Perovskite battery and electric equipment

Abstract

The invention discloses a perovskite battery and electric equipment. The perovskite battery comprises a substrate; the perovskite layer is arranged on one side of the substrate; the passivation layer is arranged on at least one side of the perovskite layer, the passivation layer comprises a passivation material, the passivation material comprises anions and cations, the volume of the anions is V1, the volume of the cations is V2, V1 > V3 > V2, and V3 is the volume of the maximum defect in the perovskite layer; and the electrode layer is arranged on one side, deviating from the perovskite layer, of the passivation layer. Therefore, migration of anions in the perovskite layer is hindered, and the long-term stability of the perovskite cell is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of battery technology, and in particular, to perovskite batteries and electrical equipment. Background Art

[0002] Perovskite cells have attracted widespread attention due to their excellent optoelectronic properties, such as adjustable band gap, high light absorption coefficient, long carrier lifetime and diffusion length, high defect tolerance, and low-cost low-temperature liquid phase preparation method. In just over a decade, the efficiency of perovskite cells has increased from 3.8% to more than 25%, showing great potential. However, perovskite cells are prone to defects during the preparation process, and the anions in the defective parts migrate quickly, which will affect the long-term stability of perovskite cells.

[0003] Public Content

[0004] In view of the technical problems existing in the background technology, the present application provides a perovskite battery, which aims to hinder the migration of anions in the perovskite layer and improve the long-term stability of the perovskite battery.

[0005] In a first aspect, the present application provides a perovskite battery, comprising a substrate; a perovskite layer, the perovskite layer being arranged on one side of the substrate; a passivation layer, the passivation layer being arranged on at least one side of the perovskite layer, the passivation layer comprising a passivation material, the passivation material comprising anions and cations, the volume of the anions being V1, the volume of the cations being V2, V1>V3>V2, wherein V3 is the volume of the largest defect in the perovskite layer; and an electrode layer, the electrode layer being arranged on a side of the passivation layer away from the perovskite layer.

[0006] In the perovskite battery proposed in the present application, when the passivation layer is arranged between the perovskite layer and the electrode layer, V1>V2, the smaller cations in the passivation layer are easy to move, and the larger anions in the passivation layer are difficult to move, and a potential barrier is formed between the anions in the passivation layer and the cations in the passivation layer, which can reduce the probability of the anions in the perovskite layer passing through the passivation layer. At the same time, V1>V3, the anions in the passivation layer cannot enter the perovskite layer through the defect sites, which can reduce the risk of the anions in the passivation layer entering the perovskite layer, and form a region with a high negative charge concentration on the surface of the passivation layer close to the perovskite layer, further reducing the migration of anions on the surface of the perovskite layer toward the electrode layer, thereby reducing the probability of anions on the surface of the perovskite layer and in the perovskite layer migrating to the electrode layer and reacting with the electrode layer, thereby improving the long-term stability of the perovskite battery; V3>V2, the cations can enter the perovskite layer, make up for the defects in the perovskite layer, and further improve the long-term stability of the perovskite battery. When the passivation layer is disposed between the perovskite layer and the substrate, the probability of anions in the perovskite layer migrating into the substrate can be reduced, further reducing the probability of perovskite decomposition and improving the long-term stability of the perovskite layer.

[0007] According to some embodiments of the present application, the number of atoms other than hydrogen atoms in one of the anions of the passivation material is 3-24, and the number of atoms other than hydrogen atoms in one of the cations of the passivation material is 1-5. Thus, the volume of the anions in the passivation layer is greater than the volume of the cations in the passivation layer, and a potential barrier can be formed between the anions of the passivation layer and the cations of the passivation layer to hinder the migration of the anions in the perovskite layer, thereby reducing the probability that the anions in the perovskite layer migrate to the electrode layer and react with the electrode layer.

[0008] According to some embodiments of the present application, the anion includes A1-R-A2, wherein A1 includes at least one of hydrogen, halogen, benzene ring, heterocycle or condensed ring, R includes an alkyl chain of 1-10 carbons, and A2 includes at least one of carboxylate, sulfonate, phosphonate or borate.

[0009] According to some embodiments of the present application, A1 includes at least one of the benzene ring or the heterocycle.

[0010] According to some embodiments of the present application, R includes an alkyl chain of 2 to 5 carbons.

[0011] According to some embodiments of the present application, A2 includes at least one of a carboxylate group, a sulfonate group, or a phosphonate group.

[0012] According to some embodiments of the present application, the anion includes at least one of N element, O element, P element or S element. Thus, N element, O element, P element and S element can combine with defects on the surface of the perovskite layer to passivate the defects, reduce non-radiative recombination, and improve the stability of the defects.

[0013] According to some embodiments of the present application, the anion includes at least one of a benzene ring or an alkyl group. Thus, the benzene ring and the alkyl group have strong hydrophobicity, which can reduce the risk of water intrusion into the perovskite layer and increase the service life of the perovskite battery.

[0014] According to some embodiments of the present application, the cations include organic cations, Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + or Cs + Thus, the above cations can enter the perovskite layer to make up for the defects in the perovskite layer.

[0015] According to some embodiments of the present application, the organic cation includes at least one of a methylamine cation, an ethylamine cation, a propylamine cation, a butylamine cation, a pentylamine cation, a hexylamine cation, a formamidine cation, an imidazolium cation or a guanidine cation.

[0016] According to some embodiments of the present application, the cation includes a methylamine cation, thereby replenishing the methylamine lost in the perovskite layer during the heating process, reducing defects in the perovskite layer, and improving the long-term stability of the perovskite battery.

[0017] According to some embodiments of the present application, the passivation material includes: at least one of methylamine phenylpropionate, cesium 1-piperidine propionate, or 2-phenylethane-1-sulfonic acid formamidine salt.

[0018] According to some embodiments of the present application, the thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm-10 nm, thereby preventing the migration of anions in the perovskite layer and reducing the influence of the passivation layer on electron transport.

[0019] According to some embodiments of the present application, the material of the electrode layer includes at least one of silver, copper, carbon, gold, aluminum, indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide or indium zinc oxide.

[0020] According to some embodiments of the present application, the material of the electrode layer includes copper. Thus, the passivation layer prevents anions in the perovskite layer from migrating to the electrode layer, thereby reducing the reaction between anions in the passivation layer and the copper electrode, and reducing the risk of decomposition of the copper electrode.

[0021] According to some embodiments of the present application, the material of the perovskite layer includes at least one of PBX3 or P2CDX6, wherein P includes organic cations, Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + or Cs + At least one of; B includes Pb 2+ Sn 2+ 、Be 2+ Mg 2+ , Ca 2 + , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ 、Zn 2+ ,Ge 2+ , Fe 2+ 、Co 2+ , Cu 2+ and Ni 2+ One or more of; C includes Cs + 、Ag + , K + And Ru + One or more of; D includes Bi 3+ 、Ni 3+ , Fe 3+ , Cu 3+ , Sb3+ or In 3+ At least one of; X includes Cl - Br - or I - At least one of .

[0022] According to some embodiments of the present application, B includes Pb 2+ or Sn 2+ At least one of .

[0023] According to some embodiments of the present application, C includes Ag + .

[0024] According to some embodiments of the present application, the perovskite layer includes I - .

[0025] According to some embodiments of the present application, the band gap of the perovskite layer is 1.20 eV-2.30 eV, thereby absorbing most of the light in the solar spectrum, and effectively converting the light from ultraviolet to infrared into electrical energy.

[0026] According to some embodiments of the present application, the thickness of the perovskite layer is 200 nm-1000 nm, thereby improving the efficiency of the perovskite cell.

[0027] According to some embodiments of the present application, the perovskite battery further includes an electron transport layer, and the electron transport layer is disposed between the passivation layer and the electrode layer. Thus, when the perovskite battery is an inverted perovskite battery, the migration of anions in the perovskite layer can be hindered, the probability of anions in the perovskite layer migrating to the electrode layer and reacting with the electrode layer can be reduced, and the long-term stability of the perovskite battery can be improved.

[0028] According to some embodiments of the present application, the material of the electron transport layer includes: at least one of fullerene and its derivatives, tin dioxide and its derivatives, or zinc oxide and its derivatives, thereby improving the ability of electron transport and the efficiency of the perovskite cell.

[0029] According to some embodiments of the present application, the perovskite battery further includes: a hole transport layer, and the hole transport layer is disposed between the passivation layer and the electrode layer. Thus, when the perovskite battery is a formal perovskite battery, the migration of anions in the perovskite layer can also be hindered, the probability of anions in the perovskite layer migrating to the electrode layer and reacting with the electrode layer can be reduced, and the long-term stability of the perovskite battery can be improved.

[0030] According to some embodiments of the present application, the material of the hole transport layer includes at least one of nickel oxide and its derivatives, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] and its derivatives, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonic acid and its derivatives, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene and its derivatives, or poly-3 hexylthiophene and its derivatives. Thus, the hole transport capability is improved, and the efficiency of the perovskite cell is improved.

[0031] The second aspect of the present application provides an electrical device, comprising the perovskite battery provided in the first aspect of the present application. Thus, the electrical device has good long-term stability and a long service life.

[0032] Additional aspects and advantages of the present application will be given in part in the description below, and in part will become apparent from the description below, or will be learned through the practice of the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reading the detailed description of the preferred embodiments below. The accompanying drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be considered as limiting the present application. Moreover, the same reference numerals are used throughout the drawings to represent the same components. In the drawings:

[0034] Figure 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite battery according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0035] Figure 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite battery according to another embodiment of the present application;

[0036] Figure 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite battery according to another embodiment of the present application;

[0037] Figure 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite battery according to another embodiment of the present application;

[0038] Figure 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite battery according to another embodiment of the present application;

[0039] Figure 6 It is a schematic structural diagram of a perovskite battery according to another embodiment of the present application.

[0040] Description of reference numerals:

[0041] 1: Perovskite cell; 11: Perovskite layer; 12: Passivation layer; 13: Electrode layer; 14: Hole transport layer; 15: Electron transport layer; 16: Substrate. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0042] The following is a detailed description of the embodiments of the technical solution of the present application. The following embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of the present application, and are therefore only used as examples, and cannot be used to limit the scope of protection of the present application.

[0043] Reference to "embodiments" herein means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in conjunction with the embodiments may be included in at least one embodiment of the present application. The appearance of the phrase in various locations in the specification does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, nor is it an independent or alternative embodiment that is mutually exclusive with other embodiments. It is explicitly and implicitly understood by those skilled in the art that the embodiments described herein may be combined with other embodiments.

[0044] For simplicity, only some numerical ranges are specifically disclosed herein. However, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form an undefined range; and any lower limit can be combined with other lower limits to form an undefined range, and any upper limit can be combined with any other upper limit to form an undefined range. In addition, each separately disclosed point or single value itself can be combined as a lower limit or upper limit with any other point or single value or with other lower limits or upper limits to form an undefined range.

[0045] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "and / or" is only a description of the association relationship of the associated objects, indicating that there may be three relationships. For example, A and / or B can represent: A exists alone, A and B exist at the same time, and B exists alone. In addition, the character " / " in this article generally indicates that the associated objects before and after are in an "or" relationship.

[0046] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by technicians in the technical field to which this application belongs; the terms used herein are only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to limit this application; the terms "including" and "having" in the specification and claims of this application and the above-mentioned figure descriptions and any variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusions.

[0047] As the global ecological environment and energy shortage problems become increasingly severe, solar photovoltaic power generation has received widespread attention. As the third-generation new solar cell, perovskite cells have become a rising star in the field of solar cells with their advantages of low cost, simple preparation process, and high efficiency. However, perovskite cells are prone to defects during the preparation process. Since perovskite cells have a strong tolerance for defects, defects have little effect on the efficiency of perovskite cells. However, the defective sites in the perovskite layer are sites with faster ion movement rates. The anions in the perovskite layer will migrate to the electrode layer and react with the electrode layer, causing the decomposition of the electrode layer, affecting the long-term stability of the perovskite cell.

[0048] The perovskite battery proposed in the present application forms a potential barrier in the passivation layer by making the volume of anions in the passivation layer larger than the volume of cations in the passivation layer, thereby hindering the migration of anions in the perovskite layer. At the same time, in order to reduce the risk of anions in the passivation layer entering the perovskite layer, the volume of anions in the passivation layer is made larger than the volume of the largest defect in the perovskite layer, thereby reducing the risk of anions in the passivation layer entering the perovskite layer, forming a region with a higher negative charge concentration on the surface of the passivation layer close to the perovskite layer, further hindering the migration of anions in the perovskite layer, reducing the probability of anions in the perovskite layer reacting with the electrode layer, and improving the long-term stability of the perovskite battery.

[0049] The perovskite battery disclosed in the present application belongs to a photovoltaic battery, and the perovskite battery disclosed in the embodiments of the present application can be used as a power source for electrical devices, and can also be assembled into a photovoltaic power generation system and store electrical energy in an energy storage system composed of energy storage batteries. Electrical devices may include street lights, signal indicators, insect killer lamps, electric fans, electric toys, electric tools, battery cars, electric cars, ships, spacecraft, etc., wherein electric toys may include fixed or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric ship toys, and electric airplane toys, etc., and spacecraft may include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, and spacecraft, etc.; photovoltaic power generation systems may include large-scale ground photovoltaic power generation systems, distributed photovoltaic power generation and building-integrated photovoltaic power generation systems, etc.

[0050] The first aspect of the present application provides a perovskite battery 1, referring to Figure 1 and Figure 2The perovskite battery 1 includes a substrate 16, a perovskite layer 11, and the perovskite layer 11 is disposed on one side of the substrate 16; a passivation layer 12, and the passivation layer 12 is disposed on at least one side of the perovskite layer 11, and the passivation layer 12 includes a passivation material, and the passivation material includes anions and cations, and the volume of the anions is V1, and the volume of the cations is V2, V1>V3>V2, wherein V3 is the volume of the largest defect in the perovskite layer 11; and an electrode layer 13, and the electrode layer 13 is disposed on the side of the passivation layer 12 away from the perovskite layer 11. Specifically, the passivation layer 12 can be disposed only between the perovskite layer 11 and the electrode layer 13 (refer to Figure 1 ); or the passivation layer 12 is disposed between the perovskite layer 11 and the electrode layer 13 and the passivation layer 12 is disposed between the substrate 16 and the perovskite layer 12 (reference Figure 2 ).

[0051] In the perovskite battery 1 proposed in the present application, when the passivation layer 12 is disposed between the perovskite layer 11 and the electrode layer 13, V1>V2, the smaller cations in the passivation layer 12 are easy to move, and the larger anions in the passivation layer 12 are difficult to move, and a potential barrier is formed between the anions in the passivation layer 12 and the cations in the passivation layer 12, which can reduce the risk of the anions in the perovskite layer 11 passing through the passivation layer 12. At the same time, V1>V3, the anions in the passivation layer 12 cannot enter the perovskite layer 11 through the defect sites, which can reduce The probability of anions in the passivation layer 12 entering the perovskite layer 11 forms a region with a high negative charge concentration on the surface of the perovskite layer 11, further reducing the further migration of anions on the surface of the perovskite layer 11, thereby reducing the probability of anions on the surface of the perovskite layer 11 and in the perovskite layer 11 migrating to the electrode layer 13 and reacting with the electrode layer 13, thereby improving the long-term stability of the perovskite battery 1; V3>V2, cations can enter the perovskite layer, make up for the defects in the perovskite layer, and improve the long-term stability of the perovskite battery 1. When the passivation layer 12 is disposed between the perovskite layer 11 and the substrate 16, the risk of anions in the perovskite layer 11 migrating to the substrate 16 can be reduced, further reducing the probability of perovskite decomposition, and improving the long-term stability of the perovskite layer 11.

[0052] It should be noted that the passivation layer 12 of the present application can be directly disposed on the surface of the perovskite layer 11 , or other functional layers can be disposed between the passivation layer 12 and the perovskite layer 11 , as long as the passivation layer 12 is disposed between the electrode layer 13 and the perovskite layer 11 .

[0053] The “defects” in this application include: defects formed during the crystallization of perovskite. The “largest defect” in the perovskite layer 11 in this application refers to the defect with the largest volume in the perovskite layer 11.

[0054] According to some embodiments of the present application, the volume of the anions in the passivation layer 12 can be greater than the volume of the cations in the passivation layer 12 by making the number of atoms in the anions and cations in the passivation material meet a certain range. For example, the number of atoms other than hydrogen atoms in one of the anions in the passivation material can be 3-24, for example, 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 or 24, or can be a range composed of any of the above values; the number of atoms other than hydrogen atoms in one of the cations in the passivation material can be 1-5, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, etc. Thus, the volume of the anions in the passivation layer 12 is greater than the volume of the cations in the passivation layer 12, and a potential barrier can be formed in the passivation layer 12 to hinder the migration of the anions in the perovskite layer 11, reduce the risk of the anions in the perovskite layer 11 reacting with the electrode layer 13, and improve the long-term stability of the perovskite battery 1. According to some specific embodiments of the present application, the number of atoms other than hydrogen atoms in one anion of the passivation material may be 8-15, and the number of atoms other than hydrogen atoms in one cation of the passivation material may be 2-4.

[0055] According to some embodiments of the present application, the anion may include A1-R-A2, wherein A1 includes at least one of hydrogen, halogen, benzene ring, heterocycle or condensed ring, R includes an alkyl chain of 1-10 carbons, and A2 includes at least one of carboxylate, sulfonate, phosphonate or borate. As a result, the anion of the passivation layer 12 has a large volume and is difficult to move in the passivation layer 12, and the small molecule cation of the passivation layer 12 is easy to move, and the anion of the passivation layer 12 and the cation of the passivation layer 12 form a barrier to hinder the migration of anions in the perovskite layer 11. According to some specific embodiments of the present application, A1 may include at least one of the benzene ring or the heterocycle. According to some specific embodiments of the present application, R may include an alkyl chain of 2-5 carbons. According to some specific embodiments of the present application, A2 may include at least one of carboxylate, sulfonate or phosphonate.

[0056] According to some specific embodiments of the present application, the anion may include at least one of N element, O element, P element or S element. Thus, N element, O element, P element or S element can combine with defects on the surface of the perovskite layer 11, passivate the defects, reduce non-radiative recombination, and improve the stability of the defects. At the same time, N element, O element, P element or S element has a strong interaction with the material of the perovskite layer 11, preventing the volatile components in the perovskite layer 11 from gasifying during the heating process, further improving the stability of the perovskite battery 1.

[0057] According to some embodiments of the present application, since the perovskite material is sensitive to moisture, when the packaging effect of the perovskite battery 1 is not good, it is easy to cause moisture to flow in, thereby reducing the performance of the perovskite battery 1. The anion in the passivation layer 12 may include at least one of a benzene ring or an alkyl group. Thus, the passivation layer 12 can delay the intrusion of moisture into the perovskite layer 11 and increase the service life of the perovskite battery 1.

[0058] According to some embodiments of the present application, the cations in the passivation layer 12 may include organic cations, Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + or Cs + At least one of the following. As a result, the cations of the passivation layer 12 are small in size and are easy to move in the passivation layer 12, while the large-volume anions in the passivation layer 12 are difficult to move. The anions of the passivation layer 12 and the cations of the passivation layer 12 form a barrier to hinder the migration of anions in the perovskite layer 11. At the same time, the above cations can enter the perovskite layer 11 to make up for the defects in the perovskite layer 11.

[0059] According to some specific embodiments of the present application, the organic cation may include at least one of a methylamine cation, an ethylamine cation, a propylamine cation, a butylamine cation, a pentylamine cation, a hexylamine cation, a formamidine cation, an imidazolium cation or a guanidine cation.

[0060] According to some specific embodiments of the present application, heating and other methods are used in the preparation process of the perovskite battery 1, and the heating process will cause the loss of unstable components in the perovskite layer 11. For this reason, the cations in the passivation layer 12 may include methylamine cations. Thus, the methylamine cations can enter the perovskite layer 11, replenish the methylamine lost in the perovskite layer 11 during the heating process, reduce the defects in the perovskite layer 11, and improve the long-term stability of the perovskite battery 1.

[0061] According to some embodiments of the present application, the passivation material may specifically include at least one of methylamine phenylpropionate, cesium 1-piperidinylpropionate, or 2-phenylethane-1-sulfonic acid formamidine salt.

[0062] According to some embodiments of the present application, the thickness of the passivation layer 12 may be 0.1 nm-10 nm, for example, 0.1 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm or 10 nm, or may be a range of any of the above values. Thus, while hindering the migration of anions in the perovskite layer 11, the effect of the passivation layer 12 on electron transmission is reduced, thereby improving the efficiency of the perovskite battery 1.

[0063] In this application, the thickness test method is as follows: the thickness of the passivation layer 12 is obtained by testing the cross-section of the battery through a scanning electron microscope.

[0064] According to some embodiments of the present application, the material of the electrode layer 13 may include at least one of silver, copper, carbon, gold, aluminum, indium tin oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), or indium zinc oxide (IZO). According to some specific embodiments of the present application, the material of the electrode layer 13 may include copper. When the material of the electrode layer 13 includes copper, the passivation layer 12 can hinder the migration of anions in the perovskite layer 11, thereby reducing the probability of anions in the perovskite layer 11 migrating to the electrode layer 13 and reacting with copper, and improving the long-term stability of the perovskite battery 1.

[0065] According to some embodiments of the present application, the material of the perovskite layer 11 may include at least one of PBX3 or P2CDX6, wherein P includes an organic cation, Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + or Cs + ; B includes Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Be 2+ , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ge 2+ , Fe 2+ , Co 2+ , Cu 2+ and Ni 2+ ; C includes Cs + , Ag + , K + and Ru + ; D includes Bi 3+ , Ni 3+ , Fe 3+ , Cu 3+ , Sb 3+ or In 3+ ; X includes at least one of Br - or I - . For example, the material of the perovskite layer 11 may be CH3NH3PbI3, CH3NH3SnI3, CH3NH3PbI2Br, CH3NH3Pb(I 1- x Br x )3 (where 0 < x < 1). According to some specific embodiments of the present application, B may include Pb2+ or Sn 2+ According to some specific embodiments of the present application, C may include Ag. + .

[0066] According to some embodiments of the present application, the perovskite layer includes I - When the material of the electrode layer 13 includes copper and the perovskite layer 11 includes I - When the passivation layer 12 can hinder the I - migration, thereby reducing the I - The probability of migrating to the electrode layer 13 and reacting with copper improves the long-term stability of the perovskite cell 1 .

[0067] According to some embodiments of the present application, the band gap of the perovskite layer 11 may be 1.20eV-2.30eV, for example, 1.4eV, 1.6eV, 1.8eV, 2.0eV, 2.2eV or 2.3eV, or may be a range of any of the above values. Thus, the band gap of the perovskite layer 11 satisfies the above range, and most of the light in the solar spectrum can be absorbed, and the light from ultraviolet rays to infrared rays can be effectively converted into electrical energy.

[0068] According to some embodiments of the present application, the thickness of the perovskite layer 11 may be 200nm-1000nm, for example, 200nm, 300nm, 400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 700nm, 800nm, 900nm and 1000nm, or may be a range of any of the above values. Thus, the content of active material in the perovskite layer 11 is increased, and the efficiency of the perovskite battery 1 is improved.

[0069] According to some embodiments of the present application, the substrate 16 may include at least one of fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO), ITO, AZO, BZO, or IZO.

[0070] According to some embodiments of the present application, the perovskite battery 1 may be an inverted perovskite battery 1. Specifically, refer to Figure 3, the perovskite battery 1 further includes an electron transport layer 15, which is disposed between the passivation layer 12 and the electrode layer 13. For example, the perovskite battery 1 may include a substrate 16; a hole transport layer 14, which is disposed on one side of the substrate 16; a perovskite layer 11, which is disposed on a side of the hole transport layer 14 away from the substrate 16; a passivation layer 12, which is disposed on a side of the perovskite layer 11 away from the hole transport layer 14; an electron transport layer 15, which is disposed on a side of the passivation layer 12 away from the perovskite layer 11; and an electrode layer 13, which is disposed on a side of the electron transport layer 15 away from the passivation layer 12. Therefore, when the perovskite cell 1 is an inverted perovskite cell 1 , the migration of anions in the perovskite layer 11 can be hindered, the probability of anions in the perovskite layer 11 migrating to the electrode layer 13 and reacting with the electrode layer 13 can be reduced, and the long-term stability of the perovskite cell 1 can be improved.

[0071] According to some embodiments of the present application, reference Figure 4 The perovskite battery 1 may also include: a substrate 16; a hole transport layer 14, the hole transport layer 14 is arranged on one side of the substrate 16; a perovskite layer 11, the perovskite layer 11 is arranged on the side of the hole transport layer 14 away from the substrate 16; an electron transport layer 15, the electron transport layer 15 is arranged on the side of the perovskite layer 11 away from the hole transport layer 14; a passivation layer 12, the passivation layer 12 is arranged on the side of the electron transport layer 15 away from the perovskite layer 11; and an electrode layer 13, the electrode layer 13 is arranged on the side of the passivation layer 12 away from the electron transport layer 15.

[0072] According to some embodiments of the present application, the material of the electron transport layer 15 may include at least one of fullerene and its derivatives, tin dioxide and its derivatives, or zinc oxide and its derivatives. According to some specific embodiments of the present application, the fullerene derivative may include [6,6]-phenyl-C 61 -Butyric acid methyl ester and its derivatives or [6,6]-phenyl-C 71 - at least one of methyl butyrate and its derivatives. Thus, the ability of electron transmission is improved, and the efficiency of the perovskite battery 1 is improved.

[0073] According to some embodiments of the present application, the perovskite battery 1 may also be a formal perovskite battery 1. For details, refer to Figure 5The perovskite battery 1 may further include a hole transport layer 14, which is disposed between the passivation layer 12 and the electrode layer 13. For example, the perovskite layer 11 includes a substrate 16; an electron transport layer 15, which is disposed on one side of the substrate 16; a perovskite layer 11, which is disposed on the side of the electron transport layer 15 away from the substrate 16; a passivation layer 12, which is disposed on the side of the perovskite layer 11 away from the electron transport layer 15; a hole transport layer 14, which is disposed on the side of the passivation layer 12 away from the perovskite layer 11; and an electrode layer 13, which is disposed on the side of the hole transport layer 14 away from the passivation layer 12. Therefore, when the perovskite battery 1 is a formal perovskite battery 1, the migration of anions in the perovskite layer 11 can be hindered, the probability of anions in the perovskite layer 11 migrating to the electrode layer 13 and reacting with the electrode layer 13 can be reduced, and the long-term stability of the perovskite battery 1 can be improved.

[0074] According to some embodiments of the present application, reference Figure 6 The perovskite battery 1 may also include: a substrate 16; an electron transport layer 15, the electron transport layer 15 is arranged on one side of the substrate 16; a perovskite layer 11, the perovskite layer 11 is arranged on the side of the electron transport layer 15 away from the substrate 16; a hole transport layer 14, the hole transport layer 14 is arranged on the side of the perovskite layer 11 away from the electron transport layer 15; a passivation layer 12, the passivation layer 12 is arranged on the side of the hole transport layer 14 away from the perovskite layer 11; and an electrode layer 13, the electrode layer 13 is arranged on the side of the passivation layer 12 away from the hole transport layer 14.

[0075] According to some embodiments of the present application, the material of the hole transport layer 14 may include at least one of nickel oxide and its derivatives, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] and its derivatives, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrenesulfonic acid and its derivatives, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene and its derivatives, or poly-3 hexylthiophene and its derivatives. Thus, the hole transport capability is improved, and the efficiency of the perovskite cell 1 is improved.

[0076] According to some embodiments of the present application, the passivation layer 12 may be formed by at least one of spin coating, spray coating, scraping and slit coating. After the passivation layer 12 is formed, the solvent may be removed by annealing, vacuum or anti-solvent cleaning.

[0077] The second aspect of the present application provides an electrical device, including the perovskite battery 1 provided in the first aspect of the present application. As a result, the electrical device has good long-term stability and a long service life. Electrical equipment may include lighting elements, display elements, mobile devices, etc., and may specifically include street lights, signal indicators, insect killer lamps, electric fans, electric toys, electric tools, battery vehicles, electric vehicles, ships, spacecraft, etc., wherein electric toys may include fixed or mobile electric toys, such as game consoles, electric car toys, electric ship toys, and electric airplane toys, etc., and spacecraft may include airplanes, rockets, space shuttles, and spacecraft, etc.; photovoltaic power generation systems may include large-scale ground photovoltaic power generation systems, distributed photovoltaic power generation and building-integrated photovoltaic power generation systems, etc.

[0078] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial effects solved by the embodiments of the present application clearer, the following will be further described in detail with reference to the embodiments and the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all of the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative and is by no means intended to limit the present application and its application. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in the field without creative work belong to the scope of protection of the present application.

[0079] Example 1

[0080] 1. Preparation of perovskite cells

[0081] Provide FTO conductive glass with a size of 2.0*2.0cm, remove 0.35cm of FTO at both ends by laser etching, and expose the glass substrate;

[0082] The etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned several times with water, acetone, and isopropanol in sequence;

[0083] The FTO conductive glass was blown dry of solvent under a nitrogen gun and placed in a UV ozone machine for further cleaning;

[0084] Preparation of hole transport layer: spin coating 10 mg / mL nickel oxide solution on the FTO substrate treated with UV ozone at a rate of 4000 rpm, and annealing on a hot plate at 100° C. for 30 minutes to obtain a hole transport layer;

[0085] Preparation of perovskite layer: lead iodide, iodoformamidine, cesium iodide, methylamine bromide, and lead bromide were weighed and dissolved in a mixed solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), stirred for 3 hours, filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution, and the perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the hole transport layer at 3000 rpm, annealed at 100 ° C for 30 minutes, and cooled to room temperature to obtain a perovskite layer. The active material of the perovskite layer is Cs 0.05 FA 0.78 MA 0.17 PbI 2.49 Br 0.51 ;

[0086] Preparation of the passivation layer: prepare a 1 mg / mL isopropanol precursor solution of the passivation material 1, filter it with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane, spin-coat it on the perovskite layer at 3000 rpm, and anneal to obtain the passivation layer;

[0087] Preparation of electron transport layer: Spin-coat 20 mg / mL (6,6)-phenyl-C on the passivation layer at 1500 rpm. 61 Methyl butyrate (PCBM) chlorobenzene solution, annealed at 100 °C for 10 min, cooled to room temperature;

[0088] Preparation of a hole blocking layer: spin coating an isopropanol solution of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) with a mass concentration of 0.5 mg / mL on the electron transport layer at 5000 rpm, and annealing to obtain a hole blocking layer;

[0089] Prepare the electrode layer: clean the edges, select a suitable mask, put the obtained wafer into the vapor deposition machine, evaporate the metal electrode Cu, and obtain the perovskite battery.

[0090] The preparation methods of Examples 1 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 are the same as those of Example 1. The differences from Example 1 are detailed in Table 1.

[0091]

[0092]

[0093]

[0094]

[0095] Performance Test:

[0096] 1. Photoelectric conversion efficiency test

[0097] Using AM 1.5G solar simulator to provide 100mW / cm 2The volt-ampere characteristic curve of the perovskite battery prepared under illumination was measured using a four-channel digital source meter (Keithley2440) to obtain the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite battery. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite battery was tested on the third and thirtieth days, and the test results are shown in Table 2.

[0098] Table 2

[0099]

[0100]

[0101] Conclusion: It can be seen from Table 2 that the attenuation of the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite cells (Examples 1-25) of the present application on the 30th day is lower than that of Comparative Examples 1-3, indicating that the perovskite cells proposed in the present application have excellent long-term stability.

[0102] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, rather than to limit them; although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or replace some or all of the technical features therein by equivalents; and these modifications or replacements do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, and they should all be included in the scope of the claims and specification of the present application. In particular, as long as there is no structural conflict, the various technical features mentioned in the various embodiments can be combined in any way. The present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but includes all technical solutions that fall within the scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A perovskite battery, characterized in that: include: substrate; a perovskite layer, wherein the perovskite layer is disposed on one side of the substrate; A passivation layer, the passivation layer is disposed on at least one side of the perovskite layer, the passivation layer comprises a passivation material, the passivation material comprises anions and cations, the volume of the anions is V1, the volume of the cations is V2, V1>V3>V2, wherein V3 is the volume of the largest defect in the perovskite layer; An electrode layer is provided on a side of the passivation layer away from the perovskite layer.

2. The perovskite battery according to claim 1, characterized in that: The number of atoms other than hydrogen atoms in one anion of the passivation material is 3-24, and the number of atoms other than hydrogen atoms in one cation of the passivation material is 1-5.

3. The perovskite battery according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The number of atoms other than hydrogen atoms in one anion of the passivation material is 8-15, and the number of atoms other than hydrogen atoms in one cation of the passivation material is 2-4.

4. The perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: The anion includes A1-R-A2, wherein A1 includes at least one of hydrogen, halogen, benzene ring, heterocycle or condensed ring, R includes an alkyl chain of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and A2 includes at least one of carboxylate, sulfonate, phosphonate or borate.

5. The perovskite battery according to claim 4, characterized in that: Satisfy at least one of the following conditions: A1 includes at least one of the benzene ring or the heterocyclic ring; R includes an alkyl chain of 2 to 5 carbons; A2 includes at least one of a carboxylate, a sulfonate, or a phosphonate.

6. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The anion includes at least one of N element, O element, P element or S element.

7. The perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The anion includes at least one of a benzene ring and an alkyl group.

8. The perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: The cations include organic cations, Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + or Cs + At least one of .

9. The perovskite cell according to claim 8, characterized in that: The organic cation includes at least one of a methylamine cation, an ethylamine cation, a propylamine cation, a butylamine cation, a pentylamine cation, a hexylamine cation, a formamidine cation, an imidazolium cation or a guanidine cation.

10. The perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that: The cation includes a methylamine cation.

11. The perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that: The passivation material comprises at least one of phenylpropionic acid methylamine salt, cesium 1-piperidinyl propionate or 2-phenylethane-1-sulfonic acid formamidine salt.

12. The perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that: The thickness of the passivation layer is 0.1 nm-10 nm.

13. The perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that: Satisfy at least one of the following conditions: The material of the electrode layer includes at least one of silver, copper, carbon, gold, aluminum, indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide or indium zinc oxide; The material of the electrode layer includes copper; The material of the perovskite layer includes at least one of PBX3 and P2CDX6, wherein P includes organic cations, Li + 、Na + , K + , Rb + or Cs + At least one of; B includes Pb 2+ Sn 2+ 、Be 2+ Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ 、Zn 2+ ,Ge 2+ , Fe 2+ 、Co 2+ , Cu 2+ and Ni 2+ One or more of; Optionally, B includes Pb 2+ or Sn 2+ At least one of; C includes Cs + 、Ag + , K + And Ru + Optionally, C includes Ag + ; D includes Bi 3+ 、Ni 3+ , Fe 3+ , Cu 3+ , Sb 3+ or In 3+ At least one of; X includes Cl - Br - or I - At least one of; The perovskite layer comprises I - ; The band gap of the perovskite layer is 1.20 eV-2.30 eV; The thickness of the perovskite layer is 200nm-1000nm.

14. The perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that: Also includes: An electron transport layer is provided between the passivation layer and the electrode layer.

15. The perovskite cell according to claim 14, characterized in that: The material of the electron transport layer includes at least one of fullerene and its derivatives, tin dioxide and its derivatives, or zinc oxide and its derivatives.

16. The perovskite battery according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that: Also includes: A hole transport layer is provided between the passivation layer and the electrode layer.

17. The perovskite cell according to claim 16, characterized in that: The material of the hole transport layer includes at least one of nickel oxide and its derivatives, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] and its derivatives, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid and its derivatives, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene and its derivatives or poly-3-hexylthiophene and its derivatives.

18. An electrical equipment, characterized in that: A perovskite battery comprising any one of claims 1-17.

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