Method for regulating and controlling seasonal snow melting of high mountains and preventing, controlling and reducing water melting runoff type mountain disasters and application

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for regulating and controlling seasonal snow melting of high mountains, preventing, controlling and reducing water melting runoff type mountain disasters and application. Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides a high mountain seasonal snow melting regulation and control technology. According to the method, the surface of seasonal accumulated snow is covered with a carbon particle powder material, accumulated snow surface heat is provided through solar radiation absorption and convective heat transfer performance of carbon, and accumulated snow melting water regulation is achieved. Through iterative calculation, the method can predict snow melting flow, thickness and area day-by-day data. The alpine seasonal melt water runoff regulation and control method considers the glacier melt water amount in the same period, and integrally regulates and controls melt water runoff in a regulation and control area. According to the melt water runoff type mountain disaster prevention, control and reduction method, an induced daily runoff threshold value of a corresponding disaster in a regulation and control area is introduced to serve as a prevention, control and reduction monitoring object. According to the method, the performance of the carbon material and natural illumination of the high mountain are combined, economic and technical disadvantages are avoided, environmental interference is small, no toxicity or chemical residues exist, and a brand new concept is provided for fixed-point refined artificial transformation of the seasonal accumulated snow environment of the high-cold and high-altitude fragile ecological area.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a seasonal snowmelt technology for high mountains, and a meltwater runoff type mountain disaster reduction and prevention technology achieved by regulating the seasonal snowmelt technology for high mountains, belonging to the technical fields of snowmelt for high mountains, environmental management of ice and snow zones in high mountain areas, and prevention and control of mountain disasters in high-cold and high-altitude areas. Background Art

[0002] Seasonal snow and ice melt in spring and summer in high-cold and high-altitude mountainous areas, superimposed on the effect of glacier meltwater, and increased precipitation in summer are the main inducing factors for snow and ice meltwater runoff-type mountain disasters (most commonly flash floods and mudslides) in such areas. In spring and summer, when the temperature rises, the snow and ice accumulated in high-cold and high-altitude mountainous areas begin to melt, and the snow and ice meltwater saturates the slope and ditch bank materials, reducing the strength of the soil. With the increase in temperature and the increase in sunshine time, the amount of snow and ice meltwater increases, and high-speed water flows dominated by snow and ice meltwater move along the valleys, resulting in a rapid increase in small watershed runoff, which not only becomes the driving force for the formation and occurrence of small watershed meltwater runoff-type mountain disasters, but also constitutes its component.

[0003] Due to the significant differences in the triggering factors and formation mechanisms of meltwater runoff type mountain disasters, the experience and technical solutions for preventing and controlling mountain torrents and mudslides of runoff type mountain disasters in ordinary mountainous areas are difficult to apply to solving related technical problems of seasonal meltwater type mountain torrents and mudslides in high-altitude and cold mountainous areas.

[0004] A distinctive feature of meltwater runoff mountain disasters is that the runoff condition as a driving factor is composed of the superposition of precipitation recharge and meltwater recharge. From a principle analysis, if the superposition effect of the two types of runoff recharge is disassembled and at least one of the recharge releases is controlled by artificial means, the primary driving force that induces meltwater runoff mountain disasters can be fundamentally eliminated, thereby achieving a prevention and control disaster reduction method.

[0005] Prior art CN 2022111872925 discloses a method for batch melting ice and snow to supply water in high-altitude cold areas. This technology provides a planned control of snow melting, which is to melt the collected ice and snow into water by spraying and heating with high-pressure steam or hot water, and control the melting speed of the ice and snow melting machine by adjusting the pressure and flow rate of the spraying steam or hot water according to the actual water demand. This solution has high investment, high energy consumption, high operating risks and high costs. It can only control the melting of ice and snow on a small scale in a small range and cannot be applied to mountain disaster prevention and reduction in the field. Summary of the invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to address the deficiencies in the prior art and to provide an alpine seasonal snowmelt technology that is environmentally friendly, safe and applicable. This technology can fundamentally eliminate the primary driving force that induces meltwater runoff-type mountain disasters, thereby achieving disaster prevention, control and reduction.

[0007] The present invention first provides a method for regulating and controlling seasonal snow melting in high mountains, and its technical scheme is as follows.

[0008] A method for regulating the melting of seasonal snow in high mountains, characterized in that: carbon granular powder material is spread on the surface of seasonal snow in high mountains to regulate the melting of snow; the regulation scheme is designed and implemented according to the following steps:

[0009] First, define the snowmelt control area R s , field survey to obtain basic data, the basic data includes snowmelt daily flow threshold Q s , radiation absorption performance and convective heat transfer performance of carbon particle powder materials, snow melting control area R s The solar radiation intensity G on the control day s , sunshine duration T s 、Daily average temperature T air Data, control area R s Internal snow storage area A ssi Regarding the expression of snow depth h, equation 1-4, seasonal snow characteristic data of high mountains, the control day is the natural day for spreading carbon granular powder material on seasonal snow;

[0010] The carbon powder material is any one of charcoal, coke, a combination of charcoal and coke, and a combination with charcoal and / or coke as the effective component. The powder material is a granular and / or powder material. The radiation absorption performance and convective heat transfer performance of the carbon powder material are measured, and the solar radiation absorption rate α corresponding to different carbon powder material coverage BCR is recorded respectively. BCR and the convection heat transfer coefficient β BCR ; The carbon particle powder material coverage BCR is the ratio of the carbon particle powder material spreading area to the snow accumulation area;

[0011] Secondly, establish iterative calculations. Each iterative calculation corresponds to a calculation control day, including:

[0012] Step S100, 1st stage iterative operation, execute:

[0013] Step S110: Position and calculate the control date to the control day i, and then proceed to step S120:

[0014] Step S120, obtain BCR value and determine α according to basic data BCR , β BCR , proceed to step S130,

[0015] Step S130: For calculating the control day, execute in sequence:

[0016] Step S131: Get the G s , T s , Tair , T ssi ,

[0017] Step S132: Merge α BCR , β BCR With G s , T s , T air , T ssi As the initial data set for iterative calculation,

[0018] Step S133: Calculate the daily flow rate Q of snowmelt water according to equation 1 ssi,i ,

[0019]

[0020] A ssi,i =A ssi (h mel,i ) Formula 1-2

[0021]

[0022] A ssi (h) = f(h) Formula 1-4

[0023]

[0024] Where P in,i - Control the daily energy absorption P of seasonal snow on day i in,i , unit J / d,

[0025] A ssi,i-1 - Control the residual area of ​​seasonal snow cover on day i-1, when i = 0, A ssi,i-1 =A ssi,i , unit m 2 ,

[0026] T s,i - Adjust the sunshine duration of the i-th day, in h, determined according to basic data,

[0027] G s,i - Control the solar radiation intensity on the i-th day, in W / m 2 , determined based on basic data,

[0028] T air,i - Control the average daily temperature of the i-th day, in °C, determined according to the basic data table 3,

[0029] T ssi,i - Control the snow surface temperature on the i-th day, in °C, determined based on basic data,

[0030] α BCR - Solar radiation absorption rate under BCR conditions, unit W / m2 , determined based on basic data,

[0031] β BCR - Convective heat transfer coefficient under BCR conditions, unit: W / (m 2 K), determined based on basic data,

[0032] A ssi,i - Control the snow storage area on day i, in m 2 ,

[0033] h mel,i - Control the cumulative melting thickness of snow on the i-th day, in meters,

[0034] A ssi (h) - snow storage area at depth h, in m 2 ,

[0035] ρ ssi (h) - density of snow at depth h, in kg / m 3 , determined based on basic data,

[0036] h - snow depth h, unit m, determined according to basic data,

[0037] Q ssi,i - Control the daily flow of snowmelt water on the i-th day, unit m 3 / d,

[0038] ρ w - Density of meltwater, kg / m 3 , determined based on basic data,

[0039] L f - latent heat of snow phase change, unit J / kg, determined based on basic data,

[0040] κ - heat dissipation coefficient, dimensionless, determined based on basic data;

[0041] Step S134: Determine Q using equation 2 ssi,i Whether the snowmelt day flow threshold Q is met s ,

[0042] Q ssi,i ≤f(Q s ) Formula 2

[0043] If equation 2 holds true, end step S100 and proceed to step S300;

[0044] If equation 2 is not true, exit step S134 and return to step S120 to update the BCR assignment.

[0045] Re-enter step S130 until equation 2 is established;

[0046] Step S300: output calculation results.

[0047] The above-mentioned high mountain seasonal snow melting control method of the present invention spreads carbon granule powder material on the surface of high mountain seasonal snow, and uses the solar radiation absorption performance and convection heat transfer performance of the carbon granule powder material to convert solar radiation energy into heat on the snow surface, thereby promoting seasonal snow melting in a planned manner and realizing snow melting control. In the calculation result outputted in step S300, the daily flow rate Q of snow melt water from the day when the carbon granule powder material is spread can be obtained. ssi,i data.

[0048] The optimization scheme of the above alpine seasonal snow melting control method is to pass the daily flow threshold Q s On the basis of controlling the snowmelt flow rate, the snow depth and snow area in the snowmelt are further regulated. The specific solution is: in step S134, if equation 2 holds, step S100 is terminated and step S200 is entered.

[0049] Step S200, 2-stage iterative operation, execute:

[0050] Step S210: Determine the control area R according to the condition of formula 3 s Calculate the control day A ssi,i With h mel,i Whether the snowmelt area threshold A is met s With thickness threshold h s ,

[0051]

[0052] If formula 3 holds true, mark the current calculation control date as the design control end date d e , proceed to step S300,

[0053] If equation 3 is not true, go to step S220;

[0054] Step S220, update the positioning calculation and control day, and proceed to step S130.

[0055] In the above optimization scheme, the snowmelt area threshold A is introduced in step S200. s With thickness threshold h s , check whether the current BCR spreading scheme can meet the snow depth scale and snow area scale, and use the judgment result to guide the iteration process to select execution. By superimposing the 2-stage iterative operation, the 1-stage iterative operation is embedded in the 2-stage iterative operation, and finally outputting the calculation result in step S300 to ensure that the current BCR spreading scheme can simultaneously meet the daily flow scale (threshold Q s ), snowmelt thickness scale (threshold h s), snowmelt area scale (threshold A s ).

[0056] Generally, when entering step S100 for the first time, the initial position of calculating the control day in step S110 is the control day i=0, the initial value of BCR in step S120 is 0%, and in step S220, the method of updating the position calculation of the control day is set to i=i+1. The setting value can be specifically determined according to the actual situation of the control project.

[0057] Since the alpine seasonal snow cover belt often overlaps with the alpine glacier area, in the control area R s When the above technical solution is implemented in the control area R s Inner glaciers may produce simultaneous meltwater, which will flow along the channel terrain and merge with snow meltwater, creating pressure on the control of daily flow scale. Therefore, further technical optimization is to fully consider the simultaneous meltwater of glaciers in the judgment of the condition in formula 2. The details are as follows.

[0058] In the above scheme, the basic data also includes the control area R s The daily flow of glacier meltwater in gl In step S134, replace the condition in equation 2 with the condition in equation 4, and use the condition in equation 4 to determine Q ssi,i With Q gl,i Whether the snowmelt day flow threshold Q is met s ,

[0059] Q ssi,i ≤f(Q s ,Q gl,i ) Formula 4

[0060] In the formula, Q gl,i -Regulatory region R s Daily flow of glacier meltwater on the i-th day of internal regulation, unit: m 3 / d, determined by basic data.

[0061] Furthermore, the daily flow of glacier meltwater Q gl Also includes prediction Q gl Peak day, design control end day e No later than Q gl 30 to 60 days before the peak day to reduce the daily traffic scale and control risks.

[0062] In the above-mentioned seasonal snow melting control method for high mountains, a specific method of updating the BCR value in step S134 is to design the control accuracy Δ BCR Adjust the BCR value according to formula 5 to obtain the updated value BCR new As the BCR value obtained when step S120 is re-executed,

[0063] BCRnew =f(BCR,Δ BCR ) Formula 5

[0064] In the formula, Δ BCR - BCR design control accuracy, %, determined based on basic data.

[0065] The above-mentioned high mountain seasonal snow melting control method can be further optimized by selecting the following means during the spreading operation of carbon particle powder materials at the engineering site.

[0066] The carbon particle powder material is spread in the area where the slope is less than 20° and the sunshine time is not less than 4 hours within the seasonal snow distribution area.

[0067] The carbon particle powder material is spread by ground operation and / or near-ground operation.

[0068] To improve BCR, additional carbon powder materials are used. To reduce BCR, materials with low solar radiation absorption rate and / or snow covering the applied carbon powder materials are used.

[0069] Based on the above-mentioned high mountain seasonal snow melting regulation method, the present invention also provides a high mountain seasonal meltwater runoff regulation method, and the specific technical scheme is as follows.

[0070] A method for regulating seasonal meltwater runoff in high mountains, characterized by:

[0071] First, define the meltwater runoff control area R r , set the control area R according to the control target r Daily runoff threshold Q of seasonal snowmelt runoff r ;

[0072] Secondly, in the regulatory region R r The above-mentioned high mountain seasonal snowmelt control method is implemented within 100 km, wherein the snowmelt daily flow threshold Q s Replaced by the daily runoff threshold Q r Therefore, in step S134, the condition of equation 4 can be rewritten as equation 6.

[0073] Q ssi,i ≤f(Q r ,Q gl,i ) Formula 6

[0074] Based on the above-mentioned method for regulating seasonal meltwater runoff in high mountains, the present invention further provides a method for preventing, controlling and reducing meltwater runoff type mountain disasters, and the specific technical scheme is as follows.

[0075] A method for preventing, controlling and reducing meltwater runoff mountain disasters, characterized by:

[0076] First, the meltwater runoff control area R related to meltwater runoff mountain hazards is delineated.r ;

[0077] Secondly, the daily runoff threshold Q that induces different types of meltwater runoff mountain disasters is determined separately. m,j ,j=1,2,3,…n, n is the number of meltwater runoff mountain disaster types, and the control area R is determined according to formula 7 r Daily runoff threshold Q of seasonal snowmelt runoff r ;

[0078] Q r ≤min{Q m,j ,j=1,2,3,…n} Formula 7

[0079] Finally, in the regulatory region R r The above-mentioned high mountain seasonal meltwater runoff regulation method.

[0080] The present invention also provides application solutions of the above-mentioned technical solutions, which specifically include the following.

[0081] The application of the high mountain seasonal snow melting control method is characterized by being applied to the management or transformation of the human settlement environment or disaster environment in the high mountain seasonal snow zone.

[0082] The application of the high mountain seasonal meltwater runoff regulation method is characterized by being applied to the management or transformation of the human settlement environment or disaster environment in the high mountain seasonal snow zone.

[0083] The application of meltwater runoff type mountain disaster prevention, control and mitigation methods is characterized by being applied to the management or transformation of human settlement environments or disaster environments in high mountain seasonal snow zones.

[0084] The field investigation referred to in the above-mentioned technical schemes includes various geological surveys, reconnaissances, mapping and measurement work on the site of the mountain torrent and mudslide channel where the planning scheme is located, as well as existing simulation experiments, test experiments, observation experiments, analysis experiments in the field, and the acquisition of historical disaster records, as well as relevant technical specifications, and empirical methods and data acquisition for reference.

[0085] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: (1) The seasonal snow melting control method of the present invention adopts carbon particle powder material to be spread on the surface of seasonal snow, and utilizes the high absorption rate and good temperature control performance of the carbon particle powder material to effectively regulate the melting process of local snow. The carbon particle powder material to be spread does not require special fine processing, fully utilizes the original properties of carbon-containing materials, and is non-destructive and non-toxic to the environment and ecology, and does not leave chemical pollution problems. The technical solution of the present invention does not require construction investment, operating energy consumption, and repair and maintenance, and provides an economical, efficient, and environmentally friendly means for the positioning and refined artificial transformation of the seasonal snow environment in such areas. (2) Utilizing the positioning and refined artificial transformation goals of the seasonal snow environment in the region that can be achieved by the seasonal snow melting control method of the present invention, the present invention provides a seasonal meltwater runoff control method for the mountains. By planning and selecting the spreading area and amount of carbon particle powder material, the meltwater release of seasonal snow in the designated area can be adjusted in a targeted manner, and the surface runoff formed thereby can be regulated. For the gully mouths and valley mouths that need to be protected, by scientifically determining the allowable runoff amount and designing and implementing a runoff regulation plan upstream, the risk of sudden meltwater in the gully mouths and valley mouths during the warm season can be effectively reduced, thereby achieving the management of the local environment. (3) Based on the seasonal snowmelt regulation method for high mountains of the present invention, the present invention provides a new technical concept for the prevention, control and reduction of meltwater runoff-type mountain disasters. This technical concept separates the precipitation runoff recharge unique to the warm season in high-altitude and cold areas and the snowmelt runoff recharge. By implementing artificial snowmelt regulation, the snowmelt runoff recharge is converted from a fully natural seasonal factor to an artificially planned regulation factor to a certain extent, thereby being able to disassemble the two triggering factors of mountain disasters that originally occurred in the same natural time and space and place them in different time and space, eliminating the superposition effect of the two, and fundamentally making the runoff-type mountain disaster prevention and control plan in the warm season in high-altitude and cold areas possible. (4) In the field of mountain disaster prevention and control technology, the prior art has not yet proposed the technical problem of how to achieve disaster reduction and prevention for high-altitude and high-altitude meltwater type mountain disasters (such as mountain torrents and mudslides). The meltwater runoff type mountain disaster prevention and control method of the present invention clearly proposes and solves this problem for the first time. (5) All technical solutions of the present invention are based on the full utilization of the original properties of carbon-containing granular powder materials and the natural light conditions of high-altitude mountainous areas, effectively giving play to the advantages of natural conditions in high-altitude and high-altitude mountainous areas, avoiding the comprehensive disadvantages such as the lack of economy, transportation, and scientific and technological levels, and more fully considering the low-intensity interference with the fragile ecological environment in high-altitude and high-altitude mountainous areas. It is a new and valuable technical concept for environmental transformation, environmental governance, and disaster prevention and control in high-altitude and high-altitude mountainous areas. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0086] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the design process of seasonal meltwater runoff control scheme in high mountains.

[0087] Figure 2 is the iterative calculation data of Example 1, (a) P in,i (b) Q ssi,i 、(c)h mel,i (d) A ssi,i (e) F s Q ssi,i +Q gl,i .

[0088] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the peak regulation of seasonal meltwater runoff in high mountains. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0089] The preferred technical scheme of the present invention is further described below in conjunction with embodiments.

[0090] Embodiment 1

[0091] In a seasonal snow belt in a certain high mountain area, the seasonal meltwater runoff in the area is regulated by implementing a snowmelt control plan.

[0092] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the design process of seasonal meltwater runoff control scheme in high mountains.

[0093] 1. Obtain basic data

[0094] Delineation of runoff control area R r , carry out regulatory area R r The field survey obtains various characteristic data, which together with the engineering design data form the basic data. The basic data are shown in Table 1.

[0095] Table 1 Runoff control area R r Basic data

[0096]

[0097]

[0098] Among them, snowmelt control area R s R is the runoff control area r The areas involved in the implementation of alpine seasonal snowmelt control methods.

[0099] The distribution characteristics of seasonal snow in high mountains are determined based on multi-period survey data (field surveys or satellite images), refined topographic map data, and measured surface elevation data including seasonal ice and snow, including: the main distribution area of ​​seasonal snow in high mountains, snow burial depth h, maximum snow burial depth h max , the snow area corresponding to different snow burial depths. The snow storage area A is fitted by interpolation method using the snow area data table corresponding to different snow burial depths. ssi(h) Expression (Formula 1-4) In this example, Formula 1-4 is specifically expressed as Function Formula 1-4-1.

[0100] A ssi (h) = 2400000 (1-0.04h 2 ) Formula 1-4-1

[0101] The snowmelt heat dissipation coefficient κ ranges from 1.0 to 3.0 and can be adjusted within the range according to the actual snow accumulation area and buried depth. In this example, a fixed value of 2.0 is taken.

[0102] Among them, the daily flow of glacier meltwater Q gl The existing technology CN 2022105701286 is used to calculate the glacier meltwater flow in arid areas taking into account the dynamic melting of glaciers.

[0103] Among them, carbon particle powder material characteristic test: in the snow melting control area R s The test plots for scattering carbon powder materials were designated to measure the solar radiation absorption rate α of carbon powder materials under different coverage BCR conditions. BCR and the convection heat transfer coefficient β BCR The coverage BCR refers to the ratio of the area where the carbon powder material is spread to the snow area. In this case, charcoal powder is used as the carbon powder material, and the experimental test data are shown in Table 3. Based on the data in Table 2, α is constructed by interpolation calculation. BCR With β BCR The change curve relative to BCR.

[0104] Table 2 Carbon particle powder material characteristics (α BCR , β BCR )

[0105]

[0106] In this example, the daily runoff flow threshold Q r It is determined based on the downstream capacity of the river.

[0107] 2. Planning of carbon powder material spreading area

[0108] In order to facilitate construction and improve control efficiency, the snow melting control area R s In the seasonal snow-covered areas where carbon powder materials are spread, the slope is less than 20° and the sunshine duration is not less than 4 hours.

[0109] 3. Calculation of main parameters of control plan

[0110] 3.1 Iterative calculation of relevant data

[0111] In the regulatory region R rThe day of applying the carbon granule powder material is called the control start day, recorded as control day 0, and each natural day after the control start day is called a control day, recorded as control day i. For example, the day after the control start day is called control day 1.

[0112] Determine the calendar day corresponding to the 0th day of regulation, and obtain the sunshine duration T of each regulation day for a period of time (such as 60 days) from the 0th day s , solar radiation intensity G s 、Daily average temperature T air , snow surface temperature T ssi , and the regulatory region R r The daily flow of glacier meltwater in gl Table 3 is the initial data of the iterative calculation data part (60 days).

[0113] Table 3 G in iterative operation s , T s , T air , Q gl Data (partial)

[0114]

[0115] 3.2 Iterative calculation process

[0116] Each iterative calculation is performed for a control day, which is called a calculation control day. The iterative calculation includes a 1-stage iteration in the front section and a 2-stage iteration in the back section.

[0117] Step S100, 1st stage iterative operation, execute:

[0118] Step S110, positioning and calculating the control day to the control day i, and then proceeding to step S120;

[0119] Step S120, obtain BCR value and determine α BCR , β BCR , proceed to step S130;

[0120] Step S130: For calculating the control day, execute in sequence:

[0121] Step S131 obtains the date G s , T s , T air , T ssi (For ease of description, let it be the set [G s ,T s ,T air ,T ssi ]),

[0122] Step S132: Merge α BCR , β BCR With [G s ,Ts ,T air ,T ssi ] as the initial data set for iterative calculation (for ease of description, it is recorded as the set [(α, β), (G s ,T s ,T air ,T ssi )]),

[0123] Step S133: Calculate the daily flow rate Q of snowmelt water according to equation 1 ssi,i

[0124] Among them, when i=0, A ssi,i-1 =A ssi,i =A ssi,0 .

[0125] Determine T according to Table 3 s,i , G s,i , T air,i , determine T according to Table 1 ssi,i , ssi (h), h, ρ w , L f , κ, determine α according to Table 2 BCR , β BCR .

[0126] Step S134: Use equation 6 to determine Q ssi,i Whether it meets the control area R r Runoff daily flow threshold Q r In this example, the condition in Formula 6 is specifically expressed as Function Formula 6-1,

[0127] Q r ≥F s Q ssi,i +Q gl,i Formula 6-1

[0128] Determine Q according to Table 1 r 、F s , determine Q according to Table 3 gl,i .

[0129] If equation 6-1 holds true, end step S100 and enter step S200. If equation 6-1 does not hold true, exit step S134, return to step S120, update the BCR assignment, and re-enter step S130 until equation 2 holds true.

[0130] Step S200, 2-stage iterative operation, execute:

[0131] Step S210: Determine the control area R according to the condition of formula 3 r Calculate the control day A ssi,i With h mel,i Whether the snowmelt area threshold A is mets With thickness threshold h s In this example, the condition in formula 3 is specifically expressed as function formula 3-1,

[0132]

[0133] If formula 3-1 is established, mark the current calculation control date as the design control end date d e , go to step S300; if equation 3-1 is not true, go to step S220;

[0134] Step S220, update the positioning calculation control day, and proceed to step S130;

[0135] Step S300: output calculation results.

[0136] In the above iterative calculation process, when entering step S100 for the first time, the initial positioning of the control day is completed in step S110, and the initial assignment of BCR is completed in step S120. In this example, the initial positioning of the control day is calculated to the control day i=0, and the G of this day is determined by looking up Table 3. s , T s , T air , Q gl , BCR initial assignment = 0%, look up Table 2 to determine α0, β0, in step S132, the initial data set of the initial iteration [(α, β), (G s ,T s ,T air ,T ssi )] Specifically: [(0.1,15),(400,32400,0,36408)].

[0137] In the above step S134, in this example, Formula 5 is specifically expressed as Function Formula 5-1, to design the control accuracy Δ BCR Assign a value to the step size adjustment BCR to obtain the updated value BCR new As the BCR value obtained when step S120 is re-executed.

[0138] BCR new =BCR+Δ BCR Formula 5-1

[0139] In the above step S220, the method for updating the positioning calculation and control day is implemented according to the project design. In this example, the positioning calculation and control day is updated along the time axis with a step length of 1 day. That is, let i = i + 1, and the current calculation and control day (control day i) is positioned to the next day (control day i + 1) as the updated calculation and control day to re-execute step S130. After iterative calculation, the calculation and control day that satisfies the condition of formula 3-1 is the design control end day d e .

[0140] In step S300, the output solution can show that the project is in the control area R r The design regulation period T of seasonal meltwater runoff regulation implemented within the period is from the 0th day of regulation to the end day of design regulation. e The BCR volume during the regulation period T and the daily seasonal meltwater runoff (including snowmelt and glacier meltwater) during the entire regulation period T do not exceed the regulation area R r Runoff daily flow threshold Q r According to the daily calculation data during the regulation period T, the peak daily flow of seasonal meltwater runoff can be determined. In this example, after repeated iterative calculations, it is determined that when the coverage of carbon granular powder material BCR = 25% (α 25 =0.3125W / m 2 , β 25 =12.5W / (m 2 ·K)), the control period T is 26 days, and the control area R r The seasonal snow in the control area R melts completely on day i = 26. r The daily flow of seasonal meltwater runoff reaches the maximum daily flow F on day i = 21 s Q ssi,i +Q gl,i =1.17×10 6 m 3 / d. Figure 2 is the iterative calculation data of Example 1, (a) P in,i (b) Q ssi,i 、(c)h mel,i (d) A ssi,i (e) F s Q ssi,i +Q gl,i .

[0141] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the peak regulation of seasonal meltwater runoff in high mountains.

[0142] Embodiment 2

[0143] Based on the first embodiment, the high mountain seasonal meltwater runoff control scheme is further designed as part of the meltwater runoff type mountain disaster prevention and mitigation plan. The main difference is that the control area R is redesigned. r Runoff daily flow threshold Q r .

[0144] Through the meltwater runoff regulation area R r On-site investigation to determine the control area R r There are two types of meltwater runoff mountain disaster risks, mountain torrents and debris flows, and the supplementary regulation area R r The basic data are shown in Table 1.

[0145] Table 4 Runoff control area R r Basic data (Supplementary Table 1)

[0146]

[0147] The same method as in Example 1 is used, and Q is substituted r =1.3×10 6 m 3 / d, and the control area R is obtained through repeated iterative calculations r The main contents of the disaster prevention and mitigation plan for internal meltwater runoff type mountain disasters: When the coverage of carbon particle powder material BCR = 15% (α 25 =0.2275W / m 2 , β 25 =13.5W / (m 2 ·K)), the control period T is 29 days, and the control area R r The seasonal snow in the control area R melts completely on day i = 29. r The daily flow of seasonal meltwater runoff reaches the maximum daily flow F on day i = 24 s Q ssi,i +Q gl,i =1.27×10 6 m 3 / d.

[0148] In the method for preventing, controlling and reducing meltwater runoff mountain disasters, the implementation process of this example is to define the control area R in the first embodiment. r Conduct disaster history surveys within the control area to find out the r In mountain disaster prevention and control, it is possible to first conduct an investigation in a certain area to find out the data of meltwater runoff mountain disasters in the area, and then delineate the control area R based on the disaster data. r This is a reasonable implementation adjustment of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for regulating and controlling seasonal snow melting in high mountains, characterized in that: Spread carbon powder on the surface of seasonal snow in high mountains to control the melting of snow; the control scheme is designed and implemented according to the following steps: First, define the snowmelt control area R s , field survey to obtain basic data, including the snowmelt daily flow threshold Q s , radiation absorption performance and convective heat transfer performance of carbon particle powder materials, snow melting control area R s The solar radiation intensity G on the control day s , sunshine duration T s 、Daily average temperature T air Data, control area R s Internal snow storage area A ssi Regarding the expression of snow depth h, equation 1-4, seasonal snow characteristic data of high mountains, the control day is the natural day for spreading carbon granular powder material on seasonal snow; The carbon powder material is any one of charcoal, coke, a combination of charcoal and coke, and a combination with charcoal and / or coke as the effective component. The powder material is a granular and / or powder material. The radiation absorption performance and convective heat transfer performance of the carbon powder material are measured, and the solar radiation absorption rate α corresponding to different carbon powder material coverage BCR is recorded respectively. BCR and the convection heat transfer coefficient β BCR ; The carbon particle powder material coverage BCR is the ratio of the carbon particle powder material spreading area to the snow accumulation area; Secondly, establish iterative calculations. Each iterative calculation corresponds to a calculation control day, including: Step S100, 1st stage iterative operation, execute: Step S110: Position and calculate the control day to the control day i, and then proceed to step S120: Obtain the BCR value and determine α based on the basic data BCR , β BCR , proceed to step S130, Step S130: For calculating the control day, execute in sequence: Step S131: Get the G of the day s , T s , T air , T ssi , Step S132: Merge α BCR , β BCR With G s , T s , T air , T ssi As the initial data set for iterative calculation, Step S133: Calculate the daily flow rate Q of snowmelt water according to equation 1 ssi,i , A ssi,i = A ssi (h mel,i ) formula 1-2 A ssi (h) = f(h) Formula 1-4 Where P in,i - Control the daily energy absorption P of seasonal snow on day i in,i , unit J / d, A ssi,i-1 - Control the residual area of ​​seasonal snow cover on day i-1, when i = 0, A ssi,i-1 =A ssi,i , unit m 2 , T s,i - Adjust the sunshine duration of the i-th day, in h, determined according to basic data, G s,i - Control the solar radiation intensity on the i-th day, in W / m2, determined according to basic data, T air,i - Control the average daily temperature of the i-th day, in °C, determined according to the basic data table 3, T ssi,i - Control the snow surface temperature on the i-th day, in °C, determined based on basic data, α BCR - Solar radiation absorption rate under BCR conditions, unit W / m 2 , determined based on basic data, β BCR - Convective heat transfer coefficient under BCR conditions, unit W / (m2·K), determined according to basic data, A ssi,i - Control the snow storage area on day i, in m 2 , h mel,i - Control the cumulative melting thickness of snow on the i-th day, in meters, A ssi (h) - snow storage area at depth h, in m 2 , ρ ssi (h) - density of snow at depth h, in kg / m 3 , determined based on basic data, h - snow depth h, unit m, determined according to basic data, Q ssi,i - Control the daily flow of snowmelt water on the i-th day, unit: m 3 / d, ρ w - Density of meltwater, kg / m 3 , determined based on basic data, L f - latent heat of snow phase change, unit J / kg, determined based on basic data, κ - heat dissipation coefficient, dimensionless, determined based on basic data; Step S134: Determine Q using equation 2 ssi,i Whether the snowmelt day flow threshold Q is met s , Q ssi,i ≤f(Q s ) Equation 2 If equation 2 holds true, end step S100 and proceed to step S300; If equation 2 is not true, exit step S134, return to step S120, update the BCR value, and re-enter step S130 until equation 2 is true; Step S300: output calculation results.

2. The seasonal snowmelt control method for high mountains according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S134, if equation 2 holds true, step S100 ends and the process proceeds to step S200. In step S200, two-stage iterative operations are performed: Step S210: Determine the control area R according to the condition of formula 3 s Calculate the control day A ssi,i With h mel,i Whether the snowmelt area threshold A is met s With thickness threshold h s , If formula 3 holds true, mark the current calculation control date as the design control end date d e , proceed to step S300, If equation 3 is not true, go to step S220; Step S220, update the positioning calculation and control day, and proceed to step S130.

3. The seasonal snowmelt control method for high mountains according to claim 2, characterized in that: The basic data also includes the regulatory region R s The daily flow of glacier meltwater in gl ; In step S134, the condition in equation 2 is replaced by the condition in equation 4, and the condition in equation 4 is used to determine Q ssi,i With Q gl,i Whether the snowmelt day flow threshold Q is met s , Q ssi,i ≤f(Q s ,Q gl,i ) Equation 4 In the formula, Q gl,i -Regulatory region R s Daily flow of glacier meltwater on the i-th day of internal regulation, unit: m 3 / d, determined by basic data.

4. The seasonal snowmelt control method for high mountains according to claim 3, characterized in that: The daily flow of glacier meltwater Q gl Also includes prediction Q gl Peak day; The design control ends on e No later than Q gl 30 to 60 days before the peak date.

5. The seasonal snowmelt control method for high mountains according to claim 2, characterized in that: In step S134, the method for updating the BCR value is to use the design control accuracy Δ BCR Adjust the BCR value according to formula 5 to obtain the updated value BCR new As the BCR value obtained when step S120 is re-executed, BCR new =f(BCR,Δ BCR ) formula 5 In the formula, Δ BCR - BCR design control accuracy, %, determined based on basic data.

6. The seasonal snowmelt control method for high mountains according to claim 2, characterized in that: The carbon particle powder material is spread in an area within a seasonal snow distribution area where the slope is less than 20° and the sunshine duration is not less than 4 hours.

7. The seasonal snowmelt control method for high mountains according to claim 2, characterized in that: The scattering of the carbon particle powder material is carried out by ground operation and / or near-ground operation, the operation of improving BCR is carried out by supplementary scattering of carbon particle powder material, and the operation of reducing BCR is carried out by using low solar radiation absorption rate materials and / or snow covering the scattering carbon particle powder material.

8. A method for regulating seasonal meltwater runoff in high mountains, characterized by: First, define the meltwater runoff control area R r , set the control area R according to the control target r Daily runoff threshold Q of seasonal snowmelt runoff r ; Secondly, in the regulatory region R r The seasonal snowmelt control method for high mountains according to any one of claims 1 to 7 is implemented, wherein the snowmelt daily flow threshold Q s Replaced by the daily runoff threshold Q r .

9. A method for preventing, controlling and reducing meltwater runoff mountain disasters, characterized in that: First, the meltwater runoff control area R related to meltwater runoff mountain hazards is delineated. r ; Secondly, the daily runoff thresholds that induce different types of meltwater runoff mountain disasters are determined separately. Q m,j ,j=1,2,3,…n, n is the number of meltwater runoff mountain disaster types, and the control area R is determined according to formula 7 r Daily runoff threshold Q of seasonal snowmelt runoff r ; Q r ≤min{Q m,j ,j=1,2,3,…n} Formula 7 Finally, in the regulatory region R r The method for regulating seasonal meltwater runoff in alpine areas as described in claim 8 is implemented herein.

10. Application of the seasonal alpine snowmelt control method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, the seasonal alpine meltwater runoff control method according to claim 8, and the meltwater runoff type mountain disaster prevention, control and mitigation method according to claim 9, characterized in that: It is used for the management or transformation of human settlements or disaster environments in high mountain seasonal snow areas.

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