Wind turbine airport

Abstract

A wind turbine airport is presented, comprising: a plurality of steerable wind turbines, where each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines comprises a turbine diameter, where each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines is steerable about a vertical axis, where each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines comprises a wake centerline, wherein the plurality of steerable wind turbines are grouped, where each group is defined by at least two steerable wind turbines, where each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines is positioned in a fixed position such that the wake centerlines are spaced by about 0.5 to 6.0 turbine diameters.

Description

Background Art

[0001] The amount of energy that can be extracted from the wind is proportional to the surface area of ​​the rotor. To increase the amount of energy that can be generated and to take advantage of economies of scale, wind turbine blades have become longer. But wind turbines have become so large that they are reaching the limits of what is practical.

[0002] Figure 1 1 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine 100. As illustrated, the conventional wind turbine 100 includes blades 102, a nacelle 104, a hub 108, and a monopole tower 106. Typically, the elevated structure for conventional wind turbines is a monopole tower. In order to produce more power in conventional wind turbines, blades must be made longer and longer. Currently, the largest conventional wind turbine that has undergone prototype testing and is about to be launched is 12 megawatts, with a blade length of 107 meters and a hub-nacelle height of about 250 meters. This requires a very strong and expensive monopole tower. These very long or heavy components are expensive and difficult to transport and assemble. The large diameter of the area swept by these very large conventional wind turbines creates a very large wake downwind, which requires a large distance between conventional wind turbines in a conventional wind farm, thereby reducing the total wind energy that can be extracted from a fixed surface area. In addition, conventional wind turbines are subject to damage and reduction from flying animal deaths, lightning, and icing weather conditions. Conventional wind turbines also experience shutdowns at high wind speeds. Figure 1 Further illustrating how a conventional wind turbine responds to changes in wind direction. As illustrated, in response to wind direction 112A, nacelle 104 and hub 108 rotate (110A) about monopole tower 106 so that blades 102 are vertical to wind direction 112A. Additionally, for wind direction 112B, nacelle 104 and hub 108 rotate (110B) about monopole tower 106 so that blades 102 are vertical to wind direction 112B.

[0003] Figure 2 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array 200. As illustrated, the conventional wind turbine array is a 2×2 matrix of four wind turbines 202A, 202B, 202C, 202D. The wind turbines are supported on a monopole tower 204 by a support structure 206. Importantly, adjacent turbines 202A, 202B are fixedly aligned along an axis 210. A nacelle 212 is fixed to the support structure 206 and does not rotate relative to the support structure 206, but rather rotates with the support structure 206 to capture the wind as the support structure 206 rotates relative to the monopole tower 204. The nacelle supports a hub 208 that rotates relative to the nacelle 212 to support blades 214 and allow the blades 214 to rotate with the wind. Due to this alignment, adjacent turbines are oriented to a particular wind direction, as shown below Figures 3 to 5 shown.

[0004] Figure 3 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array 300. As illustrated, wind turbines 308A, 308B are aligned along axis 304 and oriented to wind direction 306. Proper orientation is achieved by rotating wind turbine array 300 (as illustrated by line 302). Figure 4 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array 400. As illustrated, wind turbines 408A, 408B are aligned along axis 404 and oriented to wind direction 406. Proper orientation is achieved by rotating wind turbine array 400 (as illustrated by line 402). Figure 5 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array 500. As illustrated, wind turbines 508A, 508B are aligned along axis 504 and oriented to wind direction 506. Proper orientation is achieved by rotating wind turbine array 500 (as illustrated by line 502). Figure 6 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine 600 having a nacelle 601 supporting blades 607 and a hub 606. The nacelle 601 supports and encloses a support bearing 605, a high ratio gearbox 603, and a generator 604. Other heavy components, not shown, are sometimes also enclosed in the nacelle. A monopole tower 602 supports the nacelle 601 and allows the nacelle 601 to rotate to accommodate changes in wind direction.

[0005] Therefore, this paper presents a wind turbine farm. Summary of the invention

[0006] A simplified overview of some embodiments of the present invention is presented below to provide a basic understanding of the present invention. This overview is not a broad overview of the present invention. It is not intended to identify the key / critical elements of the present invention or to describe the scope of protection of the present invention. Its sole purpose is to present some embodiments of the present invention in a simplified form as a preface to the more detailed description presented below.

[0007] Thus, a wind turbine farm is presented, comprising: a plurality of steerable wind turbines, wherein each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines comprises a turbine diameter, wherein each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines is capable of steerability about a vertical axis, wherein each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines comprises a wake centerline, wherein the plurality of steerable wind turbines are grouped, wherein each group is defined by at least two steerable wind turbines, wherein each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines is positioned in a fixed position such that the wake centerlines are spaced apart by about 0.5 to 6.0 turbine diameters. In some embodiments, each group is placed in a fixed group placement and oriented in one of a plurality of fixed group orientations, and wherein a plurality of clusters of the group are placed in a plurality of fixed cluster positions. In some embodiments, each group is defined by at least two steerable wind turbines of at least one row, wherein each steerable wind turbine in each row corresponds to a substantially similar elevation. In some embodiments, the steerable wind turbines in each row are substantially aligned. In some embodiments, the steerable wind turbines in each row are staggered. In some embodiments, each group is defined by at least two steerable wind turbines of at least one column, wherein each steerable wind turbine in each column corresponds to a substantially different elevation. In some embodiments, the steerable wind turbines in each column are substantially aligned. In some embodiments, the steerable wind turbines in each column are staggered. In some embodiments, one or more steerable wind turbines further include one or more monopole structures. In some embodiments, each fixed pair of orientations is oriented to be equivalent to the corresponding dominant wind direction within about 15 degrees. In some embodiments, each of a plurality of steerable wind turbines is vertically steerable. In some embodiments, each of a plurality of steerable wind turbines is horizontally steerable. In some embodiments, each of a plurality of steerable wind turbines includes a turbine diameter within a range of about 50 meters to 100 meters.

[0008] In other embodiments, a method for configuring a wind turbine field defined by an area is presented, the method comprising: creating a rose diagram of the area, the rose diagram graphically illustrating multiple wind characteristics of the area; analyzing the rose diagram to determine multiple dominant wind directions; placing multiple clusters in multiple fixed cluster positions, wherein each of the multiple clusters includes: multiple steerable wind turbines, wherein each of the multiple steerable wind turbines includes a turbine diameter, wherein each of the multiple steerable wind turbines is capable of steerable about a vertical axis, wherein each of the multiple steerable wind turbines includes a wake centerline, wherein the multiple steerable wind turbines are grouped, wherein each group is defined by at least two steerable wind turbines, wherein each of the multiple steerable wind turbines is positioned in a fixed position so that the wake centerlines are spaced apart by approximately 0.5 to 6.0 turbine diameters. In some embodiments, analyzing the rose diagram includes: determining a first dominant wind direction based on a first maximum wind direction and wind speed probability distribution; determining a second dominant wind direction based on a second maximum wind direction and wind speed probability distribution, wherein the second maximum wind direction and wind speed probability distribution are equal to or lower than the first maximum wind direction and wind speed probability distribution; and determining a third dominant wind direction based on a third maximum wind direction and wind speed probability distribution, wherein the third maximum wind direction and wind speed probability distribution are equal to or lower than the second maximum wind direction and wind speed probability distribution.

[0009] The features and advantages described in this specification are not all inclusive, and in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, description, and claims. In addition, it should be noted that the language used in this specification is primarily selected for readability and instructional purposes, and may not be selected to describe or limit the subject matter of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the accompanying figures and in which like reference numerals indicate similar elements and in which:

[0011] Figure 1 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine;

[0012] Figure 2 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array;

[0013] Figure 3 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array;

[0014] Figure 4 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array;

[0015] Figure 5is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine array;

[0016] Figure 6 is a prior art illustrative representation of a conventional wind turbine;

[0017] Figure 7 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm turbine module according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 8 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm turbine module according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0019] Fig. 9 is an illustrative top view of turbine steering corresponding to different wind directions according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0020] Fig.10 is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0021] Fig.11 is an illustrative representation of an initial configuration of a wind farm cluster according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0022] Fig.12 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0023] Fig.13 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm cluster according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0024] Fig.14 is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0025] Fig.15 is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0026] Fig.16 is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027] Fig.17 is an illustrative flow chart of a method for configuring a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] Fig.18 is an illustrative flow chart of a method for controlling a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] Fig.19 is an illustrative flow chart of a method for controlling a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0030] Fig. 20 is an illustrative flow chart of a method for controlling a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0031] Fig.21 are illustrative representations of tables and control diagrams for a method for controlling a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0032] Fig. 22 is an illustrative representation of a non-ducted wind turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Fig.23 is an illustrative representation of a non-ducted wind turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0034] Fig.24 is an illustrative representation of a drive element according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0035] Fig.25 is an illustrative representation of a drive element according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0036] Fig.26 is an illustrative representation of a drive element according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0037] Fig. 27 is an illustrative representation of a drive element according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0038] Fig.28 is an illustrative representation of a drive element according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0039] Fig.29 is an illustrative representation of a drive element according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0040] Fig.30 is an illustrative representation of a hub element according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0041] Fig.31 is an illustrative representation of a hub element according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0042] Fig.32 is an illustrative representation of a non-lift ducted wind turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0043] Fig.33 is an illustrative representation of internal elements of a wind turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0044] Fig.34 is an illustrative representation of a duct-assisted wind turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0045] Fig.35 is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine support element according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0046] Fig.36is an illustrative representation of a secondary support ring wind turbine module according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0047] Fig.37 is an illustrative representation of a vertical-axis wind turbine module according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0048] Fig.38 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm cluster according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0049] Fig.39 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0050] Fig.40 is an illustrative representation of a 2×2 wind farm turbine configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0051] Fig.41 is an illustrative representation of a 1×2 wind farm turbine configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0052] Fig.42 is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0053] Fig.43 is an illustrative top view representation of an initial configuration of a wind farm cluster according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0054] Fig.44 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0055] Fig.45 is an illustrative representation of a monopole wind tower pair according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0056] Fig.46 is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0057] Fig.47 is an illustrative top view representation of an initial configuration of a wind farm cluster according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0058] Fig.48 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0059] Fig.49 is an illustrative representation of a conventional prior art wind farm having significant wake disturbance;

[0060] Fig.50 is an illustrative representation of an optimized wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0061] Fig.51 is an illustrative use case representation of a prior art wind farm with reduced wake disturbance;

[0062] Fig.52 is an illustrative use case representation of a prior art wind farm with reduced wake disturbance;

[0063] Fig.53 is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine wake according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0064] Fig.54 is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine wake according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0065] FIG. 55A to FIG. 55C is an illustrative orthogonal representation of a grid orientation according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0066] FIG. 56A to FIG. 56B is an illustrative representation of wind turbine placement on a grid in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0067] Fig.57 is an illustrative representation of wake disturbance with a monopole structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0068] Fig.58 is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine utilizing a monopole structure in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0069] Fig.59 is an illustrative representation of a wake disturbance having a lattice or matrix structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0070] Fig.60 is an illustrative representation of a vertical 1×2 wind turbine module configuration having a monopole structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0071] Fig.61 is an illustrative representation of twelve turbines in a module having a monopole configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0072] Fig.62 is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0073] Fig.63 is an illustrative top view representation of an initial configuration of a wind farm cluster according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0074] Figures 64A to 64C is an illustrative representation of wake disturbances corresponding to different wind directions for 2×3 wind turbine modules according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0075] Fig.65 is an illustrative representation of a monopole structure supporting a wind turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0076] Fig.66 is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram corresponding to a wind turbine configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0077] Fig.67 is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine module corresponding to a wind turbine configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0078] Fig.68 is an illustrative representation of a cluster of wind turbines corresponding to a wind turbine configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0079] Fig.69 is an illustrative representation of a portion of a wind farm corresponding to a wind turbine configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0080] Fig.70 is an illustrative representation of a conventional wind farm enhanced according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0081] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to several embodiments thereof as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following description, many specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without some or all of these specific details. In other examples, well-known process steps and / or structures are not described in detail in order not to make the present invention unnecessarily obscure.

[0082] Still in other examples, specific numerical references may be made, such as "first material". However, the specific numerical references should not be interpreted as a literal sequential order, but rather as "first material" being different from "second material". Therefore, the specific details set forth are merely exemplary. The specific details may vary from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure and still be considered to be within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The term "coupled" is defined to mean directly connected to a component or indirectly connected to a component through another component. In addition, as used herein, for any numerical value or range, the terms "about", "approximately" or "roughly" represent suitable dimensional tolerances that allow a portion or cluster of components to function for their intended purpose as described herein.

[0083] Various embodiments are described below, including methods and techniques. It should be remembered that the present invention may also encompass an article of manufacture including a computer-readable medium on which computer-readable instructions for performing embodiments of the present invention technology are stored. The computer-readable medium may include, for example, semiconductor, magnetic, optical-magnetic, optical or other forms of computer-readable media for storing computer-readable code. In addition, the present invention may also encompass devices for implementing embodiments of the present invention. Such devices may include dedicated and / or programmable circuits to perform tasks related to embodiments of the present invention. When properly programmed, examples of such devices include general-purpose computers and / or dedicated computing devices, and may include a combination of computers / computing devices and dedicated / programmable circuits adapted for different tasks related to embodiments of the present invention.

[0084] the term

[0085] Matrix: As used herein, the term matrix refers to the number of wind turbines and their configuration. For example, a 2×2 matrix of turbines is two turbines along the width of the module and two turbines along the height of the module. Any number of matrix configurations may be utilized without limitation to the embodiments provided herein.

[0086] Module: As used herein, the term module refers to a group of steerable wind turbines that all steer into the wind about their own vertical azimuth axis. Groups of turbines are used to increase the efficiency of smaller turbines and to optimize placement and orientation.

[0087] Cluster: As used herein, a cluster refers to a group of modules. A cluster consists of one module, two modules, three modules (preferred), four or more modules. The modules in a cluster are placed relative to each other and relative to the optimal wind direction. Groups of modules are used to reduce wind interference from neighboring clusters and to maximize module coverage for a given surface area.

[0088] Azimuth: As used herein, the term azimuth refers to the horizontal steering of a steerable wind turbine. Horizontal steering is used to orient the wind turbine in a compass direction to best capture energy from the wind and to orient the wind turbine to reduce wind disturbance to neighboring turbines and downwind turbines.

[0089] Altitudinal: As used herein, the term altitude refers to the vertical steering of a steerable wind turbine. The vertical steering or diverter is used to reduce wind disturbance to neighboring turbines and downwind turbines.

[0090] Optimal wind angle: As used herein, the term optimal wind angle refers to the module orientation that is best suited to receive the prevailing wind. The optimal wind angle is vertical to the module and aligned with the prevailing wind that the module is oriented to, in most cases plus or minus 15 degrees, but up to plus or minus 25 degrees if necessary to improve the overall efficiency of the cluster.

[0091] Turbine Available Wind Range: As used herein, the term turbine available wind range is the range between two maximum wind angles at which the wake of an upwind turbine in a module does not enter the rotor of an adjacent downwind turbine in the module.

[0092] The embodiments provided herein apply multiple smaller wind turbine rotors to replace a single large wind turbine rotor. The steerable wind turbine embodiments are configured to rotate around their separate vertical and horizontal axes so that the planes of the rotors remain approximately parallel, but not always in the same plane. Unfortunately, this configuration creates wake interference for some wind turbine rotors, which are closely and directly downwind of other wind turbine rotors for some wind directions. In order to overcome wake interference, one embodiment utilizes two side-by-side turbines and two high turbines in a module of a 2×2 matrix. This configuration limits the number of closely spaced turbines in the same module that can directly cause wake interference in a straight line, although in some embodiments it may be desirable to have more than two side-by-side turbine rotors and more than two higher turbines.

[0093] In addition, in an embodiment, the modules are grouped into clusters. In an embodiment, three modules are included in a cluster, but more or fewer modules may be desired in some cases. In an embodiment, three modules may be the optimal number for most applications. A three-module cluster allows 12 turbines to replace a single large conventional wind turbine. This configuration also allows the modules to be physically positioned to minimize wake interference from other modules in the cluster. Twelve rotors allow multiple turbines to be only 29% of the diameter of the single large rotor that the cluster replaces. In addition, the modules in a cluster are placed relative to each other and relative to the dominant wind direction at the wind farm location so that only one module at a time has its own directly inline wind turbine rotor, thereby generating wake interference.

[0094] Further, when two turbines in the same module are oriented into the wind so that one turbine is directly behind the other turbine, the control embodiment adjusts the blade pitch to significantly reduce the energy production from the downwind turbine, thereby reducing the turbulence stress on the downwind turbine and allowing the upwind turbine to produce at close to capacity. Other control methods may also be applied without limitation to maximizing energy output or reducing stress on the turbine. This reduces the number of rotors that do not produce full power in a 2×2 matrix to two. Further, in an embodiment, many clusters are installed to create a wind farm. The clusters are arranged to minimize wake interference between the clusters and the modules.

[0095] The provided embodiments present different combinations and configurations, including:

[0096] (preferably) two turbines arranged side by side or more than two turbines arranged side by side;

[0097] Two turbines or three turbines high, four turbines high or more than four turbines high installed as a module;

[0098] Non-monopolar structure (preferred) or monopolar structure;

[0099] open rotors, intermediate non-lift ducts, or ducts with aerodynamic lift to enhance energy extraction;

[0100] a mechanical element located in the duct instead of in the hub to replace the gearbox, a ninety degree angle gear in the hub to allow the gearbox to move to the structure, or a gearbox in the hub;

[0101] Pitch control (preferred), or no pitch control;

[0102] A propeller hub front support element, or no propeller hub front support element;

[0103] Vertical rotor plane adjustment (altitude) for wake steering, or no rotor plane adjustment;

[0104] With solar roof, without solar roof, or without roof;

[0105] protective elements, or no protective elements; and

[0106] A second circumferential ring or duct, with or without aerodynamic lift.

[0107] Figure 7 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm turbine module according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Figure 7A top view 710, a front view 720, and a side view 730 of a module 700 are illustrated. As illustrated, the module includes four turbines 722, 724, 726, 728 in a 2×2 matrix mounted in a support structure 740. In embodiments, a module may include any number of turbines in any configuration of a matrix without departing from the embodiments provided herein. For example, one skilled in the art will readily recognize that one module may include two turbines configured in a 2×1 matrix; another module may include six turbines configured in a 2×3 matrix; yet another module may include eight turbines configured in a 2×4 matrix, etc. In this way, a module may be selected to optimize power generation for a given location.

[0108] In an embodiment, each of these turbines is independently steerable. As illustrated, the turbines are steerable about axes 704A, 704B, as illustrated by azimuth steering 702A, 702B. In addition, the turbines are steerable about axes 706A, 706B, as illustrated by altitude steering 708A, 708B. In an embodiment, a fixed module orientation axis 712 corresponding to an initial configuration of the wind farm is further illustrated. The configuration of the wind farm will be described below with respect to Figures 11 to 13 Detailed discussion. Turbine blades 722 are also illustrated. As illustrated, each turbine includes three turbine blades. However, in embodiments, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a turbine may include two or more turbine blades without limitation.

[0109] Figure 8 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm turbine module according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Figure 8 The module 800 is shown in a top view 810, a front view 820, and a side view 830. Figure 8 Various components suitable for use in embodiments of wind farm turbine modules are illustrated. As illustrated, module 800 includes a guard 802 for limiting flying animals and debris from interfering with the turbine. The guard may include, but is not limited to, bars or nets. Further illustrated is a solar energy collection device 804 that may increase power production or supply power to control elements. Also further illustrated are electrical components 806 on the ground. However, the electrical components may be located anywhere in the module or anywhere along the module without limitation.

[0110] Fig. 9900. Module 900 includes a fixed module orientation axis 920, as illustrated for wind direction 910A. It can be seen that fixed module orientation axis 920 remains constant for module 900, regardless of wind direction. For wind direction 910A, the turbine turns 902A to axis 904A in azimuth to align the turbine with the wind direction. Similarly, for wind direction 910B, the turbine turns 902B to axis 904B in azimuth to align the turbine with the wind direction. Similarly, for wind direction 910C, the turbine turns 902C to axis 904C in azimuth to align the turbine with the wind direction. Similarly, for wind direction 910D, the turbine turns 902D to axis 904D in azimuth to align the turbine with the wind direction. It can be noted that the turbines are oriented along the same plane only when the wind direction 910A is perpendicular to the fixed module orientation axis 920. In all other wind directions, the turbines are not oriented in the same plane, but are oriented with their planes roughly parallel. This configuration provides more efficient wind utilization in combination with steering and regulation.

[0111] Fig.10 1000 is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention. As known in the art, a wind rose is a graphical tool used by meteorologists to give a brief view of how wind speed and wind direction are typically distributed at a specific location. Using a gridded polar coordinate system, the frequency of wind over a period of time is plotted by wind direction, wherein a color band shows the range of wind speeds. The direction of the longest spoke shows the wind direction with the greatest frequency. As illustrated and based on wind rose 1000, three dominant wind directions 1002, 1004, 1006 are illustrated. In some embodiments, one of the three dominant wind directions is the main dominant wind direction or the wind direction with the highest wind potential. In order to clearly present and understand the embodiments disclosed herein, the illustrated wind rose is presented. The data represented by the wind rose in this illustration does not represent actual data and is provided to illustrate how to configure and operate a wind farm embodiment.

[0112] Fig.11 is an illustrative top view representation of an initial configuration of a wind farm cluster according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.11 The figure shows the same as the rose diagram (see Fig.10) is a cluster of three modules with a fixed orientation corresponding to each other. As illustrated, cluster 1100 includes three modules 1110 (M1), 1120 (M2), 1130 (M3). For convenience, clusters may be designated as S1, S2, S3, etc. In addition, modules may be designated as M1, M2, M3. Still further, steerable wind turbines may be designated as T1, T2, T3, etc. Thus, in a large wind farm configuration, a specific steerable wind turbine may be found according to the reference numeral S3.M2.T4, which is the fourth steerable wind turbine in the second module of the third cluster. This naming convention will be used throughout this disclosure. As illustrated, in a fixed module placement, the three modules are positioned equidistant from each other and spaced apart by about ten turbine diameters. In an embodiment, in a fixed module placement, a plurality of modules are placed spaced apart by no less than about six turbine diameters and spaced apart by no more than about fifteen turbine diameters. As used herein, the turbine diameter is the diameter of the circle defined by the rotation of the steerable wind turbine blades. In an embodiment, the steerable wind turbine has a turbine diameter in the range of about 50 meters to 100 meters. In an embodiment where a cluster includes three modules, in a fixed module placement, the modules are placed 120° apart. In an embodiment where a cluster includes four modules, in a fixed module placement, the modules are placed 90° apart.

[0113] In the illustrated embodiment, each module has a fixed orientation corresponding to one prevailing wind direction and the module orientation axis 1118, as determined by a rose diagram. Fig.10 , the rose diagram 1000 includes three dominant wind directions 1002, 1004, and 1006. Return Fig.11, it can be seen that module M1 1110 has a fixed module orientation of 106° to the dominant wind direction 1002 and 106° to the cluster orientation axis 1118, in which case the cluster orientation axis 1118 is parallel to the wind direction 1002; module M2 1120 has a fixed module orientation of 96° to the dominant wind direction 1004 and 115° to the cluster orientation axis 1118; and module M3 1130 has a fixed module orientation of 69° to the dominant wind direction 1006 and 134° to the cluster orientation axis 1118. In an embodiment, each module orientation is adjusted to be approximately 90 degrees ±15 degrees to the corresponding dominant wind direction that is positioned within ±15 degrees, so that the remaining dominant wind directions fall as much as possible within the turbine's available wind range. In this way, each module in a cluster is oriented to a corresponding dominant wind direction that has the best compromise with the remaining dominant wind directions. In addition, for a particular prevailing wind direction, the wind-steerable turbines in the same module corresponding to the particular prevailing wind direction are in substantially parallel planes and, therefore, are optimally oriented for the particular prevailing wind direction. In an embodiment, as utilized and illustrated herein, the optimal wind angle 1140 is 90 degrees relative to the module orientation 1148, and the optimal wind direction 1144 is thereby defined. Therefore, the optimal wind angle is perpendicular to the module 1146 and the module orientation 1148. In an embodiment, the turbine modules are oriented within 15 degrees of the optimal wind angle. In some embodiments, the turbine modules are oriented within 25 degrees of the optimal wind direction. In addition, the turbine available wind range 1142 is the range between the two maximum wind angles at which the wake of the upwind turbine in the module does not enter the rotor of the adjacent downwind turbine in the module.

[0114] Fig.12 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm 1200 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In addition, Fig.12Including the placement of conventional single turbine 1250 imposed on the wind farm 1200 embodiment. In this way, the increased density of the turbine cluster in the embodiment is shown to exceed the conventional configuration, and more energy generation per unit area on the earth's surface is shown for the embodiments disclosed herein. As illustrated, the wind farm includes multiple clusters 1202 each located in a fixed cluster position. Multiple groups of clusters are aligned along axes (such as axes 1204, 1206 that are parallel in the embodiment). Group 1208 is aligned along axis 1204, for example. In addition, as illustrated, group 1210 is aligned along axis 1206. Importantly, each cluster of group 1210 is rotated 180° relative to the modules in group 1208. This pattern allows the distance between modules of different clusters to be maintained within the range of about six to fifteen turbine diameters. As described above, the turbine diameter is the diameter of the circle defined by the rotation of the steerable wind turbine blades. Maintaining the distance between modules of different clusters reduces potential wake interference from upwind turbines and downwind turbines.

[0115] Fig.13 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm cluster 1300 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.13 It is cluster 1212 ( Fig.12 ). As shown, cluster S7 1300 includes modules M1 1302, M2 1306, M3 1310. As previously described, the modules are set to a fixed orientation based on the wind direction. Thus, module M1 1302 is placed in a fixed orientation corresponding to the prevailing wind direction 1320. Fig.10 An example of a dominant wind direction is provided in . As illustrated, module M1 1302 is placed within a turbine module usable wind range 1304 at a fixed orientation corresponding to a dominant wind direction 1320. Similarly, as illustrated, module M2 1306 is placed within a turbine usable wind range 1308 at a fixed orientation corresponding to a dominant wind direction 1322. And again, as illustrated, module M3 1310 is placed within a turbine usable wind range 1312 at a fixed orientation corresponding to a dominant wind direction 1324. In this way, each module is oriented to a specific dominant wind direction that is ±15 degrees from the optimal wind angle, so that the optimal efficiency of the module is maximized for that dominant wind direction. The remaining dominant wind directions in the module are oriented to fall within the module's turbine usable wind direction range (see Fig.111142 in the figure) to maximize efficiency for the remaining dominant wind directions. As described above, in an embodiment, the optimal wind direction of a module is aligned with the assigned dominant wind direction of the module within ±15 degrees based on a compromise with the remaining dominant wind directions that fall within the turbine's available wind range. In some cases, it may be necessary to allow ±25 degrees between the module's optimal wind direction and the dominant wind direction to allow the remaining dominant wind directions to fall within the turbine's available wind range. In addition, the turbine's available wind range is the range between the two maximum wind angles at which the wake of an upwind turbine in a module does not enter the rotor of an adjacent downwind turbine in the module.

[0116] Fig.14 is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.14 Shows Fig.13 1400 is positioned in a fixed orientation corresponding to the prevailing wind direction 1402. Further illustrating, it can be seen that clusters S3 1404, S8 1406, S6 1408 are adjacent to module S7.M1 1400 and include modules affected by the interference pattern 1420. In addition, modules S7.M2 1414, S7.M3 1416 of the same cluster as S7.M1 1400 are affected by the interference pattern 1420. In an embodiment, all turbines affected by the interference pattern of the module are positioned approximately ten turbine diameters apart or closer. Turbines farther than approximately ten turbine diameters, such as the turbines in the illustrated clusters S4 1412, S2 1410, are not considered in the control system analysis of this module, and therefore those interference patterns are not shown. For layouts where the spacing of modules and wind farms is below 10 diameters or above 10 diameters, the selected spacing is used to determine which turbines are considered interfering and which are not interfering.

[0117] Fig.15 is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.15 Shows Fig.131500 is positioned in a fixed orientation corresponding to the prevailing wind direction 1502. Further illustrating, it can be seen that clusters S6 1504, S11 1506, S10 1508 are adjacent to module S7.M2 1500 and include modules affected by the interference pattern 1520. In addition, modules S7.M1 1514, S7.M3 1516 of the same cluster as S7.M2 1500 are affected by the interference pattern 1520. In an embodiment, all turbines affected by the interference pattern of the module are positioned approximately ten turbine diameters apart or closer. Turbines farther than ten turbine diameters, such as the turbines in clusters S12 1512, S8 1510 as shown, are not considered in the control system analysis of this module, and therefore those interference patterns are not shown.

[0118] Fig.16 is an illustrative representation of a module interference pattern according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.16 Shows Fig.13 1600 is positioned in a fixed orientation corresponding to the prevailing wind direction 1602. Further illustrating, it can be seen that clusters S8 1604, S11 1608, S12 1606 are adjacent to module S7.M3 1600 and include modules affected by the interference pattern 1620. In addition, modules S7.M1 1614, S7.M2 1616 of the same cluster as S7.M3 1600 are affected by the interference pattern 1620. In an embodiment, all turbines affected by the module's interference pattern are positioned approximately ten turbine diameters apart or closer. Turbines farther than approximately ten turbine diameters are not considered in the control system analysis of this module, and therefore those interference patterns are not shown.

[0119] Method for configuring a wind farm

[0120] Fig.17 is an illustrative flow chart 1700 of a method for configuring a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention. At a first step 1702, the method creates a rose diagram for a specified area of ​​a wind farm embodiment. Fig.10 Rose diagrams are disclosed in detail. In general, rose diagrams graphically illustrate multiple wind characteristics for a given area. In an embodiment, the wind characteristics include: wind direction, wind speed, and wind duration. Based on these wind characteristics, the method continues to step 1704 to determine the prevailing wind direction by analyzing the wind diagram. In an embodiment, the prevailing wind direction is based on the highest wind direction and wind speed probability distribution. In many areas, several prevailing wind directions with the same or different direction and speed probability distributions can be found. For example, Fig.10As illustrated, three dominant wind directions 1002, 1004, 1006 are illustrated, wherein dominant wind direction 1002 has the highest wind direction and wind speed probability distribution and dominant wind directions 1004, 1006 have lower wind direction and wind speed probability distributions. In some embodiments, at least one highest wind direction and wind speed probability distribution is found.

[0121] return Fig.17 At the next step 1706, the method directs the module such as Fig.11 Fixed module orientation shown. In an embodiment, each module is oriented to be approximately 90° (optimal wind angle) ±15° from its corresponding dominant wind direction, so that the remaining dominant wind directions can fall within the turbine's available wind range (if possible). In this way, each module in a cluster is oriented to a corresponding dominant wind direction. For each dominant wind direction, all wind-steerable turbines are roughly parallel and, therefore, optimally oriented for that wind direction.

[0122] Back to Fig.17 At the next step 1708, the method places the cluster of modules in a location such as Fig.12 In the fixed cluster location shown. Fig.12 In the embodiment, the groups of clusters are aligned along axes (such as parallel 1204, 1206 in the embodiment). Group 1208 is aligned along axis 1204, for example. In addition, as shown, group 1210 is aligned along axis 1206. Importantly, each cluster of group 1210 is rotated 180° relative to the modules in group 1208. This pattern allows the distance between modules of different clusters to be maintained in the range of about six to fifteen turbine diameters. In an embodiment, the clusters include one or more modules placed in a fixed module placement. The modules of each cluster are placed such as Fig.11 The fixed module is placed as shown. Fig.11 As illustrated, in a fixed module placement, three modules are positioned equidistant from each other and spaced about ten turbine diameters apart. In an embodiment, in a fixed module placement, a plurality of modules are positioned no less than about six turbine diameters apart and no more than about fifteen turbine diameters apart.

[0123] Method for controlling a wind farm

[0124] Fig.18 is an illustrative flowchart 1800 of a method for controlling a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, flowchart 1800 illustrates an overview of a control method for a wind farm. Thus, at a first step 1802, the method sets initial conditions and determines the state of the current turbine. As used herein, the current turbine is the turbine currently being checked by the method disclosed herein. Step 1802 will be described below with respect to Fig.19At the next step 1804, the method determines the turbine control mode and continues to step 1806 to adjust the current turbine. Fig. 20 Steps 1804, 1806 are discussed in further detail. At the next step 1808, the method selects the next turbine and continues to step 1802.

[0125] Fig.19 1900 is an illustrative flowchart of a method for controlling a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, flowchart 1900 further illustrates the steps of step 1802 ( Fig.18 ). Thus, at a first step 1902, the method determines the wind direction of the current turbine. In an embodiment, the wind direction may be determined in any manner known in the art without limitation. At a next step 1904, the method sets the azimuth and veer of the current turbine. In an embodiment, using a method such as Fig.21 The tabular data shown in the figure, Fig.21 is an illustrative representation of a table and a control diagram for a method for controlling a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention. Fig.21 In the embodiment of the present invention, Table 1 (2100) includes tabular data for the methods provided herein. Table 1 (2100) includes wind direction data 2102, steering data 2104, downwind turbine data 2106, idle set point data 2108, control mode data 2110, and turbine ID data 2112. Therefore, for a determined wind direction, the wind direction data 2102 is used in step 1904 to find the corresponding steering data 2104 to set the azimuth and steering of the current turbine.

[0126] At the next step 1906, the method determines the current idle state of the turbine. Fig.21 1 (2100) in Table 1. As illustrated in the table, the control mode data 2110 includes an "idle" state. Therefore, it can be seen from the table that for a given wind direction (i.e., 90°), the current turbine is set to "idle". The method continues to step 1908 to determine whether the current turbine is set to "idle". If the method determines at step 1908 that the current turbine is set to "idle", the method continues to step 1910, which Fig. 20 If the method determines at step 1908 that the current turbine is not set to "idle", the method continues to step 1912, which Fig. 20 Further illustrated in FIG.

[0127] Fig. 202000 is an illustrative flowchart of a method for controlling a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, the flowchart 2000 further illustrates steps 1908, 1910 ( Fig.19 ) corresponding to the method. Therefore, for the (A) path in step 2002, after the method determines that the current turbine is set to "idle", the method sets the current turbine to the upwind interference mode. The upwind interference mode indicates that there is some upwind interference caused by the upwind turbine. In the next step 2004, the method continues to set the current turbine output target to the table data such as in Table 1 (see Fig.21 , 2100; see 2108). The method for path (A) then ends.

[0128] For the (B) path at step 2006, after the method determines that the current turbine is not set to "idle", the method selects a wind direction such as Table 1 ( Fig.21 , 2100) determines that there are downwind turbines. Downwind turbine data 2106 indicates whether there are downwind turbines relative to the current turbine and wind direction. At the next step 2008, the method determines whether the downwind turbines are in the same module. As previously described, the turbines can be configured in a matrix. In some wind directions, turbines in the same matrix may interfere with each other. If the method determines at step 2008 that the downwind turbines are in the same module, the method continues to step 2010 to set the downwind turbine state to "idle". In some embodiments, the state is such as listed in Table 3 ( Fig.21 , 2120). The method continues to step 2012 to read the current wind speed. If the method determines at step 2008 that the downwind turbine is not in the same module, the method continues to step 2012 to read the current wind speed. At the next step 2014, the method determines whether the downwind turbine is within less than 15 turbine diameters of the current turbine. If the method determines at step 2014 that there is no downwind turbine within less than 15 turbine diameters of the current turbine, the method continues to step 2016 to set the current turbine to non-interference mode. At this step, there is no downwind turbine or the downwind turbine is positioned at a distance greater than 15 turbine diameters from the current turbine, and therefore the downwind turbine does not cause wake interference to any downwind turbine. The method continues to step 2022 discussed below.

[0129] If the method determines at step 2014 that there is a downwind turbine within less than 15 turbine diameters of the current turbine, the method continues to step 2018 to set the current turbine to downwind interference mode. The method continues to step 2020 to add the downwind turbine output to the current turbine output for the purpose of regulating the total output based on the current turbine output plus the downwind turbine output. The method continues to step 2022 to adjust the output based on the output from, for example, Table 2 ( Fig.21 , 2150) sets the current turbine energy output controller target, and the method ends. Fig.21 , Table 2 includes wind speed data 2152, non-interference mode data 2154, and downwind interference mode data 2156, which include output set points for controlling the output of the current turbine. For clarity, the following Table A is provided for various control modes contemplated herein:

[0130]

[0131] Table A

[0132] Fig.21 21 is an illustrative representation of a table and control diagram for a method for controlling a wind farm according to an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, Table 1 (2100) includes wind direction data 2102, steering data 2104, downwind turbine data 2106, idle set point data 2108, control mode data 2110, and turbine ID data 2112. Table 2 (2150) is further illustrated, which includes wind speed data 2152, non-interference mode data 2154, and downwind interference mode data 2156, which includes an output set point for controlling the output of the current turbine. Table 3 (2120) is further illustrated, which includes the current state mode of all turbines when the current state mode 2122 of all turbines is modified by the control unit. In addition, Table 4 (2140) includes the current dynamic energy output of all turbines when the control adjustment device adjusts the turbines for changes in wind speed and wind direction. It can be seen that the data from each table provides input to the output controller 2130 using the method disclosed herein.

[0133] Fig. 22 is an illustrative representation of a non-ducted wind turbine 2200 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig. 22A top view 2210, a front view 2220, and a side view 2230 of a non-ducted wind turbine 2200 are illustrated. As illustrated, blades 2202 and a hub 2204 are involved. Additionally, the three rotation axes are a turbine blade rotation axis 2212, a turbine azimuth vertical axis 2216, and a turbine elevation horizontal axis 2214. Three blades 2202 are shown, however, in embodiments known in the art, any number of blades may be used without limitation. Fig. 22 The embodiment in which the blades 2202 are supported by the hub 2204 is shown, and the hub 2204 is supported by the nacelle 2208. The nacelle support column 2206 supporting the nacelle 2208 from above and below the blades is shown, which is in the structure of the present invention (see Figure 7 , 740). Hub support column 2206 may alternatively support the hub only from the top of the blade or only from the bottom of the blade, and the hub support column is smaller and has less wind resistance than support elements in prior art wind turbines. Nacelle 2208 is fixed to nacelle support column 2206 and does not rotate relative to the nacelle support column. In order to rotate the rotation plane of the blade to the wind, nacelle support column 2208 rotates in the structure (see Figure 7 , 740). Fig. 22 In the invention, the open wind turbine is supported above and below the rotor. That is, the generator (see Fig.23 , 2308) and gearbox (see Fig.23 , 2310) moves from the nacelle 2208 to the non-rotating fixed structure (see Figure 7 , 740 and Fig.24 , 2400), and the nacelle support column 2206 and nacelle 2208 can be smaller, with less weight and wind resistance. When the generator and gearbox (if necessary) are supported in a fixed structure (see Figure 7 , 740), the rotational energy of the blades is transmitted to the gearbox and generator via the blade transfer shaft 2218 mounted inside the nacelle support column 2206. Alternative embodiments include supporting the blades from an intermediate duct or a wing duct or applying vertical axis blades.

[0134] Fig.23 is an illustrative representation of a non-ducted wind turbine 2300 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.23 Further details of a variation of the hub embodiment are shown, in which the generator 2308 and gearbox 2310 (if required) are moved out of the nacelle and into the support structure of the turbine 2312 (see FIG. Figure 7 , 740). In this embodiment, the blade transfer shaft 2302 is aligned with the generator drive shaft 2322, or aligned with the gearbox drive shaft 2314, such as Fig.23As shown, the blade transfer shaft 2302 drives the gearbox drive shaft 2314 or the generator drive shaft 2322. The blade transfer shaft 2302 also coincides with the rotation azimuth axis 2330, so the generator 2308 or the gearbox (2310) (if necessary) can be positioned in the fixed structure 2312 and does not need to rotate with changes in wind direction. The rotation around the azimuth axis 2330 with changes in wind direction will temporarily add or subtract a few degrees of rotation to the gearbox drive shaft or the generator drive shaft 2322, with a negligible effect on energy generation, while significantly reducing the weight and size of the components that rotate with changes in wind direction. The nacelle only needs to enclose and support the blade support bearing 2316 and the small 90-degree gearbox 2304.

[0135] Fig.24 is an illustrative representation of an upper drive element without vertical steering (height) according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.24 A top view 2450 and a side view 2452 are illustrated showing a variation of the upper drive element (2400) of the present invention supporting a generator 2402, a gearbox 2422, and other drive elements described below. The support platform 2404 is connected to a fixed structure 2424 and constrains a rotating support plate 2406 from vertical movement while allowing the rotating support plate 2406 to rotate, thereby allowing the turbine to turn toward the wind direction. The pitch drive portion 2412 and the pitch drive shaft 2414 are shown in the top view-2450, but the pitch drive shaft 2414 is hidden from view in the side view-2452. The pitch drive shaft 2414 is connected to elements in the nacelle (see Fig.31 ) to adjust the pitch of the blades according to the control system command. The turbine support column 2416 is fixed to the rotating support plate 2406 by the non-pivoting support portion 2408. The turbine support column 2416 encloses the blade transfer shaft 2426. The azimuth drive portion 2410 constrains and changes the angular rotation of the rotating support plate 2406, thereby turning the turbine into the wind according to the control command. The generator 2402 and the gearbox 2422 are supported by elements of the fixed structure 2420A, 2420B respectively. The blade transfer shaft 2426 is connected to the gearbox drive shaft 2428 by a mechanical connection portion 2430, and the generator drive shaft 2418 is connected to the gearbox by a mechanical connection portion 2432. This is an embodiment of providing an azimuth rotation plus pitch drive 2412 for a wind turbine with or without a duct. This embodiment can be applied to all types of wind turbines applicable to the present invention. The gearbox may not require blades or other embodiments for circumferential duct support.

[0136] Fig.25 is an illustrative representation of a lower drive element without vertical steering (height) according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.25A top view 2550 and a side view 2552 of a variation of the lower drive element (2500) of the present invention without vertical steering (height) are illustrated. The support platform 2502 constrains the rotating support plate 2504 from vertical movement while allowing the rotating support plate 2504 to rotate, thereby allowing the turbine to turn toward the wind direction. When the idle shaft 2510 is required, the pipe support column 2506 constrains the idle shaft 2510. This embodiment can be applied to all types of wind turbines suitable for the present invention.

[0137] Fig.26 is an illustrative representation of an upper drive element with vertical steering (height) according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.26 A top view 2650 (section AA, see FIG. 2650 ) between the rotating support dome 2704 and the generator rotating support dome 2722 is shown. Fig. 27 , 2704 and 2722), showing a variation of the upper drive element (2600) of the present invention, which supports the following and Fig. 27 The support platform 2602 is connected to the fixed structure 2624 and constrains the rotating support dome 2604 from vertical movement while allowing the rotating support dome 2604 to rotate, thereby allowing the turbine to turn toward the wind direction. The pitch drive 2606 and pitch drive shaft 2608 are shown in the top view-2650, but the side view Fig. 27 The pitch drive shaft 2608 is hidden from view. The pitch drive shaft 2608 is connected to components in the nacelle (see Fig.31 ) to adjust the pitch of the blades according to control system commands. The turbine support column 2626 is held to the sliding support element 2610 by a pivot support 2628. The sliding support element 2610 straddles a slot 2614 in the rotating support dome 2604 and constrains the turbine support column 2626 from vertical movement while allowing movement in the slot 2614 along the circumference of the rotating support dome 2604 to allow vertical steering of the wind turbine. The altitude drive 2616 is connected to the sliding support element 2610 to constrain and adjust the position of the sliding support element 2610 in the slot 2614 to adjust the altitude position of the turbine to steer it in the vertical direction. The turbine support column 2626 encloses the blade transfer shaft 2618. The azimuth drive 2612 constrains and changes the angular rotation of the rotating support dome 2604 to steer the turbine into the wind according to control commands. This is one embodiment that provides azimuth and altitude rotation plus pitch drive 2606 for a wind turbine with or without a duct. This embodiment can be applied to all types of wind turbines suitable for the present invention.

[0138] Fig. 27 is an illustrative representation of an upper drive element according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig. 27The diagram shows a side view 2750 of a variation of the highly steerable upper drive element (2700) of the present invention, which supports the drive elements described below. The support platform 2702 constrains the rotating support dome 2704; the rotating support dome 2704 rotates while vertically constraining the turbine support column 2726, allowing the turbine support column 2726 to rotate to adjust for wind direction. The azimuth drive portion 2710 constrains and adjusts the rotation of the rotating support dome 2704 to adjust the turbine for changes in wind direction. The sliding support element 2724 straddles a slot in the rotating support dome 2704 (see FIG. 27A ). Fig.26 , 2610), and is connected to the turbine support column 2726 by the pivot support portion 2732, and constrains the turbine support column 2726 from vertical movement while allowing the rotation of the support dome 2704 in the groove (see Fig.26 , 2610) to allow vertical steering of the wind turbine. The height drive 2718 constrains the sliding support element 2724 and changes the position of the sliding support element 2724 in the slot to change the vertical or height direction of the turbine. The pitch drive 2706 is a pitch drive shaft (see Fig.26 , 2608) to adjust the pitch of the turbine. The turbine support column 2708 encloses the blade transfer shaft 2720. The generator 2714 and the gearbox 2728 are supported by the generator rotation support dome 2722, the generator sliding element 2734, the generator pivot support 2722, the generator support frame 2748 and the generator support beam 2716. The blade transfer shaft 2720 is connected to the gearbox drive shaft 2738 by the mechanical coupling 2712, and the generator drive shaft 2742 is connected to the gearbox by the mechanical coupling 2740. For blades supported by the circumferential pipe or other embodiments, the gearbox 2728 may not be required.

[0139] Fig.28 is an illustrative representation of a lower drive element according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.28 A top view 2850 showing a variation of the lower drive element (2800) of the present invention with a high degree of deflection is illustrated, which supports the drive element described below. A support platform 2802 constrains a rotating support plate 2804 connecting a pivot support 2810 and a turbine support column 2806. The turbine support column 2806 encloses a blade idle shaft 2808. The illustrated embodiment can be applied to all types of wind turbines suitable for the present invention.

[0140] Fig.29 is an illustrative representation of a lower drive element according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.29A side view 2950 showing a variation of the lower drive element (2900) of the present invention with a high degree of deflection is illustrated, which supports the drive element described below. A support platform 2902 constrains a rotating support plate 2910, which connects a pivot support 2906 with a turbine support column 2904. The turbine support column 2904 encloses a blade idle shaft 2908. The illustrated embodiment can be applied to all types of wind turbines suitable for the present invention.

[0141] Fig.30 is an illustrative representation of a hub and nacelle elements according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.30 The blade for circumferential support with a pitch drive unit 3004 of the present invention is shown in FIG. Fig.32 and Fig.34 ) side view 3050 of an embodiment of a hub 3002 and a nacelle 3024, with the pitch drive 3004 mounted in the nacelle 3024, near the rotating bearing 3026. The rotating bearing 3026 separates the fixed nacelle 3024 from the rotating hub 3002. It should be noted that the nacelle is upwind of the hub, which is contrary to the usual design. In this embodiment, a hub support 3006 is required to provide power to the pitch drive 3004 located inside the nacelle 3024. The power can be electric, hydraulic, pneumatic or other suitable source without limitation. A possible embodiment of the mechanical element 3008 is shown as having a hub rack 3010, a blade pitch gear 3012, a blade pitch drive and support shaft 3022, a rack support element 3014, a rotating socket connection 3016, a socket connection retaining element 3018, a pitch linear drive shaft 3028 and a pitch drive support 3020. The gear mechanism is shown as rotating the blade pitch drive and support shaft 3022, but other devices may be used. Any practical device that transmits the motion of the pitch drive 3004 to the blade pitch drive and support shaft 3022 to adjust the pitch may be used, such as a worm gear. These mechanical elements 3008 allow the pitch drive 3004 to remain in a fixed position in the nacelle while the blade pitch drive and support shaft 3022 rotates with the hub 3002 using energy from the wind. Through these mechanical elements 3008, the pitch drive changes the energy capture from the wind according to the command of the control (see Figures 17 to 21 ).

[0142] Fig.31 is an illustrative representation of a hub and nacelle elements according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.31 The blade with a pitch drive unit for circumferential support according to the present invention is shown in FIG. Fig.32 and Fig.34 ) of a side view 3150 of an embodiment of a hub 3102 and nacelle 3124 in which the pitch drive is mounted (see Figure 24 to Figure 27 ). The rotating bearing 3126 separates the fixed nacelle 3124 from the rotating hub 3102. It should be noted that the nacelle 3124 is upwind of the hub 3102, which is contrary to the usual design. In this embodiment, the hub support 3106 may be required for mechanical support and may also be used to provide maintenance functions, such as lubrication or heating, for the hub 3102 or the nacelle 3124. One possible embodiment of the mechanical element 3108 is shown as having a hub rack 3010, a blade pitch gear 3112, a blade pitch angle drive and support shaft 3122, a rack support element 3114, a rotating recess connection 3116, a pitch linear drive shaft 3128, a recess connection retaining element 3118, a blade pitch angle drive and support shaft transfer gear 3132, a blade pitch angle drive and support shaft transfer rack 3130, a blade pitch drive shaft 3140, and a blade pitch angle drive and support shaft 3122. The gear mechanism is shown as rotating the blade pitch drive and support shaft 3122, but other devices may be used. Any practical device that transmits the motion of the pitch drive unit 3104 to the blade pitch drive and support shaft 3122 to adjust the pitch may be used, such as a worm gear. These mechanical elements 3108 allow the pitch drive shaft 3140 to remain in a fixed position in the nacelle while the blade pitch drive and support shaft 3122 rotates with the hub 3102 using energy from the wind. Through these mechanical elements 3108, the pitch drive shaft 3140 changes the energy capture from the wind according to the command of the control (see Figures 17 to 21 ).

[0143] Fig.32 is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine with an aerodynamic intermediate duct (ie, without aerodynamic lift) according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.32 The diagram shows the application of the encapsulating circumferential ring (see Fig.33 , 3308) of a wind turbine embodiment 3200 with a central aerodynamic duct 3202. The central aerodynamic duct 3202 provides an alternative means of supporting the blades 3206, which avoids tip flutter of the blades 3206 and other mechanical problems of blade 3206 buckling. It also provides a set of circumferential rings (see Fig.33 , 3310 and 3316) or other mechanical devices provide a protected position to use the mechanical advantage of the higher angular velocity of the large diameter pipe 3202 to replace the high ratio gear box (see Fig.23 , 2310). The intermediate aerodynamic duct 3202 protects the circumferential ring (see Fig.33, 3310 and 3316) from the environment and reduce the aerodynamic drag that the circumferential ring would create without the duct. Blade tip supports 3208 connect blades 3206 to duct 3202. An optional hub front support 3204 is shown.

[0144] Fig.33 is an illustrative representation of internal elements of a wind turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.33 A side view 3350 of the present invention's internal element without aerodynamic lift is illustrated, showing one embodiment of a duct support element 3300 for a duct 3308. This embodiment has a duct support column 3304 that creates a turbine azimuth vertical axis 3340 that lies in a plane created by the rotation of blades 3358. The duct 3308 is supported by the duct support column 3304. One embodiment for supporting the duct 3308 and transmitting power from a rotating circumferential ring 3310 uses a blade drive shaft 3306 (with its angular gear 3312) and a circumferential ring 3318 (with its angular gear 3310). The duct support column 3304 is connected to the duct support bracket 3330 via a mechanical coupling 3324. The non-rotating circumferential ring 3316 together with the hub support bracket 3330 and the circumferential ring retaining cover 3320 constrain the vertical and horizontal movement of the rotating circumferential ring 3318 while allowing it to rotate when subjected to wind reaction forces on the blades 3328. For embodiments in which the pitch drive is located in the structure (see Figure 24 to Figure 29 ), the pitch drive shaft 3322 passes through the pipe 3308. Any other mechanical device can also be used and the generator can be installed in the pipe 3308. The blade tip support element 3334 supports the blade 3328 from the blade tip to the rotating circumferential ring 3318 via the mechanical connection 3334, thereby creating an open area that is not obstructed by the plane covered by the rotation of the blade 3328. The blade tip support element 3326 can have any suitable cross-section and material. It does not generally have wing characteristics, but can have a wing shape. The rotating circumferential ring 3318, the non-rotating circumferential ring 3316, the pipe support column 3304, the blade drive shaft 3306, the blade tip support element 3326 and the blade 3328 can have any suitable material.

[0145] Fig.34 is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine having an aerodynamic duct (ie, having aerodynamic lift) according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.34 A top view 3450, a front view 3452, and a side view 3454 of a wind turbine embodiment 3400 are illustrated that utilizes an aerodynamic duct 3402 to improve energy extraction from the wind and enclose a circumferential ring (see Fig.35, 3516 and 3518). The enlarged duct has the following advantages: 5% to 20% additional energy generation compared to an open turbine with a rotor diameter of the same as the maximum diameter of the duct, thereby generating energy at lower wind speeds and operating over a wider range of misalignments with the wind than an open turbine. The aerodynamic duct 3402 has the following disadvantages: additional weight, additional horizontal thrust to resist the wind, and longer wake recovery, which may require wider spacing and fewer wind turbines per acre. The aerodynamic duct 3402 provides an alternative device for supporting the blades 3406 that avoids other mechanical problems of blade 3406 tip flutter and blade 3406 buckling. It also provides a set of circumferential rings (see Fig.35 , 3516 and 3518) or other mechanical means to provide a protected position to use the mechanical advantages of the higher angular velocity of the large diameter of the pipe 3402 to replace the high ratio gear box (see Fig.23 , 2310). The aerodynamic duct 3402 protects the circumferential ring (see Fig.35 , 3516 and 3518) from the environment and reduce the aerodynamic drag that the circumferential ring would create without the duct. Blade tip supports 3408 connect blades 3406 to duct 3402. An optional hub front support 3404 is shown.

[0146] Fig.35 is an illustrative representation of internal elements of a wind turbine according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.35A side view 3350 of the internal elements of the present invention is illustrated, showing one embodiment of a duct support element 3500 for a duct 3508 having aerodynamic lift. This embodiment has a duct support column 3504 that creates a turbine azimuth vertical axis 3540 that is not located in the plane created by the rotation of the blades 3528. The duct 3508 is supported by the duct support column 3504. One embodiment for supporting the duct 3508 and transmitting power from the rotating circumferential ring 3518 uses a blade drive shaft 3506 (with an angle gear 3512), a transfer shaft 3514 (with its angle gears 3532A, 3532B), and a circumferential ring 3518 (with its angle gear 3510). The transfer shaft 3514 is held in place by transfer shaft bearings 3516A, 3516B. The duct support shaft 3504 is connected to the duct support bracket 3530 via a mechanical coupling 3524. The non-rotating circumferential ring 3516 and the circumferential ring retaining cover 3520 constrain the vertical and horizontal movement of the rotating circumferential ring 3518, while allowing it to rotate when subjected to wind reaction forces on the blades 3528. The blade tip support element 3534 supports the blades 3528 from the blade tip to the rotating circumferential ring 3518 via the mechanical connection 3520, thereby creating an open area that is not obstructed by the plane covered by the rotation of the blades 3528. The blade tip support element 3534 can have any suitable cross-section and material. It does not generally have wing characteristics, but can have a wing shape. The rotating circumferential ring 3518, the non-rotating circumferential ring 3516, the pipe support column 3504, the blade drive shaft 3506, the blade tip support element 3534 and the blades 3528 can be any suitable material.

[0147] Fig.36 is an illustrative representation of a secondary support ring wind turbine module 3600 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.36 A front view 3650 and a side view 3652 of a wind turbine module 3600 with an additional outer circumferential duct 3602 are shown. This duct may be needed to provide additional strength for an aerodynamic duct or an aerodynamic intermediate duct for enlargement. The additional duct may have lift to assist in duct enlargement, or may have intermediate lift to avoid the disadvantages of enlargement of the rotor disk.

[0148] Fig.37 is an illustrative representation of a vertical axis wind turbine module 3700 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.37A top view 3750, a front view 3752, and a side view 3754 of one embodiment are illustrated, showing a structure (3710) employing a vertical axis turbine 3702. The figure shows two vertical axis blades 3704 per turbine, but the number of vertical axis blades 3704 can be more than two. The turbine blade rotation axis 3706 is vertical, which eliminates the turbine azimuth vertical axis because for a vertical axis turbine 3702, the turbine blade rotation axis 3706 is perpendicular to the wind direction 3708, and the vertical axis blades 3704 face the wind regardless of the wind direction. Rotating electrical components 3714 are located on the turbine blade rotation axis, while fixed electrical components (shown as 3712) can be located anywhere in the structure 3710.

[0149] Fig.38 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm cluster 3800 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.38 A top view 3850 of an embodiment of a turbine of the present invention is illustrated, showing a cluster 3800 having four turbine modules 3806A, 3806B, 3806C, 3806D. The geometric center of the cluster is 3802, and the geometric pattern 3804 forms a square. The turbine modules 3806A, 3806B, 3806C, 3806D are shown with two side-by-side wind turbines 3810, which is an embodiment of a plurality of wind turbines 3810 side-by-side. In an embodiment, there may be more than two side-by-side wind turbines. The illustrated cluster 3800 with four turbine modules 3806A, 3806B, 3806C, 3806D is an embodiment useful for average wind speeds coming primarily from two opposite directions, such as, for example, the average wind speed may be the average wind speed experienced in a valley between two mountains.

[0150] Fig.39 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm 3900 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.39 An overhead view 3950 of one embodiment of a wind farm is illustrated. As illustrated, the wind farm 3900 includes nine clusters 3902, but the number of clusters 3902 can be smaller or larger, more often greater than nine. The turbine modules 3904 are arranged in four in the clusters 3902, but there are other numbers and arrangements of embodiments suitable for maximizing energy production based on the average wind direction and wind speed at a geographic location. The geometric pattern 3906 of the turbine modules 3904 in the clusters 3902 forms a square, but other geometric patterns 3906 are required for different average wind directions and wind speeds. This cluster 3902 and farm 3900 arrangement is useful for average wind speeds that are primarily from two opposite directions, such as, the average wind speed may be the average wind speed experienced in a valley between two mountains.

[0151] The terms "certain embodiments," "an embodiment," "embodiments," "embodiments," "the embodiments," "these embodiments," "one or more embodiments," "some embodiments," and "an embodiment" mean one or more (but not all) embodiments, unless expressly stated otherwise. The terms "including," "comprising," "having," and variations thereof mean "including but not limited to," unless expressly stated otherwise. An enumerated listing of items does not mean that any or all of the items are mutually exclusive, unless expressly stated otherwise. The terms "a," "an," and "the" mean "one or more," unless expressly stated otherwise.

[0152] Although the present invention has been described according to several embodiments, there are substitutions, replacements and equivalents that fall within the scope of the present invention. It should also be noted that there are many alternatives to implement the method and apparatus of the present invention. In addition, unless explicitly stated, any method embodiment described herein is not limited to a specific order or sequence. In addition, for convenience, an abstract is provided herein, and the abstract should not be used to interpret or limit the overall invention expressed in the claims. Therefore, it is intended that the following appended claims be interpreted as including all such substitutions, replacements and equivalents that fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

[0153] Benefits over conventional multi-turbine arrays

[0154] 1. A significantly simpler support structure with fewer heavy elevated components, since each rotor in the present invention rotates on its own separate vertical axis to face the wind.

[0155] 2. Benefits of installing multiple, smaller wind turbine arrays in independent structures:

[0156] a. Minimize wake disturbances from a single rotor rotating on its own axis.

[0157] b. Allows for higher density spacing of wind turbines per unit wind farm area.

[0158] c. Reduce the cost of the structure.

[0159] 3. Mitigating wake disturbance by installing modules and clusters in specific arrangements according to the prevailing wind direction.

[0160] 4. Maximizing energy by installing individual structures (modules) aligned with specific compass directions for a chosen prevailing wind direction.

[0161] 5. The benefits of rotating a separate turbine inside the support structure (rather than outside and around the support structure) are realized:

[0162] a. The supporting structure can be built from the surface upwards without the use of large mobile cranes.

[0163] b. The support structure can be used for rotor and heavy component maintenance and installation without the use of large mobile cranes.

[0164] c. The support structure can be cheaper than a monopole tower.

[0165] d. The base of the support portion has a larger surface area, thereby simplifying the base design.

[0166] e. Top panels may be installed on the structure to mitigate ice and lightning damage and shrinkage.

[0167] f. Solar energy devices can be installed on the roof.

[0168] g. Grids or other elements may be installed to reduce animal deaths in flight.

[0169] h. Multi-rotor turbines with duct reinforcement can be easily accommodated and supported.

[0170] i. Can easily accommodate and support vertical axis multi-rotor turbines.

[0171] j. A rotor supported at its tip can be easily accommodated and a circumferential ring can be used instead of a gearbox.

[0172] 6. Wake disturbance can be offset by control in several ways:

[0173] a. Upwind rotor control optimizes the output from the upwind rotor plus a downwind rotor approximately 10 diameters in the downwind direction.

[0174] b. The downwind rotor in the same structure (module) can be set to not produce energy, leaving the wind resource for the upwind rotor.

[0175] c. The upwind rotor in the same structure can be set to produce no energy, leaving the wind resource for the downwind rotor.

[0176] d. Other sharing of wind resources may be used for rotors sharing the same wind flow (ie, wake interference).

[0177] e. Individual wind turbines can be steered horizontally (azimuthally) and vertically (altitudely) to minimize wake disturbances.

[0178] Alternative Embodiments

[0179] Fig.40 is an illustrative representation of a 2×2 wind farm turbine configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.40A top view 4010, a front view 4020, and a side view 4030 of two modules 4000A, 4000B, each having two turbines, are illustrated. As illustrated, module 4000A includes two turbines 4022, 4026. Similarly, module 4000B includes two turbines 4024, 4028. In an embodiment, without departing from the embodiments provided herein, a module may include any number of turbines in any configuration of a matrix. For example, one skilled in the art will readily recognize that one module may include two turbines configured as shown; another module may include three turbines; yet another module may include four turbines; and so on. In this way, a module may be selected to optimize power generation at a given location. In addition, in an embodiment, a module may be configured as an open rotor, an intermediate non-lift duct, or a duct with aerodynamic lift to enhance energy extraction.

[0180] In an embodiment, each of these turbines is independently steerable. As shown, the turbines can be steered about axes 4004A, 4004B by azimuth steering devices 4002A, 4002B. In addition, the turbines can be steered about axes 4006A, 4006B by altitude steering devices 4008A, 4008B. A fixed module orientation axis 4012 corresponding to the initial configuration of the wind farm in the embodiment is further illustrated. The configuration of the wind farm will be described below with respect to Figures 42 to 48 Detailed discussion. Turbine blades are further illustrated. As illustrated, each turbine includes three turbine blades. However, in embodiments, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the turbine may include two or more turbine blades without limitation.

[0181] Fig.41 is an illustrative representation of a 1×2 wind farm turbine configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.41 A top view 4110, a front view 4120, and a side view 4130 of two modules 4100A, 4100B, each having two turbines, are illustrated. As illustrated, module 4100A includes turbine 4122. Likewise, module 4100B includes turbine 4124. Furthermore, in embodiments, the modules may be configured as open rotors, intermediate non-lift ducts, or ducts with aerodynamic lift to enhance energy extraction.

[0182] In an embodiment, each of these turbines is independently steerable. As shown, the turbines can be steered about axes 4104A, 4104B by azimuth steering devices 4102A, 4102B. In addition, the turbines can be steered about axis 4106 as shown by altitude steering devices 4108. Further illustrated is a fixed module orientation axis 4112 corresponding to the initial configuration of the wind farm in the embodiment. The configuration of the wind farm will be described below with respect to Figures 42 to 48 Detailed discussion. Turbine blades are further illustrated. As illustrated, each turbine includes three turbine blades. However, in embodiments, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the turbine may include two or more turbine blades without limitation.

[0183] Fig.42 4200 is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention. As known in the art, a wind rose is a graphical tool used by meteorologists to give a brief view of how wind speed and wind direction are typically distributed at a specific location. Using a gridded polar coordinate system, the frequency of wind over a period of time is plotted by wind direction, wherein a color band shows the range of wind speeds. The direction of the longest spoke shows the wind direction with the greatest frequency. As illustrated and based on wind rose 4200, three dominant wind directions 4202, 4204, 4206 are illustrated. In some embodiments, one of the three dominant wind directions is the main dominant wind direction or the wind direction with the highest wind potential. In order to clearly present and understand the embodiments disclosed herein, the illustrated wind rose is presented. The data represented by the wind rose in this illustration does not represent actual data and is provided for illustrating how to configure and operate a wind farm embodiment.

[0184] Fig.43 is an illustrative top view representation of an initial configuration of a wind farm group according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.43 shows the rose diagram (see Fig.42 ) is a cluster of three modules with corresponding fixed orientations. As illustrated, cluster 4300 includes three paired modules 4310 (M1), 4320 (M2), 4330 (M3). For convenience, clusters may be designated as S1, S2, S3, etc. In addition, modules may be designated as M1, M2, M3. Still further, steerable wind turbines may be designated as T1, T2, T3, etc. Thus, in a large wind farm configuration, a specific steerable wind turbine may be found according to the reference S3.M2.T4, which is the fourth steerable wind turbine in the second module of the third cluster. This naming convention will be used throughout this disclosure. As illustrated, in a fixed module placement, the three modules are positioned equidistant from each other and spaced apart by about ten turbine diameters. In an embodiment, in a fixed module placement, a plurality of modules are placed spaced apart by no less than about six turbine diameters and spaced apart by no more than about fifteen turbine diameters. As used herein, the turbine diameter is the diameter of the circle defined by the rotation of the steerable wind turbine blades. In an embodiment, the steerable wind turbine has a turbine diameter in the range of about 50 meters to 100 meters. In an embodiment where a cluster includes three modules, in a fixed module placement, the modules are placed 120° apart. In an embodiment where a cluster includes four modules, in a fixed module placement, the modules are placed 90° apart.

[0185] In the illustrated embodiment, each module has a fixed orientation corresponding to one prevailing wind direction and the module orientation axis 4318, as determined by a rose diagram. Fig.42 , the rose diagram 4200 includes three dominant wind directions 4202, 4204, and 4206. Return Fig.43 , it can be seen that module M1 4310 has a fixed module orientation of 106° to the dominant wind direction 4202 and 106° to the cluster orientation axis 4318, in which case the cluster orientation axis 4318 is parallel to the wind direction 4202; module M2 4320 has a fixed module orientation of 96° to the dominant wind direction 4204 and 115° to the cluster orientation axis 4318; and module M3 4330 has a fixed module orientation of 69° to the dominant wind direction 1006 and 134° to the cluster orientation axis 4318. In an embodiment, each module orientation is adjusted to be approximately 90 degrees ±15 degrees to the corresponding dominant wind direction that is positioned within ±15 degrees, so that the remaining dominant wind directions fall as much as possible within the turbine's available wind range. In this way, each module in a cluster is oriented to a corresponding dominant wind direction that has the best compromise with the remaining dominant wind directions. Furthermore, for a particular prevailing wind direction, the wind steerable turbines in the same module corresponding to the particular prevailing wind direction are in substantially parallel planes and, therefore, are optimally oriented for the particular prevailing wind direction. In an embodiment, as utilized and illustrated herein, the optimal wind angle 4340 is 90° relative to the module orientation 4348, and the optimal wind direction 4344 is thereby defined. Thus, the optimal wind angle is perpendicular to the module 4346 and the module orientation 4348. In an embodiment, the turbine modules are oriented to be within 15 degrees of the optimal wind angle. In some embodiments, the turbine modules are oriented to be within 25 degrees of the optimal wind direction. Furthermore, the turbine available wind range 4342 is the range between the two maximum wind angles at which the wake of an upwind turbine in a module does not enter the rotor of an adjacent downwind turbine in the module. It will be appreciated that the configuration and orientation apply equally to Fig.40 and Fig.41 The embodiment shown in .

[0186] Fig.44 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm 4400 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In addition, Fig.44Including the placement of conventional single turbine 4450 imposed on the wind farm 4400 embodiment. In this way, the increased density of the turbine cluster in the embodiment is shown to exceed the conventional configuration, and more energy generation per unit area on the earth's surface is shown for the embodiments disclosed herein. As shown, the wind farm includes multiple clusters 4402 each located in a fixed cluster position. Multiple groups of clusters are aligned along axes (such as axes 4404, 4406 that are parallel in the embodiment). Group 4408 is aligned along axis 4404, for example. In addition, as shown, group 4410 is aligned along axis 4406. Importantly, each cluster of group 4410 is rotated 180° relative to the modules in group 4408. This pattern allows the distance between modules of different clusters to be maintained within the range of about six to fifteen turbine diameters. As described above, the turbine diameter is the diameter of the circle defined by the rotation of the steerable wind turbine blades. Maintaining the distance between modules of different clusters reduces the potential wake interference from upwind turbines and downwind turbines.

[0187] Fig.45 is an illustrative representation of a monopole wind tower pair 4500 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.45 A top view 4510, a front view 4520, and a side view 4530 of two monopole wind towers 4522, 4524, each having a turbine, are illustrated. As used herein, the term pair refers to two monopole wind towers, each having a wind steerable turbine in a single support structure or in closely spaced support structures, all of which are rotated into the wind about their own vertical azimuth axis. In an embodiment, each turbine is independently steerable. As illustrated, the turbines can be steered about axes 4504A, 4504B via azimuth steering devices 4502A, 4502B. Further illustrated is a fixed module orientation axis 4512 corresponding to the initial configuration of the wind farm in the embodiment. The configuration of the wind farm will be described below with respect to FIG. Figure 46 to Figure 48 Detailed discussion. Turbine blades are also illustrated. As illustrated, each turbine includes three turbine blades. However, in embodiments, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the turbine may include two or more turbine blades without limitation.

[0188] Fig.464600 is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention. As known in the art, a wind rose is a graphical tool used by meteorologists to give a brief view of how wind speed and wind direction are typically distributed at a specific location. Using a gridded polar coordinate system, the frequency of wind over a period of time is plotted by wind direction, wherein a color band shows the range of wind speeds. The direction of the longest spoke shows the wind direction with the greatest frequency. As illustrated and based on wind rose 4600, three dominant wind directions 4602, 4604, 4606 are illustrated. In some embodiments, one of the three dominant wind directions is the main dominant wind direction or the wind direction with the highest wind potential. In order to clearly present and understand the embodiments disclosed herein, the illustrated wind rose is presented. The data represented by the wind rose in this illustration does not represent actual data and is provided for illustrating how to configure and operate a wind farm embodiment.

[0189] Fig.47 is an illustrative top view representation of an initial configuration of a wind farm set according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.47 shows the rose diagram (see Fig.46 ) is a cluster of three pairs of fixed pair orientations corresponding to each other. As illustrated, cluster 4700 includes three pairs 4710 (P1), 4720 (P2), 4730 (P3). For convenience, clusters may be designated as S1, S2, S3, etc. In addition, pairs may be designated as P1, P2, P3. Still further, steerable wind turbines may be designated as T1 and T2. Thus, in a large wind farm configuration, a specific steerable wind turbine may be found according to the reference S3.P2.T2, which is the second steerable wind turbine in the second pair of the third cluster. This naming convention will be used throughout this disclosure. As illustrated, in the fixed pair placement, the three pairs are positioned equidistant from each other and spaced apart by about ten turbine diameters. In an embodiment, in the fixed pair placement, multiple pairs are placed spaced apart by no less than about six turbine diameters and spaced apart by no more than about fifteen turbine diameters. In an embodiment, in a fixed pair placement, the pairs are arranged so that the azimuth rotation axes are separated by no less than 1.05 times the turbine diameter and no more than 4.00 times the turbine diameter. As used herein, the turbine diameter is the diameter of a circle defined by the rotation of the steerable wind turbine blades. In an embodiment, the steerable wind turbine has a turbine diameter in the range of about 50 meters to 100 meters. In an embodiment where a cluster group includes three pairs, in a fixed pair placement, the pairs are placed 120° apart.

[0190] In the illustrated embodiment, each pair has a fixed pair orientation corresponding to one dominant wind direction and pair orientation axis 4718, as determined by a rose diagram. Fig.46 , the rose diagram 4600 includes three dominant wind directions 4602, 4604, and 4606. Return to Fig.47 , it can be seen that pair P1 4710 has a fixed pair orientation of 106° to the dominant wind direction 4602 and 106° to the cluster orientation axis 4718, in which case the cluster orientation axis 4718 is parallel to the wind direction 4602; pair P2 4720 has a fixed pair orientation of 96° to the dominant wind direction 4604 and 115° to the cluster orientation axis 4718; and pair P3 4730 has a fixed pair orientation of 69° to the dominant wind direction 4606 and 134° to the cluster orientation axis 4718. In an embodiment, each pair orientation is adjusted to about 90 degrees ±15 degrees to the corresponding dominant wind direction located within ±15 degrees thereof, so that the remaining dominant wind directions fall as much as possible within the turbine usable wind range. In this way, each pair in a cluster is oriented to a corresponding dominant wind direction that has the best compromise for the remaining dominant wind directions. In addition, for a particular prevailing wind direction, the wind turbines in the same pair corresponding to the particular prevailing wind direction can be positioned in substantially parallel planes and, therefore, are optimally oriented for the particular prevailing wind direction. In an embodiment, as utilized and illustrated herein, the optimal wind angle 4740 is 90° relative to the pair orientation 4748, and the optimal wind direction 4744 is thereby defined. Therefore, the optimal wind angle is perpendicular to the pair 4746 and the pair orientation 4748. In an embodiment, the monopole wind tower pair is oriented within 15 degrees of the optimal wind angle. In some embodiments, the monopole wind tower pair is oriented within 25 degrees of the optimal wind direction. In addition, the turbine available wind range 4742 is the range between the two maximum wind angles at which the wake of the upwind turbine in the pair does not enter the rotor of the adjacent downwind turbine in the pair.

[0191] Fig.48 is an illustrative representation of a wind farm 4800 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In addition, Fig.48Including the placement of conventional single turbine 4850 imposed on the wind farm 4800 embodiment. In this way, the increased density of the turbine cluster in the embodiment is shown to exceed the conventional configuration, and more energy generation per unit area on the earth's surface is shown for the embodiments disclosed herein. As shown, the wind farm includes multiple clusters 4802 each located in a fixed cluster position. Multiple groups of clusters are aligned along axes (such as axes 4804, 4806 that are parallel in the embodiment). Group 4808 is aligned along axis 4804, for example. In addition, as shown, group 4810 is aligned along axis 4806. Importantly, each cluster of group 4810 is rotated 180° relative to the module in group 4808. This pattern allows the distance between pairs in different clusters to be maintained within the range of about six to fifteen turbine diameters. As described above, the turbine diameter is the diameter of the circle defined by the rotation of the steerable wind turbine blades. Keeping the distance between modules of different clusters reduces the potential wake interference from upwind turbines and downwind turbines. It will be appreciated that the configuration and control method for a wind farm having a pair of monopole wind towers may utilize a configuration substantially similar to that described above. Figures 17 to 21 In fact, the configuration and control methods disclosed herein can be used in embodiments for any combination of integrated modules, separate modules or monopole wind tower pairs in a single wind farm.

[0192] Fig.49 is an illustrative representation of a conventional prior art wind farm 4900 with significant wake interference. As shown, large diameter turbines 4902 are positioned in a 10×10 grid layout of a selected area, resulting in 100 turbines with significant wake interference between turbines.

[0193] Fig.50 is an illustrative representation of an optimized wind farm 5000 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, a large diameter turbine cluster embodiment 5002 is positioned in a manner consistent with the wind farm 5000 using the methods disclosed herein. Fig.49 , thereby creating an equivalent cluster of 177 turbines with managed wake disturbance.

[0194] Fig.51 is an illustrative use case representation of a prior art wind farm 5100 with reduced wake disturbance. As illustrated, large diameter turbines 5102 are positioned with Fig.49, thereby producing 39 turbines with reduced wake disturbance on an area similar to that shown. The use case shown can be found in: Feng, Ju; Shen, Wen Zhong, "Optimization of Wind Farm Layout: A Refinement Method by Random Search", Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on aerodynamics of Offshore Wind Energy Systems and Wakes (ICOWES 2013).

[0195] Fig.52 is an illustrative use case representation of a prior art wind farm 5200 with reduced wake disturbance. As illustrated, large diameter turbines 5202 are positioned with Fig.49 The use case shown can be found in: Feng, Ju; Shen, Wen Zhong, "Optimization of Wind Farm Layout: A Refinement Method by Random Search", Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Aerodynamics of Offshore Wind Energy Systems and Wakes (ICOWES 2013).

[0196] exist Fig.51 and Fig.52 In the embodiment of FIG. 5 , the reduction of wake disturbance is achieved by strategic placement of turbines. This strategic placement results in an increase of one turbine from wind farm 5100 to wind farm 5200. However, in Fig.51 and Fig.52 In the wind farm configuration, the density of turbines is higher than that in the method disclosed in this article. Fig.50 The density of the turbine in the embodiment provided in is much lower. Fig.49 The density of turbines in a standard 10×10 grid is higher than that in the case of Fig.50 The density of the turbine in the embodiment provided in is much lower.

[0197] Wake disturbance

[0198] Fig.53 is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine wake according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.53A front view 5300A, a side view 5300B, and a top view 5300C of a wake generated by a wind turbine 5302 are included. As can be appreciated, when a wind turbine is in operation, a wake is generated. The wake is defined by the disturbance of the ambient airflow caused by the rotation of the wind turbine blades. As used herein, the wake 5304 includes a wake centerline 5306 corresponding to the axis of rotation of the wind turbine blades. The wake 5304 further includes a wake boundary 5308, which defines the edge of the wake of interest and the undisturbed wind 5312 just outside the wake boundary 5308. Further, a swept area 5310 is illustrated, which defines the area "swept" by the blades of the wind turbine. Typically, the wake of a wind turbine that enters the swept area of ​​a downwind turbine generates a wake disturbance, thereby causing efficiency losses of the wind turbine downwind of the upwind turbine. Typically, wake interference is handled by spacing wind turbines to a distance that minimizes wake interference. In large-scale wind farms, this means that the power production density of the farm is limited. In the embodiments disclosed herein, wake interference is minimized by orienting and placing wind turbines according to the local prevailing wind direction and by steering. Minimizing wake interference results in a higher power production density than conventional solutions.

[0199] exist Fig.54 The wake is further illustrated in FIG. 1 , which is an illustrative representation of a wake according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.54 An orthogonal view of a wind turbine 5402 is illustrated. As used herein, a wake 5404 includes a wake centerline 5406 corresponding to the axis of rotation of the wind turbine blades. When the wind turbine is placed using the embodiments provided herein, the wake centerlines are spaced apart by about 0.5 to 6.0 turbine diameters. The wake 5404 further includes a wake boundary 5408 that defines the edge of the wake of interest and the undisturbed wind 5414 just outside the wake boundary 5408. Further, a swept area 5410 is illustrated that defines the area "swept" by the blades of the wind turbine as measured by the turbine diameter (d) 5408. In an embodiment, the turbine diameter is in the range of about 50 meters to 100 meters. An azimuth steering axis 5412 is further illustrated. As described above, the azimuth steering axis corresponds to the vertical axis that provides horizontal rotation of the wind turbine. Thus, in an embodiment, the wind turbine may be steered horizontally about an azimuth steering axis to minimize wake disturbances.

[0200] FIG. 55A to FIG. 55C is an illustrative orthogonal representation of a grid orientation according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 55A to FIG. 55CThe three-dimensional diagram shown corresponds to an axis diagram 5520 having an axis 5502' corresponding to row 5502, an axis 5504' corresponding to column 5504, and an axis 5506' corresponding to elevation 5506. Thus, Fig.55A 5500. The grid presented represents a single illustrative example and should not be construed as limiting the number of rows, columns, or elevations. As illustrated, the grid 5500 includes a plurality of rows 5502, a plurality of columns 5504A, and a plurality of elevations 5506. As illustrated, the column plane 5504B shows the location and orientation of a particular column. As such, a wind turbine positioned anywhere along the column plane 5504B, for example, may be understood to be aligned or not aligned along the column corresponding to its column plane, regardless of row or elevation.

[0201] Fig.55B 5502B is an illustrative orthogonal representation of a 3×3×3 grid 5500. The grid presented represents a single illustrative example and should not be construed as limiting the number of rows, columns, or elevations. As illustrated, the grid 5500 includes a plurality of rows 5502A, a plurality of columns 5504, and a plurality of elevations 5506. As illustrated, a row plane 5502B shows the location and orientation of a particular row. As such, a wind turbine positioned anywhere along the row plane 5502B, for example, may be understood to be aligned or not aligned along the row corresponding to its row plane, regardless of the column or elevation.

[0202] Fig.55C 5506B is an illustrative orthogonal representation of a 3×3×3 grid 5500. The grid presented represents a single illustrative example and should not be construed as limiting the number of rows, columns, or elevations. As illustrated, the grid 5500 includes a plurality of rows 5502, a plurality of columns 5504, and a plurality of elevations 5506A. As illustrated, an elevation plane 5506B shows the location and orientation of a particular elevation. Thus, a wind turbine positioned anywhere along the elevation plane 5506B, for example, can be understood to be aligned or misaligned along the elevation corresponding to its elevation plane, regardless of the row or column.

[0203] FIG. 56A to FIG. 56B is an illustrative representation of wind turbine placement on a grid according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.56A is an orthographic view of a 3×3×3 grid, and Fig.56B5600 is a top view of the same grid. As illustrated, grid 5600 includes a plurality of rows 5602A-5602C, a plurality of columns 5604A-5604C, and a plurality of elevations 5606A-5604C. Wind turbines 5608A-5608E are also illustrated. As can be seen, wind turbines 5608A, 5608B are generally aligned along elevation 5606B, while wind turbines 5608C, 5608D are not aligned along elevation 5606A. Similarly, in Fig.56B In the top view of FIG. 5600 , the grid 5600 includes a plurality of rows 5602A-5602C and a plurality of columns 5604A-5604C. It can be seen that wind turbines 5608A, 5608B are not aligned along row 5602C, while wind turbines 5608C, 5608D are generally aligned along row 5602A. In addition, wind turbines 5608A, 5608C are not aligned along column 5604A. Similarly, in FIG. Fig.56A and Fig.56B 5602A, 5602C, is not aligned with wind turbines 5608A-5608D in columns 5604A-5604C, and is not aligned with wind turbines 5608A-5608D in elevations 5606A-C. Thus, wind turbines may be generally aligned or misaligned across rows, columns, and elevations without limitation without departing from the embodiments provided herein.

[0204] Fig.57 According to an embodiment of the present invention, Fig.45 5710. As shown, each of wind turbines 5702, 5704 is supported by a monopole tower. The configuration includes wind turbines having generally aligned elevations and misaligned row and column placements. Due to the close column placement of the monopole towers shown, wakes 5712 and 5714 create a wake overlap or wake interference 5710.

[0205] Figure 58 to Figure 61 are provided as example embodiments and should not be construed as limiting with respect to any of the placement, orientation, or support structures. Fig.58 58 is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine utilizing a monopole configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, a 2×2 cluster 5800 is shown wherein the rear wind turbines are aligned generally along rows 5802 and the right wind turbines are aligned generally along columns 5804. The forward wind turbines are aligned along elevation 5806. In contrast, the forward turbines and the rearward turbines are not aligned with respect to elevation. Further illustrated are a wake separation distance 5812, a wake column separation distance 5814, and a wake elevation separation distance 5816.

[0206] Fig.59 5900 is an illustrative representation of wind turbines utilizing a grid or matrix configuration in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, a 2×2 cluster 5900 is shown, wherein the rear wind turbines are generally aligned along rows 5902 and the right wind turbines are generally aligned along columns 5904. However, the rearward wind turbines and the forward wind turbines are at different elevations 5906 relative to each other.

[0207] Fig.60 6006 relative to each other. In addition, the turbines are positioned to create a wake separation distance 6002 to avoid wake interference. In an embodiment, as described above, the wake centerlines are spaced apart by between about 0.5 and 6.0 turbine diameters.

[0208] Fig.61 6104. is an illustrative representation of twelve turbines in a module with a monopole structure according to an embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated, all wind turbines are misaligned or in different rows and columns 6100 and along different elevations 6102. Thus, any number of configurations are available without departing from the embodiments provided herein. The front view illustrates that they are all separated vertically and horizontally by about 0.5 to 6.0 turbine diameters, thereby avoiding wake interference at the dominant wind direction 6104. Some wind directions away from the dominant wind direction 6104 will produce wake interference between some turbines.

[0209] Fig.62 6200 is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram according to an embodiment of the present invention. As known in the art, a wind rose is a graphical tool used by meteorologists to give a brief view of how wind speed and wind direction are typically distributed at a specific location. Using a gridded polar coordinate system, the frequency of wind over a period of time is plotted by wind direction, wherein a color band shows the range of wind speeds. The direction of the longest spoke shows the wind direction with the greatest frequency. As illustrated and based on wind rose 6200, three dominant wind directions 6202, 6204, 6206 are illustrated. In some embodiments, one of the three dominant wind directions is the main dominant wind direction or the wind direction with the highest wind potential. In order to clearly present and understand the embodiments disclosed herein, the illustrated wind rose is presented. The data represented by the wind rose in this illustration does not represent actual data and is provided for illustrating how to configure and operate a wind farm embodiment.

[0210] As used herein, the turbine diameter is the diameter of the circle defined by the rotation of the steerable wind turbine blades. In an embodiment, the steerable wind turbine has a turbine diameter in the range of about 50 meters to 100 meters. In an embodiment where a cluster includes three modules, in a fixed module placement, the modules are positioned 120° apart. In an embodiment where a cluster includes four modules, in a fixed module placement, the modules are placed 90° apart. In an embodiment, each module has a fixed orientation corresponding to a dominant wind direction and a module orientation axis, as determined by a rose diagram. As described above, the rose diagram 6200 includes three dominant wind directions 6202, 6204, 6206. In an embodiment, each module orientation is adjusted to about 90 degrees ±15 degrees with the corresponding dominant wind direction positioned within ±15 degrees, so that the remaining dominant wind directions fall within the turbine available wind range as much as possible. In this way, each module in a cluster is oriented to a corresponding dominant wind direction, and the one corresponding dominant wind direction has the best compromise for the remaining dominant wind directions. Furthermore, for a particular prevailing wind direction, the wind steerable turbines in the same module corresponding to the particular prevailing wind direction can be oriented in substantially parallel planes and, therefore, optimally oriented for the particular prevailing wind direction. In an embodiment, the turbine modules are oriented to be within 15 degrees of the optimal wind angle. In some embodiments, the turbine modules are oriented to be within 25 degrees of the optimal wind direction. In an embodiment, the wake centerlines are spaced apart by approximately 0.5 to 6.0 turbine diameters.

[0211] Fig.63 is an illustrative representation of an initial configuration of a wind farm cluster 6300 according to an embodiment of the present invention. Fig.63Including the placement of conventional single turbine 6350 imposed on the wind farm 6300 embodiment. In this way, the increased density of the turbine cluster in the embodiment is shown to exceed the conventional configuration, and more energy generation per unit area on the earth's surface is shown for the embodiments disclosed herein. As shown, the wind farm includes multiple clusters 6302 each located in a fixed cluster position. Multiple groups of clusters are aligned along axes (such as axes 6304, 6306 that are parallel in the embodiment). For example, group 6308 is aligned along axis 6304. In addition, as shown, group 6310 is aligned along axis 6306. Importantly, each cluster of group 6310 is rotated 180° relative to the modules in group 6308. This pattern allows the distance between modules of different clusters to be maintained within the range of about six to fifteen turbine diameters. As described above, the turbine diameter is the diameter of the circle defined by the rotation of the steerable wind turbine blades. Maintaining the distance between modules of different clusters reduces potential wake interference from upwind turbines and downwind turbines. It is to be understood that the embodiments disclosed herein describe configuring a wind farm using only the techniques and methods provided herein. However, the embodiments may be further utilized to enhance a conventional wind farm by adding additional monopole supported wind turbines to an existing wind farm using the techniques and methods provided herein. The additional monopole supported wind turbines may be interspersed with or spaced apart from the existing structure without departing from the embodiments disclosed herein. Fig.70 Embodiments for enhancing conventional wind farms are disclosed in greater detail.

[0212] Figures 64A to 64C is an illustrative representation of wake disturbances corresponding to different wind directions for 2×3 wind turbine modules according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Figures 64A to 64C The diagram shows a cluster of steerable wind turbines oriented in different prevailing wind directions in the same module. Fig.64A , steerable wind turbines 6404 , 6406 are coplanar along plane 6402 and perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction 6400 . Fig.64A The other steerable wind turbines in are individually oriented with respect to different prevailing wind directions and can generate wake disturbances at the prevailing wind direction 6400. Further, in Fig.64B , steerable wind turbines 6414 , 6416 are coplanar along plane 6412 and perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction 6410 . Fig.64B The other steerable wind turbines in are individually oriented with respect to different prevailing wind directions and can generate wake disturbances at the prevailing wind direction 6410. Still further, in Fig.64C , steerable wind turbines 6424 , 6426 are coplanar along plane 6422 and perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction 6420 . Fig.64CThe other steerable wind turbines in are individually oriented with respect to different prevailing wind directions and may generate wake interference at the prevailing wind direction 6420. In this way, for any prevailing wind direction, two or more wind turbines are oriented to avoid wake interference.

[0213] Fig.65 is a support according to an embodiment of the present invention Figures 64A to 64C Illustrative representation of a monopole structure of a wind turbine. Fig.65 It indicated Fig.64C 6502 and 6504 and along different elevations 6500. Thus, any number of configurations are possible without departing from the embodiments provided herein.

[0214] Fig.66 6600 is an illustrative representation of a wind rose diagram for a corresponding wind turbine configuration 6610 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As known in the art, a wind rose is a graphical tool used by meteorologists to give a concise view of how wind speed and wind direction are typically distributed at a particular location. Using a gridded polar coordinate system, the frequency of wind over a period of time is plotted by wind direction, wherein the color band shows the wind speed range. The direction of the longest spoke shows the wind direction with the greatest frequency. As illustrated and based on the wind rose 6600, three dominant wind directions 6602, 6604, 6606 are illustrated. In some embodiments, one of the three dominant wind directions is the main dominant wind direction or the wind direction with the highest wind potential. In order to clearly present and understand the embodiments disclosed herein, the illustrated wind rose is presented. The data represented by the wind rose in this illustration does not represent actual data and is provided for illustrating how to configure and operate a wind farm embodiment. In addition, as illustrated.

[0215] Fig.67 is an illustrative representation of a module 6700 for a wind turbine corresponding to a wind turbine configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.67 The above diagram Fig.66 6702A-6702C are arranged such that wakes 6704A-6704B maintain wake spacing 6706. In this example, the wind turbines are positioned in a triangular configuration. In an embodiment, each wind turbine is positioned such that wake centerlines are spaced approximately 0.5 to 6.0 turbine diameters apart. In the illustrated embodiment, each module has a fixed orientation corresponding to a prevailing wind direction and module orientation axis 6708, as determined by a rose diagram. Brief Reference Fig.66, the rose diagram 6600 includes three dominant wind directions 6602, 6604, and 6606. In an embodiment, each module orientation is adjusted to be approximately 90 degrees ±15 degrees to the corresponding dominant wind direction within ±15 degrees thereof, so that the remaining dominant wind directions fall as much as possible within the turbine available wind range. In this way, each module in a cluster is oriented to a corresponding dominant wind direction that has the best compromise for the remaining dominant wind directions. In addition, for a specific dominant wind direction, the wind direction turbines in the same module corresponding to the specific dominant wind direction are in substantially parallel planes and, therefore, are optimally oriented for the specific dominant wind direction.

[0216] Fig.68 is an illustrative representation of a wind turbine module group 6800 for a wind turbine configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention. Specifically, Fig.68 express Fig.67 As shown, the modules M1, M2, and M3 are positioned approximately 120 degrees apart to maintain wake separation.

[0217] Fig.69 is an illustrative representation of a portion of a wind farm 6900 according to an embodiment of the present invention. In addition, Fig.69 Including the placement of conventional single turbines 6950 imposed on the wind farm 6900 embodiment. In this way, the increased density of the turbine cluster in the embodiment is shown to exceed the conventional configuration, and more energy generation per unit area on the earth's surface is shown for the embodiments disclosed herein. As shown, the wind farm includes multiple clusters 6902, 6904, each cluster rotated about 180 ° relative to each other. This pattern allows the distance between the modules and turbines of different clusters to be maintained within the range of about six to fifteen turbine diameters. As described above, the turbine diameter is the diameter of the circle defined by the rotation of the steerable wind turbine blades. Maintaining the distance between the modules of different clusters reduces the potential wake interference from the upwind turbine and the downwind turbine. As shown, clusters 6902, 6904 are staggered relative to each other.

[0218] Fig.70is an illustrative representation of an enhanced conventional wind farm 7000 according to an embodiment of the present invention. As noted above, however, the embodiments can be further utilized to enhance conventional wind farms by adding additional monopole-supported wind turbines to existing wind farms using the techniques and methods provided herein. Without departing from the embodiments disclosed herein, the additional monopole-supported wind turbines can be interspersed with the existing structure or set to be separated from the existing structure without limitation. As illustrated, the conventional wind farm grid 7002 includes nine wind turbines 7004. As can be seen, conventional placement requires significant space between wind turbines to achieve maximum wind turbine efficiency. The embodiments disclosed herein provide additional wind turbines 7014 that are interspersed with the conventional wind turbine arrangement along orientation line 7012. In this way, wind turbine efficiency can be maintained and power production density can be significantly improved.

Claims

1. A wind turbine farm comprising: At least a plurality of steerable wind turbines, wherein Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines comprises a turbine diameter, wherein Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines is steerable about a vertical axis, wherein Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines includes a wake centerline, wherein The plurality of steerable wind turbines are grouped, wherein Each group is defined by at least two steerable wind turbines, wherein Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines is positioned in a fixed position such that wake centerlines are spaced approximately 0.5 to 6.0 turbine diameters apart.

2. The wind turbine farm of claim 1, wherein Each group is placed in a fixed group placement and oriented in one of a plurality of fixed group orientations, and wherein The multiple clusters of the group are placed in multiple fixed cluster locations.

3. The wind turbine farm of claim 1, wherein Each group is defined by at least one row of at least two steerable wind turbines, wherein Each steerable wind turbine in each row corresponds to a substantially similar elevation.

4. The wind turbine park according to claim 3, wherein: The steerable wind turbines in each row are generally aligned.

5. The wind turbine farm of claim 3, wherein: The steerable wind turbines in each row are staggered.

6. The wind turbine farm of claim 1, wherein Each group is defined by at least one row of at least two steerable wind turbines, wherein Each steerable wind turbine in each column corresponds to a substantially different elevation.

7. The wind turbine park according to claim 6, wherein: The steerable wind turbines in each row are generally aligned.

8. The wind turbine farm of claim 6, wherein: The steerable wind turbines in each column are staggered.

9. The wind turbine farm of claim 1, wherein: The one or more steerable wind turbines further include one or more monopole structures.

10. The wind turbine farm of claim 1, wherein: Each fixed pair orientation is oriented within about 15 degrees relative to the corresponding prevailing wind direction.

11. The wind turbine farm of claim 1 , wherein: Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines is vertically steerable.

12. The wind turbine farm of claim 1, wherein: Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines is capable of being steered horizontally.

13. The wind turbine farm of claim 1, wherein: Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines includes a turbine diameter in a range of approximately 50 meters to 100 meters.

14. A method for configuring a wind turbine park defined by an area, the method comprising: creating a rose diagram for the area, the rose diagram graphically illustrating a plurality of wind characteristics for the area; analyzing the rose diagram to determine a plurality of prevailing wind directions; Placing a plurality of clusters in a plurality of fixed cluster locations, wherein each of the plurality of clusters comprises: A plurality of steerable wind turbines, wherein Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines comprises a turbine diameter, wherein Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines is steerable about a vertical axis, wherein Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines includes a wake centerline, wherein The plurality of steerable wind turbines are grouped, wherein Each group is defined by at least two steerable wind turbines, wherein Each of the plurality of steerable wind turbines is positioned in a fixed position such that wake centerlines are spaced approximately 0.5 to 6.0 turbine diameters apart.

15. The method according to claim 14, wherein: Analyzing the rose diagram includes: Determining a first dominant wind direction based on a first highest wind direction and a wind speed probability distribution; determining a second prevailing wind direction based on a second highest wind direction and wind speed probability distribution, wherein the second highest wind direction and wind speed probability distribution is equal to or lower than the first highest wind direction and wind speed probability distribution; and A third prevailing wind direction is determined based on a third highest wind direction and wind speed probability distribution, wherein the third highest wind direction and wind speed probability distribution is equal to or lower than the second highest wind direction and wind speed probability distribution.

16. The method according to claim 11, further comprising: At least one additional prevailing wind is determined based on at least one additional maximum wind direction and wind speed probability distribution, wherein the at least one maximum wind direction and wind speed probability distribution is equal to or lower than the third maximum wind direction and wind speed probability distribution.

17. The method according to claim 14, wherein: Analyzing the rose diagram includes: At least one prevailing wind is determined based on at least one highest wind direction and wind speed probability distribution.

18. The method according to claim 14, wherein: The wind characteristic is selected from wind direction, wind speed and wind duration.

19. The method according to claim 14, wherein: The plurality of fixed cluster locations include: a first fixed pair of positions, the first fixed pair of positions being oriented along a first axis, wherein a second fixed pair of locations, the second fixed pair of locations being oriented along a second axis and parallel to the first axis, and wherein Each of the clusters in the second fixed pair of positions is rotated 180 degrees relative to the clusters in the first fixed pair of positions.

Images