Portable electrochemical sensor system for analyzing user

Abstract

An electrochemical sensor structure has a substrate and a nanostructured sensing surface that receives a quantity of a fluid sample. A sample region of the electrochemical sensor structure for receiving an amount of fluid sample is sized such that the amount of fluid is sufficient to operably cover a portion of the sample region of the electrochemical sensor structure, including a nanostructure sensing surface. The electrochemical sensor structure is connectable to a portable point of care (PoC) device. The PoC device may detect an energy characteristic of the fluid sample from a sample region of the electrochemical sensor structure to produce a signal including a fluid reading, where the fluid reading correlates with an energy characteristic of a biomarker in the fluid sample to indicate whether or an amount of biomarker is present in the fluid sample.

Description

[0001] Citation to Related Applications

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 755,148 filed on November 2, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 786,180 filed on December 28, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 875,131 filed on July 17, 2019, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure generally relates to a portable electrochemical sensor system and method for analyzing and monitoring the health status of a user, and more particularly to a portable electrochemical sensor system having a point of care (PoC) device and a disposable electrochemical sensor structure for analyzing and monitoring the health status of a user by detecting one or more biomarkers and / or disease analytes in a patient's body fluid received on the electrochemical sensor structure. The PoC device also provides geospatial healthcare to patients. In an emergency, the PoC device can send geospatial information to the nearest emergency service agency, or share the information with the user's emergency contacts. Background Art

[0004] The focus of diagnostic medicine has shifted from hospital-based tests to simple home-based tests and has enabled patients to become more aware of their lifestyles. For example, portable health monitoring devices such as blood pressure monitors, blood glucose meters, and smart watches with heart rate monitoring devices have been widely used by patients to monitor their health conditions without having to go to clinics, medical laboratories, and / or hospitals for testing and diagnosis. Such portable health monitoring devices enable home-based testing and significantly save patients' time visiting doctors and medical laboratories, thereby improving their quality of life. Such portable health monitoring devices also significantly save resources in clinics, medical laboratories, and hospitals.

[0005] A portable health monitoring device can be a handheld device that allows for convenient analysis of a user's health status. Examples of such portable health monitoring devices include the Ascenia TM BREZE TM Diabetes Care Systems (Ascenia and BREZE are trademarks of Ascensia Diabetes Care Holdings AG, Basel, Switzerland) and GLOBITER Blood glucose meter (GLOBITER ELITE is a trademark of Ascensia Diabetes Care Holdings AG, Basel, Switzerland).

[0006] Some types of portable health monitoring devices (e.g., blood glucose meters) diagnose and monitor a patient's health by detecting and measuring the amount of biomarkers (e.g., glucose) or disease analytes (e.g., proteins, nucleic acid molecules, ion metabolites, etc.) in a patient's body fluid sample. A biomarker is one or more specific compounds in a patient's body fluid that indicate a specific health condition.

[0007] There are many biomarkers in human body fluids. However, in a home-based testing environment, portable health monitoring devices can usually only process a limited amount of body fluid samples. In addition, the amount of a specific biomarker in a body fluid sample may be very low. Therefore, it is always a challenge for portable health monitoring devices and sampling structures to collect, detect and measure biomarkers found in body fluids with sufficient accuracy to determine the health status of the patient.

[0008] In addition, although existing portable health monitoring devices (such as glucose monitoring devices) can only detect a single biomarker from a body fluid sample, for the convenience of patients and to reduce the cost of their healthcare, a portable health monitoring device that can detect more than one biomarker is needed.

[0009] There is also a need for a diagnostic biosensing device, also referred to hereinafter as a point-of-care (PoC) device, to reduce the burden on the existing healthcare system and improve patient access to healthcare. In addition, there is a need to develop a PoC device that can be used by untrained consumers for home-based physiological fluid testing to effectively diagnose or predict disease and enhance disease management. More specifically, there is a great need for an on-demand, portable, reliable, intuitive, and low-cost PoC device for home-based testing for disease diagnosis and prediction.

[0010] For example, the current standard of care for heart failure is retrospective rather than proactive. After being diagnosed with heart failure, patients must typically visit their health care provider (HCP) regularly for lab tests, which is a time-consuming burden on patients and inefficient because patients may be exposed to risks between visits.

[0011] Portable, at-home testing, while essential, is only part of a complete solution. To have any meaningful impact on a patient’s health, especially in emergency situations, patients need access to emergency healthcare services. For example, urgent issues such as heart failure can lead to both gradually debilitating conditions and sudden life-threatening events. Therefore, a solution is needed to improve emergency access to patient location, patient history data, and communications when a patient is unresponsive. However, even in situations where immediate medical care is needed, current diagnostic devices are limited in their ability to communicate with emergency services, which can put patients at risk of life-threatening situations in emergency situations.

[0012] U.S. Patent 9,869,669 to Han et al. teaches a sensor platform comprising a substrate, a plurality of nanochannels disposed on the substrate, a plurality of electrodes, a waveguide disposed on the substrate, and an analysis chamber and a reference chamber disposed on the substrate. Each electrode extends substantially along the entire width of the plurality of nanochannels. At least one analysis optical resonator is disposed in the analysis chamber, and the analysis optical resonator is optically coupled to at least a portion of the waveguide. The at least one analysis optical resonator is in fluid communication with at least one nanochannel among the plurality of nanochannels. At least one reference optical resonator is disposed in the reference chamber, and the reference optical resonator is optically coupled to at least a portion of the waveguide. The at least one reference optical resonator is in fluid communication with at least another nanochannel among the plurality of nanochannels.

[0013] U.S. Patent Application Publication 2016 / 0202250A1 by Sharma et al. teaches a chemiresistive biosensor based on metal nanoparticle / single-walled carbon nanotube (MNP / SWCNT) hybrid material for quantitative detection of human cardiac biomarkers troponin I (cTnI) and myoglobin (Mb). Highly specific cardiac antibodies anti-cTnI (Ab-cTnI) or anti-Mb (Ab-Mb) are covalently immobilized to site-specific carboxyl groups on MNPs anchored on SWCNT devices. The biosensor device is characterized by performing source-drain current-voltage measurements. The performance of the device is studied by the change in conductivity in the SWCNT channel when exposed to cTnI in human serum. MNPs provide a large surface area for high protein loading and improve the electrical signal by inducing charge density in SWCNTs, thereby detecting low levels of cTnI and Mb with high sensitivity.

[0014] Lee et al.'s U.S. Patent Application Publication 2015 / 0083613A1 teaches an electrochemical biosensor for measuring blood glucose with higher hematocrit measurement accuracy. According to US 2015 / 0083613, an electrochemical biosensor including a first electrode portion for correcting a measured hematocrit value and a second electrode portion for measuring a glucose concentration effectively improves the accuracy of the measured hematocrit value, and more effectively improves the accuracy of the measured blood glucose concentration by using the measured hematocrit value for correction, because its insulating cover is made thinner than the working electrode and the auxiliary electrode, so that the areas of the first working electrode and the first auxiliary electrode of the first electrode portion exposed to the blood sample become equal, the distance between the first working electrode and the second working electrode becomes constant, and even when a positioning error occurs during printing, the electrode area is constantly maintained by the insulating cover.

[0015] Buck et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,054B1, teaches a sensor and method for detecting an analyte. Each sensor has a certain amount of hydrophilic medium, an electrode, an oxidoreductase in contact with the medium, and an electron transfer mediator that maintains a certain amount of analyte proportional to the concentration of the analyte in the biological fluid. The fluid contacts the sensor and intermittently applies an electric potential sufficient to oxidize the mediator to the electrode at an initially predetermined time interval, and senses the current through the electrode, which is a function of the duration of the applied electric potential. The applied mediator oxidation potential is maintained for a sufficient time to determine the rate of change of the current through the electrode over time. The current is associated with the current of the analyte of known concentration in the medium.

[0016] U.S. Patent Application Publication 2018 / 0067071A1 by Wu et al. teaches a biosensor system including a measuring device and a test sensor, wherein the test sensor includes at least three independently addressable electrodes, at least two of which are substantially chemically isolated. One or more working electrodes can be combined with two or more counter electrodes. The two or more counter electrodes can operate at different potentials to achieve multi-analyte electrochemical analysis. An analytical method for performing multi-analyte electrochemical analysis is provided, and a test sensor that is resistant to chemical mixing between secondary analysis areas is provided.

[0017] U.S. Patent 7,723,099B2 to Miller et al. teaches an electrochemical immunosensor system with less interference, which includes: a first immunosensor that generates an electrochemical signal based on the formation of a sandwich between an immobilized antibody, a target analyte and a labeled antibody, wherein a portion of the signal comes from nonspecific binding of the labeled antibody in the first immunosensor area, and a second immunosensor serves as an immunoreference sensor, which generates a signal that is the same as or predictably related to the degree of nonspecific binding occurring in the first immunosensor area, and has an immune complex between the immobilized antibody and endogenous or exogenous proteins in the sample that are not the target analyte.

[0018] U.S. Patent Application Publication 2013 / 0183243 to Labelle et al. teaches a diagnostic device and a method of using the diagnostic device to perform a diagnostic analysis to monitor the presence of a biological sample, wherein the device allows for determination of at least two assay components on a sensor. More specifically, US2013 / 0183243 relates to a multi-label electrochemical impedance spectroscopy sensor comprising a plurality of molecular recognition elements, wherein the sensor comprises a plurality of different molecular recognition elements that are tuned to change their frequencies such that their frequencies become detectable frequencies that are different from the frequencies of other types of molecular recognition elements on the same sensor.

[0019] Miller et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,910,352B2, teaches an electrochemical immunosensor system with less interference. The system includes a first immunosensor that generates an electrochemical signal based on the formation of a sandwich between an immobilized antibody, a target analyte, and a labeled antibody, wherein a portion of the signal comes from nonspecific binding of the labeled antibody in the first immunosensor region, and a second immunosensor that serves as an immunoreference sensor, generates a signal that is the same or predictably related to the degree of nonspecific binding occurring in the first immunosensor region, and has an immune complex between the immobilized antibody and an endogenous or exogenous protein in the sample that is not the target analyte.

[0020] U.S. Patent Application Publication 2019 / 0076068A1 by Yang et al. teaches an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) procedure for measuring impedance-related parameter values ​​of one or more sensing electrodes. The parameters may include real impedance, imaginary impedance, impedance modulus and / or phase angle. The measured values ​​of impedance-related parameters are then used to perform sensor diagnosis, calculate highly reliable fusion sensor glucose values ​​based on signals from multiple redundant sensing electrodes, calibrate sensors, detect interferents near one or more sensing electrodes, and test surface area characteristics of electroplated electrodes. Impedance-related parameters that are substantially unrelated to glucose within a specific frequency range can be defined. Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) can implement other processes for EIS-based diagnosis, fusion algorithms, and measurement of EIS-based parameters.

[0021] U.S. Patent No. 8,653,833 B2 to Chodavarapu et al. teaches a system comprising: (a) a signal generator for generating a detection signal having at least one predetermined characteristic and comprising at least one digital-to-analog converter; (b) a signal converter for generating a digital representation of at least one analog input signal among a plurality of analog input signals and comprising at least one of an analog-to-digital converter and a multiplexer; (c) a sensor comprising at least a first electrical contact and a second electrical contact; (d) a reference impedance; (e) a switch for receiving the detection signal from the signal generator and continuously and selectively applying the detection signal to at least one of the first electrical contact of the sensor and the reference impedance; (f) an impedance connection circuit comprising a circuit for selectively connecting the second electrical contact of the sensor and the reference impedance; (g) an analysis circuit for receiving at least one digital representation of the generated detection signal and a digital representation of the at least one analog input signal, performing a first processing on the digital representation of the generated detection signal to determine at least one characteristic of the detection signal, performing a second processing on the digital representation of the at least one analog input signal to produce at least one of a real part and an imaginary part of the digital representation of the at least one analog input signal based at least on the determined characteristic of the detection signal, applying a correction to at least the imaginary part, and determining an impedance of the sensor based at least on the reference impedance and at least one of the real part and the imaginary part of the digital representation of the at least one analog input signal; and (h) a first memory for storing the determined impedance for subsequent retrieval.

[0022] U.S. Patent No. 8,663,442 B2 to Burke et al. teaches a method of measuring an analyte in a biological fluid, the method comprising applying an excitation signal having a DC component and an AC component, measuring the AC and DC responses; determining a corrected DC response using the AC response; and determining the concentration of the analyte based on the corrected DC response.

[0023] US Patent 8,158,430 Bl to Roy et al. teaches a fluidic device and system that allows for detection of analytes from biological fluids to enable point-of-care testing for a variety of medical applications.

[0024] Johnson et al.'s European patent EP 2,967,451 B1 teaches a point-of-care sensor system 2014 / 144660, which includes a portable reader and a disposable test box for receiving and analyzing samples. The test box may be equipped with one or more sensor channels, each of which includes one or more sensors. After the sample is provided to the test box, the test box can be inserted into the reader, and the reader can interact with the test box for on-box sensing and receive signals indicating the presence and / or quantity of one or more targets in the sample. Examples of test boxes may include myocardial infarction test plates, sepsis test plates, etc. In some embodiments, the same sensor hardware can be configured for multiple measurements of different targets performed in different time frames. A solid and liquid reagent storage and delivery mechanism on the box is also disclosed.

[0025] Gold's U.S. Patent Application Publication 2016 / 0057565A1 teaches a system and method for sensing, communicating, and processing physiological parameters of one or more users, such as when the users are in proximity to an object of interest. The objects may be products, places, and other people. One embodiment of the invention enables users, designers, manufacturers, marketers, and sellers to obtain valuable information about how a user (or many users) perceives and uses an object (or many objects). Multiple embodiments of the invention may be used in conjunction with smart objects (e.g., internet-connected objects) and dummy objects (e.g., objects without internet or other network connections).

[0026] U.S. Patent Application Publication 2015 / 0371350A1 by Zebarjadi et al. teaches a system in which a patient can request medical services from a patient computing device. A doctor can be paired with a patient who desires or needs medical care. A patient can register or book with the system using a computing device. A patient can request medical care at a specific location using the same or different computing devices. A doctor can be paired with a patient requesting medical services. The doctor / patient pairing can be based on location information, the patient's medical needs, the doctor's medical practice, gender, language skills, or any other criteria. The doctor can accept or reject the patient's request for medical services. A two-way and at least partially anonymous communication can be initiated to allow the doctor to assess the patient's medical needs. A computing device associated with a patient and / or a doctor can be used in conjunction with a coordination component to collect relevant information, record medical records, manage communications, process billing, navigate to the patient's location, and / or for other purposes.

[0027] Frey's U.S. Patent 9,080,883 B2 teaches a method for dynamically outputting personnel evacuation information (especially evacuating personnel from a building) to a portable device based on the current position data of the device determined by a position determination system. The current availability of escape routes within the building is determined by a sensor system. The evacuation information is determined by a control unit based on the current availability of the escape routes and the current position of the device and output to the portable device. Thus, in an emergency, dedicated evacuation information for the person can be determined based on the person's location and the corresponding dangerous situation and output on the person's mobile device (e.g., smartphone, PDA), which can particularly enable fast and efficient evacuation from a building or place.

[0028] Malaviya's U.S. Patent Application Publication 2017 / 0024531A1 teaches a healthcare information system for providing near real-time or real-time contact tracing. The system includes: a location data receiver unit configured to receive location data related to one or more entities associated with a healthcare organization; a context profile management unit configured to generate, maintain or update one or more context profiles using the received location data, each of the one or more context profiles corresponding to each of the one or more entities. The document provides devices, systems and methods related to the use of near real-time or real-time contact tracing in applications such as infection control, establishing infection routes, etc.

[0029] Fellner's U.S. Patent 8,249,547B1 teaches a wearable emergency alarm device that includes a wearable component and a separately packaged mobile phone component that can be selectively attached to the wearable component. The wearable component includes an attachment component for attaching the wearable component to a body part of a user, a first transmitter for sending a first signal to the mobile phone component, a power source for the first transmitter, and a first actuator that can be operated by the user to actuate the first transmitter to send a signal to the mobile phone component. The mobile phone component includes a mobile phone transceiver, which is used to establish a first communication link between the mobile phone transceiver and the first transmitter; and to establish a second communication link between the mobile phone transceiver and a remote receiver to send and receive at least one of data, voice, and messages between the mobile phone transceiver and the remote receiver. A mounting component is provided for selectively removably mounting the mobile phone component to the wearable component and allowing the mobile phone component to engage with the first actuator to send an emergency signal. Summary of the invention

[0030] Embodiments disclosed herein relate to a portable electrochemical sensor system and method for analyzing and monitoring a user's health status. In some embodiments, the portable electrochemical sensor system uses a biosensor to detect the presence of one or more analytes or biomarkers in a body fluid.

[0031] Those skilled in the art will understand that an analyte is a chemical component, constituent or species of interest during an analysis of a sample. The term "analyte" generally refers to a simpler element or molecule detectable during an analysis, such as serum chloride or liver enzymes.

[0032] It will also be understood by those skilled in the art that biomarkers are biological molecules typically found in blood, other body fluids or tissues that can be used as markers of normal or abnormal processes or conditions or diseases. Biomarkers have detectable characteristics that can be objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to therapeutic interventions. The term "biomarker" generally refers to a marker used to detect or diagnose a specific disease or group of diseases, which can be a malignant lesion or a non-malignant disease, such as cardiovascular disease.

[0033] Despite the above differences, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that, in various embodiments, the electrochemical sensor systems and methods described herein may be adapted to detect appropriate analytes and / or biomarkers. Therefore, in the following description, the terms "analyte" and "biomarker" may be used interchangeably.

[0034] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a portable electrochemical sensor system includes a point-of-care (PoC) device and a disposable electrochemical sensor structure for analyzing and monitoring a health condition of a user or patient.

[0035] In some embodiments, the PoC device is used in conjunction with a disposable electrochemical sensor structure to detect and collect information from biomarkers found in a mammalian bodily fluid sample.

[0036] In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor structure includes a sample area for receiving a bodily fluid sample of a patient. The electrochemical sensor structure can be inserted into a PoC device or coupled to a PoC device. The PoC device then detects and measures the amount of one or more biomarkers and / or disease analytes indicative of a health condition in the received bodily fluid sample by measuring the energy characteristics of the bodily fluid sample. In some embodiments, a filtering unit is introduced to electrochemically quantify the analyte concentration and reduce noise from undesirable proteins.

[0037] The portable electrochemical sensor system disclosed in this article can be used to diagnose certain diseases without meeting with a doctor, and the user can avoid going to a clinic or hospital for simple diagnostic tests (such as finger-prick blood tests), thereby reducing the user's waiting time in the clinic and the time spent by medical professionals to perform such simple diagnostic tests.

[0038] The portable electrochemical sensor system disclosed herein is suitable for home-based testing of physiological fluids by untrained users to effectively diagnose or predict disease and enhance disease management.

[0039] The portable electrochemical sensor system disclosed herein efficiently monitors the health status of a patient by detecting one or more analytes in a body fluid received on an electrochemical sensor structure. Also disclosed are related methods and components of the portable electrochemical sensor system for accurately detecting analytes.

[0040] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, the portable electrochemical sensor system includes a PoC device as a reader and a sensing strip.

[0041] In various embodiments, the sensing strip may include a single or multiple working electrodes and corresponding counter and reference electrodes. A separation unit HF-PSC suitable for capturing cellular components from a body fluid is also disclosed. The electrochemical sensor is connected to a portable PoC device. The PoC device can detect energy properties of a fluid sample from a sample area of ​​the electrochemical sensor structure to generate a signal including a fluid reading, wherein the fluid reading is related to the energy properties of an analyte in the fluid sample, thereby indicating the presence or absence of the analyte or the amount of the analyte in the fluid sample.

[0042] The PoC device disclosed herein measures the amount of specific biomarkers in bodily fluids that indicate health conditions. By using the PoC device, users can diagnose certain diseases without having to meet with a doctor.

[0043] In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor structure or sensing strip includes one or more electrodes, a flexible substrate, a top cover layer, and a hydrophobic isolation layer. The fluid sample can be placed on the sample area of ​​the sensing strip, and then the sensing strip is inserted into the PoC device. The PoC device determines whether a specific analyte and / or the amount of a specific analyte in the fluid sample by measuring the energy characteristics of the fluid sample.

[0044] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a device for analyzing a user's body fluid sample is disclosed. The device includes: a housing including at least one first port for receiving an electrochemical sensor structure, the electrochemical sensor structure including a first circuit having a first set of electrodes for contacting the body fluid sample; an identification circuit for identifying one or more biomarkers that can be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure; an analysis circuit including a set of coupled electrodes for electrically coupling to the first set of electrodes of the electrochemical sensor structure to analyze the one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample; a control circuit coupled to the identification and analysis circuit to determine a set of biosensing parameters based on the identified one or more biomarkers and control the analysis circuit to analyze the one or more biomarkers in the identified body fluid sample based on the set of biosensing parameters; and an output device for outputting the analysis results of the analysis of the one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample.

[0045] In some embodiments, the identification circuit is used to identify one or more biomarkers by measuring the impedance of a second circuit of the electrochemical sensor structure, the resistance of the second circuit encoding the identity of the one or more biomarkers.

[0046] In some embodiments, the second circuit includes a second set of electrodes.

[0047] In some embodiments, the identification circuit is used to identify the one or more biomarkers of the electrochemical sensor structure by reading a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag that encodes the identity of the one or more biomarkers.

[0048] In some embodiments, the RFID tag is disposed on the electrochemical sensor structure or on a carrying bottle accommodating the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0049] In some embodiments, the device further comprises an imaging component; and the identification circuit is used to identify the one or more biomarkers by scanning an image encoding the identity of the one or more biomarkers using the imaging component.

[0050] In some embodiments, the identification circuit is used to command a device having an imaging component and functionally coupled to the apparatus to use the imaging component to scan an image encoding the identity of one or more biomarkers to identify the one or more biomarkers.

[0051] In some embodiments, the image is a one-dimensional barcode or a two-dimensional barcode.

[0052] In some embodiments, the image is disposed on the electrochemical sensor structure or on a carrier bottle that houses the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0053] In some embodiments, the analysis circuit is configured to measure one or more impedances, one or more currents, and / or one or more voltages of the first circuit to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in the bodily fluid sample.

[0054] In some embodiments, the analysis circuit includes at least one potentiostat circuit for electrically coupling to the first circuit to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in the bodily fluid sample.

[0055] In some embodiments, the at least one potentiostat circuit comprises a direct current (DC) potentiostat circuit, an alternating current potentiostat circuit, or a combination thereof.

[0056] In some embodiments, the set of coupled electrodes includes at least a coupled reference electrode (RE), a coupled control electrode (CE), and a coupled working electrode (WE) for electrically coupling to the RE, CE, and WE of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0057] In some embodiments, the set of coupling electrodes includes at least one coupling RE, one coupling CE, and multiple coupling WEs for electrically coupling to one RE, one CE, and multiple WEs of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0058] In some embodiments, the set of coupling electrodes includes at least one coupling RE, one coupling CE, and more than two coupling WEs for electrically coupling to one RE, one CE, and more than two WEs of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0059] In some embodiments, a first group of coupled WEs consisting of at least one coupled WE is used to electrically couple to a first group of WEs of an electrochemical sensor structure, the first group of WEs being supersaturated with a first group of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands; a second group of coupled WEs consisting of at least one coupled WE is used to electrically couple to a second group of WEs of an electrochemical sensor structure, the second group of WEs being cross-linked with a second group of capture ligands of a predetermined concentration consisting of one or more capture ligands; and the analysis circuit is used to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in a body fluid sample by calculating the analyte concentration based on the difference in charge transfer resistance (RCT) between the first group and the second group of WEs of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0060] In some embodiments, the analysis circuit is used to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in a bodily fluid sample by calculating analyte concentration based on a difference in charge transfer resistance between a first set and a second set of electrochemical sensor structures WE and using statistical methods.

[0061] In some embodiments, the output device comprises a screen for displaying the analysis results.

[0062] In some embodiments, the screen is a touch screen for displaying analysis results and receiving input from a user.

[0063] In some embodiments, the output device includes a speaker for outputting the analysis results.

[0064] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises a networking module for communicating with one or more remote devices.

[0065] In some embodiments, the networking module is a Bluetooth module.

[0066] In some embodiments, the output device includes a networking module for outputting the analysis results to one or more remote devices.

[0067] In some embodiments, the one or more remote devices include an artificial intelligence (AI) system for determining a health status of the user based on the analysis results.

[0068] In some embodiments, the device further comprises one or more buttons for receiving input from a user.

[0069] In some embodiments, the one or more buttons include an emergency call (SOS) button for initiating emergency communications with one or more emergency services.

[0070] In some embodiments, the housing comprises a front wall, a rear wall, a top wall, a bottom wall, and two opposite side walls; and the one or more buttons are distributed on at least one side wall.

[0071] In some embodiments, the at least one first port is located on the top wall or the bottom wall.

[0072] In some embodiments, the device further comprises an adapter for electrically removably coupling to the device, the adapter comprising a plurality of second ports for receiving a plurality of additional electrochemical sensor structures.

[0073] In some embodiments, the plurality of additional electrochemical sensor structures have the same mechanical specifications and / or the same electrical specifications.

[0074] In some embodiments, the plurality of additional electrochemical sensor structures have different mechanical specifications and / or different electrical specifications.

[0075] In some embodiments, the device includes a plurality of first ports.

[0076] In some embodiments, the plurality of first ports have the same mechanical specifications and / or the same electrical specifications.

[0077] In some embodiments, the plurality of first ports have different mechanical specifications and / or different electrical specifications.

[0078] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises: a battery for powering at least the identification circuit, the analysis circuit, and the control circuit; and a second port for electrically coupling to a power source to charge the battery.

[0079] In some embodiments, the second port is a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port.

[0080] In some embodiments, the device further comprises a third port for physically and electrically coupling to a smartphone.

[0081] In some embodiments, the analysis circuit and / or control circuit includes an electrochemical module for detecting and analyzing N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide precursor (NT-pro-BNP), a fluorescence module and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) module for detecting and analyzing aptamer-based ligands, and an absorbance module for metabolite analysis.

[0082] In some embodiments, the analysis circuitry and / or control circuitry further comprises a memory having stored therein a calibration curve for determining the concentration of the identified one or more biomarkers.

[0083] In some embodiments, the device further comprises one or more global navigation satellite system (GNSS) components for obtaining geospatial information of the device; and the output device is used to output the analysis results and the geospatial information.

[0084] In some embodiments, the one or more remote devices are used to: evaluate the analysis results to obtain an evaluation of the user's health status; store the analysis results, geospatial information, and the evaluation of the user's health status; if the evaluation of the user's health status is higher than a first threshold but lower than a second threshold, notify the user to take further action; if the evaluation of the user's health status is higher than the second threshold, initiate an emergency plan.

[0085] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a device for analyzing a user's body fluid sample is disclosed. The device includes: a housing including at least one first port for receiving an electrochemical sensor structure, the electrochemical sensor structure including a first circuit having a first set of electrodes for contacting a body fluid sample; an analysis circuit including a set of coupling electrodes for electrically coupling to the first set of electrodes of the electrochemical sensor structure to analyze one or more biomarkers in the body fluid sample; and an output device for outputting the analysis results of the analysis of the one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample. The set of coupling electrodes includes at least a coupling reference electrode (RE), a coupling control electrode (CE), and a plurality of coupling working electrodes (WE), which are used to electrically couple to the RE, CE, and a plurality of WE of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0086] In some embodiments, the set of coupling electrodes includes at least one coupling RE, one coupling CE, and more than two coupling WEs for electrically coupling to one RE, one CE, and more than two WEs of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0087] In some embodiments, a first group of coupled WEs consisting of at least one coupled WE is used to electrically couple to a first group of WEs of an electrochemical sensor structure, the first group of WEs being supersaturated with a first group of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands; a second group of coupled WEs consisting of at least one coupled WE is used to electrically couple to a second group of WEs of an electrochemical sensor structure, the second group of WEs being cross-linked with a second group of capture ligands of a predetermined concentration consisting of one or more capture ligands; and the analysis circuit is used to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in a body fluid sample by calculating the analyte concentration based on the difference in charge transfer resistance (RCT) between the first group and the second group of WEs of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0088] In some embodiments, the analysis circuit is used to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in a bodily fluid sample by calculating analyte concentration based on a difference in charge transfer resistance between a first set and a second set of electrochemical sensor structures WE and using statistical methods.

[0089] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an electrochemical sensor structure is disclosed, which includes: a substrate; a first circuit including a first set of electrodes distributed on the substrate and extending into a sampling area of ​​the substrate to contact a body fluid sample; and an identification structure for identifying one or more biomarkers of the body fluid sample that can be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0090] In some embodiments, the substrate comprises a polymer.

[0091] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, or polyamide.

[0092] In some embodiments, the substrate is a porous substrate.

[0093] In some embodiments, the substrate is a track-etched membrane having a porosity equal to or greater than 30%.

[0094] In some embodiments, the substrate comprises a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film.

[0095] In some embodiments, the recognition structure includes a second circuit having a predetermined impedance that encodes the identity of one or more biomarkers of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0096] In some embodiments, the identification structure comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag that encodes the identity of one or more biomarkers of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0097] In some embodiments, the identification structure comprises an image that encodes the identity of one or more biomarkers of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0098] In some embodiments, the image includes a one-dimensional barcode or a two-dimensional barcode that encodes the identity of one or more biomarkers of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0099] In some embodiments, the first set of electrodes includes at least a reference electrode (RE), a control electrode (CE), and a working electrode (WE).

[0100] In some embodiments, the first set of electrodes includes at least one RE, one CE, and a plurality of WEs.

[0101] In some embodiments, the first set of electrodes includes at least one RE, one CE, and more than two WEs.

[0102] In some embodiments, a first group of WEs consisting of at least one WE is supersaturated with a first set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands, and a second group of WEs consisting of at least one WE is cross-linked with a second set of capture ligands consisting of a predetermined concentration of one or more capture ligands.

[0103] In some embodiments, the first set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands comprises the same capture ligands.

[0104] In some embodiments, the first set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands comprises different capture ligands.

[0105] In some embodiments, the second set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands comprises the same capture ligands.

[0106] In some embodiments, the second set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands comprises different capture ligands.

[0107] In some embodiments, said first set of one or more capture ligands is the same as said second set of one or more capture ligands.

[0108] In some embodiments, said first set of one or more capture ligands is different from said second set of one or more capture ligands.

[0109] In some embodiments, each of the first set of electrodes includes a chromium (Cr) layer and a gold (Au) layer disposed on the chromium layer.

[0110] In some embodiments, at least one WE further includes a conductive nanomaterial layer disposed on top of the gold layer.

[0111] In some embodiments, the at least one WE further comprises a detection element layer disposed above the conductive nanomaterial layer.

[0112] In some embodiments, the CE extends along at least two edges of the sampling area, thereby surrounding the remaining electrodes in the first set of electrodes.

[0113] In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor structure further comprises: a hydrophobic middle layer having a distal opening constituting a sampling port for receiving a body fluid sample into a sampling region; and a protective layer disposed on the hydrophobic middle layer and covering the sampling region.

[0114] In some embodiments, the sampling area of ​​the substrate includes: one or more introduction channels arranged around its edge for introducing body fluid samples using capillary effect; a heterophilic plasma separation component (HF-PSC) unit adjacent to the one or more introduction channels for receiving body fluid samples therefrom and filtering out interfering components in the body fluid samples; and an analyte droplet chamber located between the HF-PSC and the first set of electrodes, which receives the filtered body fluid sample from the HF-PSC so that the filtered body fluid sample contacts the first set of electrodes.

[0115] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more introduction channels is funnel-shaped and includes an opening that tapers adjacent to an edge of the sampling region and toward the HF-PSC unit.

[0116] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more inlet channels is engraved on the substrate.

[0117] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more inlet channels is formed by a gap in a coating on the substrate.

[0118] In some embodiments, the HF-PSC unit includes symmetric and / or asymmetric pores with different pore sizes.

[0119] In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor structure further comprises: one or more capillary channels, each capillary channel comprising an inlet located in or around the analyte droplet chamber and extending from the analyte droplet chamber to a first set of electrodes; wherein at least one of the one or more capillary channels is hydrophilic to the body fluid sample and comprises a sharply expanded portion at a certain distance from the inlet for controlling the amount of the body fluid sample therein; and wherein at least one WE extends to at least one of the one or more capillary channels at an intermediate position between the inlet and its expanded portion for interacting with the body fluid sample therein.

[0120] In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor structure also includes one or more capillary channels, each capillary channel including an inlet located in or around the analyte droplet chamber and extending from the analyte droplet chamber to the first set of electrodes; at least one of the one or more capillary channels is hydrophobic to the body fluid sample and includes a sharply reduced portion at a certain distance from the inlet for controlling the amount of body fluid therein; and at least one WE extends to at least one of the one or more capillary channels at an intermediate position between the inlet and the reduced portion thereof for interacting with the body fluid sample therein.

[0121] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an electrochemical sensor structure is disclosed, the electrochemical sensor structure comprising: a substrate; and a first circuit comprising a first set of electrodes distributed on the substrate and extending into a sampling region of the substrate to contact a body fluid sample. The first set of electrodes comprises at least one reference electrode (RE), one control electrode (CE) and a plurality of working electrodes (WE).

[0122] In some embodiments, the plurality of WEs includes more than two WEs.

[0123] In some embodiments, a first group of WEs consisting of at least one WE is supersaturated with a first set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands, and a second group of WEs consisting of at least one WE is cross-linked with a second set of capture ligands consisting of a predetermined concentration of one or more capture ligands.

[0124] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an electrochemical sensor structure is disclosed, which includes: a substrate; and a first circuit including a first group of electrodes distributed on the substrate and extending into a sampling region of the substrate to contact a body fluid sample. The sampling region of the substrate includes: one or more introduction channels arranged around its edge for introducing a body fluid sample using a capillary effect; a heterophilic plasma separation component (HF-PSC) unit adjacent to the one or more introduction channels for receiving a body fluid sample therefrom and filtering out interfering components in the body fluid sample; and an analyte droplet chamber located between the HF-PSC and the first group of electrodes, the analyte droplet chamber receiving the filtered body fluid sample from the HF-PSC so that the filtered body fluid sample contacts the first group of electrodes.

[0125] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more introduction channels is funnel-shaped and includes an opening that tapers adjacent to an edge of the sampling region and toward the HF-PSC unit.

[0126] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, an electrochemical sensor structure is disclosed, which includes: a substrate; a first circuit including a first set of electrodes distributed on the substrate and extending into a sampling region of the substrate to contact a body fluid sample; and one or more capillary channels, each of which extends from an entrance of the sampling region to the first set of electrodes. At least one of the one or more capillary channels includes an area variation portion at a certain distance from the entrance, the area variation portion having a varying cross-sectional area for controlling the amount of the body fluid sample therein; and at least one WE extends to at least one of the one or more capillary channels at an intermediate position between the entrance and the area variation portion for interacting with the body fluid sample therein.

[0127] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more capillary channels is hydrophilic to the body fluid sample; and the area variation portion of at least one of the one or more capillary channels is a downstream portion of the at least one WE and has an increased cross-sectional area.

[0128] In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more capillary channels is hydrophobic to the body fluid sample; and the area variation portion of at least one of the one or more capillary channels is a downstream portion of the at least one WE and has a reduced cross-sectional area.

[0129] According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a system for analyzing a bodily fluid sample of a user is disclosed. The system includes: an electrochemical sensor structure for receiving a bodily fluid sample thereon; and a testing device that cooperates with the electrochemical sensor structure to analyze the bodily fluid sample. The electrochemical sensor structure includes: a substrate; a first circuit including a first set of electrodes distributed on the substrate and extending into a sampling region of the substrate to contact the bodily fluid sample; and an identification structure for identifying one or more biomarkers of the bodily fluid sample that can be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure. The testing device includes: a shell including at least one first port for receiving an electrochemical sensor structure, the electrochemical sensor structure including a first circuit having a first set of electrodes for contacting a body fluid sample; an identification circuit for identifying one or more biomarkers that can be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure; an analysis circuit including a set of coupled electrodes for electrically coupling to the first set of electrodes of the electrochemical sensor structure to analyze the one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample; a control circuit coupled to the identification and analysis circuit, for determining a set of biosensing parameters based on the one or more identified biomarkers and controlling the analysis circuit to analyze the one or more biomarkers in the identified body fluid sample based on the set of biosensing parameters; and an output device for outputting the analysis results of the analysis of the one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0130] The present invention can be better understood by referring to the following drawings and descriptions. The components in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, and emphasis is placed on illustrating the principles of the present invention. In addition, in the drawings, similar reference numerals represent corresponding parts in all different views.

[0131] Figure 1A and 1B are schematic perspective and plan views, respectively, of a health monitoring system of some embodiments of the present disclosure, the portable health monitoring system including a portable point-of-care (PoC) device and an electrochemical sensor structure;

[0132] Figure 2 yes Figure 1A A schematic plan view of an electrochemical sensor structure of a health monitoring system is shown, the electrochemical sensor structure comprising a plurality of electrodes;

[0133] Figure 3A and 3B yes Figure 2 Schematic diagram of a circuit of a PoC device for electrically coupling to electrodes of an electrochemical sensor structure to measure one or more biomarkers in a bodily fluid sample on the electrochemical sensor structure;

[0134] Figure 4A yes Figure 1AA perspective view of an electrochemical sensor structure of a health monitoring system is shown;

[0135] Figure 4B Yes Figure 4A The electrochemical sensor structure shown is a cross-sectional view obtained by cutting along the cross-sectional line AA;

[0136] Figure 4C Yes Figure 4A The electrochemical sensor structure shown is a cross-sectional view obtained by cutting along the cross-sectional line BB;

[0137] Figure 4D Yes Figure 4A The electrochemical sensor structure shown is a cross-sectional view obtained by cutting along the cross-sectional line CC;

[0138] Figure 5A yes Figure 4A Schematic diagram of an electrochemical sensor structure shown, the electrochemical sensor structure having a substrate and a plurality of electrodes, including a reference electrode (RE), a control electrode (CE) and a working electrode;

[0139] Figure 5B yes Figure 4A Schematic diagram of an electrochemical sensor structure showing a substrate and a WE, wherein the WE comprises a nanostructured sensing surface having zinc oxide nanorods;

[0140] Figures 6A to 6F shows the process of fabricating an electrochemical sensor structure having zinc oxide nanorods;

[0141] Figures 7A to 7E Some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown for manufacturing Figure 4A The process of the electrochemical sensor structure shown;

[0142] Figure 8 Some embodiments of the present disclosure Figure 1A A schematic plan view of the electrochemical sensor structure of the health monitoring system shown;

[0143] Fig. 9A A PoC device with a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader and a carrier bottle with an RFID tag according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown, wherein the PoC device determines the type of biomarker associated with the electrochemical sensor structure in the carrier bottle by reading the information of the RFID tag of the carrier bottle;

[0144] Fig. 9B A PoC device having a one-dimensional barcode scanner and a carrier bottle with a one-dimensional barcode according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown, wherein the PoC device determines the type of biomarker associated with the electrochemical sensor structure in the carrier bottle by reading the information of the one-dimensional barcode of the carrier bottle;

[0145] Fig.10 A PoC device having a connection port for physical and electrical coupling to a smartphone according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown;

[0146] Fig.11 Some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown Fig.10 The PoC device shown is coupled to a smartphone and uses the smartphone's camera to read the information of the two-dimensional barcode of the carrier bottle to determine the type of biomarker of the electrochemical sensor structure in the carrier bottle;

[0147] Fig.12 Some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown Fig.10 The PoC device shown is coupled to a smartphone and uses the smartphone's camera to read the information of the one-dimensional barcode of the carrier bottle to determine the type of biomarker of the electrochemical sensor structure in the carrier bottle;

[0148] Fig.13 A sensing strip adapter for accommodating different types of electrochemical sensor structures manufactured according to different specifications according to some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown;

[0149] Fig.14 yes Fig.13 The circuit diagram of the sensing strip adapter shown;

[0150] Fig.15A Some embodiments of the present disclosure Figure 1A A schematic plan view of a portion of an electrochemical sensor structure of a health monitoring system is shown;

[0151] Fig. 15B Other embodiments of the present disclosure Figure 1A A schematic plan view of a portion of an electrochemical sensor structure of a health monitoring system is shown;

[0152] Fig.16 Other embodiments of the present disclosure Figure 1A A schematic plan view of a portion of an electrochemical sensor structure of a health monitoring system is shown;

[0153] Fig.17A Some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown Figure 1A Schematic diagram of an exemplary fabrication process of screen-printed electrodes for an electrochemical sensor structure of a health monitoring system;

[0154] Fig. 17B Some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown Figure 1A Schematic diagram of an exemplary fabrication process of a sputtered electrode for an electrochemical sensor structure of a health monitoring system shown in FIG.

[0155] Figures 18A to 18E Some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown for manufacturing Figure 1A Progress of deposition process of electrodes for electrochemical sensor structure of health monitoring system shown;

[0156] Fig.18F The measurement of the sensing strip quality, including the mass of deposited or immobilized biosensors, organic chemicals, biocrosslinkers, and nanorods, is shown;

[0157] Fig.19 Some embodiments of the present disclosure Figure 1A A top view of an electrochemical sensor structure of a health monitoring system shown, the electrochemical sensor structure comprising an introduction channel, after which a heterophilic plasma separation component (HF-PSC) unit is arranged adjacent to an electrode;

[0158] Fig. 20 yes Fig.19 Schematic diagram of the electrochemical sensor structure shown, showing the fluid sample entering the analyte droplet chamber through the introduction channel and HF-PSC unit to contact the electrode;

[0159] Fig.21 The working mode of the electrode assembly for quantitative analysis of body fluid analytes of two to six working electrode systems is shown;

[0160] Fig. 22 It is shown Figure 1A A block diagram of the modular structure of a PoC device for body fluid analysis of a health monitoring system is shown;

[0161] Fig.23 Some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in Figure 1A A block diagram of the modular structure of a PoC device for body fluid analysis of a health monitoring system is shown;

[0162] Fig.24A and 24B Some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown Figure 1A A hybrid design of an electrochemical sensor structure of a health monitoring system shown having a control device for controlling the flow stability and volume of a fluid sample received in a sampling region thereof;

[0163] Figures 25A to 25C Other embodiments of the present disclosure are shown Figure 1A The electrochemical sensor structure of the health monitoring system shown has a control device for controlling the flow stability and volume of the fluid sample received in the sampling area thereof;

[0164] Fig.26 Some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in FIG. Figure 1A A block diagram of the process performed by the PoC device for body fluid analysis of the health monitoring system shown;

[0165] Fig. 27 Other embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in Figure 1A A block diagram of the process performed by the PoC device for body fluid analysis of the health monitoring system shown;

[0166] Fig.28 is a flow chart illustrating a body fluid analysis process of some embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0167] Fig.29A and 29B Schematic perspective view and plan view of a health monitoring system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, respectively. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0168] Overview

[0169] Embodiments disclosed herein generally relate to a portable electrochemical sensor system for monitoring a user's health status. More specifically, some embodiments disclosed herein relate to an on-demand, portable, reliable, intuitive, and low-cost biosensing device for home-based disease diagnosis and prognostic testing, such as a point-of-care (PoC) device. In some embodiments, the portable electrochemical sensor system includes a diagnostic biosensing device and a sampling structure (e.g., a disposable electrochemical sensor structure) for monitoring the patient's health status by detecting various analytes (e.g., proteins and other molecules) in a patient's body fluid sample received on the electrochemical sensor structure. The presence, absence, or change in amount of certain analytes in a body fluid can be used as an indicator or predictor of a disease.

[0170] In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor structure includes a sample receiving area for receiving a bodily fluid sample from a patient. The sample receiving area of ​​the electrochemical sensor structure may include a substrate having a plurality of electrodes, and having one or more detection elements on the substrate suitable for detecting one or more analytes.

[0171] In some embodiments, the substrate may be made of a flexible polymeric material, such as a flexible modified / unmodified (treated or untreated) acrylic or polymer film strip having one or more detection elements thereon for detecting one or more analytes.

[0172] In some embodiments, the PoC device may include one or more potentiostat circuits for monitoring an electrochemical reaction between an analyte in a bodily fluid sample and a detection element.

[0173] The potentiostat circuit may include a DC potentiostat circuit, and its applications may be limited to chronoamperometry and voltammetry, and when used in conjunction with a frequency response analyzer, may be used as an impedance analysis system.

[0174] In particular, the components of the system disclosed herein can be used to stimulate a sample using alternating current, direct current, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the signal can be combined with a direct current signal to form an alternating current amplitude with a specific frequency offset. Inspection signals can also be generated in different combinations. For example, one embodiment can simply use a direct current signal for sample inspection, which causes the current to flow in one direction, thereby allowing the substrate to be characterized, identified, or analyzed. More specifically, the system uses a range of frequencies to measure indicators, including but not limited to the quality of the substrate, the conductivity of the electrode, the quality of the biosensor fixed to the electrode, and the binding efficiency of the analyte to the biosensor.

[0175] In some embodiments, system diagnostics by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can be accomplished by domain identification with the aid of the Nyquist plot analysis results obtained. For example, based on a pre-characterization of the Nyquist plots of the capture ligands on the sensing strip, the newly scanned data can be compared to measure the quality of the immobilized layer after a certain period of storage or before use.

[0176] In these embodiments, the PoC device may include three electrodes used by a DC potentiostat circuit coupled to a frequency response analyzer. For example, the system may include four stages: current-to-voltage conversion using a multiplexer, an amplifier to accommodate the additional electrodes in the system, a gain stage, and finally a frequency response analyzer integrated circuit (IC). In one design variation, the multiplexer may be used to switch the system between a calibration mode and one or more multi-electrode modes (e.g., a three-electrode mode, a four-electrode mode, ..., and an eight-electrode mode).

[0177] When a body fluid sample is placed on the sample area of ​​the electrochemical sensor structure, an electrochemical interaction occurs between the analyte in the body fluid sample and the detection element and causes an energy change. The electrochemical sensor structure is coupled to an in vitro PoC device that provides energy to the fluid sample and measures the energy characteristics of the sample to produce a fluid sample reading indicating the concentration of a specific compound in the fluid sample. The amount of the sample can be as little as about 10 microliters to about 20 microliters. The energy imparted can be electrical energy, and the energy characteristic measured can be a potential difference, a current, or an impedance.

[0178] Since analytes usually have affinity and specificity for a particular detection element, electrochemical sensor structures usually need to be specially fabricated to detect a specific type of analyte.

[0179] Antibodies, nucleic acid aptamers and enzymes are commonly used as detection elements of biosensing devices because they have high specificity and affinity for the corresponding biomarkers. Given the high specificity of the detection element for a specific analyte, the sampling area of ​​the device may contain only one type of detection element and can be used to detect a single analyte. In addition, different analytes have different energy characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to calibrate the PoC device for a specific analyte to measure its energy characteristics. Therefore, in some embodiments, the PoC device for measuring multiple analytes may include a calibration function for adjusting its settings to adapt to each of the multiple analytes.

[0180] In some embodiments, one or more potentiostat circuits may be calibrated using diluted human plasma / serum / blood / fluid samples containing known concentrations of target disease analytes (e.g., but not limited to N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide pro-BNP (NT-pro-BNP), troponin, creatine kinase isozymes, D-dimers, creatinine, electrolytes) obtained anonymously from an appropriate source (e.g., a medical laboratory). The potentiostat circuit of the PoC device may be calibrated using samples of varying analyte concentrations.

[0181] In some embodiments, the PoC device uses an identification element disposed on the electrochemical sensor structure or its carrier bottle to determine the biomarker to be analyzed. The identification element may include a detection electrode, a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, a one-dimensional barcode, a two-dimensional barcode (e.g., a quick response (QR) code), etc.

[0182] In some embodiments, the portable electrochemical sensor system can be configured to monitor heart failure by detecting and quantifying analytes associated with heart failure (HF) (e.g., NT-pro-BNP, cardiac troponin (cTn), etc.) in a small amount of body fluid sample (e.g., blood sample) obtained by a simple sampling procedure (e.g., finger prick).

[0183] cTn is a highly sensitive and specific biomarker of myocardial injury. cTn can be used to guide the triage and management of patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome. On the other hand, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are also elevated in the setting of acute myocardial infarction and are a quantitative biochemical marker associated with the extent of infarction and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Therefore, BNP has prognostic value. The strongest inducer of BNP gene transcription is stretching of the left ventricular wall due to pressure or increased volume. The prohormone (proBNP) is split into BNP and NT-pro-BNP, resulting in serological evidence of BNP, NT-pro-BNP, and proBNP. Conventional analysis of BNP detects proBNP and BNP, as well as various degradation fragments of BNP, while NT-pro-BNP analysis detects NT-pro-BNP and proBNP. Although BNP and NT-pro-BNP are passively cleared by many organs, including the kidneys, the half-life of BNP is significantly shorter than that of NT-pro-BNP (e.g., approximately 20 minutes versus 60 to 120 minutes). Therefore, NT-pro-BNP is considered a very promising candidate biomarker for the prognosis of heart failure in the home or ambulatory care setting.

[0184] The analyte binding signal can be detected based on an electrochemical signal, an optical signal (e.g., chemiluminescence, reflectance, and / or the like), or a magnetic transduction signal. Such electrochemical detection methods rely on voltage or current to detect analyte binding and are suitable for implementation in small electrical biosensor devices. These methods monitor the electrical impedance change that occurs when the analyte binds to the capture ligand and then correlate the electrical impedance change with the concentration of the target analyte.

[0185] A major challenge in the electrochemical detection and quantification of heart failure biomarkers (e.g. NT-pro-BNP, cTn and / or similar markers) is their low concentrations in blood and therefore the amplitude of their biomolecule binding events is low (cutoff: less than 0.125 ng / mL = excludes non-acute heart failure).

[0186] To amplify the biomolecule binding signal, a method using a nanostructured sensing surface can be used to increase sensitivity (e.g., less than or equal to 1 ng / mL). The sensing surface has nanoscale dimensions that match the size of the target troponin molecule, a larger surface area-to-volume ratio, and a structural morphology that provides selective functionalized sites for the binding of the analyte to its corresponding capture ligand.

[0187] Description of various embodiments

[0188] Now please refer to Figure 1A and 1B, an electrochemical sensor system for monitoring a user's health condition is shown and generally identified by reference numeral 100. The portable electrochemical sensor system 100 includes a diagnostic device 102 and a sampling structure 104 (eg, a disposable electrochemical sensor structure).

[0189] In these embodiments, the diagnostic device 102 may be a portable PoC device, such as a Philos TM The PoC device 102 (Philos is a trademark of CardiAI Technologies Ltd. of Calgary, Alberta, Canada) is sized for personal use (e.g., 5 cm x 7.5 cm x 2 cm in one embodiment). The PoC device 102 in these embodiments includes a screen 106, a user input structure for receiving user input, a sensing strip receiving port 110 for receiving the electrochemical sensor structure 104, a control structure (not shown), such as an RFduino microcontroller provided by RFduino Inc. of Hermosa Beach, California, USA), and related circuitry. The PoC device 102 also includes a power source, such as a battery for powering the various components.

[0190] The user input structure may include one or more buttons 108 and / or a touch-sensitive screen (e.g., touch-sensitive screen 106 in some embodiments) for receiving user input, such as user instructions (e.g., turning on or off the PoC device 102, starting a diagnostic process, displaying readings obtained during a diagnostic process, displaying previous diagnostic readings, etc.) and / or user data (e.g., the user's age, gender, weight, height, etc.).

[0191] The circuitry may include analysis circuitry, such as a potentiostat circuit for biosensing (described in more detail below), and monitoring circuitry for other tasks, such as performing user-instructed operations, detecting insertion of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 , reading and displaying measured levels of biomarkers, storing measured data, transmitting measured data to a remote device for trend tracking, etc. The potentiostat circuitry may be designed to correspond to the circuitry of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 .

[0192] like Figure 2 As shown, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 may include a plurality of electrodes 124 to 132 distributed on a biocompatible substrate 122 that enables fluid flow thereon. Parameters related to the effective conductivity and / or impedance of the substrate may be used to reveal or derive characteristic information about a single entity or an interaction between two or more entities. The entities include, but are not limited to, a monolayer, a stack of monolayers, a protein, an oligonucleotide, an enzyme, or any combination thereof.

[0193] Specifically, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in this embodiment includes a reference electrode (RE) 124, a control electrode (CE) 126, and a working electrode (WE) 128, all of which extend into a sampling region 134 thereof for measuring energy properties of a bodily fluid sample (not shown) received therein. The surface of the electrode may be modified or treated with a modulating agent to modulate electron transfer from the electrode to the bodily fluid.

[0194] The electrochemical sensor structure 104 also includes a pair of identification electrodes 130 and 132 connected by traces having a predetermined resistance or a predetermined impedance for indicating the type of biomarker that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is suitable for detecting. The electrodes 124 to 132 may be made of or include a conductive or semiconductive metal, such as gold (Au), chromium (Cr), titanium, platinum, silver, etc.

[0195] For such an electrochemical sensor structure 104 , the analysis circuit accordingly includes a set of coupling electrodes arranged in the sensing strip receiving port 110 for electrically engaging with the electrodes 124 to 132 of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 .

[0196] like Figure 3A and 3B As shown, the PoC device 102 includes a plurality of circuits 142 and 144 for electrically engaging the electrodes 124 - 132 when the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is inserted into the sensing strip receiving port 110 .

[0197] like Figure 3A As shown, the first circuit 142 in the form of a voltage divider is used to determine the type of biomarker. As described above, there is a predetermined resistance between the identification electrodes 130 and 132, which is represented by the resistor R1. The resistance value of R1 is predefined and indicates the type of biomarker that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is suitable for detecting. The second circuit 144 is electrically connected to the identification electrodes 130 and 132 and applies a voltage V to them through the resistor R2 having a known resistance value. REG (For example, 3.3V). The voltage signal V is output between R1 and R2. 检测 Therefore, V 检测 =V REG R1 / (R1+R2), by comparing V 检测 and V REG , the resistance value of R1 can be obtained, and then the type of biomarker can be obtained.

[0198] like Figure 3BAs shown, a second circuit 144 in the form of a direct current (DC) potentiostat circuit is used to control the voltage between WE 128 and RE 124. In this context, the body fluid sample on the electrochemical sensor structure 104 acts as an electrolyte between WE 128 (acting as a cathode), RE 124 (acting as an anode), and CE 126. Due to the characteristics of the operational amplifier 148, a current is provided through CE 126 until RE 124 and U d The voltage at the same point is the same. Therefore, U d determines the voltage of the electrolyte and therefore the accuracy of the biomarker measurement, because too low U d May not produce sufficient measurement resolution, while too high U d May trigger disruptive reactions or changes in surface properties.

[0199] Thus, in circuit 144, the three-electrode configuration is connected to a DC potentiostat circuit, wherein a constant DC voltage is regulated and applied to WE 128 and RE 124 of the electrochemical sensor structure 104. Circuit 144 can be used to determine the energy characteristics of a fluid sample for fluid sample analysis by detecting and determining impedance measurements. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that circuit 144 can also be used for current-type measurements commonly used in glucose detection. In addition, potentiometric measurements can also be implemented using a three-electrode configuration, wherein an AC wave having a predetermined frequency is applied to stimulate a body fluid sample, and a forward current (e.g., by increasing the voltage) and a reverse current (e.g., by decreasing the voltage) are measured simultaneously to generate a differential current (forward-reverse).

[0200] like Figure 3B As shown, the control structure 152 (such as a microcontroller) sets V 检测 With V REG The microcontroller 152 then adjusts the biosensing parameters (e.g., d ) to suit the given type of biomarker and measure the voltage of WE 128. Amplification circuit 154 is used to amplify the signal of WE 128. In this embodiment, amplification circuit 154 includes amplifier 156, resistor R3 and capacitor C. In this way, the energy characteristics of the biomarkers in the body fluid sample on the electrochemical sensor structure 104 are measured and used to determine the health status of the patient.

[0201] Although U d The voltage of the electrolyte determines the accuracy of the biomarker measurement, but the physical and electrochemical structure of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 also determines the accuracy of the biomarker measurement. In addition, the physical and electrochemical structure of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 also determines its other necessary characteristics, such as dust resistance, electrode robustness, ease of use, manufacturing cost, etc.

[0202] Figures 4A to 4D The physical and electrochemical structures of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in some embodiments are shown. As shown, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes a substrate 122, and electrodes 124 to 132 are deposited, printed, or otherwise coupled to the same side of the substrate 122. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that having all electrodes 124 to 132 located on the same side of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 helps to miniaturize the electrochemical sensor structure 104, thereby providing an elegant connector design, convenient user operation, and convenient for body fluid sampling.

[0203] Identification electrodes 130 and 132 are located around the proximal end 172 (the end for insertion into the sensing strip receiving port 110 of the PoC device 102) of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 and are electrically connected to a predetermined resistor R1. Electrodes RE 124, CE 126, and WE 128 extend from the proximal end 172 of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 to its distal end 174. Figure 4B As shown, the distal side electrodes RE124', CE 126' and WE 128' (corresponding to and connected to RE124, CE126 and WE 128, respectively) are laterally spaced the same distance. The surface of the electrode RE 124' is much larger than the surface of the electrode ring 126' or WE 128'. For example, in some embodiments, the surface area ratio of WE128', CE 126' and RE 124' can be about 1:1:4.

[0204] The electrochemical sensor structure 104 in these embodiments also includes a hydrophobic intermediate layer 176 that covers the distal portion (also identified by reference numeral 174) of the electrochemical sensor structure 104, except for the sampling region 134 around the distal electrodes RE 124', CE 126', and WE 128'. The hydrophobic intermediate layer 176 has a distal opening 178 that forms a rearward-facing sampling port (also identified by reference numeral 178) for receiving a body fluid sample into the sampling region 134 and contacting the distal electrodes RE 124', CE 126', and WE 128'. The electrochemical sensor structure 104 also includes a protective layer 180 that is located on the hydrophobic intermediate layer 176 and covers the distal portion 174 (including the sampling region 134). In these embodiments, the protective layer 180 is made of a suitable material, such as glass or plastic.

[0205] In some embodiments, the substrate 122 may be made of a flexible material (e.g., a flexible polyimide film strip) on which one or more detection elements for detecting one or more biomarkers are disposed. In some embodiments, the flexible substrate 122 may be made of a modified or unmodified polymer substrate, including but not limited to a track-etched membrane, a treated or untreated acrylic substrate, and / or similar materials. In some embodiments, the track-etched membrane 122 may be a porous polyimide membrane.

[0206] In some embodiments, the track-etched membrane 122 may have a porosity equal to or greater than 30%. In this document, the porosity of a material is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids or empty spaces to the total volume of the material. In some embodiments, the track-etched membrane 122 may have a porosity equal to or greater than 50%.

[0207] In some embodiments, the pore size, shape and density of the track-etched membrane can be changed in a controllable manner, thereby producing a membrane with selected transport and retention characteristics. Since the track-etched membrane has a precisely determined structure, using the track-etched membrane as a substrate 122 can produce a significant advantage over traditional membranes. For example, in some embodiments, the pore size, shape and density of the track-etched membrane 122 can be changed in a controllable manner, thereby producing a membrane with selected transport and retention characteristics. The membrane 122 with a higher pore density allows the metal layer to couple with it with a rougher surface, which in turn can increase the capacity to accommodate a large number of three-dimensional (3D) nanorod metal layers (described later) that will grow on the membrane surface. The more nanorods there are, the more binding sites available for antibody molecules, which in turn improves the overall sensitivity of the electrochemical sensor structure 104. In addition, the membrane 122 with a higher pore density is also conducive to the flow of body fluid samples thereon.

[0208] Figure 5A is a schematic diagram of electrochemical sensor structure 104 showing substrate 122 and electrodes RE 124 ′, CE 126 ′, and WE 128 ′. Figure 5B 1 is a schematic diagram of an electrochemical sensor structure 104 showing a substrate 122 and an electrode WE 128'. As shown, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes a nanostructured sensing surface in its sampling region 134 for amplifying the amount of biomarkers bound to the electrochemical sensor structure 104 to improve sensitivity.

[0209] More specifically, the distal electrode WE 128' includes a nanostructured sensing surface 182 having a plurality of nanorods 184 (e.g., zinc oxide nanorods). In some embodiments, zinc oxide may be deposited onto the distal electrode WE 128' on a substrate (as a seed), and then the substrate including the coated electrode is immersed in a chemical bath consisting of zinc nitrate hexahydrate and hexamethylenetetramine, maintained at a temperature below the boiling point of water (preferably about 80°C) to "grow" the zinc oxide nanorods, thereby synthesizing the zinc oxide nanorods.

[0210] The nanorods 184 are coated with a specific type of detection element 188, such as one or more fixed capture ligands, such as antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acid aptamers, etc., for detecting a specific biomarker 190 for which the detection element 188 has high specificity and affinity. The nanorods 184 are also coated with cross-linking molecules 186, which fix the detection element molecules 188 to the nanorods 184 to capture and react with the corresponding biomarker 190.

[0211] Figures 6A to 6F A process for fabricating an electrochemical sensor structure 104 having zinc oxide nanorods is shown in these embodiments.

[0212] like Fig. 6A As shown, a track-etched porous polyimide membrane having a thickness of about 25 microns is prepared as the substrate 122 .

[0213] like Figure 6B As shown, a patterned stencil mask having 50 mm diameter exposed portions is applied to substrate 122 at the locations of electrodes RE 124, CE 126, and WE 128. Then, 25 nm of chromium and 125 nm of gold are deposited at the electrode locations using sputtering or electron beam spraying to form electrodes RE 124, CE 126, and WE 128.

[0214] like Figure 6C As shown, an auxiliary hollow mask having an exposed portion of 50 mm in diameter at the location of the electrode WE 128 is applied to the substrate 122, and a zinc oxide seed layer 192 is selectively deposited onto the electrode WE 128 by conventional radio frequency magnetron sputtering of zinc oxide having a purity of 99.99% under a 12 standard cubic centimeter per minute (sccm) argon (Ar) plasma without oxygen using a power of 50 watts (W). The deposition is then performed at a base pressure of 15 mTorr for approximately 30 minutes.

[0215] The thickness of the deposited zinc oxide seed layer is approximately 30 ± 5 nm, which can be verified using a suitable profilometer (eg, a Dektak 8 profilometer provided by Veeco Instruments Inc., Plainview, NY, USA).

[0216] like Fig.6D As shown, zinc oxide nanorods are then synthesized on the electrode WE 128 using an appropriate hydrothermal method, for example, the substrate 112 forming the electrode is immersed in a chemical bath consisting of 50 millimolar (mM) equimolar concentrations of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2) and hexamethyltetramine (HMTA), and nucleated at a temperature of about 80°C and a rotation speed of 300 rpm for 30 minutes to "grow" zinc oxide nanorods 184. The treated substrate 112 is then rinsed with deionized water and air-dried.

[0217] like Fig. 6E and 6F As shown, the protein was immobilized to the electrode WE 128 by first using a 10 mM solution of dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) (i.e., DSP) 196 in dimethyl sulfoxide (i.e., DMSO) for 2 hours and then using a solution of one (1) microgram / milliliter (μg / mL) anti-NT-pro-BNP antibody 198 in phosphate buffered saline for 15 minutes. Unbound DSP was blocked with an appropriate protein blocking buffer, such as Thermo Scientific SuperBlock TM Blocking buffer (SuperBlock is a trademark of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).

[0218] An electrochemical sensor structure 104 having zinc oxide nanorods is then fabricated.

[0219] In some embodiments, the metal oxide nanostructures may be synthesized by electrochemically depositing metal oxides onto one or more tungsten electrodes.

[0220] Figures 7A to 7E The process for making the electrochemical sensor structure 104 of some alternative embodiments of the present disclosure is shown. In these embodiments, zinc oxide nanorods are not used. Instead, highly conductive nanomaterials 206 (e.g., carbon nanotubes, nano-sized gold particles, and / or similar materials) are applied to the distal electrode WE 128' to form a biosensor with a larger surface area and therefore a higher sensitivity.

[0221] like Fig. 7A As shown, first prepare a substrate 122. In this example, the substrate is made of or includes polymethyl methacrylate (ie, PMMA) and track-etched polyamide, polyester and / or polycarbonate.

[0222] PMMA is a transparent thermoplastic. Compared to other materials such as polycarbonate, PMMA has higher transmittance, higher UV resistance (so it does not yellow over time), and higher rigidity (so it is more scratch-resistant). PMMA is suitable for smooth laser cutting, does not yellow and burn during laser cutting, and can be reshaped and recycled without degradation. In contrast, polycarbonate can easily yellow and burn during laser cutting. PMMA is also easier to polish (e.g. to create smooth edges to prevent injuries). In addition, PMMA is more cost-effective than other materials such as polycarbonate.

[0223] like Figure 7B As shown, electrodes WE 128 / 128', CE126 / 126' and RE124 / 124' are formed on the substrate 122 by depositing a layer of chromium 202 on the substrate 122 and a layer of gold 204 on the chromium layer 202 using an appropriate deposition method (e.g., chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma vapor deposition (PVD), sputtering spray, electron beam, etc.), wherein a first mask is applied to the substrate 122 to expose only the locations of the electrodes.

[0224] Although not shown, other electrodes, such as identification electrodes 130 and 132, may also be formed in this step.

[0225] After electrode deposition, the deposited electrode can be characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and / or an atomic force microscope (AFM).

[0226] like Figure 7C As shown, WE 128 / 128' is achieved by applying a layer of conductive nanomaterial 206 on the gold layer 204 to form a biosensor with a larger surface area and thus a higher sensitivity. In this step, a suitable deposition method (e.g., CVD, PVD, sputtering, electron beam, etc.) can be used, wherein a second mask is applied to the electrode deposition substrate 122, exposing only the distal electrode WE 128'.

[0227] The characterization test of the nanomaterial layer 206 may be performed by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX), a transmission electron microscope (TEM), an atomic force microscope (AFM), or the like.

[0228] like Fig.7D As shown, immunoglobulin or antibody 208 is immobilized on the nanomaterial layer 206 of WE 128' to form a detection element layer, and the antibody concentration and the interaction time between the antibody and the antigen are optimized. Then, characterization tests can be performed by using SEM and / or AFM.

[0229] like Fig. 7EAs shown, a suitable biological material or blocking agent 212 is coated onto the antibody 208 .

[0230] Then, a hydrophobic interlayer 176 is applied around electrodes 124', 126', and 128' and forms sampling region 134. After protective layer 180 is coupled to hydrophobic interlayer 176, fabrication of electrochemical sensor structure 104 is complete.

[0231] In these embodiments, the substrate 112 is made of a non-porous PMMA film. However, compared with the track-etched porous membrane, the highly conductive nanocomposite material deposited thereon provides sufficient binding sites for antibody molecules.

[0232] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in other embodiments, other suitable materials (eg, polyethylene terephthalate (PET)) may be used to manufacture the substrate 112 .

[0233] In the above embodiment, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes identification electrodes 130 and 132 for indicating the type of biomarker associated therewith. When the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is inserted into the PoC device 102 or otherwise coupled to the PoC device 102, the PoC device 102 checks the type of biomarker associated with the inserted electrochemical sensor structure 104. If the PoC device 102 determines that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is incompatible therewith, the PoC device 102 may issue an alarm or warning (e.g., issue a beep and / or display a warning on the screen 106).

[0234] In such Figure 8 In some alternative embodiments shown, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 does not include any identification electrodes. Figure 8 In the example shown, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes only three electrodes RE 124, CE 126, and WE 128. In these embodiments, the portable electrochemical sensor system 100 may use other suitable methods to determine the type of biomarker that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is suitable for detecting, as described below.

[0235] For example, in Fig. 9AIn one embodiment shown, the PoC device 102 includes an RFID tag antenna 222 and an RFID reader 224 built into the back of the device. Accordingly, the carrier bottle 226 (also referred to as a sensing strip bottle) that houses the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes an RFID tag antenna 228 and an RFID chip 230 that stores information about the type of biomarker associated with the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in the sensing strip bottle 226. The PoC device 102 can use the RFID reader 224 to read the information in the RFID chip 230 of the sensing strip bottle 226 to determine the type of biomarker that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 can detect.

[0236] Each time before the patient starts a new test, the PoC device 102 may ask the patient to place the carrier bottle 226 near the PoC device 102 to obtain the identification information of the electrochemical sensor structure 104. Based on the information received by the RFID reader in the PoC device 102, the PoC device 102 determines whether the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is compatible with it (i.e., whether the PoC device 102 and the electrochemical sensor structure 104 are used to detect the same biomarker). If the PoC device 102 determines that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in the sensing strip bottle 226 is not compatible, the PoC device 102 may issue an alarm or warning (e.g., issue a beep and / or display a warning on the screen 106).

[0237] In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 may adjust electrical parameters of the potentiostat circuit based on information detected from the sensor strip vial 226 to accommodate the type of electrochemical sensor structure 104 contained in the sensor strip vial 226 for accurate biomarker detection rather than issuing an alarm or warning.

[0238] In another embodiment, each electrochemical sensor structure 104 may include an RFID chip that stores information about the type of biomarker associated therewith. If the PoC device 102 determines that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is incompatible, the PoC device 102 may issue an alarm or warning (e.g., issue a beep and / or display a warning on the screen 106). Alternatively, the PoC device 102 may adjust the electrical parameters of its potentiostat circuit based on the information detected from the electrochemical sensor structure 104 to make it suitable for accurate biomarker detection.

[0239] In such Fig. 9BIn one embodiment shown, the PoC device 102 includes an imaging component 232, such as a one-dimensional barcode scanner for scanning a one-dimensional barcode. Accordingly, the sensor strip vial 226 includes a one-dimensional barcode 234 that stores, encodes, or otherwise indicates the identity or type of a biomarker associated with the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in the sensor strip vial 226 and that can be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure 104.

[0240] The PoC device 102 may use a barcode scanner 232 to read a one-dimensional barcode 234 on the sense strip vial 226 to determine the type of biomarker that may be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure 104. If the PoC device 102 determines that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in the sense strip vial 226 is incompatible, the PoC device 102 may issue an alarm or warning (e.g., issue a beep and / or display a warning on the screen 106) or adjust electrical parameters of the potentiostat circuit as described above.

[0241] In another embodiment, each electrochemical sensor structure 104 may include a one-dimensional barcode (eg, on its “bottom” side opposite the sampling region 134 ) that indicates the type of biomarker associated with it.

[0242] In one embodiment, the PoC device 102 includes a scanner or imaging component for scanning a matrix barcode or a two-dimensional barcode (e.g., a QR code). Accordingly, the sensing strip bottle 226 includes a QR code indicating the type of biomarker associated with the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in the sensing strip bottle 226. The PoC device 102 can use a QR code scanner to read the QR code on the sensing strip bottle 226 to determine the type of biomarker that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 can detect. If the PoC device 102 determines that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in the sensing strip bottle 226 is not compatible, the PoC device 102 can issue an alarm or warning (e.g., issue a beep and / or display a warning on the screen 106) or adjust the electrical parameters of the potentiostat circuit as described above.

[0243] In another embodiment, each electrochemical sensor structure 104 may include a QR code (eg, on its back side) that stores the type of biomarker associated with it.

[0244] In some embodiments, the PoC device may have an infrared scanner and may identify the type of electrochemical sensor structure 104 inserted into its sensing strip receiving port 110 by using the infrared scanner to read a one-dimensional barcode or QR code located on a carrier bottle storing the electrochemical sensor structure 104 .

[0245] In such Fig.10 In one embodiment shown, the PoC device 102 and Figure 1A and1B 1. The PoC device 102 shown in FIG. 1 is similar to the PoC device 102 shown in FIG. 1. However, the PoC device 102 in this embodiment does not include a screen. Instead, the PoC device 102 includes a connection port 242, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port (e.g., a micro-USB port or a USB Type-C port), for physically and electrically coupling to a host computing device (e.g., a smartphone, a tablet, a laptop, a desktop computer, etc.). The host computing device can execute a corresponding application for controlling the PoC device 102 and cooperating with it to perform tasks.

[0246] For example, Fig.11 As shown, the sensor strip vial 226 includes a QR code 244 indicating the type of biomarker associated with the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in the sensor strip vial 226. The PoC device 102 is coupled to the smartphone 246 and uses the camera 248 of the smartphone 246 to read the QR code 244 on the sensor strip vial 226 to determine the type of biomarker that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 can detect.

[0247] In such Fig.12 In one embodiment shown, the sensor strip vial 226 includes a one-dimensional barcode 234 that indicates the type of biomarker associated with the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in the sensor strip vial 226. The PoC device 102 is coupled to a smartphone 246 and uses a camera 248 of the smartphone 246 to read the one-dimensional barcode 234 on the sensor strip vial 226 to determine the type of biomarker that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 can detect.

[0248] In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 may include only a potentiostat circuit and / or a detection circuit, and may be functionally coupled to a computing device (e.g., a smartphone). In these embodiments, the PoC device 102 may utilize the smartphone's processor, screen, input device (e.g., touch screen, physical buttons, virtual buttons, etc.), and camera to obtain the computing power necessary to display information to the user and scan external inputs, such as QR codes or one-dimensional barcodes, when necessary.

[0249] In some embodiments, the portable electrochemical sensor system 100 includes a sensor strip adapter 252, such as Fig.13 The sensing strip adapter 252 includes a sensing strip insert 254 having physical and electrical specifications suitable for insertion into the sensing strip receiving port 110 of the PoC device 102. The sensing strip insert 254 is electrically connected to a plurality of sensing strip receivers 256 via wires 258, such as Fig.13Sensing strip receivers 256A and 256B are shown. Each sensing strip receiver 256A, 256B is configured to receive a corresponding type of electrochemical sensor structure 104A, 104B. In these embodiments, the different types of electrochemical sensor structures 104A and 104B may have different sizes and may include different electrode configurations.

[0250] For example, Fig.14 As shown, the electrochemical sensor structure 104A includes three electrodes RE 124, CE 126, and WE 128 from its first side 262 to its second side 264, all of which are on its "top" surface. However, the electrochemical sensor structure 104B includes three electrodes WE 128, RE 124, and CE 126 from its first side 262 to its second side 264, wherein the electrodes WE 128 and CE 126 are located on its "top" surface, while the electrode RE 124 is located on the "bottom" surface opposite to the "top" surface (indicated by the dashed line).

[0251] Accordingly, if Fig.14 As shown, sensing strip receiver 256A has three electrical terminals 124", 126", and 128" arranged on corresponding "top" surfaces and in the same order as electrodes 124, 126, and 128 of electrochemical sensor structure 104A for proper engagement with electrodes WE 128, RE 124, and CE 126 thereof.

[0252] The sensor strip receiver 256A has three electrical terminals 124", 126", and 128" arranged in the same order as the electrodes 124, 126, and 128 of the electrochemical sensor structure 104B, wherein the electrical terminals 126" and 128" are located on the corresponding "top" surface, and the electrical terminal 124" is located on the corresponding "bottom" surface, which are used to properly engage with its electrodes WE 128, RE 124, and CE 126.

[0253] Thus, the sensing strip adapter 252 allows the PoC device 102 to accommodate different types of electrochemical sensor structures 104 manufactured to different specifications, such as electrochemical sensor structures 104 manufactured by different manufacturers.

[0254] In some embodiments, the sensing strip adapter 252 does not include the sensing strip insert 254. Instead, the sensing strip adapter 252 includes a wireless communication module for wirelessly coupling to the PoC device 102 to transmit test data thereto.

[0255] Although in the above embodiment, the PoC device 102 includes only one sensing strip receiving port 110, in some alternative embodiments, the PoC device 102 may include multiple sensing strip receiving ports 110. The multiple sensing strip receiving ports 110 may have the same physical and electrical specifications. Alternatively, at least some of the multiple sensing strip receiving ports 110 may have different physical and electrical specifications for receiving different electrochemical sensor structures 104 in a manner similar to that described above.

[0256] Although the surface area ratio of WE 128', CE 126' and RE 124' may be approximately 1:1:4 in the above embodiment, in some alternative embodiments, the surface area ratio of WE 128', CE 126' and RE 124' may be determined according to the type of biomarker or antibody used on the electrochemical sensor structure 104 or according to the target analyte.

[0257] In some alternative embodiments, the surface area ratio of WE 128 ′, CE 126 ′, and RE 124 ′ may be determined based on the number of detection elements applied to the nanostructured sensing surface of the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0258] In some alternative embodiments, the ratio of the surface area of ​​electrodes WE 128 ′, CE 126 ′, and RE 124 ′ to the surface area of ​​sample region 134 may be determined based on the electrochemical characteristics of the detection element or biomarker for which the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is dedicated.

[0259] In some embodiments, the ratio of the cross-sectional area of ​​the sampling port 178 to its height may be determined based on the electrochemical characteristics of the detection element or biomarker for which the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is dedicated.

[0260] In some embodiments, the detection elements and geometric parameters of the electrochemical sensing structure are determined for detecting NT-pro-BNP.

[0261] In some embodiments, the nanostructured sensing surface may be coated with detection elements that have high affinity and specificity for binding of the analyte.

[0262] In some embodiments, the nanostructured sensing surface may be coated with detection elements that have high affinity and specificity for binding NT-pro-BNP.

[0263] In some embodiments, the electrochemical sensor system 100 can be used to analyze a fluid sample, which can be any fluid having a detectable biomarker.

[0264] In some embodiments, one or more portable PoC devices 102 can be used in a health monitoring computer network system (e.g., a computer network system having an artificial intelligence (AI)-based platform accessible through a software or firmware application running on a computer or mobile device) to evaluate patient health data, filter out insignificant health issues, provide accessible personalized health management suggestions to patients, and inform healthcare services of serious patient-specific health issues. The artificial intelligence-based platform can utilize neural networks to process and analyze health data input from various selected sources, and can generate personalized assessment results of the health status of individual patients. Such a health monitoring system can be used by doctors and patients as a communication and monitoring tool, and can simplify access to healthcare services and reduce the pressure on healthcare resources.

[0265] In some embodiments, the PoC device may include a communication module for communicating with the PoC device using appropriate wired or wireless communication technology (e.g., Ethernet, (WI-FI is a registered trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, Austin, Texas, U.S.), (BLUETOOTH is a registered trademark of Bluetooth Sig Inc., Kirkland, Washington, U.S.A.), (ZIGBEE is a registered trademark of ZigBee Alliance Corp., San Ramon, California, U.S.A.), 3G, 4G, and / or 5G wireless mobile communication technology, etc. and / or similar technology) is connected to an artificial intelligence platform for transmitting data collected when analyzing body fluid samples on the sample area of ​​the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0266] In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 may only transmit data to the artificial intelligence platform when the PoC device 102 obtains a valid reading of data from a fluid sample applied to a sample area of ​​the electrochemical sensor structure.

[0267] In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 may further include other suitable peripheral components, such as one or more positioning modules.

[0268] In some embodiments, the one or more positioning modules may be one or more global navigation satellite system (GNSS) components (e.g., one or more components working in conjunction with the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS), the European Union's Galileo Positioning System, and / or China's BeiDou System).

[0269] After the user agrees, the PoC device 102 can use the one or more positioning modules to determine its geospatial information, such as location, city, country, etc., which can be used as the user's geospatial information. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that geospatial data provides context for the user's changing biomarker information, thereby providing an overall assessment of the patient's health status.

[0270] The obtained geospatial information may be sent from the PoC device 102 to a server via a suitable communication technology (e.g., Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G, 5G cellular communication technology, etc.).

[0271] The server may use the geospatial information collected from the PoC devices 102 for research in related areas, such as the prevalence and incidence of heart failure, understanding health resource utilization, areas with frequent recurrent hospitalizations, the impact of low socioeconomic status on heart health, etc., as well as to help develop clinical pathways to assist healthcare systems and policy makers.

[0272] In some embodiments, upon user consent, geospatial or geo-fence tracking may be implemented on the PoC device 102 (in cooperation with a server) to provide patient history, current patient status, and current patient location to first responders.

[0273] In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 may collaborate with other health monitoring devices and / or may have additional health monitoring functions to provide a more comprehensive health monitoring solution. For example, in some embodiments, the PoC device 102 integrated with GNSS can be used to track patients who have suffered a cardiac event or are at high risk of suffering a cardiac event. For chronic diseases (such as heart failure) that require continuous (rather than intermittent) monitoring of biomarker levels, the "patient's door to treatment" time becomes very critical in the case of decompensation (from a stable state to a more serious chronic health condition). The device can shorten the "event to treatment" time by providing the patient's precise location in urban, rural and remote areas.

[0274] In these embodiments, geospatial technology may be mission critical for the PoC device 102. The primary value proposition provided by geoinformatics is the use of geographic location for emergency communications in the event of a cardiac event. For example, if the patient is responsive but unable to make a phone call, the patient may press an emergency call (SOS) button on the PoC device 102. An emergency communication message, such as an automated text report, is sent to one or more emergency services.

[0275] It should be understood by those skilled in the art that other embodiments are also easily implementable.

[0276] For example, Fig.15AElectrochemical sensor structures 104 of some embodiments of the present disclosure are shown. In these embodiments, the electrochemical sensor structures 104 are similar to those described above, except that the electrochemical sensor structures 104 in these embodiments include two WEs 128-1 and 128-2 with RE 124 located therebetween and CE 126 extending around WEs 128-1 and 128-2.

[0277] Fig. 15B 1 shows an electrochemical sensor structure 104 of other embodiments of the present disclosure. In these embodiments, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 and Fig.15A The structure shown in is similar to that shown in except that the CE 126 in the sampling region 134 includes a smooth transition trace and the two WEs 128-1 and 128-2 include oval electrode terminals.

[0278] Fig. 15B 1 shows an electrochemical sensor structure 104 of other embodiments of the present disclosure. In these embodiments, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 and Fig.15A The electrochemical sensor structures shown are similar, except that the electrochemical sensor structure 104 in these embodiments includes an oval CE 126, and the RE 124 and six (6) WE 128 are enclosed within the circle of the CE 126. The oval CE 126 is electrically connected only to the counter wires CW 302 (indicated by the dots overlapping them), and the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes a separation or isolation layer (not shown) sandwiched between the electrode components to electrically isolate the CE 126 from the other electrodes (e.g., the RE 124 and WE 128). Alternatively, the counter wire CW 302 can be located on the side of the substrate opposite to the side with the RE 124 and WE 128.

[0279] The electrodes of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 described above may be fabricated using conductive ink and conductive or semi-conductive metals through screen printing or sputtering deposition processes, respectively.

[0280] Fig.17A A schematic diagram of an exemplary fabrication process 310 for screen printing electrodes is shown. Fig. 17B A schematic diagram of an exemplary fabrication process 340 for sputtered electrodes is shown. In these examples, three or more electrodes (represented as elementary electrodes) are fabricated on a treated (ie, modified) or untreated (ie, unmodified) polymer substrate 332 and then screen printed.

[0281] like Fig.17A and 17B As shown, first prepare the substrate 332 ( Fig.17A , step 312; Fig. 17B, step 342). Then, the basic electrodes (e.g., CE, WE1, WE2, and RE) are manufactured using conductive or semiconductive materials (e.g., titanium, platinum, gold, chromium, silver, and / or similar materials) as a single element or as a layer with other elements of different thicknesses ( Fig.17A , step 314; Fig. 17B , step 344).

[0282] A layer of metal oxide (e.g. zinc oxide) with a thickness of up to 100 nanometers can be sputter-coated on the basic electrode component ( Fig.17A , step 316; Fig. 17B , step 346). Highly organized metal oxide nanostructures can be fabricated on top of the seed layer by electrochemical or hydrothermal methods ( Fig.17A , step 318; Fig. 17B , step 348). The capture ligand can then be cross-linked to the surface of the newly synthesized nanostructure that has affinity for the specific analyte ( Fig.17A , step 320; Fig. 17B , step 350). In order to avoid non-specific binding of interfering components, a universal blocker or a novel blocker can be integrated onto the sensing surface ( Fig.17A , step 322; Fig. 17B , step 352).

[0283] To characterize the surface morphology and roughness of the fabricated electrodes and nanostructured components, SEM, profilometry, TEM, and AFM techniques can be used. Electrochemical data and set standards can be obtained using various electrochemical techniques, including but not limited to cyclic voltammetry, amperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) can be used to analyze the elemental composition of the components.

[0284] Figures 18A to 18F shows the progression of the deposition process, where Fig.18A A test strip having exposed electrodes 362 is shown, Fig.18B A nanorod deposition layer 364 is shown on an electrode 362, Fig.18C A crosslinking agent 366 is shown deposited on the nanorod deposition layer 364. Fig.18D A blocking agent 368 is shown deposited on a cross-linking agent 366. Fig.18E Antibodies 370 deposited on electrodes 362 are shown.

[0285] Fig.18F372 shows a measurement of the mass of the strip carrying the electrodes, including the mass of the deposited or immobilized biosensor, organic chemical, biocrosslinker, and nanorods, wherein the horizontal axis represents the real impedance measurement and the vertical axis represents the imaginary impedance measurement. Each of the curves 372 to 378 is obtained from an EIS measurement of the sensing strip 104 under different surface conditions. Curve 372 represents Fig.18E The ideal immobilization conditions shown include antibody 370, blocking agent 368, crosslinking agent 366, and nanorod layer 364 immobilized on electrode 362.

[0286] Fig.19 1 is a schematic plan view of an electrochemical sensor structure having an assembly 382 composed of multiple electrodes (e.g., one CE, one RE, and two to six WE) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes one or more introduction channels 384 for introducing a fluid sample into a heterophilic plasma separation component (HF-PSC) unit 386 adjacent thereto by using a capillary effect. The HF-PSC unit 386 is arranged near and separated from the electrode assembly 382, ​​and the gap between them forms an analyte droplet chamber 388.

[0287] The one or more inlet channels 384 may be engraved on the substrate 112, or may be formed by spraying a suitable material on the substrate 112, with gaps therein forming the inlet channels 384. The one or more inlet channels 384 may have any suitable geometry or size. Fig.19 In the example shown, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes a funnel-shaped inlet channel 384 having an opening adjacent to an edge of the sampling region 134 and tapering toward the HF-PSC unit 386 .

[0288] like Fig. 20 As shown, when the body fluid 402 is dropped into the introduction channel 384, the introduction channel 384 utilizes the surface tension characteristics of the dropping body fluid 402 to achieve efficient flow dynamics characteristics, thereby reducing the liquid volume requirement for quantitative analysis.

[0289] Introducing channel 384 makes dripping body fluid 402 flow through narrow space, wherein analyte passes through HF-PSC unit 386 together with other fluid components.HF-PSC unit 386 is a separator assembly embedded with specific blocking component, to filter out unwanted interfering components in fluid 402, and to capture or retain interfering fluid components therein, otherwise these interfering fluid components may cause false positive or false negative results in the assay.HF-PSC unit 386 can be modified and / or processed to capture interfering fluid components, thereby improving sensitivity and selectivity.In a plurality of embodiments, HF-PSC unit 386 may include symmetrical and / or asymmetrical holes with different apertures.In certain embodiments, HF-PSC unit 386 may also be untreated, depending on the actual application of the test.

[0290] The filtered fluid sample obtained in the HF-PSC unit 386 then enters the analyte droplet chamber 388 to contact the electrode assembly 382, ​​which includes basic electrodes (WE, CE and RE, respectively) with or without layered nanostructures and cross-linked capture ligands for specific analytes. In various embodiments, the number of WE electrodes may vary depending on the type of experiment and the multiplicity of the experiment.

[0291] Fig.21 An operating mode 420 for quantitative analysis of bodily fluid analytes for an electrode assembly of a 2 to 6 working electrode system is shown, showing one of the working electrodes embedded with a desired capture ligand and supersaturated with the capture ligand, the interaction of bodily fluid components with the embedded supersaturated ligand, and a simplified conceptual EIS diagram representing quantification of the analyte.

[0292] As shown, one of the WEs 128 (e.g., WE 128-2) is supersaturated with a capture ligand, while the other WE 128-1 is cross-linked with a predetermined concentration of a similar or different capture ligand (step 422). The quantitative values ​​are derived from previously conducted experiments defining standard curves of the desired entity and interfering entities. The PoC device 102 then calculates the final output value based on the EIS values ​​(obtained in steps 422 and 424) using a mathematical model to determine the actual experimental value of the analyte, as shown below:

[0293] Analyte concentration = Rct WE2 -Rct WE1 ,

[0294] Where Rct WE1 and Rct WE2 are the charged electron transfer resistance (RCT, also called “charge transfer resistance”) of electrodes WE1 and WE2, respectively.

[0295] exist Figures 19 to 21In the illustrated embodiment, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes two WEs 128, one of which is supersaturated with a capture ligand (denoted as supersaturated WE) and the other WE is cross-linked with a predetermined concentration of a similar or different capture ligand (denoted as experimental WE). The analyte concentration is calculated based on the difference in RCT between the supersaturated WE and the experimental WE.

[0296] In some embodiments where the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes more than two WEs 128 (e.g., Fig.16 ), one or more WEs may be configured as supersaturated WEs, while other WEs may be configured as experimental WEs. The analyte concentration is calculated based on the difference in RCT of the supersaturated WE and the experimental WE using an appropriate statistical method (e.g., maximum likelihood estimation, least square estimation, minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimation, and / or the like).

[0297] Fig. 22 440 is a block diagram showing a modular structure 440 of an electrochemical sensor system 100 for body fluid analysis. As shown, analytes enter the electrochemical sensor structure 104 through an analyte inlet 442 (e.g., a capillary flow inlet for a blood sample as described above) and are processed by an analyte processing module 444 that can be implemented through a substrate, resulting in mixing of blood with the complex. This processing results in a final plasma separation containing the complex, thereby enabling efficient downstream processing.

[0298] The output of the analyte processing module 444 is sent to a multi-module device 446 of the PoC device 102, which includes an electrochemical module 448, a fluorescence module 450, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) module 452, and an absorbance module 454. In some embodiments, these modules can be combined or otherwise integrated into a miniaturized module. In this context, the multi-module device 446 allows the user to switch to an appropriate module among the modules 448 to 454 to perform blood analysis. For example, NT-pro-BNP detection requires the electrochemical module 448, the fluorescence module 450, and the PCR module 452 to work together to achieve aptamer-based ligand recognition, while metabolite detection may require the use of the absorbance module 454.

[0299] The calibration curve module 456 can be a memory of the PoC device 102 or a memory on a secure central server that stores the calibration curve (i.e., calibration data set). In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 can communicate with the central server to obtain the calibration curve associated with the batch number / lot of the sensing strip 104.

[0300] In some embodiments, screen printing techniques may be used to create the electrode arrangement, thereby enabling impedance coded identification of the lot / batch of sensing strips. Using this code, the PoC device 102 may communicate with a central server to establish an accurate calibration curve prior to analyte analysis.

[0301] The raw data from the multi-module device 446 is securely transmitted to the memory 456 and compared with the calibration curve stored therein to obtain the biologically relevant measured value (e.g., the biomarker concentration obtained by EIS). The obtained measured value is then displayed on the display 458 of the PoC device 102 and / or transmitted to the relevant mobile device 460 (e.g., the user's mobile device and / or the doctor's mobile device) and displayed thereon.

[0302] In some embodiments, the values ​​obtained by EIS can also be used to diagnose the performance of an unimmobilized biosensor. For example, in one embodiment, prior to applying a fluid sample to a substrate, an EIS scan can be performed to assess the "health" of the substrate.

[0303] Fig.23 4 is a block diagram illustrating a modular structure 480 of a PoC device 102 for blood analysis according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, the PoC device 102 can be used with a plurality of electrochemical sensor structures or disposable sensing strips 104 for blood analysis, such as NT-pro-BNP test strips 482, glucose test strips 484, creatinine test strips 486, and other suitable sensing strips (e.g., sensing strips for testing electrolytes, troponin, etc.) for detecting NT-pro-BNP biomarkers in human blood samples. The sensing strips 104 (e.g., sensing strips 482 to 486) have a universal sensing strip adapter to interface with the PoC device 102.

[0304] The PoC device 102 includes a programmable AC potentiostat circuit 488 and a programmable DC potentiostat circuit 490, which include voltage control and data storage and analysis functions, which are controlled by a control circuit 492 (e.g., an Arduino microcontroller) having necessary components such as a memory 494 and a communication module 496 (e.g., a Bluetooth module). The PoC device 102 also includes a light emitting diode (LED) display 498 (or other suitable display) and a battery 500 for powering the various components.

[0305] Based on the type of test, the PoC device 102 may automatically perform the test using the programmable AC potentiostat circuit 488 or the programmable DC potentiostat circuit 490. The test results are transmitted to the control circuit 492 for analysis and stored in the memory 494. The analysis results are displayed on the LED display 498 and / or securely wirelessly transmitted to the mobile device 460 and displayed thereon.

[0306] In some embodiments, the fluid flow channel can work in conjunction with the electrode system. Prior art systems use multiple electrodes to evaluate the amount of fluid present in the flow channel. In order to miniaturize the design of the sensing strip, a combination of channel geometry and electrode design is used. As will be described in more detail below, in some embodiments, the channel or microchannel can be entered through an inlet. On the other side of the inlet, the cross-section of the channel may be reduced. In a related embodiment, the substrate can be treated to be hydrophobic, which can prevent fluid flow. By measuring the change in the current from the electrodes, the stability of the fluid flow can be evaluated.

[0307] In some embodiments, the dimensions of the microchannels are predetermined to achieve a predetermined volume to allow filling with a fluid.

[0308] Fig.24A and 24B A hybrid design of an electrochemical sensor structure 104 of some embodiments of the present disclosure is shown, which has the function of controlling the flow stability and amount of a fluid sample received in its sampling region.

[0309] like Fig.24A As shown, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes one or more capillary channels 510 (also referred to as microchannels or microfluidic channels) having an inlet or inlet opening 512 disposed within or around the analyte droplet chamber 388 and extending from the analyte droplet chamber 388 to the electrode region.

[0310] The one or more capillary channels 510 may be engraved or otherwise formed on the substrate 122 and may be hydrophilic to the fluid sample. Each microchannel 510 includes a substantially abrupt expansion portion 514 (i.e., its width and / or cross-sectional area substantially increases), and the distance between the inlet 512 and the expansion portion 514 is predetermined according to the fluid volume requirement.

[0311] Electrode 518 (e.g., WE) extends into microchannel 510 at a position intermediate inlet 512 and expansion portion 514 (i.e., electrode 518 is located downstream of inlet 512 and upstream of expansion portion 514) and is capable of directly interacting with the fluid sample therein. Thus, electrode 518 can be used to examine the sample via a DC potentiostat circuit, an AC potentiostat circuit, or a combination thereof.

[0312] During body fluid sampling, fluid enters microchannel 510 from inlet 512 and flows therein. Fig.24A A flow front 516 is shown approaching an electrode 518 . Fig. 24B A flow front 516 is shown passing through an electrode 518 .

[0313] The abrupt expansion portion 514 and the surface tension effect associated therewith hinder the flow front of the fluid in the microchannel 510, thereby controlling the fluid volume. When the flow front 516 has not yet approached the electrode 518, the impedance scanned by the electrode 518 is low. When the flow front 516 passes the electrode 518, the impedance scanned by the electrode 518 may steadily increase, thereby indicating the passage of the flow front 516.

[0314] In some embodiments, the sharply divergent portion 514 and the surface tension effects associated therewith may also be used to control fluid velocity.

[0315] Electrode 518 may be electrically coupled to a DC potentiostat circuit 490 (see Fig.23 ), the DC potentiostat circuit 490 applies a DC voltage to the electrode 518 and monitors the rate of change of the current. If the current rate becomes zero when the high impedance measurement (e.g., greater than a predetermined impedance threshold) occurs, this means that the microchannel 510 receives blood therein but does not flow. If the current rate is not zero for a predetermined length of time when the high impedance measurement (e.g., greater than a predetermined impedance threshold) occurs, this means that the amount of blood in the microchannel 510 is satisfactory for the sensing strip test.

[0316] Fig.25A and 25C Other embodiments of the present disclosure illustrate an electrochemical sensor structure 104 having the functionality to control the flow stability and amount of a fluid sample received in a sampling region thereof.

[0317] The electrochemical sensor structure 104 in these embodiments is Fig.24A and 24B , and includes one or more microchannels 510 having an inlet or inlet opening 512 disposed within or around the analyte droplet chamber 388 and extending from the analyte droplet chamber 388 to the electrode region. The one or more capillary channels 510 may be engraved or otherwise formed on the substrate 122 and may be hydrophobic to the fluid sample.

[0318] As shown, each microchannel 510 includes a substantially abrupt reduction portion 514' (ie, its width and / or cross-sectional area substantially abruptly decreases) for controlling fluid volume. The distance between the inlet 512 and the reduction portion 514' is predetermined based on fluid volume requirements.

[0319] Electrode 518 (e.g., WE) extends into microchannel 510 at a position intermediate inlet 512 and reduced portion 514' (i.e., electrode 518 is located downstream of inlet 512 and upstream of reduced portion 514') and is capable of directly interacting with the fluid sample therein. Electrode 518 can be used to examine the sample via a DC potentiostat circuit, an AC potentiostat circuit, or a combination thereof.

[0320] Fig.26 6 is a flow chart illustrating a process 600 for body fluid analysis performed by the PoC device 102 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, the signal generator 602 of the PoC device 102 outputs a signal (e.g., an AC signal) to the WE 606 to 612 through a multiplexer / demultiplexer (mux / demux) 604. The signals from the WE 606 to 612 are fed to a multi-channel current-to-voltage converter 614 to output a voltage signal to a DC potentiostat circuit 618 or an AC potentiostat circuit 620 through a mux / demux 616. The data analysis module 622 analyzes the output of the DC potentiostat circuit 618 and / or the AC potentiostat circuit 620. The analysis results of the data analysis module 622 are read out, displayed, and / or stored at the output module 624.

[0321] Fig. 27 700 is a flow chart illustrating a process 700 for bodily fluid analysis performed by a PoC device 102 of some embodiments of the present disclosure. At the beginning of the process 700, the user selects the test type and the sensing strip 104 to be used (step 702). Upon inserting the sensing strip 104 into the PoC device 102, the PoC device 102 diagnoses the sensing strip 104 to determine the quality of the substrate and the integrity of the biosensor assembly (step 704). If the test is impedance-based, the PoC device 102 automatically calibrates itself to an impedance range appropriate for the biomarker being examined (step 706). The PoC device 102 also checks the type of sensing strip 104 and adjusts its parameters to accommodate the sensing strip 104 (step 708).

[0322] The PoC device 102 may use a combination of impedance, voltage, and current to check the sensing strip 104. If the PoC device 102 determines that the sensing strip 104 is not usable (the "No" branch of step 710), the process 700 proceeds to step 702, and the PoC device 102 requests the user to replace the sensing strip 104. Once the PoC device 102 determines that the sensing strip 104 is workable (the "Yes" branch of step 710), the PoC device 102 requests the user to provide a blood sample (step 712).

[0323] Upon receiving the blood sample, the PoC device 102 evaluates flow stability (step 714) and monitors changes in current from the electrodes (step 716), as described above (see also Fig.24A and 24B If the current is changing (the "yes" branch of step 718), process 700 returns to step 716 to further monitor the current change.

[0324] If the current change stops (the "No" branch of step 718), the timer begins recording the interaction time (step 720), and the PoC device 102 begins measuring the impedance after the predetermined interaction time expires (step 722). The PoC device 102 then compares the raw measurement value with the calibration curve (step 724) and displays the concentration result (step 726). The quantitative or qualitative data is also uploaded to the server (step 730). The test session then ends (step 732).

[0325] Fig.28 800 is a flow chart illustrating a bodily fluid analysis process 800 of some embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 800 begins when a patient starts a test using a PoC device 102 (step 802). As described above, the PoC device 102 is functionally coupled to a health monitoring network system and communicates with a server.

[0326] Similar to process 700, the user selects the type of biomarker to be tested (step 804), inserts the appropriate biomarker sensing strip 104 into the PoC device 102 (step 806), and applies a fingerstick blood sample to the sensing strip 104 (step 808). The PoC device 102 then performs a quantitative analysis of the biomarker level and records the geographic location using its GNSS component (e.g., its GPS component) (step 810). In step 812, the test and geographic location data are aggregated and evaluated to derive an assessment of the user's health status.

[0327] In these embodiments, the PoC device 102 includes a plurality of thresholds for comparison with the test data, including, for example, a first threshold indicating an abnormal health condition and a second threshold indicating a critical health condition.

[0328] If the PoC device 102 determines in step 814 that the evaluation of the user's health condition is above the first threshold but below the second threshold (i.e., abnormal but non-critical health condition), the PoC device 102 then communicates with the health monitoring network system to allow the health monitoring network system to contact the patient for further action (step 816). The process 800 then proceeds to step 822.

[0329] If the PoC device 102 determines in step 814 that the evaluation of the user's health condition is below the first threshold (i.e., normal health condition), the PoC device 102 then displays the evaluation of the user's health condition and records the test data and the evaluation of the user's health condition (step 818). The process 800 then proceeds to step 822.

[0330] If the PoC device 102 determines in step 814 that the evaluation of the user's health condition is above the second threshold (i.e., a critical health condition), the PoC device 102 then communicates with the health monitoring network system to initiate an emergency plan (step 820). The patient may also initiate an emergency event through the PoC device 102 (step 828). At this point, the patient's report file (e.g., the user's history, biomarker data, geographic location, health condition evaluation, etc.) will be sent to an emergency contact (e.g., the patient's doctor) and / or service agency (step 824). The process 800 then proceeds to step 822.

[0331] In step 822, the patient's report file is saved to the server of the health monitoring network system. The process 800 ends (step 826).

[0332] It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the PoC device 102 disclosed herein may have various forms, such as a handheld device or a desktop device. The PoC device 102 may be used to monitor appropriate biomarkers or analytes from body fluids (e.g., whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, and similar biological samples) and provide physiologically relevant information. The physiologically relevant information may be securely transmitted to healthcare practitioners, physicians, clinical and / or hospital management networks, including but not limited to public and / or private healthcare systems.

[0333] The PoC device 102 may be designed and implemented in a modular manner and include multiple detection modules for detecting different analytes. Each detection module may use a specific technique to determine the concentration of the analyte. The PoC device 102 may also include additional modules, such as a module for initiating communication with an external device (e.g., a mobile phone, a hard drive, a data center, a computer cloud, etc.).

[0334] In the above embodiment, the PoC device 102 includes one or more buttons 108 arranged beside the screen 106 for receiving user input. Fig.29A and29B In some alternative embodiments shown, the PoC device 102 in these embodiments is connected to Figure 1A 904 for receiving the sensing bar 104, and one or more buttons 108 arranged on two opposite side walls 906 thereof. The buttons 108 can be used to receive user input and perform various functions. For example, when a user chooses to replay the test results through a speaker (e.g., when the PoC device is "reading" the test results), the first button among the buttons 108 can be used to activate the PoC device or wake it up from sleep mode, the second button among the buttons 108 can be used to start the test, and the third button among the buttons 108 can be used to adjust the volume of the speaker integrated in the PoC device 102. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that arranging one or more buttons 108 on one or both side walls 906 of the PoC device 102 can facilitate the user to conveniently operate the PoC device 102 with one hand.

[0335] The sensing bar receiving port 110 may be preferably located at any suitable position on the PoC device 102 that does not interfere with the user's one-handed operation. For example, in some embodiments, the sensing bar receiving port 110 may be arranged on the bottom wall 908 of the PoC device 102. In some other embodiments, the sensing bar receiving port 110 may be one of the side walls 906 of the PoC device 102.

[0336] In some embodiments where the PoC device 102 includes a plurality of sensing bar receiving ports 110 , the plurality of sensing bar receiving ports 110 may be preferably arranged at any position on the PoC device 102 that does not interfere with a user's one-handed operation.

[0337] In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 may include a USB port (eg, a micro-USB port or a USB Type-C port) or any suitable port for connecting to a power source to charge a battery of the PoC device 102 .

[0338] In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 may include a connection port (eg, a USB port) for receiving a datagram. Fig.13 The sensing bar adapter shown is similar but has a sensing bar insert 254 having physical and electrical specifications suitable for insertion into the connection port. In these embodiments, the PoC device 102 may or may not include the sensing bar receiving port 110, depending on its specific implementation.

[0339] exist Figure 2In the illustrated embodiment, the PoC device 102 measures the resistance of a pair of identification electrodes 130 and 132 to identify one or more biomarkers that can be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure 104 inserted therein. In some alternative embodiments, the electrochemical sensor structure 104 includes an identification circuit having predetermined electrical characteristics indicative of one or more analyzable biomarkers.

[0340] Accordingly, the PoC device 102 includes circuitry for coupling to identification circuitry of the electrochemical sensor structure 104 when the electrochemical sensor structure 104 is inserted therein, and determining a predetermined electrical characteristic to identify one or more analyzable biomarkers.

[0341] For example, in some embodiments, the identification circuit may be a circuit having a predefined capacitance indicative of one or more analyzable biomarkers, and the PoC device 102 includes circuitry for determining the predefined capacitance to identify the one or more analyzable biomarkers.

[0342] In other embodiments, the identification circuit may be a circuit having a predefined inductance indicative of one or more analyzable biomarkers, and the PoC device 102 includes circuitry for determining the predefined inductance to identify the one or more analyzable biomarkers.

[0343] In some other embodiments, the identification circuit may be a circuit storing a code indicating one or more analyzable biomarkers (e.g., an IC chip storing a code indicating one or more analyzable biomarkers), and the PoC device 102 includes a reader circuit for reading the code from the IC chip to determine a predefined inductance for identifying the one or more analyzable biomarkers.

[0344] In some of the above embodiments, the PoC device 102 uses an imaging component (e.g., a camera) to scan an image (e.g., a one-dimensional barcode or a two-dimensional barcode) on the electrochemical sensor structure 104 or on a carrier bottle containing the electrochemical sensor structure 104 to identify one or more analyzable biomarkers. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in some embodiments, other suitable images encoding the identity of one or more analyzable biomarkers may also be used to identify the one or more analyzable biomarkers described above.

[0345] In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 can assess the flow stability and quantity of the fluid sample on the sensing strip 104 .

[0346] In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 may include one or more components for facilitating reading or sending voltage and current signals from or to the sensing strip 104 .

[0347] In some embodiments, the PoC device 102 can be connected to a central server that supports secure two-way information communication. The information can be calibration curves, test results, sensor strip information, lot number information, batch information, geospatial information, software information, etc.

[0348] Although some embodiments have been described above with reference to the accompanying drawings, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made without departing from the scope defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A device for analyzing a body fluid sample of a user, the device comprising: a housing comprising at least one first port for receiving an electrochemical sensor structure comprising a first circuit having a first set of electrodes for contacting the bodily fluid sample; an identification circuit for identifying one or more biomarkers that can be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure; an analysis circuit comprising a set of coupling electrodes for electrically coupling to the first set of electrodes of the electrochemical sensor structure to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in the bodily fluid sample; a control circuit coupled to the identification circuit and the analysis circuit to determine a set of biosensing parameters based on the identified one or more biomarkers and to control the analysis circuit to analyze the identified one or more biomarkers in the bodily fluid sample based on the set of biosensing parameters; and An output device is used to output the analysis results of the analysis of one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the identification circuit is used to identify the one or more biomarkers by measuring the impedance of a second circuit of the electrochemical sensor structure, the resistance of the second circuit encoding the identity of the one or more biomarkers.

3. The device of claim 2, wherein the second circuit comprises a second set of electrodes.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein the identification circuit is used to identify the one or more biomarkers by reading a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag that encodes the identity of the one or more biomarkers of the electrochemical sensor structure. 5 . The device according to claim 2 , wherein the RFID tag is on the electrochemical sensor structure or on a carrier bottle accommodating the electrochemical sensor structure.

6. The device according to claim 1, further comprising an imaging component; and Wherein the identification circuit is used to identify the one or more biomarkers by scanning an image encoding the identity of the one or more biomarkers using the imaging component.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the identification circuit is used to command a device having an imaging component and functionally coupled to the apparatus to use the imaging component to scan an image encoding the identity of the one or more biomarkers to identify the one or more biomarkers.

8. The apparatus according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the image is a one-dimensional barcode or a two-dimensional barcode.

9. The device according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the image is on the electrochemical sensor structure or on a carrier bottle accommodating the electrochemical sensor structure.

10. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the analysis circuit is configured to measure one or more impedances, one or more currents and / or one or more voltages of the first circuit to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample.

11. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the analysis circuit comprises at least one potentiostat circuit, which is electrically coupled to the first circuit to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the at least one potentiostat circuit comprises a direct current (DC) potentiostat circuit, an alternating current (AC) potentiostat circuit, or a combination thereof.

13. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the set of coupling electrodes comprises at least a coupling reference electrode (RE), a coupling control electrode (CE) and a coupling working electrode (WE), for electrically coupling to the RE, CE and WE of the electrochemical sensor structure.

14. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the set of coupling electrodes comprises at least a coupling RE, a coupling CE and a plurality of coupling WEs for electrically coupling to the RE, CE and a plurality of WEs of the electrochemical sensor structure.

15. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the set of coupling electrodes comprises at least a coupling RE, a coupling CE and more than two coupling WEs for electrically coupling to the RE, CE and more than two WEs of the electrochemical sensor structure.

16. The device according to claim 14 or 15, wherein a first group of coupled WEs consisting of at least one of the coupled WEs is used to electrically couple to a first group of WEs supersaturated with a first group of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands of the electrochemical sensor structure; wherein a second group of coupled WEs consisting of at least one of the coupled WEs is used to electrically couple to a second group of WEs cross-linked by a second group of capture ligands of a predetermined concentration consisting of one or more capture ligands of the electrochemical sensor structure; and The analysis circuit is used to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample by calculating the analyte concentration based on the difference in charge transfer resistance (RCT) between the first group of WE and the second group of WE of the electrochemical sensor structure.

17. The device according to claim 16, wherein the analysis circuit is used to calculate the analyte concentration by the difference in charge transfer resistance between the first group of WE and the second group of WE based on the electrochemical sensor structure and use a statistical method to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample.

18. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein the output device comprises a screen for displaying the analysis results.

19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the screen is a touch screen for displaying the analysis result and receiving an input from the user.

20. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the output device comprises a speaker for outputting the analysis result.

21. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 20, further comprising: A networking module for communicating with one or more remote devices.

22. The device of claim 21, wherein the networking module is a Bluetooth module.

23. The apparatus according to claim 21 or 22, wherein the output means comprises the networking module for outputting the analysis results to the one or more remote devices.

24. The apparatus of claim 23, wherein the one or more remote devices include an artificial intelligence (AI) system for determining a health condition of the user based on the analysis results.

25. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 24, further comprising: One or more buttons for receiving input from the user.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the one or more buttons comprises an SOS button for initiating emergency communications with one or more emergency services.

27. The device of claim 26, wherein the housing comprises a front wall, a rear wall, a top wall, a bottom wall, and two opposing side walls; and The one or more buttons are distributed on at least one of the side walls.

28. The device of claim 27, wherein the at least one first port is located on the top wall or the bottom wall.

29. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 28, further comprising: An adapter for removably electrically coupling to the device includes a plurality of second ports for receiving a plurality of additional electrochemical sensor structures.

30. The device of claim 29, wherein the plurality of additional electrochemical sensor structures have the same mechanical specifications and / or the same electrical specifications.

31. The device of claim 29, wherein the plurality of additional electrochemical sensor structures have different mechanical specifications and / or different electrical specifications.

32. The device of any one of claims 1 to 28, wherein the device comprises a plurality of first ports.

33. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the plurality of first ports have the same mechanical specifications and / or the same electrical specifications.

34. The apparatus of claim 32, wherein the plurality of first ports have different mechanical specifications and / or different electrical specifications.

35. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 34, further comprising: a battery for supplying power to at least the identification circuit, the analysis circuit and the control circuit; and A second port for electrically coupling to a power source to charge the battery.

36. The apparatus of claim 35, wherein the second port is a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port.

37. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 36, further comprising: A third port for physical and electrical coupling to a smartphone.

38. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 37, wherein the analysis circuit and / or the control circuit comprises an electrochemical module for detecting and analyzing N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide precursor (NT-pro-BNP), a fluorescence module and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) module for detecting and analyzing aptamer-based ligands, and an absorbance module for metabolite analysis.

39. The apparatus of claim 38, wherein the analysis circuit and / or the control circuit further comprises a memory in which a calibration curve for determining the concentration of the identified one or more biomarkers is stored.

40. The device according to any one of claims 1 to 40, further comprising: one or more Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) components for obtaining geospatial information for the device; and The output device is used to output the analysis result and the geographic space information.

41. The apparatus of claim 40 as appended to claim 23, wherein the one or more remote devices are configured to: evaluating the analysis result to obtain an evaluation of the health condition of the user; storing the analysis result, the geospatial information, and the evaluation of the health status of the user; If the evaluation of the user's health condition is higher than a first threshold but lower than a second threshold, notifying the user to take further action; as well as If the evaluation of the user's health condition is higher than a second threshold, an emergency plan is initiated.

42. A device for analyzing a body fluid sample of a user, the device comprising: a housing comprising at least one first port for receiving an electrochemical sensor structure comprising a first circuit having a first set of electrodes for contacting the bodily fluid sample; an analysis circuit comprising a set of coupling electrodes for electrically coupling to the first set of electrodes of the electrochemical sensor structure to analyze one or more biomarkers in the bodily fluid sample; and an output device for outputting analysis results of said analysis of one or more biomarkers identified in said bodily fluid sample; The set of coupled electrodes at least includes a coupled reference electrode (RE), a coupled control electrode (CE) and a plurality of coupled working electrodes (WE), which are used to electrically couple to the RE, CE and a plurality of WE of the electrochemical sensor structure.

43. The apparatus of claim 42, wherein the plurality of WEs comprises more than two coupling WEs for electrically coupling to more than two WEs of the electrochemical sensor structure.

44. The device according to claim 42 or 43, wherein a first group of coupled WEs consisting of at least one of the coupled WEs is used to electrically couple to a first group of WEs supersaturated with a first group of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands of the electrochemical sensor structure; wherein a second group of coupled WEs consisting of at least one of the coupled WEs is used to electrically couple to a second group of WEs cross-linked by a second group of capture ligands of a predetermined concentration consisting of one or more capture ligands of the electrochemical sensor structure; and The analysis circuit is used to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample by calculating the analyte concentration based on the difference in charge transfer resistance (RCT) between the first group of WE and the second group of WE of the electrochemical sensor structure.

45. A device according to claim 44, wherein the analysis circuit is used to calculate the analyte concentration by calculating the difference in charge transfer resistance (RCT) between the first group of WE and the second group of WE based on the electrochemical sensor structure and using a statistical method to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample.

46. ​​An electrochemical sensor structure comprising: substrate; a first circuit comprising a first set of electrodes distributed on the substrate and extending into a sampling region of the substrate to contact a body fluid sample; and A recognition structure for recognizing one or more biomarkers of the body fluid sample that can be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure.

47. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 46, wherein the substrate comprises a polymer.

48. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 47, wherein the polymer comprises polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, or polyamide.

49. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 46, wherein the substrate is a porous substrate.

50. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 49, wherein the substrate is a track-etched membrane having a porosity equal to or greater than 30%.

51. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 46, wherein the substrate comprises a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) film.

52. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 46 to 51, wherein the identification structure comprises a second circuit having a predetermined impedance that encodes the identity of the one or more biomarkers of the electrochemical sensor structure.

53. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 46 to 51, wherein the identification structure comprises a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag that encodes the identity of the one or more biomarkers of the electrochemical sensor structure.

54. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 46 to 51, wherein the identification structure comprises an image encoding the identity of the one or more biomarkers of the electrochemical sensor structure.

55. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 54, wherein the image comprises a one-dimensional barcode or a two-dimensional barcode that encodes the identity of the one or more biomarkers of the electrochemical sensor structure.

56. An electrochemical sensor structure according to any one of claims 46 to 55, wherein the first set of electrodes comprises at least a reference electrode (RE), a control electrode (CE) and a working electrode (WE).

57. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 46 to 55, wherein the first set of electrodes comprises at least a RE, a CE, and a plurality of WEs.

58. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 46 to 55, wherein the first set of electrodes comprises at least a RE, a CE, and more than two WEs.

59. An electrochemical sensor structure according to claim 57 or 58, wherein a first group of WEs composed of at least one of the WEs is supersaturated with a first group of capture ligands composed of one or more capture ligands, and a second group of WEs composed of at least one of the WEs is cross-linked with a second group of capture ligands of a predetermined concentration composed of one or more capture ligands.

60. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 59, wherein the first set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands comprises the same capture ligands.

61. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 59, wherein the first set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands comprises different capture ligands.

62. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 59, wherein said second set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands comprises the same capture ligands.

63. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 59, wherein said second set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands comprises different capture ligands.

64. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 59 to 63, wherein the first set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands is the same as the second set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands.

65. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 59 to 63, wherein the first set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands is different from the second set of capture ligands consisting of one or more capture ligands.

66. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 56 to 65, wherein each of the first set of electrodes comprises a chromium (Cr) layer and a gold (Au) layer disposed on the chromium layer.

67. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 66, wherein at least one WE further comprises a conductive nanomaterial layer on top of the gold layer.

68. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 67, wherein the at least one WE further comprises a detection element layer above the conductive nanomaterial layer.

69. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 56 to 68, wherein the CE extends along at least two edges of the sampling region, thereby surrounding the remaining electrodes of the first set of electrodes.

70. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 46 to 69, further comprising: a hydrophobic intermediate layer having a distal opening forming a sampling port for receiving said body fluid sample into said sampling region; and A protective layer is located on top of the hydrophobic intermediate layer and covers the sampling area.

71. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 46 to 69, wherein the sampling region of the substrate comprises: One or more introduction channels arranged around its edge for introducing the body fluid sample by using capillary effect; a heterophilic plasma separation component (HF-PSC) unit, which is adjacent to the one or more introduction channels and is used to receive the body fluid sample from the one or more introduction channels and filter out interfering components in the body fluid sample; and An analyte droplet chamber is positioned between the HF-PSC and the first set of electrodes, the analyte droplet chamber receiving the filtered bodily fluid sample from the HF-PSC to contact the filtered bodily fluid sample with the first set of electrodes.

72. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 71, wherein at least one of the one or more introduction channels is funnel-shaped and comprises an opening that tapers adjacent to an edge of the sampling region and toward the HF-PSC unit.

73. An electrochemical sensor structure according to claim 71 or 72, wherein at least one of the one or more introduction channels is engraved on the substrate.

74. An electrochemical sensor structure according to claim 71 or 72, wherein at least one of the one or more introduction channels is formed by a gap in a coating on the substrate.

75. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 71 to 74, wherein the HF-PSC unit comprises symmetric and / or asymmetric pores with different pore sizes.

76. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 71 to 75, further comprising: one or more capillary channels, each including an inlet located in or about the analyte droplet chamber and extending from the analyte droplet chamber to the first set of electrodes; wherein at least one capillary channel among the one or more capillary channels is hydrophilic to the body fluid sample and comprises a sharply diverging portion at a certain distance from the inlet for controlling the amount of the body fluid sample therein; and At least one WE extends to at least one capillary channel among the one or more capillary channels at an intermediate position between the inlet and the expansion portion thereof for interacting with the body fluid sample therein.

77. The electrochemical sensor structure of any one of claims 71 to 75, further comprising: one or more capillary channels, each including an inlet located in or about the analyte droplet chamber and extending from the analyte droplet chamber to the first set of electrodes; wherein at least one capillary channel among the one or more capillary channels is hydrophobic to the body fluid sample and comprises a sharp reduction portion at a distance from the inlet for controlling the amount of body fluid therein; and At least one WE extends to at least one capillary channel among the one or more capillary channels at an intermediate position between the inlet and the reduced portion thereof for interacting with the body fluid sample therein.

78. An electrochemical sensor structure comprising: substrate; and a first circuit comprising a first set of electrodes distributed on the substrate and extending into a sampling region of the substrate to contact a body fluid sample; The first group of electrodes at least includes a reference electrode (RE), a control electrode (CE) and a plurality of working electrodes (WE).

79. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 78, wherein the plurality of WEs comprises more than two WEs.

80. An electrochemical sensor structure according to claim 78 or 79, wherein a first group of WEs composed of at least one of the WEs is supersaturated with a first group of capture ligands composed of one or more capture ligands, and a second group of WEs composed of at least one of the WEs is cross-linked with a second group of capture ligands of a predetermined concentration composed of one or more capture ligands.

81. An electrochemical sensor structure comprising: substrate; and a first circuit comprising a first set of electrodes distributed on the substrate and extending into a sampling region of the substrate to contact a body fluid sample; Wherein, the sampling area of ​​the substrate includes: One or more introduction channels arranged around its edge for introducing the body fluid sample by using capillary effect; a heterophilic plasma separation component (HF-PSC) unit adjacent to the one or more introduction channels and configured to receive the body fluid sample from the one or more introduction channels and filter out interfering components in the body fluid sample; and An analyte droplet chamber is positioned between the HF-PSC and the first set of electrodes, the analyte droplet chamber receiving the filtered bodily fluid sample from the HF-PSC to contact the filtered bodily fluid sample with the first set of electrodes.

82. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 81, wherein at least one of the one or more introduction channels is funnel-shaped and comprises an opening that tapers adjacent to an edge of the sampling region and toward the HF-PSC unit.

83. An electrochemical sensor structure comprising: substrate; and a first circuit comprising a first set of electrodes distributed on the substrate and extending into a sampling region of the substrate to contact a body fluid sample; and one or more capillary channels, each extending from an inlet in the sampling region to the first set of electrodes; wherein at least one of the one or more capillary channels comprises a varying area portion at a distance from the inlet, the varying area portion having a varying cross-sectional area for controlling the amount of the body fluid sample therein; and At least one WE extends to at least one capillary channel among the one or more capillary channels at an intermediate position between the inlet and the area variation portion for interacting with the body fluid sample therein.

84. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 83, wherein at least one capillary channel among the one or more capillary channels is hydrophilic to the body fluid sample; and The area-varying portion of at least one capillary channel among the one or more capillary channels is a portion downstream of the at least one WE and has an increased cross-sectional area.

85. The electrochemical sensor structure of claim 83, wherein at least one capillary channel among the one or more capillary channels is hydrophobic to the body fluid sample; and The area-varying portion of at least one capillary channel among the one or more capillary channels is a portion downstream of the at least one WE and has a reduced cross-sectional area.

86. A system for analyzing a bodily fluid sample of a user, comprising: an electrochemical sensor structure for receiving the body fluid sample thereon; and a testing device cooperating with the electrochemical sensor structure to analyze the body fluid sample; The electrochemical sensor structure comprises: Base, a first circuit comprising a first set of electrodes distributed on the substrate and extending into a sampling region of the substrate to contact the body fluid sample, and a recognition structure for recognizing one or more biomarkers of the bodily fluid sample that can be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure; and The testing device comprises: a housing comprising at least one first port for receiving the electrochemical sensor structure comprising a first circuit having a first set of electrodes for contacting the body fluid sample, an identification circuit for identifying one or more biomarkers that can be analyzed using the electrochemical sensor structure, an analysis circuit comprising a set of coupling electrodes for electrically coupling to the first set of electrodes of the electrochemical sensor structure to analyze one or more biomarkers identified in the bodily fluid sample, a control circuit coupled to the identification circuit and the analysis circuit to determine a set of biosensing parameters according to the identified one or more biomarkers and control the analysis circuit to analyze the identified one or more biomarkers in the body fluid sample based on the set of biosensing parameters, and An output device is used to output the analysis results of the analysis of one or more biomarkers identified in the body fluid sample.

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