped off and embedded therein, which can easily affect the connection quality between the saddle-shaped fittings and the pipe. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To reduce the impact on the connection quality between saddle-shaped pipe fittings and pipelines, this application provides a construction process of double sealing and double plugging without interrupting the flow.

[0006] The construction process of double sealing and double plugging without interrupting the flow provided in this application adopts the following technical solution.

[0007] A construction process for continuous flow double sealing and double plugging includes the following steps.

[0008] Step 1: Excavate the work pit at the pipeline maintenance site and determine the installation position of the saddle-shaped pipe fitting;

[0009] Step 2: Recirculate the pipe at the installation location of the saddle-shaped fitting.

[0010] Step 3: Use surface treatment equipment to first rinse the installation location of the saddle-shaped pipe fitting, then scrape off the oxide layer, and then rinse again.

[0011] Step 4: Connect the saddle-shaped pipe fitting to the pipeline using electrofusion welding, then install the frame on the saddle-shaped pipe fitting and conduct an airtightness test;

[0012] Step 5: Install the hole puncher on the frame to drill holes in the pipe. After drilling is completed, remove the hole puncher and perform pressurized cleaning inside the pipe.

[0013] Step 6: After cleaning, first connect the bypass valves of the two racks using bypass pipes and perform an airtightness test. Then open the bypass valves and install the plug on the rack to seal the pipeline.

[0014] By adopting the above technical solution, the pipe surface is first rinsed, and then the oxide layer is scraped off. This makes it less likely for some debris on the pipe surface to be carried and embedded into the scraped surface of the pipe by the scraper, so that the pipe surface is relatively smooth and the connection strength between the saddle fitting and the pipe is not easily affected, which helps to improve the connection quality between the pipe and the saddle fitting.

[0015] Optionally, the surface treatment equipment includes two hinged movable half-rings that can surround the pipe, a scraper assembly disposed on the movable half-rings for scraping off the oxide layer on the pipe surface, two sets of fixed half-rings hinged and able to be tightly attached to the outer wall of the pipe, a driving device disposed between the two sets of fixed half-rings and causing the movable half-rings to move, and two sets of nozzles that move with the movable half-rings and spray cleaning liquid toward the pipe surface, with the scraper assembly located between the two sets of nozzles.

[0016] By adopting the above technical solution, the nozzle sprays cleaning fluid toward the pipe surface, so that cleaning can be carried out before and after the oxide layer is scraped off, thereby improving the cleanliness of the pipe surface and helping to further improve the connection strength between the pipe and the saddle-shaped fitting.

[0017] Optionally, the driving device includes three driving rods rotatably connected to the fixed half-ring and evenly arranged around the pipeline axis, a driving gear sleeved on the driving rod, a co-rotating bar located on the driving rod and passing through the driving gear, a pneumatic gear meshing with the driving gear, a threaded cylinder coaxially located on the pneumatic gear, a fixed lead screw located on the fixed half-ring and coaxially threadedly connected to the threaded cylinder, a pusher located on the threaded cylinder and pushing the driving gear and the moving half-ring forward along the pipeline axis, a guide rod located on the fixed half-ring and passing through the pusher, and a rod motor located on the fixed half-ring and causing the driving rods to rotate.

[0018] By adopting the above technical solution, the threaded cylinder rotates and moves along the length direction of the fixed screw, so that the pusher moves synchronously. The pusher does not rotate due to the presence of the guide rod, and moves along the length direction of the fixed screw along with the threaded cylinder, so that the drive gear and the moving half ring are driven synchronously to push, so that the moving half ring can move along the length direction of the pipe.

[0019] Optionally, the movable half-ring is provided with an arc rack meshing with the cylindrical gear, the center of the arc rack is consistent with the center of the movable half-ring, the central angle of the arc rack is greater than 120 degrees and less than 180 degrees, a roller is coaxially fixedly connected to the end face of the cylindrical gear, and each movable half-ring is coaxially fixedly connected to an outer wall half-ring for the roller to roll.

[0020] By adopting the above technical solution, it is not necessary to set up a complete circular rack. Only an arc-shaped rack is needed to drive the entire moving half ring to rotate. This allows the moving half ring to rotate while moving forward along the length of the pipe, so that the nozzle can clean the outer wall of the pipe more thoroughly.

[0021] Optionally, each of the threaded cylinders is provided with a set of two pushers, with the movable half-ring located between the two pushers in the same set. Both pushers in the same set are connected to a wheel sleeve, and the wheel sleeve is rotatably connected to a rod ball at the end facing the movable half-ring and the driving gear. The wheel sleeve is threadedly connected to a sleeve screw that can abut against the pusher.

[0022] By adopting the above technical solution, the rod ball can reduce the wear on the corresponding end faces of the moving half ring and the driving gear, and the two sets of pushers provided in each threaded cylinder can enable the driving gear and the moving half ring to reciprocate along the length of the pipe. At the same time, the distance between the rod balls corresponding to the two sets of pushers can be adjusted to better adapt to moving half rings of different lengths.

[0023] Optionally, the movable semi-ring is provided with a sponge that can fit tightly against the surface of the pipe, and the nozzle sprays cleaning fluid toward the contact point between the sponge and the pipe.

[0024] By adopting the above technical solution, the sponge can perform a more thorough cleaning of the pipe surface, thereby further improving the cleanliness of the pipe surface.

[0025] Optionally, each of the nozzles is provided with a nozzle block sleeved on the guide rod, and the nozzle block is detachably connected to the pusher.

[0026] By adopting the above technical solution, the two sets of nozzles can move synchronously with the moving half-ring along its own axis in two directions.

[0027] Optionally, the scraper assembly includes several depth limiting blocks that are radially slidably connected to the moving half-ring, a scraper that can move with the depth limiting blocks and scrape off the oxide layer on the pipe surface, and a compression spring disposed on the moving half-ring that forces the depth limiting blocks to move toward the pipe.

[0028] By adopting the above technical solution, the compression spring forces the depth limiting block to always be in close contact with the pipe surface, so that the thickness of the oxide layer scraped off by the scraper of a certain length of the exposed depth limiting block can be kept consistent, and even when the pipe is not a complete circle, the thickness of the oxide layer scraped off the surface can still maintain good uniformity.

[0029] Optionally, the depth limiting block is threadedly connected to an adjusting screw, and the adjusting screw is rotatably connected to a blade block that is connected to the scraper and slidably connected to the depth limiting block.

[0030] By adopting the above technical solution, the rotation of the adjusting screw can drive the blade block to move, thereby adjusting the length of the scraper exposed outside the depth limit block, so as to make a more convenient adjustment of the thickness of the scraped oxide layer.

[0031] Optionally, the depth limiting block has an arc-shaped opening on the side facing the pipe, and the inner wall of the arc-shaped opening is fitted to the surface of the pipe.

[0032] By adopting the above technical solution, the arc-shaped opening can scrape away impurities on the pipe surface, so that the pipe surface can be cleaned better before the scraper removes the oxide layer on the pipe surface, making it less likely for impurities on the pipe surface to be carried by the scraper and embedded into the pipe surface after the oxide layer is removed.

[0033] In summary, this application includes at least one of the following beneficial effects:

[0034] 1. Some debris on the pipe surface is less likely to be carried and embedded into the scraped surface of the pipe by the scraper, so that the pipe surface is relatively flat, and the connection strength between the saddle fitting and the pipe is less likely to be affected, which helps to improve the connection quality between the pipe and the saddle fitting.

[0035] 2. The moving half-ring can rotate while moving forward along the length of the pipe, so that the nozzle can clean the outer wall of the pipe more thoroughly. Attached Figure Description

[0036] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the main structure of this application;

[0037] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the structure at the moving semi-ring;

[0038] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 Enlarged view of point A in the middle;

[0039] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure of the moving semi-ring and the depth-limiting block;

[0040] Figure 5 yes Figure 4 Enlarged view of section B in the middle.

[0041] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached drawings: 1. Moving half-ring; 2. Scraper assembly; 3. Nozzle; 31. Compression spring; 32. Adjusting screw; 33. Blade block; 34. Roller; 35. Outer wall half-ring; 36. Arc-shaped opening; 37. Guide rod; 38. Block; 4. Fixed half-ring; 41. Wheel sleeve; 42. Rod motor; 43. Rotating bar; 44. Sponge body; 45. Nozzle block; 46. Push rod; 47. Opening limit plate; 48. Depth limit block; 49. Scraper; 5. Drive device; 51. Drive rod; 52. Drive gear; 53. Cylindrical gear; 54. Threaded cylinder; 55. Fixed lead screw; 56. Push part; 57. Arc rack; 58. Rod ball; 59. Sleeve screw. Detailed Implementation

[0042] The present application will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0043] This application discloses a construction process for uninterrupted double sealing and double plugging, which specifically includes the following steps.

[0044] Step 1: Excavate the work pit at the pipeline maintenance site and determine the installation position of the saddle-shaped pipe fitting;

[0045] Step 2: Recirculate the pipe at the installation location of the saddle-shaped fitting.

[0046] Step 3: Use surface treatment equipment to first rinse the installation location of the saddle-shaped pipe fitting, then scrape off the oxide layer, and then rinse again.

[0047] Step 4: Connect the saddle-shaped pipe fitting to the pipeline using electrofusion welding, then install the frame on the saddle-shaped pipe fitting and conduct an airtightness test;

[0048] Step 5: Install the hole puncher on the frame to drill holes in the pipe. After drilling is completed, remove the hole puncher and perform pressurized cleaning inside the pipe.

[0049] Step 6: After cleaning, first connect the bypass valves of the two racks using bypass pipes and perform an airtightness test. Then open the bypass valves and install the plug on the rack to seal the pipeline.

[0050] Reference Figure 1The surface treatment equipment includes two movable half-rings 1 with hinged ends. The movable half-rings 1 are semi-circular. The two movable half-rings 1 can be connected and fixed by bolts at the hinge points away from themselves. After installation, the axis of the movable half-rings 1 is consistent with the axis of the pipe. Two sets of fixed half-rings 4 are installed on the pipe. The connection method between the two fixed half-rings 4 in the same set can be consistent with the connection method between the two movable half-rings 1. The axis of the fixed half-rings 4 is consistent with the axis of the movable half-rings 1. A driving device 5 is installed between the two sets of fixed half-rings 4. The driving device 5 causes the movable half-rings 1 to move along the axis of the fixed half-rings 4 and rotate around the axis of the fixed half-rings 4. A scraper assembly 2 is installed on the movable half-rings 1 facing the inner wall of the pipe. The scraper assembly 2 scrapes off the oxide layer on the surface of the pipe.

[0051] Reference Figure 1 and Figure 2 The driving device 5 includes three driving rods 51 rotatably connected to two sets of fixed half-rings 4. Each driving rod 51 has its two ends connected to two corresponding fixed half-rings 4 in each set. The three driving rods 51 are evenly arranged around the axis of the fixed half-rings 4. Two driving rods 51 are positioned on one fixed half-ring 4, and the remaining driving rod 51 is positioned on the other fixed half-ring 4 in the same set. The length direction of the driving rods 51 is consistent with the axial direction of the fixed half-rings 4. Three rod motors 42 are fixedly connected to the fixed half-rings 4, and each rod motor 42 outputs... Each shaft is coaxially fixedly connected to a corresponding drive rod 51. Each drive rod 51 is equipped with a drive gear 52, and each drive rod 51 is fixedly connected to a rotating bar 43. The length direction of the rotating bar 43 is consistent with the length direction of the drive rod 51. The rotating bar 43 passes through the drive gear 52, and the drive gear 52 is slidably connected to the rotating bar 43 and the drive rod 51 along the length direction of the drive rod 51. Each drive gear 52 meshes with a paddle gear 53, and each paddle gear 53 is coaxially fixedly connected to a threaded cylinder 54. Three fixed lead screws 55 are fixedly connected between the two sets of fixed half rings 4. The three fixed lead screws 55 are evenly arranged around the axis of the fixed half ring 4, and the length direction of the fixed lead screws 55 is consistent with the axis direction of the fixed half ring 4. Each fixed lead screw 55 is coaxially threaded to the inner wall of a corresponding threaded cylinder 54.

[0052] Reference Figure 2 and Figure 3The driving device 5 also includes a pusher 56 rotatably connected to the threaded cylinder 54. Each threaded cylinder 54 has a pusher 56 on both end faces. The pusher 56 rotates around the axis of the corresponding threaded cylinder 54. Three guide rods 37 are fixedly connected between the two sets of fixed half rings 4. The length direction of the guide rods 37 is consistent with the length direction of the threaded cylinder 54. Each pusher 56 is sleeved along the length direction of the guide rod 37 and slidably connected to one guide rod 37. Each pusher 56 has a pusher rod 46 integrally formed at both ends. A wheel sleeve tube 41 is inserted into the pusher rod 46 along the axis of the threaded cylinder 54. The outer wall of the wheel sleeve tube 41 is threaded with a sleeve screw 59 that can abut against the pusher rod 46 at one end of the wheel sleeve tube 41, so as to adjust the distance between the two wheel sleeve tubes 41 at the close ends of the two pushers 56 of the same threaded cylinder 54. Each wheel sleeve 41 is rotatably connected to a rod ball 58 at the end away from the corresponding push part 56. The rod balls 58 at both ends of the same push part 56 are rotatably connected to the end faces of the drive gear 52 and the moving half ring 1, so that the drive gear 52 and the moving half ring 1 can move synchronously with the movement of the threaded cylinder 54.

[0053] Reference Figure 2 A movable half-ring 1 is coaxially fixedly connected to an arc rack 57 on its outer circumference. The central angle of the arc rack 57 is between 120 degrees and 180 degrees, ensuring that two pneumatic gears 53 can always mesh with the arc rack 57. Simultaneously, two sets of outer wall half-rings 35 are coaxially fixedly connected to the outer circumference of the movable half-ring 1. Each set of outer wall half-rings 35 has two interlocking rings with adjacent ends inserted. After the two movable half-rings 1 are installed and fixed, the two outer wall half-rings 35 form a complete circle, with the arc rack 57 located between the two adjacent sets of outer wall half-rings 35. Rollers 34 are coaxially fixedly connected to both end faces of the pneumatic gears 53. The outer circumferences of the rollers 34 are rolled along the outer circumferences of the outer wall half-rings 35, allowing the movable half-ring 1 to be stably driven to rotate.

[0054] Reference Figure 2 Two sets of nozzle blocks 45 are inserted through the guide rod 37. The pusher 56 is located between the two sets of nozzle blocks 45. Three nozzle blocks 45 are evenly arranged around the axis of the fixed semi-ring 4. Each nozzle block 45 is slidably connected to a corresponding guide rod 37 along the length of the guide rod 37. Each nozzle block 45 can be detachably connected to a corresponding pusher 56 by screws. A nozzle 3 is fixedly connected to the side of each nozzle block 45 away from the pusher 56. The nozzle 3 is connected to an external high-pressure water pump to spray high-pressure cleaning fluid onto the pipe surface. A sponge 44 that can adhere tightly to the pipe surface is attached to the inner circumference of both ends of each movable semi-ring 1. Each sponge 44 is semi-circular. The nozzle 3 sprays cleaning fluid toward the contact point between the sponge 44 and the pipe, so that when the nozzle 3 cleans the pipe surface, some of the cleaning fluid can be absorbed by the sponge 44, so that the sponge 44 can perform a better cleaning work on the pipe surface.

[0055] Reference Figure 4 and Figure 5 The scraper assembly 2 includes several depth-limiting blocks 48 evenly arranged around the axis of the movable semi-ring 1. The depth-limiting blocks 48 are radially inserted into and slidably connected to the movable semi-ring 1. A compression spring 31 is placed inside the movable semi-ring 1 corresponding to each depth-limiting block 48. The compression spring 31 forces the depth-limiting block 48 to move toward the axis of the movable semi-ring 1. An opening limiting piece 47 is fixedly connected to the opening of the movable semi-ring 1 where the depth-limiting block 48 is exposed. A piece 38 is integrally formed on the outer wall of the depth-limiting block 48. The piece 38 can abut against the opening limiting piece 47, making it difficult for the depth-limiting block 48 to completely detach from the movable semi-ring 1. The depth-limiting block 48 has an arc-shaped opening 36 on the side facing the pipe. The inner circumference of the arc-shaped opening 36 can fit against the surface of the pipe, so that some of the impurities on the surface of the pipe can be scraped away by the side of the opening of the arc-shaped opening 36. A blade block 33 is slidably connected radially to the side of the depth limiting block 48 facing the pipe along the movable half-ring 1. A scraper 49 is fixedly connected to the surface of the pipe facing the blade block 33. The scraper 49 passes through and protrudes from the depth limiting block 48 to scrape off a portion of the oxide layer on the pipe surface. An adjusting screw 32 is threadedly connected to the side of the depth limiting block 48 facing the compression spring 31. The adjusting screw 32 passes through the compression spring 31 and the movable half-ring 1. The adjusting screw 32 is rotatably connected to the side of the blade block 33 facing the compression spring 31, so that the length of the scraper 49 protruding from the depth limiting block 48 can be adjusted.

[0056] The implementation principle of the non-stop double-sealing and double-blocking construction process in this application embodiment is as follows: When scraping off the oxide layer on the pipe surface, first install the moving half-ring 1 corresponding to the pipe, and then install the fixed half-ring 4 corresponding to the pipe. Then, the nozzle 3 sprays cleaning fluid towards the pipe, and at the same time, the rod motor 42 runs, so that the moving half-ring 1 can rotate and move forward, so that the nozzle 3 moves forward, the sponge 44 rotates and moves forward, and the scraper 49 rotates and moves forward, so that the pipe surface can be cleaned well before and after the scraper 49 scrapes off the oxide layer at the corresponding position.

[0057] The above are all preferred embodiments of this application, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of this application. Therefore, all equivalent changes made in accordance with the structure, shape and principle of this application should be covered within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A construction technique for continuous flow double sealing and double plugging, characterized in that: Specifically, the following steps are included: Step 1: Excavate the work pit at the pipeline maintenance site and determine the installation position of the saddle-shaped pipe fitting; Step 2: Recirculate the pipe at the installation location of the saddle-shaped fitting. Step 3: Use surface treatment equipment to first rinse the installation location of the saddle-shaped pipe fitting, then scrape off the oxide layer, and then rinse again. Step 4: Connect the saddle-shaped pipe fitting to the pipeline using electrofusion welding, then install the frame on the saddle-shaped pipe fitting and conduct an airtightness test; Step 5: Install the hole puncher on the frame to drill holes in the pipe. After drilling is completed, remove the hole puncher and perform pressurized cleaning inside the pipe. Step 6: After cleaning, first connect the bypass valves of the two racks with bypass pipes and perform an airtightness test. Then open the bypass valves and install the plug on the rack to seal the pipeline. The surface treatment equipment includes two hinged movable half-rings (1) that can surround the pipe, a scraper assembly (2) located on the movable half-rings (1) for scraping off the oxide layer on the pipe surface, two sets of fixed half-rings (4) that are hinged and can be closely attached to the outer wall of the pipe, a drive device (5) located between the two sets of fixed half-rings (4) and causing the movable half-rings (1) to move, and two sets of nozzles (3) that move with the movable half-rings (1) and spray cleaning liquid toward the pipe surface, with the scraper assembly (2) located between the two sets of nozzles (3). The driving device (5) includes three driving rods (51) rotatably connected to the fixed half ring (4) and evenly arranged around the pipeline axis, a driving gear (52) sleeved on the driving rods (51), a co-rotating bar (43) provided on the driving rods (51) and passing through the driving gear (52), a pneumatic gear (53) meshing with the driving gear (52), a threaded cylinder (54) coaxially provided on the pneumatic gear (53), a fixed lead screw (55) provided on the fixed half ring (4) and coaxially threadedly connected to the threaded cylinder (54), a pusher (56) rotatably connected to the threaded cylinder (54) and pushing the driving gear (52) and the moving half ring (1) forward along the pipeline axis, a guide rod (37) provided on the fixed half ring (4) and passing through the pusher (56), and a rod motor (42) provided on the fixed half ring (4) and causing the driving rods (51) to rotate. The movable half-ring (1) is provided with an arc rack (57) meshing with the cylindrical gear (53). The center of the arc rack (57) is the same as the center of the movable half-ring (1). The central angle of the arc rack (57) is greater than 120 degrees and less than 180 degrees. A roller (34) is coaxially fixedly connected to the end face of the cylindrical gear (53). Each movable half-ring (1) is coaxially fixedly connected to an outer wall half-ring (35) for the roller (34) to roll. The moving half-ring (1) is provided with a sponge (44) that can fit tightly against the surface of the pipe, and the nozzle (3) sprays cleaning liquid toward the contact point between the sponge (44) and the pipe.

2. The construction process of double sealing and double plugging without interrupting supply as described in claim 1, characterized in that: Each of the threaded cylinders (54) is provided with a set of two pushers (56), with the movable half ring (1) located between the two pushers (56) in the same set. Both pushers (56) in the same set are connected to a wheel sleeve (41). The wheel sleeve (41) is rotatably connected to a rod ball (58) at one end facing the movable half ring (1) and the driving gear (52). The wheel sleeve (41) is threaded with a sleeve screw (59) that can abut against the pusher (56).

3. The construction process of double sealing and double plugging without interrupting supply as described in claim 1, characterized in that: Each of the nozzles (3) is provided with a nozzle block (45) sleeved on the guide rod (37), and the nozzle block (45) is detachably connected to the push part (56).

4. The construction process of double sealing and double plugging without interrupting supply as described in claim 1, characterized in that: The scraper assembly (2) includes several depth limiting blocks (48) that are radially slidably connected to the movable half ring (1), a scraper (49) that can move with the depth limiting blocks (48) and scrape off the oxide layer on the pipe surface, and a compression spring (31) provided on the movable half ring (1) and forcing the depth limiting blocks (48) to move toward the pipe.

5. The construction process of double sealing and double plugging without interrupting supply as described in claim 4, characterized in that: The depth limiting block (48) is threadedly connected to an adjusting screw (32), and the adjusting screw (32) is rotatably connected to a blade block (33) that is connected to the scraper (49) and slidably connected to the depth limiting block (48).

6. The construction process of double sealing and double plugging without interrupting supply as described in claim 4, characterized in that: The depth limiting block (48) has an arc-shaped opening (36) on the side facing the pipe, and the inner wall of the arc-shaped opening (36) is attached to the surface of the pipe.

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