Cultivation method for improving marginal effect of cotton

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for improving the marginal effect of cotton. The invention provides a one-film four-row planting mode, the row spacing between films is 84 cm, the lighting surface width of side rows is 18 cm, the plant spacing is 6.5 cm, the plant spacing of middle rows is 9.5 cm, and the theoretical number of holes is 15143 * 667 m <-2 >. According to the arrangement, the marginal effect of the cotton field is obviously improved, and the illumination and temperature effects of the whole field edge row are improved, thereby facilitating early emergence of seedlings in the cotton field; the field illumination time is prolonged, the light energy utilization rate is remarkably improved, the ventilation conditions in the middle and later periods of the cotton field are remarkably improved, the boll setting rate difference of single plants is reduced, cotton bolls among cotton plants are balanced in development, the boll weight and the harvested boll number are increased, and the growth process of plants in the whole field is balanced and accelerated, so that the overall yield of the cotton field is improved; due to the fact that ventilation and light transmission of the cotton field are remarkably improved, cotton plants are balanced in development, cotton quality is improved, and the double-high remarkable effect of the yield and quality of cotton in the cotton field is achieved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and in particular relates to a cultivation method for improving the marginal effect of cotton. Background Art

[0002] Around 2000, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region promoted the "short, dense and early" planting model, that is, one film and six rows planting model, with a film width of 2.05m, a row spacing of 66+10cm, a plant spacing of 9-10cm, and a theoretical number of holes of 17552-19502 holes / 667m -2 , the harvested plants are 13,000 to 16,000 plants / 667m -2 , which belongs to high-density planting. In actual production, the lighting surface of the edge film at the junction of the cotton field rows is only 8-10cm wide or narrower, or even completely covered by soil. Affected by the adverse climate such as low temperature, rain and cloudy weather in early spring, the warming and heat preservation effect of the edge row on the film is significantly different from that of the middle row, which affects the emergence rate of seedlings and the uniformity of early plant growth and development; the cotton field row closure time is generally around July 5, and the water and fertilizer are slightly heavier. The row closure time can be advanced to the end of June. Due to the early row closure and the closed field, the cotton field buds, flowers, and bolls fall off seriously. Affected by the above factors, the differences in the growth and development of cotton plants affect the balanced and healthy development of cotton plants, thereby affecting the overall yield and quality of cotton fields, resulting in yield losses in cotton fields and limited improvements in cotton yield and quality. Summary of the invention

[0003] In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a cultivation method for improving the marginal effect of cotton, which adopts a one-film four-row planting mode.

[0004] Furthermore, the membrane width is 2.05 m.

[0005] Furthermore, the spacing between rows is 6.5 cm.

[0006] Furthermore, the side lighting surface is 18cm wide.

[0007] Furthermore, the spacing between the middle rows is 9.5 cm.

[0008] Furthermore, the row spacing is 84+65.5+13cm.

[0009] Furthermore, the theoretical number of holes is 15143 holes and 667m -2 .

[0010] The present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0011] The present invention improves the heating and heat preservation effects by increasing the light-collecting area of ​​the side rows of the sowing rows, increasing the number of plants in the side rows, and reducing the number of seed holes on the side row films, thereby significantly reducing the growth difference between the side rows and the middle rows of the junction rows between films in the cotton field, and improving the uniformity of the plants in the cotton field group; by reducing the number of rows, expanding the row spacing of the junction rows between films, delaying the closing time of the cotton field, and improving the overall marginal effect of the cotton field, the uniformity of the plants in the field group is further improved, the ventilation and light energy utilization effects of the cotton field are improved, and the double high effects of increasing yield and improving quality are achieved. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] Now, various exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail. The methods in the examples are conventional methods unless otherwise specified, and the reagents used are conventional commercially available reagents or reagents prepared by conventional methods unless otherwise specified. This detailed description should not be considered as a limitation of the present invention, but should be understood as a more detailed description of certain aspects, features and embodiments of the present invention.

[0013] It should be understood that the terms described in the present invention are only for describing a particular embodiment and are not intended to limit the present invention. In addition, for the numerical range in the present invention, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the scope is also specifically disclosed. The intermediate value in any stated value or stated range, and each smaller range between any other stated value or intermediate value in the described range is also included in the present invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges can be independently included or excluded in the scope.

[0014] Unless otherwise indicated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as those generally understood by those skilled in the art. Although the present invention describes only preferred methods and materials, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the implementation or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials associated with the documents. In the event of a conflict with any incorporated document, the content of this specification shall prevail.

[0015] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations may be made to the specific embodiments of the present invention description without departing from the scope or spirit of the present invention. Other embodiments derived from the present invention description will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The present invention description and examples are exemplary only.

[0016] The words “include,” “including,” “have,” “contain,” etc. used in this document are open-ended terms, meaning including but not limited to.

[0017] Example 1 Experimental content

[0018] 1. Purpose of the experiment

[0019] By experimenting with this cultivation method to improve the overall marginal effect of cotton fields, the effects on cotton growth, yield, and quality were verified and evaluated.

[0020] 2 Materials and methods

[0021] 2.1 Basic information of the test site

[0022] The test site is Donggou Village, Dianba Town, Changji City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The soil type is saline tidal soil with an organic matter content of 14.5-15.7 mg kg －1 The soil fertility is above average and the previous crop is cotton.

[0023] 2.2 Test materials

[0024] Test variety: Zhongmian No. 113, which belongs to the early-maturing cotton variety in the northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It has a loose plant shape, likes fertilizer and water, has good yield and quality, and is the main variety grown locally.

[0025] 2.3 Experimental design

[0026] The experiment included two cultivation methods and five regional locations.

[0027] T1: One film four rows cultivation method, film width 2.05m, side row spacing 6.5cm, middle row spacing 9.5cm; row spacing 84+65.5+13cm, theoretical number of holes 15143 holes·667m -2 ;

[0028] T1A: middle row of the one-film four-row cultivation method;

[0029] T1B: side row of one-film four-row cultivation method;

[0030] T2: One film six rows cultivation method, film width 2.05m, plant spacing 9.5cm, row spacing 66+10cm, theoretical number of holes 18476 holes·667m -2 ;

[0031] T2A: middle row of one-film six-row cultivation method;

[0032] T2B: inner row of one-film six-row cultivation method;

[0033] T2C: the outermost row of the one-film six-row cultivation method;

[0034] The experiment set up 2 main treatments and 5 sub-treatments, repeated 3 times, and each plot was randomly arranged in blocks, with a total of 15 plots, each plot 0.53hm 2 , with a total area of ​​8hm 2 .

[0035] The cotton sowing period is April 25, 2023, and satellite positioning navigation is used for precision sowing; the emergence watering date is April 29, the dripping watering time is June 12, and the manual topping time is July 12; the watering stop date is August 26, and the whole growth period is dripped 11 times, with an interval of 7 to 9 days, every 666.7m 2 Total dripping volume 360m 3 During the whole growth period, “one water and one fertilizer” was applied, with a total of 26kg of monoammonium phosphate, 45kg of urea, 25kg of potassium sulfate, and 5kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The number of chemical control times during the whole growth period was the same. The amount of chemical control used in the one-film four-row cultivation method was 11.7g·667m less than that in the one-film six-row cultivation method. -2 .

[0036] 2.4 Arrangement of cell design areas

[0037] The cell design area is arranged as shown in Table 1.1

[0038] Table 1.1 Arrangement of cell design areas

[0039]

[0040] 2.5 Investigation

[0041] 2.5.1 Seedling stage

[0042] Survey items: germination rate, uniformity of germination;

[0043] Seedling emergence rate survey method: Investigate the field seedling emergence rate 10 days and 15 days after seedling emergence. Select 3 points in each plot, take 100 consecutive plants at each point (except holes), count the seedlings, and calculate the seedling emergence rate.

[0044] Method for investigating uniformity of seedling emergence: When the first cotyledon unfolds, investigate the uniformity of seedling growth. Select 3 points in each plot and take 25 consecutive plants at each point (excluding empty holes and unemerged seedlings).

[0045] 2.5.2 Bud stage

[0046] Survey items: plant height, leaf age, cotyledon node height, number of buds per plant, number of fruit branches per plant, root length, root fresh (dry) weight, and aboveground plant fresh (dry) weight;

[0047] Underground root survey method: select 3 points in each plot, take 5 plants at each point, and calculate the root dry-to-fresh ratio, aboveground plant dry-to-fresh ratio, and root-to-crown ratio;

[0048] Method for survey of above-ground plants: select 3 points in each plot and take 10 plants consecutively at each point.

[0049] 2.5.3 Growth period

[0050] Survey items: Seedling stage (50%), early bud stage (10%), bud stage (50%), full bud stage (80%), early flowering stage (10%), flower and boll stage (50%), full flowering stage (80%);

[0051] Survey method: When cotton seedlings begin to emerge in the cotton field, select 3 points in each plot, take 100 consecutive plants at each point, and calculate the percentage.

[0052] 2.5.4 Flowering and boll-bearing period

[0053] Survey items: cotton field row closure date, leaf area index, average leaf angle, and transmission coefficient;

[0054] Survey method: Observe the date of row closure in cotton fields with naked eyes and record it;

[0055] Survey method: After capping, the CI-110 canopy meter was used to measure and analyze the leaf area index, average leaf angle, and transmittance of the cotton field.

[0056] 2.5.5 Maturity

[0057] Survey items: plant height, fruit branches, yield (number of harvested plants, number of bolls, boll weight, lint percentage), quality (average length of the upper part, uniformity, breaking strength, micronaire value, elongation);

[0058] Survey method: In late August, 10 consecutive plants were selected from each point to investigate the effective branches, empty fruit branches, total fruit branches, number of bells per plant, plant height, and effective branches on the third floor. The total number of effective branches and empty fruit branches were counted, and the empty branch rate was calculated.

[0059] Survey method: In late September, three points were selected in each plot, and the sampling area of ​​each point was 3.34m 2 , investigate all harvested plants and the number of bolls (>2.5cm), calculate the number of bolls per plant; take 50 bolls from each point, dry them for 3 days and weigh them, calculate the boll weight, lint weight and lint content, and convert them into 666.7m 2 Seed cotton (lint cotton) yield; determination of five cotton qualities (average length of the upper part, uniformity, breaking strength, micronaire value, and elongation).

[0060] 2.6 Data processing

[0061] Microsoft Excel 2010 was used for data organization, and SPSS22 software was used for data analysis (the data were normally distributed).

[0062] 3. Meteorological data

[0063] In May 2023, the average high temperature is 23℃, the average low temperature is 9℃, the extreme high temperature is 33℃ (May 12), the extreme low temperature is 0℃ (May 4), and the number of days with low temperature ≤ 10℃ is 15 days, mainly concentrated in (May 1-11). The number of sunny days in the whole month does not exceed 1 week, the number of rainy days is higher than usual, the temperature is low, and the lowest in history is May. The climate conditions throughout the month are not conducive to the production management of cotton fields in the seedling and bud stages.

[0064] In June 2023, the average high temperature is 31°C, the average low temperature is 16°C, the extreme high temperature is 39°C (June 11), the extreme low temperature is 10°C (June 1), and the number of days with high temperature ≥ 35°C is 6 days (June 6-11);

[0065] The average high temperature in July 2023 is 33℃, the average low temperature is 17℃, the extreme high temperature is 41℃ (July 15), 40℃ (July 27), the extreme low temperature is 11℃ (July 2), and the number of days with daily high temperature ≧35℃ is 14 days (July 15-28), which is the hottest July in history. The cotton field is in the flowering and boll stage, which is the peak period of water and fertilizer demand. At this time, the cotton plants are in bloom from the 6th to the 9th stage, which is the critical period for cotton field management and yield formation;

[0066] In August 2023, the average high temperature is 31℃, the average low temperature is 16℃, the extreme high temperature is 38℃ (July 15), the extreme low temperature is 9℃ (August 14-15), the number of days with high temperature ≥ 35℃ is 9 days, and the number of days with low temperature ≤ 16℃ is 17 days, mainly concentrated in (August 8-21). This period is the critical period for the development of cotton bolls, and the temperature is not conducive to the development of cotton bolls.

[0067] 4 Calculation method

[0068] Yield of treatment area - Yield of control area

[0069] Yield increase rate (%) = ———————————————————————×100

[0070] Yield in control area

[0071] Note: The conversion ratio of per mu yield is 90%.

[0072] Coefficient of variation C·V = (standard deviation SD / mean value) × 100%

[0073] Leaf age classification, leaf width

[0074] ⅠTrue leaves are fully expanded, leaf width ≥ 2cm

[0075] ⅡTrue leaves are not fully expanded, leaf width 1.5cm≤a<2cm

[0076] ⅢTrue leaves are not fully expanded, leaf width a<1.5cm

[0077] IV. No true leaves

[0078] Example 2 Results Analysis

[0079] 2.1 Effects on cotton seedling development

[0080] As shown in Table 1, through the investigation of the germination rate, there was no difference in the 10d and 15d germination rates between treatments T1A and T1B (P>0.05), and T1A increased by 2.6 and 1.6 percentage points respectively compared with T1B. The results showed that there was no difference in the germination rate between T1A and T1B, and the germination rate of the whole field was consistent during the germination period.

[0081] Table 1 Effect of one-film four-row cultivation method on cotton field emergence rate

[0082]

[0083] As shown in Table 2, through the investigation of field emergence rate, T2A showed an increase of 27.3 and 4.5 percentage points in 10d and 15d emergence rate respectively compared with T2C. There was a significant difference in 10d emergence rate between T2A and T2C (P<0.01), and no difference in 15d emergence rate (P>0.05). The results showed that T2A showed a significant difference in 10d emergence rate compared with T2C, and the consistency of emergence rate was poor.

[0084] Table 2 Effect of one-film six-row cultivation method on cotton field emergence rate Unit: %

[0085]

[0086] As shown in Table 3, through the statistical analysis of the data of true leaf expansion after emergence, the uniformity of seedling emergence in treatment T1A increased by 2 percentage points compared with T1B, and there was no difference (P>0.05). The result analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the uniformity of seedling growth after emergence between T1A and T1B, showing good uniformity of seedling growth.

[0087] Table 3 Effect of one-film four-row cultivation method on uniformity of cotton seedling emergence

[0088] unit:%

[0089]

[0090] As shown in Table 4, through the statistical analysis of the data of true leaf flattening after emergence, the uniformity of emergence of treatment T2A increased by 11.73 percentage points compared with T2C, and the difference was extremely significant (P<0.01). The results showed that the uniformity of post-seedling growth between T2A and T2C was significantly different, and the uniformity of seedling growth after emergence was poor.

[0091] Table 4 Effect of one-film six-row cultivation method on uniformity of cotton seedling emergence

[0092] unit:%

[0093]

[0094] 2.2 Impact on cotton growth period

[0095] As shown in Table 5, treatment T1A had no difference in the time of entering each growth stage compared with T1B, only entering the seedling stage, initial bud stage, and bud stage one day earlier, and the growth process of the full bud stage, initial flowering stage, flower and boll stage, and full flowering stage was consistent. The results showed that the growth of plants in all rows of the field was basically the same, and the uniformity of the whole field was basically the same; treatment T2C entered the seedling stage, initial bud stage, and bud stage 3 days later than T2A, and the growth process of the full bud stage, initial flowering stage, flower and boll stage, and full flowering stage was 2 days later. Treatments T2A and T2C had a difference of 3 days in the growth process before the bud stage, and a difference of 2 days in the growth process after the bud stage. The results showed that there was a difference of 2 to 3 days in the growth of plants in all rows of the field, and there was a difference in the growth process of these two rows in the field.

[0096] Table 5 Effects of different cultivation methods on the growth period of cotton in different planting rows

[0097]

[0098] As shown in Table 6, the seedling and initial budding stages of treatment T1 were 1 day earlier than those of T2, the budding stage, full budding stage, and boll stage were 2 days earlier, and the initial flowering stage and full flowering stage were 1 day earlier. The results showed that the growth and development of cotton plants in the whole field was earlier and faster in treatment T1 than in T2.

[0099] Table 6 Effects of different cultivation methods on the growth period of cotton in different planting rows

[0100]

[0101] 2.3 Effects on cotton bud development

[0102] As shown in Table 7, compared with T1B, treatment T1A had a reduced root length of 0.21 cm, a reduced plant height of 0.65 cm, a reduced root weight of 0.15 g (fresh) and 0.01 g (dry), a reduced aboveground weight of 0.56 g (fresh) and 0.35 g (dry), an increased root fresh-dry ratio of 1.73 percentage points, an increased aboveground fresh-dry ratio of 0.36 percentage points, and a reduced root-crown ratio of 0.04 percentage points. The results showed that treatments T1A and T1B had no significant differences in root length, plant height, root weight (fresh-dry) and fresh-dry ratio, aboveground weight (fresh-dry) and fresh-dry ratio, and root-crown ratio. This indicated that there was no significant difference in the underground growth performance between T1A and T1B.

[0103] Table 7 Effect of one-film four-row cultivation method on cotton root growth and development

[0104] Unit: cm %

[0105]

[0106] As shown in Table 8, compared with T2C, the root length of treatment T2A increased by 3.17 cm, the plant height increased by 4.72 cm, the root weight increased by 0.7 g (fresh) and 0.18 g (dry), the aboveground weight increased by 11.96 g (fresh) and 9.06 g (dry), the root fresh-dry ratio increased by 0.54 percentage points, the aboveground fresh-dry ratio decreased by 1.76 percentage points, and the root-crown ratio decreased by 0.17 percentage points. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the root and aboveground plant fresh-dry ratio and root-crown ratio between treatments T2A and T2C, but there was a significant difference in root length, and there was an extremely significant difference in plant height, root weight (fresh and dry), and aboveground plant weight (fresh and dry). This shows that there was a significant difference in the underground growth performance between T2A and T2C.

[0107] Table 8 Effect of one-film six-row cultivation method on cotton root growth and development

[0108] Unit: cm %

[0109]

[0110] As shown in Table 9, compared with T1B, the plant height of treatment T1A decreased by 1.03 cm, the height of cotyledon node increased by 0.1 cm, the number of buds per plant increased by 0.07, the number of fruit branches per plant increased by 0.03, and the leaf age was consistent. The results showed that there were slight differences in plant height, cotyledon node height, number of buds per plant, and number of fruit branches per plant between treatments T1A and T1B, and the main stem leaf age was consistent, and the values ​​showed no significant difference. This shows that there is no significant difference in growth between T1A and T1B during this period.

[0111] Table 9 Effect of one-film four-row cultivation method on the growth and development of the aboveground part of cotton at the bud stage

[0112] Unit: cm / plant / plant fruit branch / plant

[0113]

[0114] As shown in Table 10, compared with T2C, the plant height of treatment T2A increased by 6.8 cm, the height of cotyledon node decreased by 0.95 cm, the number of buds per plant increased by 0.63, the number of fruit branches per plant increased by 1.14, and the main stem leaf age increased by 1.63. The results showed that the differences in plant height, cotyledon node height, main stem leaf age, and number of fruit branches per plant between treatments T2A and T2C were extremely significant, but there was no significant difference in the number of buds per plant. This shows that treatments T2A and T2C showed significant differences in cotton bud growth.

[0115] Table 10 Effect of one-film six-row cultivation method on the growth and development of the aboveground part of cotton at the bud stage

[0116] Unit: cm / plant / plant fruit branch / plant

[0117]

[0118] 2.4 Effects on cotton flowering and boll development

[0119] As shown in Table 11, during the flowering and boll stage, the date of closing the rows in the whole cotton field was investigated, and the treatment T1 was 7 days later than T2. ​​In addition, the large row spacing in the treatment T1 was not as tight as the field closing in the T2 field. The field of the treatment T1 still had a certain light transmittance, while the field of the treatment T2 had almost no light transmittance. The survey results showed that the light duration of the cotton field in T1 was significantly longer than that in T2.

[0120] Table 11 Effects of different cultivation methods on row closure time in cotton fields

[0121]

[0122] As shown in Table 12, in the flowering and boll stage, the leaf area index of the cotton field in treatment T1 was 0.61 less than that in T2, the average leaf angle increased by 9.13°, and the transmittance increased by 0.07. The results showed that the leaf area index, average leaf angle increase, and transmittance of treatment T1 were significantly different from those of T2, indicating that the light conditions of the cotton field in treatment T1 were significantly better than those in T2.

[0123] Table 12 Effects of different cultivation methods on the canopy of cotton plants during the flowering and boll stage Unit: °

[0124]

[0125] 2.5 Effects on cotton fruit branch development

[0126] As shown in Table 13, compared with T1A, the plant height of treatment T1B decreased by 2.1 cm, the total number of fruit branches per plant increased by 0.4, the number of effective branches increased by 0.9, and the number of empty fruit branches decreased by 0.5, among which the number of empty fruit branches in the top three decreased by 0.6, and the number of empty fruit branches in the middle and lower parts was the same; the empty branch rate decreased by 5.8 percentage points, among which the empty branch rate in the upper part decreased by 5.1 percentage points, and the empty branch rate in the middle and lower parts decreased by 0.6 percentage points. The result analysis showed that the total number of fruit branches per plant, the number of empty fruit branches, the number of empty fruit branches in the top three, the number of empty fruit branches in the middle and lower parts, and the empty branch rate all showed that treatment T1B was better than T1A, but there was no significant difference. The number of effective branches per plant was significantly higher than T1A, showing a significant difference.

[0127] Table 13 Effect of one-film four-row cultivation method on cotton fruit branch development Unit: Taiwan / plant % cm

[0128]

[0129] As shown in Table 14, compared with T2A, the plant height of treatment T2C decreased by 7.3 cm, the total number of fruit branches per plant decreased by 0.7, the number of effective branches decreased by 1.4, and the number of empty fruit branches increased by 0.7, among which the number of empty fruit branches in the top three increased by 0.3, and the number of empty fruit branches in the middle and lower parts increased by 0.3; the empty branch rate increased by 9.4 percentage points, among which the empty branch rate in the upper part increased by 4.8 percentage points, and the empty branch rate in the middle and lower parts increased by 4.7 percentage points. The analysis of the results showed that the five indicators of the number of effective branches per plant, the number of empty fruit branches (middle and lower parts), and the empty branch rate (middle and lower parts) showed significant differences, and the other four indicators showed no significant differences.

[0130] Table 14 Effect of one-film six-row cultivation method on cotton fruit branch development

[0131] Unit: cm / plant / plant fruit branch / plant

[0132]

[0133]

[0134] 2.6 Effects on cotton quality development

[0135] As shown in Table 15, compared with T2, the average length of the upper half of treatment T1 increased by 1.9 mm, the uniformity increased by 2.2 percentage points, and the specific strength at break increased by 2.2 cN·tex -1 , the micronaire value decreased by 0.3, and the elongation increased by 0.2. The test results showed that the quality of cotton lint in treatment T1 was better than that in T2. ​​Among them, the average length of the upper half, uniformity, breaking strength, and elongation showed significant differences (p<0.05), and the uniformity index showed extremely significant differences. This shows that the T1 cultivation method has a significant promoting effect on improving cotton quality.

[0136] Table 15 Effects of different cultivation methods on cotton quality traits Unit: mm% cN·tex -1

[0137]

[0138] 2.6 Effects on cotton yield traits

[0139] As shown in Table 16, the number of harvested plants in treatment T1 was 1766 plants / 667 m less than that in treatment T2. -2 , the number of harvested bells increased by 7800 · 667m -2 The boll weight increased by 0.06g, the lint content increased by 0.41 percentage points, and the yield increased by 40.9kg·667m -2 (Seed cotton), 19.5㎏·667m -2(lint cotton), treatment T1 increased yield by 10.2% (seed cotton) and 11.2% (lint cotton) compared with T2. The results showed that treatment T1 was higher than T2 in terms of boll number, boll weight, lint percentage and yield. Among them, boll weight showed significant difference (P<0.05), and boll number and yield (seed cotton, lint cotton) showed extremely significant difference (P<0.01), indicating that the T1 cultivation method has a significant effect on increasing the yield of seed cotton and lint cotton.

[0140] Table 16 Effects of different cultivation methods on cotton yield traits Unit: plant·667m -2 667m -2 pcs / plant%kg·667m -2

[0141]

[0142]

[0143] 3 Conclusion and discussion

[0144] 3.1 Different cultivation methods lead to different growth periods in cotton fields

[0145] The difference in the number of days between the growth periods of cotton in each row of the one-film four-row cultivation method is 1 day from the seedling stage to the bud stage, and the same after the full bud stage. This shows that the growth period entry date of each row of the cotton field is basically the same, and the growth and development are basically the same. Therefore, the uniformity and uniformity of the growth and development of plants in the whole cotton field are good; the difference in the growth period of cotton in the most edge row and the middle row of the one-film six-row cultivation method is 3 days from the seedling stage to the bud stage, 2 days from the full bud stage to the full flowering stage, and the difference in the growth period of plants in the most edge row and the middle row is 2 to 3 days. Therefore, there are differences in the uniformity and uniformity of the growth and development of plants in the whole cotton field; from the growth process of the whole cotton field, it can be seen that the growth process of the one-film four-row cultivation method is 1 to 2 days earlier than that of the one-film six-row cultivation method, 1 day earlier from the seedling stage to the initial bud stage, 2 days earlier from the bud stage to the full bud stage, 2 days earlier from the flower and boll stage, and 1 day earlier from the initial flowering stage to the full flowering stage. Therefore, the overall growth and development process of cotton plants in the whole field of the one-film four-row cultivation method is earlier and faster than that of the one-film six-row cultivation method. In production, this difference will decrease with factors such as rapid temperature increase, delayed sowing time, less rainfall, appropriate water and fertilizer, and reduced frequency and amount of chemical control.

[0146] 3.2 Different cultivation methods lead to different cotton growth

[0147] 3.2.1 Differences in cotton seedling stage: For the one-film four-row cultivation method, the difference between each row is 2.6% and 1.6% in germination rate (10d, 15d), 2% in uniformity, and 1 day in germination period. After analysis, there is no significant difference in germination rate (10d, 15d) between the edge row and the middle row, and the time to reach the seedling stage differs by 1 day. This shows that the consistency of cotton seedling emergence rate in the whole field is excellent, and the uniformity of emergence is good; for the one-film six-row cultivation method, the difference between the edge row and the middle row is 27.3% and 4.5% in germination rate (10d, 15d), 11.73% in uniformity, and 3 days in seedling period. After analysis, the difference in germination rate (10d), uniformity, and days to reach full seedling between the edge row and the middle row is extremely significant. This shows that the growth and development of cotton plants in the edge row lags behind, resulting in poor consistency and uniformity of cotton seedling emergence rate in the whole field. In production, the lighting surface of the edge row of the inter-film junction row of one film and six rows is only 8-10 cm wide or narrower, and most of it is covered by soil. The heating and insulation effect of the edge row is significantly different from that of the middle row, causing the emergence time of the edge row to be delayed compared with the middle row, and the number of days for emergence to increase. At the same time, because the edge row has double rows of holes, it is more affected by the external environment, especially in terms of temperature and humidity. This difference will change with factors such as the slow recovery of the early spring climate, rainy weather, soil quality, and water volume for emergence. In 2023, the early spring rainfall was higher than usual, the low temperature recovered slowly, and the sowing period was delayed by nearly 10 days. However, the lighting area of ​​the side rows of the ground film at the junction of the films in the one film and four rows is expanded to 16-18 cm, which is not easily covered by soil, the film surface is smooth, and the lighting area is significantly improved; the plants in the side rows are denser but with a single row of holes, and the number is relatively reduced. The warming and insulation effects of the side rows are better, and the influence of the external environment (temperature and humidity) is less, which is beneficial to reducing the impact of adverse climate in early spring on the cotton seedling stage, effectively improving the growth and development environment of the cotton seedling stage, and facilitating the early emergence of seedlings.

[0148] 3.2.2 Differences in underground growth of cotton plants during the bud stage: Under the one-film four-row cultivation method, the growth differences of plants in each row of the cotton field are as follows: root length 0.21 cm, root weight 0.15 g (fresh), 0.01 g (dry), root fresh-dry ratio 1.73%; aboveground stem and leaf weight 0.56 g (fresh), 0.35 g (dry), fresh-dry ratio 0.36%, plant height 0.65 cm, root-crown ratio 0.04%. After analysis, there were no significant differences in the above 9 indicators, indicating that when entering the bud stage, the growth of the aboveground and underground parts of the plants was basically the same; the difference in plant growth between the middle row and the outermost row of the one-film six-row cultivation method was root length 3.17cm, plant height 4.72cm, root weight 0.7g (fresh), 0.18g (dry), root fresh-dry ratio 0.54%; aboveground weight 11.96g (fresh), 9.06g (dry), aboveground fresh-dry ratio 1.76%, root-crown ratio 0.17%. After analysis, compared with the middle row, the outermost row had 6 of the above 9 indicators, except for the significantly shortened root length, and the other plant height, root (fresh-dry) weight, and aboveground (fresh-dry) weight were extremely significantly reduced. Therefore, there was a significant difference in the root growth and development of the middle row and the outermost row when the plants entered the bud stage, and the root growth and development of the whole field was poorly consistent.

[0149] 3.2.3 Differences in aboveground growth of cotton plants during the bud stage: For the one-film four-row cultivation method, the difference in plant growth in each row of the cotton field is 1.03 cm in plant height, 0.1 cm in cotyledon node height, 0.07 buds per plant, 0.03 fruit branches per plant, and consistent leaf age. After analysis, the values ​​of the above five indicators showed no significant difference, indicating that this planting method has good growth consistency during the bud stage; for the one-film six-row cultivation method, the difference in plant growth between the middle row and the edge row of the cotton field is 6.8 cm in plant height, 0.95 cm in cotyledon node height, 1.63 in main stem leaf age, 1.14 fruit branches per plant, and 0.63 buds per plant. After analysis, the first four indicators showed extremely significant differences, indicating that the aboveground part of the cotton plants in the middle row was significantly better than the edge row in nutritional growth during this period, and there was a significant difference in the consistency of the aboveground growth and development of the plants during the bud stage, and the aboveground growth and development consistency of the plants in the whole field was poor.

[0150] From the perspective of the aboveground and underground growth of the cotton plants during the bud stage, there was basically no difference in the aboveground and underground growth of the plants in the one-film four-row cultivation method, and the whole field was consistent. This shows that the one-film four-row cultivation method is better than the traditional one-film six-row cultivation method.

[0151] 3.2.4 Differences in cotton growth and development during the flowering and boll period: From the row closure date of cotton flowering and boll period, the difference in row closure date of the whole field is 10 days, and the row closure of one film and four rows is significantly delayed, and the large row spacing between the films is not completely sealed within a certain period of time after the row closure, and there is still a certain light transmittance, and the illumination time of the cotton field is significantly extended; from the canopy measurement values ​​of the whole field, the leaf area coefficient is 0.61, the average leaf angle is 9.13°, and the transmission coefficient is 0.07, which have significant differences. After analysis, it is shown that the lighting conditions of the cotton field with one film and four rows are significantly better than those with one film and six rows, and the plants grow robustly. In production, after the cotton field enters July, the cotton field with one film and six rows enters the flowering and boll stage. Due to the influence of comprehensive factors such as water, fertilizer, light and heat, the growth of cotton plants in each row accelerates in the middle and late stages, and the rows are gradually closed. The row closing time is generally around July 5. If the water and fertilizer are slightly too heavy, the fields will often be closed prematurely, the cotton fields will be closed, and the ventilation and light transmission will be poor, resulting in serious shedding of cotton buds and bolls, which is not conducive to high yield formation;

[0152] The analysis of the fruit branch development of cotton plants showed that the difference in the growth and development of fruit branches of cotton plants in each row of the one-film four-row cultivation method was 0.9 effective branches per plant, 0.4 total fruit branches, 0.5 empty fruit branches (0.6 for the third row), 5.8% empty branch rate (5.1% in the upper part), and 2.1 cm plant height. Among the 9 indicators, one indicator showed significant difference. This shows that the growth and development of plants in each row of the cotton field is balanced, and therefore, the development of plants in the whole field is balanced; the difference in the growth of the outermost row compared with the middle row of the one-film six-row cultivation method is 1.4 effective branches per plant, 0.7 empty fruit branches (0.3 in the middle and lower part), 9.4% empty branch rate (4.7% in the middle and lower part), 7.3 cm plant height, and 0.7 total fruit branches per plant. Among the 9 indicators, the first 5 indicators showed significant differences. This shows that the growth and development of plants in these two rows of cotton fields are unbalanced, and therefore, the growth and development of plants in the entire field is unbalanced and irregular.

[0153] 3.3 Different cultivation methods lead to differences in the development of cotton quality traits

[0154] From the whole field data, we can know that the difference in quality indicators between the one-film four-row and one-film six-row cultivation methods is 1.7% uniformity, 1.9 mm average length of the upper half, and 2.2 cN·tex breaking strength. -1 , elongation 0.2, micronaire value 0.3. After analysis, the first four indicators among the five quality indicators showed significant differences (uniformity was extremely significant, and the other three indicators were significantly increased). This shows that the quality of cotton in the one-film four-row cultivation method is significantly better than that in the one-film six-row cultivation method. This shows that this cultivation method has a significant promoting effect on improving cotton quality by expanding the lighting area of ​​the side rows, expanding the distance between the rows of the films, extending the row closure time, making the field lighting time sufficient, improving the light transmittance, and improving the light and temperature effects in the middle and late stages, thereby improving the marginal effect of the overall cotton field, improving the development of cotton bolls, and improving the quality of cotton.

[0155] 3.4 Different cultivation methods lead to differences in cotton yield traits

[0156] From the whole field data, we can know that the difference in yield trait index between the cultivation method of one film four rows and one film six rows is 1766 plants per 667 m2. -2 , clothing content 0.41%, number of bells 7800 · 667m -2 , boll weight 0.06g, yield increase 10.2% (seed cotton), 11.2% (lint cotton). After analysis, boll weight showed significant performance, and boll number and yield (seed cotton, lint cotton) showed extremely significant performance. This shows that the one-film six-row cultivation method has a significant impact on the overall yield of the cotton field due to the dual effects of the delayed growth and development of the outermost rows of the cotton field due to the adverse environment in the early stage and the premature closure of the cotton field in the middle and late stages; the one-film four-row cultivation method, on the basis of reducing the number of harvested plants, is affected by the factors of larger row spacing at the junction of the cotton fields, delayed row closure time, extended field marginal effect time, and improved ventilation and light conditions in the middle and late stages. The overall boll-setting property of the cotton field is significantly improved, the boll development is better, the boll weight is significantly increased, and the yield is significantly increased (under the continuous high temperature conditions in July 2023 (14d>35℃). Therefore, this one-film four-row cultivation method has a significant promoting effect on increasing the number of harvested bolls and yield in cotton fields, enhancing the ability of cotton plants to resist adversity and increase yield, and is superior to the traditional one-film six-row cultivation method.

[0157] Conclusion: By adopting the one-film four-row cultivation method, the lighting area of ​​the side rows of the sowing rows is increased, the number of plants in the side rows is increased, and the holes on the side row films are reduced, the growth difference between the side rows and the middle rows of the cotton field films is significantly reduced, and the uniformity of the cotton field plants is improved; by reducing the number of rows, expanding the row spacing of the film-crossing rows, delaying the closing time of the cotton field, and extending the field light time, the utilization rate of light energy in the middle and late stages of the cotton field is improved, and the ventilation adjustment in the middle and late stages of the cotton field is significantly improved. With this cultivation method, the marginal effect of the cotton field is significantly increased, the difference in the boll setting rate of individual plants is reduced, the boll setting rate is increased, the boll development between cotton plants is balanced, the boll weight is increased, the number of harvested bolls is increased, the overall growth process of the cotton field is balanced and accelerated, and the growth and development of the whole field group plants is improved, thereby effectively increasing the overall yield of the cotton field; due to the significant improvement of the ventilation and light transmittance of the cotton field, the cotton plant development is balanced, and the cotton fiber growth and development is better, so that the cotton quality is also improved, achieving the significant effect of both cotton yield and quality in the cotton field.

[0158] The embodiments described above are only descriptions of the preferred modes of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Without departing from the design spirit of the present invention, various modifications and improvements made to the technical solutions of the present invention by ordinary technicians in this field should fall within the scope of protection determined by the claims of the invention in this specification.

Claims

1. A cultivation method for improving the marginal effect of cotton, characterized in that: The one-film four-row planting mode is adopted.

2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that The membrane width is 2.05m.

3. The cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that The spacing between rows is 6.5 cm.

4. The cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The spacing between plants in the middle row is 9.5 cm.

5. The cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The row spacing is 84+65.5+13cm.

6. The cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The side lighting surface is 18cm wide.

7. The cultivation method according to claim 1, characterized in that: Theoretical number of holes: 15143 holes, 667 m -2 .

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