A Design Method for Extrusion Forming Blanks of T-shaped Cross-section Shaft Forgings

Abstract

The present solution discloses a design method for an extrusion forming blank of a T-shaped cross-section shaft forging, belonging to the technical field of forging processing. The method includes: determining the initial shape and dimensions of the blank of the T-shaped cross-section forging, wherein the initial shape is designed with a tapered upper end and a central hole in the rod part; performing numerical simulation on the angle and height of the taper and the shape and dimensions of the central hole to obtain simulation results; determining the optimal taper angle and height and the shape and dimensions of the central hole according to the simulation results and actual production conditions. This solution can increase the strain of the forging end, improve the uniformity of strain distribution, and improve the efficiency of blank design.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of shaft forging processing, and particularly to a design method for an extrusion forming blank of a T-shaped cross-section shaft forging, an extrusion forming process for a T-shaped cross-section forging, a computing device, and a storage medium. Background Art

[0002] Shaft components in the iron and steel industry are extremely widely used, covering construction, water conservancy, aviation, shipbuilding and other construction fields. With the progress of technology, the accuracy requirements for workpieces in various fields are constantly increasing. Especially the development of the aviation industry and the shipbuilding industry has put forward higher requirements for the configuration, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, strength, tissue uniformity, etc. of shaft components. Therefore, solving the problems of uneven tissue and unbalanced lubrication that occur during the forging and extrusion of shaft components is an important topic for improving the comprehensive performance of forgings.

[0003] A T-shaped cross-section shaft forging is a forging whose cross-sectional dimensions or shapes change in its length direction. Currently, when extruding a T-shaped cross-section forging, a cylindrical blank will cause local non-deformation or small deformation at both ends of the forging, resulting in uneven strain distribution and poor tissue uniformity at both ends of the forging. For transmission components with key load-bearing flanges or pin slots at both ends, it seriously affects the comprehensive performance of the forging. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In order to solve the technical problems existing in the background art, the present invention proposes a design method for an extrusion forming blank of a T-shaped cross-section shaft forging. By numerically simulating, the shape and size of the hollow extrusion forming blank are reasonably designed, and the upper-end conical angle, conical height, and the position and size of the center hole diameter change of the blank that can make the strain field of the forging optimal are selected, which can reduce the waste of materials during the forging process, reduce production costs, ensure that the forging has better mechanical properties and dimensional stability during the final forming process, and improve the overall production efficiency.

[0005] According to the first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a design method for an extrusion forming blank of a T-shaped cross-section shaft forging, including: determining the initial shape and size of the blank of the T-shaped cross-section forging, the initial shape being designed with a conical upper end and a center hole in the rod part; numerically simulating the angle and height of the cone and the shape and size of the center hole to obtain a simulation result; determining the optimal conical angle, height, and center hole shape and size according to the simulation result and actual production conditions.

[0006] In the above technical solution, by designing the upper end face of the blank of the T-shaped cross-section forging as a cone, the flow characteristics of the blank can be optimized, enabling the blank to fill the die more fully and improving the utilization efficiency of the blank. By numerically simulating and optimizing the angle and height of the cone and the position and size of the stepped diameter of the central hole, the uniformity of the strain field during the forging forming process can be ensured, which can reduce production costs and material waste while improving production efficiency and product quality.

[0007] Optionally, in the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging provided by the present invention, according to the extrusion ratio and the law of volume conservation, the outer diameter size of the blank is determined; according to the flow characteristics of the metal during the extrusion forming process, the upper end part of the blank of the T-shaped cross-section forging is designed as a cone, and a central hole is provided in the rod part; according to the extrusion die, the initial angle and height of the cone at the upper end part of the blank are set.

[0008] Optionally, in the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging provided by the present invention, a geometric model of the blank and the die is established by CAD software, and the geometric model is imported into the finite element analysis software; the blank parameters, loads, and boundary conditions are set; the blank and the die are meshed, and the finite element analysis is started to calculate and simulate the metal flow, strain, and stress distribution data during the extrusion process to obtain the simulation results.

[0009] In the above technical solution, by analyzing the maximum strain region and local strain concentration of each part during the extrusion process with the finite element analysis software, it is helpful to evaluate the deformation of the material and the possible failure regions.

[0010] Optionally, in the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging provided by the present invention, the property parameters including the thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity of the blank are input into the finite element analysis software; the contact surface between the blank and the die is defined, and the friction coefficient of the contact surface is set; an axial pressure matching the actual production conditions is applied to the blank.

[0011] Optionally, in the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging provided by the present invention, the central hole is set as a stepped cross-section hole that conforms to the shape of the extrusion rod, and the stepped diameter position and size of the stepped cross-section hole are determined according to the strain field and stress distribution data during the numerical simulation process.

[0012] Optionally, in the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging provided by the present invention, the optimization objective is determined to be maximizing the end strain and uniform stress distribution; numerical simulations are run for different combinations of the conical angle and height to obtain data on the strain field and stress distribution; by comparing the strain fields corresponding to different conical angles and heights, the optimal conical angle and height with the maximum end strain and uniform strain distribution are selected; numerical simulations are performed for different center hole diameter-changing positions and sizes to obtain data on the strain field and stress distribution; by comparing the strain fields corresponding to different center hole diameter-changing positions and sizes, the optimal center hole diameter-changing position and size with the maximum end strain and uniform strain distribution are selected.

[0013] Optionally, in the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging provided by the present invention, an experimental blank is fabricated based on the numerically simulated optimal conical angle and height, as well as the center hole diameter-changing position and size, and an actual extrusion test is carried out; the experimental test results including temperature, load, stress, and deformation conditions during the extrusion forming process are collected; based on the experimental test results, the conical angle, cone height, and the position and size of the center hole diameter change are further optimized.

[0014] The above technical solution can avoid waste and cost increase caused by improper design in actual production through precise design optimization and experimental verification, and can perform customized design optimization for specific forging shapes and requirements, thereby maximizing the quality and forming uniformity of the forging and ensuring the production of shaft forgings that meet expectations.

[0015] According to the second aspect of the present invention, an extrusion forming process for a T-shaped cross-section forging is provided, including: designing the blank based on the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging described in the first aspect of the present invention to determine the upper end conical angle and height of the blank, as well as the position and size of the center hole diameter change; cutting the metal blank based on the upper end conical angle and height of the blank, as well as the position and size of the center hole diameter change, and heating the blank to a preset extrusion temperature; placing the heated blank into an extruder, adjusting the speed and pressure of the extruder, and forming a T-shaped cross-section forging from the blank through a die.

[0016] According to the third aspect of the present invention, a computing device is provided, including: at least one processor; and a memory storing program instructions, wherein the program instructions are configured to be executed by at least one processor, and the program instructions include those for executing the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging in the first aspect of the present invention.

[0017] According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, a readable storage medium storing program instructions is provided, which, when the program instructions are read and executed by a computing device, causes the computing device to execute the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging in the first aspect of the present invention.

[0018] According to the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging provided by the present invention, the shape and size of the hollow extrusion forming blank are reasonably designed through numerical simulation. After repeated comparison and optimization, the strain of the forging is increased. The conical angle and height of the upper end of the blank and the position and size of the diameter change of the central hole that can make the strain field of the forging optimal are selected, which improves the deformation uniformity, can reduce the waste of materials during forging, reduce the production cost, ensure that the forging has better mechanical properties and dimensional stability during the final forming process, and improve the overall production efficiency.

[0019] The above description is only an overview of the technical solution of the present invention. In order to be able to understand the technical means of the present invention more clearly, it can be implemented according to the content of the specification. And in order to make the above and other purposes, features and advantages of the present invention more obvious and understandable, the following specifically gives the specific embodiments of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] By reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, various other advantages and benefits will become clear to those of ordinary skill in the art. The drawings are only for the purpose of showing the preferred embodiments and are not considered to be a limitation of the present invention. And throughout the drawings, the same reference numerals are used to represent the same components. In the drawings:

[0021] Figure 1 A schematic flow chart of the design method 001 of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0022] Figure 2 A numerical simulation schematic diagram of the first design parameters of the upper end surface of the blank cooperating with the first mold according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0023] Figure 3 A numerical simulation schematic diagram of the second design parameters of the upper end surface of the blank cooperating with the first mold according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0024] Figure 4 A numerical simulation schematic diagram of the third design parameters of the upper end surface of the blank cooperating with the first mold according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0025] Figure 5 A numerical simulation schematic diagram of the fourth design parameters of the upper end surface of the blank cooperating with the first mold according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0026] Figure 6 A numerical simulation schematic diagram of the first design parameters of the central hole of the blank cooperating with the first mold according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0027] Figure 7Shows a numerical simulation schematic diagram of the second design parameter of the blank center hole in cooperation with the first die according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 8 Shows a numerical simulation schematic diagram of the first design parameter of the upper end face of the blank in cooperation with the second die according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 9 Shows a numerical simulation schematic diagram of the second design parameter of the upper end face of the blank in cooperation with the second die according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 10 Shows a structural diagram of a computing device 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed implementation manners

[0031] The blank design is a key step in the entire forging process, and its shape and size directly affect the uniformity of metal flow and the internal structure of the forging. If the traditional integral die structure is used for the extrusion forming of the T-shaped cross-section ring bearing forging, the stability of the forging will be poor.

[0032] In order to effectively improve the uniformity of the overall tissue deformation of the forging, this solution proposes a design method for the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging. Through the numerical simulation of the conical shape of the blank and the variable diameter of the blank center hole, the strain at the end of the forging can be increased, and the overall tissue uniformity of the T-shaped cross-section forging can be improved.

[0033] Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments set forth herein. On the contrary, these embodiments are provided so that the present disclosure can be more thoroughly understood and the scope of the present disclosure can be completely conveyed to those skilled in the art.

[0034] Figure 1 Shows a flowchart of a design method 001 for an extrusion forming blank of a T-shaped cross-section shaft forging according to an embodiment of the present invention. As Figure 1 shown, the method 001 starts from step S010, determines the initial shape and size of the T-shaped cross-section forging blank, and the initial shape is designed to be conical at the upper end and have a center hole in the rod part.

[0035] Specifically, the outer diameter dimension of the blank can be determined based on the extrusion ratio and the law of volume conservation. Among them, the extrusion ratio refers to the ratio of the initial cross-sectional area of the blank to the cross-sectional area of the final forging, which is usually used to predict the metal flow and deformation conditions. Setting an appropriate extrusion ratio can help control the fluidity and deformation uniformity of the metal. Since the total volume of the metal remains unchanged during the forging process, the outer diameter dimension of the blank can be calculated according to the law of volume conservation to ensure that the metal flows into each area.

[0036] According to the flow characteristics of the metal during the extrusion forming process, the upper end of the blank of the T-shaped cross-section forging is designed as a cone, and a central hole is provided in the rod part. Designing the upper end of the blank as a cone helps to guide the metal to flow uniformly towards the T-shaped head and the rod part of the forging during the hot extrusion process. The angle of the upper cone will affect the direction and speed of the metal flow. An appropriate cone angle can guide the metal to flow into each area of the die, reducing dead angles and non-uniform deformation.

[0037] The cone height determines the guiding distance of the metal flow. If it is too short, it may not be able to fully guide the metal flow; if it is too long, it may waste materials. The selection of the cone height needs to be based on the size of the forging and the design of the die. The initial angle and height of the cone at the upper end of the blank can be set according to the extrusion die.

[0038] Subsequently, step S020 is executed to perform numerical simulations on the angle and height of the cone and the shape and size of the central hole to obtain the simulation results.

[0039] Specifically, use CAD software to create the geometric models of the blank and the die, and import the geometric models into the finite element analysis software. Set the blank parameters, loads, and boundary conditions. For example, input the property parameters including the thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity of the blank in the finite element analysis software; define the contact surface between the blank and the die, and set the friction coefficient of the contact surface; apply an axial pressure to the blank that matches the actual production conditions.

[0040] Perform mesh division on the blank and the die, start the finite element analysis, and calculate the data of metal flow, strain, and stress distribution during the simulated extrusion process to obtain the simulation results. Among them, monitor the maximum strain area and local strain concentration at each part during the extrusion process, the metal flow path, and the hydraulic press load applied to the blank through the finite element analysis software.

[0041] Finally, step S030 is executed to determine the optimal cone angle and height and the shape and size of the central hole according to the simulation results and the actual production conditions.

[0042] The design of the blank involves multiple stages, including simulation analysis, experimental verification, and optimization adjustment, to ensure that the blank design adapts to the actual heating, transfer conditions, hydraulic press load, etc. on-site. The extrusion forming process of the forging is simulated through finite element analysis software, which is used to simulate the influence of different design parameters on the metal flow characteristics and strain distribution. This step is iterative and requires multiple simulations and adjustments to find the optimal design parameters to achieve good material filling and stress distribution.

[0043] Among them, the central hole is set as a variable cross-section hole with a shape following that of the extrusion rod, and the variable diameter position and size of the variable cross-section hole are determined according to the strain field and stress distribution data during the numerical simulation process.

[0044] In an embodiment of the present invention, the optimization goal can be first determined as maximizing the end strain and uniform strain distribution; numerical simulations are run for different combinations of conical angles and heights to obtain data on the strain field and stress distribution; by comparing the strain fields corresponding to different conical angles and heights, the optimal conical angle and height with the largest end strain and uniform strain distribution are selected.

[0045] Numerical simulations are carried out for different variable diameter positions and sizes of the central hole to obtain data on the strain field and stress distribution; by comparing the strain fields corresponding to different variable diameter positions and sizes of the central hole, the optimal variable diameter position and size of the central hole with the largest end strain and uniform strain distribution are selected.

[0046] Specifically, a three-dimensional numerical model of the blank extrusion process can be established using finite element analysis software. In the model, the conical angle (such as 0°, 10°, 30°, 45°, etc.) and height (such as 10%-20% of the blank height) of the blank are defined for multiple simulations, and the maximum strain of the blank and the uniformity of the strain distribution are recorded. The variable diameter position (usually located in the stress concentration area) and size of the central hole of the blank are defined in the model for multiple simulations, the strain fields of different models are compared, the fluidity and uniformity of the blank are analyzed, and the maximum strain of the blank and the uniformity of the strain distribution are recorded. According to the recorded results, the conical angle and height as well as the variable diameter position and size of the central hole that can make the strain field of the forging reach the optimal are selected.

[0047] After determining all design parameters, combined with the actual on-site heating, transportation conditions, and the load of the hydraulic press, etc., experimental blanks can be made based on the numerically simulated optimal conical angle and height, as well as the position and size of the center hole diameter change, and actual extrusion tests can be carried out. Evaluate the quality and forming uniformity of the forgings according to the test results, that is, collect the experimental test results including temperature, load, stress, and deformation conditions during the extrusion forming process; further optimize the conical angle, cone height, and the position and size of the center hole diameter change based on the experimental test results. By evaluating the quality of the forgings, ensure that the designed blanks meet all mechanical and structural requirements. This method helps to reduce the number of trial and error, optimize the production process, and save costs.

[0048] Figure 2 The numerical simulation schematic diagram of the first design parameters of the upper end face of the blank cooperating with the first die according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. The conical angle of the first design parameters of the upper end face of the blank is 0. Figure 3 The numerical simulation schematic diagram of the second design parameters of the upper end face of the blank cooperating with the first die according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. The conical angle of the second design parameters of the upper end face of the blank is 60 degrees. Figure 4 The numerical simulation schematic diagram of the third design parameters of the upper end face of the blank cooperating with the first die according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. The conical angle of the third design parameters of the upper end face of the blank is 45 degrees. Figure 5 The numerical simulation schematic diagram of the fourth design parameters of the upper end face of the blank cooperating with the first die according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. The conical angle of the fourth design parameters of the upper end face of the blank is 30 degrees.

[0049] Combined with Figures 2 - 5 As shown, the flat anvil head of the first die is a flat surface, mainly used to support and stabilize the forging. On the upper end face of the blank, the conical angle cooperates with the flat anvil head, which can make the head of the blank obtain a larger deformation amount and effectively avoid the extrusion dead zone.

[0050] Figures 2 - 5 The conical angles in are 0°, 60°, 45°, and 30° respectively. By changing the angle and height of the upper end face cone, different deformation amounts can be obtained for the blank during extrusion. Through finite element analysis software, such as ABAQUS, ANSYS, etc., or software specialized for metal forming simulation, such as DEFORM, a three-dimensional numerical model of the blank extrusion process is established. The model includes the geometric shape of the blank, stress-strain curve, and extrusion process parameters, etc. Set the initial conditions of the extrusion process, including the initial position of the blank, the application method and magnitude of the extrusion force, and the heating temperature.

[0051] Define the conical angle and height of the blank in the model and perform multiple simulations. Record the maximum strain, strain efficiency, and uniformity of strain distribution of the blank to obtain its final strain field. Select the conical angle and height that can optimize the strain field of the forging by comparing the recorded results.

[0052] Figure 6 Fig. shows a numerical simulation schematic diagram of the first design parameter of the central hole of the blank cooperating with the first die according to an embodiment of the present invention. The first design parameter of the central hole of the blank is a through hole with the same diameter. Figure 7 Fig. shows a numerical simulation schematic diagram of the second design parameter of the central hole of the blank cooperating with the first die according to an embodiment of the present invention. The second design parameter of the central hole of the blank is a variable cross-section hole designed to follow the shape of the extrusion rod.

[0053] Combined with Figures 6 - 7 As shown, there is a central hole in the center of the blank, and the shape and size of the central hole also have an important impact on the deformation and performance of the forging. By changing the cross-sectional diameter of the central hole, that is, Figure 6 and Figure 7 The central hole is respectively set as a through hole with the same diameter or a variable cross-section hole designed to follow the shape of the extrusion rod. By comparing the results of the two different schemes, select the appropriate design parameter of the central hole of the blank as a variable cross-section hole designed to follow the shape of the extrusion rod.

[0054] Figure 8 Fig. shows a numerical simulation schematic diagram of the first design parameter of the upper end face of the blank cooperating with the second die according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 9 Fig. shows a numerical simulation schematic diagram of the second design parameter of the upper end face of the blank cooperating with the second die according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0055] As Figure 8 and Figure 9 shown, the punch of the second die is usually used to shape the contour, holes, and surface features of the forging. On the upper end face of the blank, the conical angle cooperates with the punch to enable the head of the blank to obtain a larger deformation amount, the overall has a higher strain efficiency, and effectively avoids the extrusion dead zone.

[0056] By changing the angle and height of the upper end face cone, different deformation amounts can be obtained during the extrusion process of the blank. For example, a three-dimensional numerical model of the blank extrusion process is established through finite element analysis software, and the model includes the geometric shape of the blank, stress-strain curve, extrusion process parameters (such as the geometric shape and movement trajectory of the extrusion rod), etc. Numerical simulations of the extrusion processes of blanks with different conical angles and heights can obtain their final strain fields, and the optimal design parameters of the upper end face cone angle are selected by comparing their final strain fields. The optimal design parameters will show a more uniform strain distribution and a larger strain amount.

[0057] To verify the accuracy and practicality of the simulation results, test blanks can be made based on the selected optimal conical angle and height, as well as the position and size of the central hole diameter change, and actual extrusion tests can be carried out. Key data such as temperature, load, stress, and deformation during the forming process can be collected, and the experimental data can be compared with the simulation results to evaluate the quality and forming uniformity of the forgings; the blank design parameters can be adjusted according to the test results.

[0058] According to an embodiment of the present invention, for the extrusion forming process of a T-shaped cross-section forging, the blank can be designed based on the above-mentioned design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging to determine the upper conical angle and height of the blank, as well as the position and size of the central hole diameter change; the metal blank can be cut based on the upper conical angle and height of the blank, as well as the position and size of the central hole diameter change, and the blank can be heated to the preset extrusion temperature; the heated blank can be placed in an extruder, and the speed and pressure of the extruder can be adjusted to make the blank form a T-shaped cross-section forging through the die.

[0059] Figure 10 FIG. shows a structural diagram of a computing device 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As Figure 10 shown, the computing device 100 may include a memory 106 and a processor 104. A memory bus 108 may be used for communication between the processor 104 and the system memory 106.

[0060] The memory 106 may include an operating system 120, applications 122, and program data 124. The applications 122 may be arranged to execute instructions by one or more processors 104 on the operating system using the program data 124. The applications 122 include program instructions for implementing various user-desired functions.

[0061] When the computing device 100 starts to run, the processor 104 reads the program instructions of the operating system 120 from the memory 106 and executes them. The applications 122 run on the operating system 120 and use the interfaces provided by the operating system 120 and the underlying hardware to implement various user-desired functions. When the user starts an application 122, the application 122 is loaded into the memory 106, and the processor 104 reads and executes the program instructions of the application 122 from the memory 106.

[0062] The computing device 100 further includes a storage device 132 and an output device 142. The storage device 132 is connected to a storage interface bus 134. And an interface bus 140 that facilitates communication from various interface devices (e.g., output device 142, peripheral interface 144, and communication device 146) via a bus / interface controller 130.

[0063] The peripheral interface 144 may include a serial interface controller 154 and a parallel interface controller 156, which may be configured to facilitate communication with external devices such as input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device) or other peripherals (e.g., printer, scanner, etc.) via one or more I / O ports 158. The communication device 146 may include a network controller 160, which may be arranged to facilitate communication with one or more other computing devices 162 via one or more communication ports 164 through a network communication link. In the computing device 100 according to the present invention, the application 122 includes instructions for executing the design method 001 of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging of the present invention.

[0064] According to the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging provided by the present invention, the shape and size of the hollow extrusion forming blank are reasonably designed through numerical simulation. Through repeated comparison and optimization, the strain of the forging is increased. The upper end conical angle and cone height of the blank and the position and size of the central hole diameter change that can make the strain field of the forging optimal are selected, which improves the deformation uniformity, can reduce the waste of materials in the forging process, reduce the production cost, ensure that the forging has better mechanical properties and dimensional stability in the final forming process, and improve the overall production efficiency.

[0065] In the specification provided herein, a large number of specific details are set forth. It will be understood, however, that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known methods, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description.

[0066] Those skilled in the art should understand that the modules or units or components of the devices in the examples disclosed herein may be arranged in the devices as described in that embodiment, or alternatively may be located in one or more devices different from the devices in that example. The modules in the foregoing examples may be combined into one module or further divided into multiple sub-modules.

[0067] Although some of the embodiments described herein include certain features included in other embodiments but not others, the combination of features of different embodiments means within the scope of the present invention and forms different embodiments.

[0068] In addition, some of the embodiments herein are described as methods or combinations of method elements that may be implemented by a processor of a computer system or by other devices performing the functions. Accordingly, a processor having the necessary instructions for implementing the method or method elements forms a means for implementing the method or method elements. In addition, the elements described herein in the device embodiments are examples of devices for implementing the functions performed by the elements for the purpose of implementing the present invention.

[0069] Although the invention has been described in terms of a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the foregoing description, will appreciate that other embodiments can be devised within the scope of the invention as herein described. It should be noted that the language used in this specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes and not to limit or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. Accordingly, many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the appended claims. For the purposes of the present invention, the disclosure herein is illustrative, and not restrictive, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A design method for an extrusion forming blank of a T-shaped cross-section shaft forging, characterized in that, Including: Determine the initial shape and dimensions of the T-shaped cross-section forging blank, where the initial shape is designed with a conical upper end and a center hole in the rod part; Conduct numerical simulations on the angle and height of the cone and the shape and dimensions of the center hole to obtain simulation results; Determine the optimal cone angle, height, and center hole shape and dimensions based on the simulation results and actual production conditions; The steps include: Establish geometric models of the blank and the die through CAD software, and import the geometric models into finite element analysis software; Set blank parameters, loads, and boundary conditions; Perform mesh division on the blank and the die, start finite element analysis, and calculate data on metal flow, strain, and stress distribution during the simulated extrusion process to obtain simulation results; The step of setting blank parameters, loads, and boundary conditions includes: Input attribute parameters including the thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity of the blank in the finite element analysis software; Define the contact surface between the blank and the die and set the friction coefficient of the contact surface; Apply an axial pressure to the blank that matches the actual production conditions; The center hole is set as a variable cross-section hole that conforms to the shape of the extrusion rod, and the variable diameter position and dimensions of the variable cross-section hole are determined based on the strain field and stress distribution data during the numerical simulation process; The step of determining the optimal cone angle, height, and center hole shape and dimensions based on the simulation results and actual production conditions includes: Determine the optimization objective as maximizing the end strain and uniform stress distribution; Run numerical simulations for different combinations of cone angles and heights to obtain data on the strain field and stress distribution; By comparing the strain fields corresponding to different cone angles and heights, select the optimal cone angle and height with the maximum end strain and uniform strain distribution; Conduct numerical simulations on different variable diameter positions and dimensions of the center hole to obtain data on the strain field and stress distribution; By comparing the strain fields corresponding to different variable diameter positions and dimensions of the center hole, select the optimal variable diameter position and dimensions of the center hole with the maximum end strain and uniform strain distribution.

2. The design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of determining the initial shape and dimensions of the T-shaped cross-section forging blank, where the initial shape is designed with a conical upper end and a center hole in the rod part, includes: Determine the outer diameter dimension of the blank according to the extrusion ratio and the law of volume conservation; Based on the flow characteristics of the metal during the extrusion forming process, design the upper end of the blank of the T-shaped cross-section forging as conical and provide a center hole in the rod part; Set the initial angle and height of the cone at the upper end of the blank according to the extrusion die.

3. The design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging according to claim 1, characterized in that, The step of determining the optimal cone angle, height, and center hole shape and dimensions based on the simulation results and actual production conditions further includes: Manufacture a test blank based on the optimal cone angle, height, and variable diameter position and dimensions of the center hole from the numerical simulation, and conduct an actual extrusion test; Collect experimental test results during the extrusion forming process, including temperature, load, stress, and deformation conditions; Further optimize the cone angle, cone height, and the position and dimensions of the variable diameter of the center hole based on the experimental test results.

4. An extrusion forming process for a T-shaped cross-section forging, characterized in that, Including: Design the blank based on the design method of the extrusion forming blank of the T-shaped cross-section shaft forging as described in any one of claims 1-3, and determine the upper cone angle and height of the blank and the variable diameter position and dimensions of the center hole; Cut the metal blank based on the upper-end conical angle and height of the blank, as well as the position and size of the center-hole diameter change, and heat the blank to a preset extrusion temperature; Place the heated blank into an extruder, adjust the speed and pressure of the extruder, and make the blank pass through a die to form a forging with a T-shaped cross section.

5. A computing device, comprising: at least one processor; and a memory storing program instructions, wherein the program instructions are configured to be executed by the at least one processor, and the program instructions include instructions for performing the design method of the blank for extrusion forming of a T-shaped cross-section shaft forging as described in any one of claims 1-3.

6. A readable storage medium storing program instructions, which when read and executed by a computing device, cause the computing device to execute the design method of the blank for extrusion forming of a T-shaped cross-section shaft forging as described in any one of claims 1-3.

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