Lightweight, impact resistant photovoltaic module

Abstract

The invention mainly relates to a photovoltaic module (1) obtained from a stack, comprising: a first front layer (2); a plurality of photovoltaic cells (4); an encapsulation assembly (3) obtained by joining a front layer (3a) and a rear layer (3b) of an encapsulation material; and a second rear layer (5). The first layer (2) comprises: a front layer (2a) made of a polymeric material; a front component (2b, 2c) comprising an interfacial front layer (2b) and a glass front layer (2c) having a thickness of less than or equal to 2 mm, the front component (2b, 2c) being located between the polymeric front layer (2a) and the encapsulation component (3), and the interfacial front layer (2b) being located between the polymeric front layer (2a) and the glass front layer (2c). The Young's moduli of the front layer (3a) and the rear layer (3b) of the encapsulation material at 25 DEG C are strictly less than 50 MPa and strictly greater than 150 MPa, respectively.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of photovoltaic modules comprising a set of photovoltaic cells electrically connected to one another and preferably comprising photovoltaic cells known as “crystalline” photovoltaic cells, ie photovoltaic cells based on single-crystal or multicrystalline silicon.

[0002] The present invention can be applied to a variety of applications, in particular to civil applications and / or military applications, such as automotive applications and / or embedded applications, and in particular to applications requiring the use of lightweight photovoltaic modules, in particular, such lightweight photovoltaic modules having a weight per unit area of ​​less than 5 kg / m2 (kg / m 2 ) or even 6kg / m 2 , and is intended to be fixed on a rigid support resistant to hail-type impacts according to standard IEC 61215. Such a lightweight photovoltaic module can therefore be applied in particular in buildings such as residential or industrial sites (tertiary industry sites, commercial sites, etc.), for example for the construction of building roofs, for the design of street furniture (such as for public lighting, road signs or recharging of electric vehicles), or even for mobile applications (solar mobile equipment), in particular for integration into vehicles such as cars, buses or ships, etc.

[0003] The present invention therefore proposes a lightweight photovoltaic module stacked from a first glass and polymer layer forming the front surface of the module, and a method for manufacturing the same. Background Art

[0004] A photovoltaic module is an assembly of photovoltaic cells arranged side by side between a first transparent layer forming the front surface of the photovoltaic module and a second layer forming the rear surface of the photovoltaic module.

[0005] The first layer forming the front surface of the photovoltaic module is advantageously transparent so that the photovoltaic cells can receive the light flux. This first layer is generally made of a single glass plate, especially tempered glass, with a thickness generally between 2 millimeters (mm) and 4 mm, typically about 3 mm.

[0006] The second layer forming the rear surface of the photovoltaic module may be made of glass, metal or plastic, etc. This second layer is generally formed of a polymer structure based on an electrically insulating polymer, such as a polymer structure of the polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) or polyamide (PA) type, which may be protected by one or more layers based on a fluorinated polymer, such as polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and has a thickness of about 300 micrometers (μm).

[0007] The photovoltaic cells can be electrically connected to each other by means of front and rear electrical contact elements, which are called connecting conductors and are formed, for example, of tinned copper strips. The front and rear electrical contact elements are respectively arranged against the front surface (the face opposite to the front surface of the photovoltaic module, for receiving the light flux) and the rear surface (the face opposite to the rear surface of the photovoltaic module) of each photovoltaic cell, or, for "interdigitated back contact (IBC)" type photovoltaic cells, only on the rear surface.

[0008] It should be noted that the structure of IBC ("interdigitated back contact") type photovoltaic cells is that their contacts are formed in the form of interdigitated combs on the rear surface of the cell. This structure is described, for example, in US Pat. No. 4,478,879A.

[0009] Furthermore, the photovoltaic cell located between the first and second layers of the photovoltaic module can be encapsulated, the first and second layers forming the front and rear surfaces of the photovoltaic module, respectively. Typically, the encapsulant selected corresponds to an elastomer (or rubber) type polymer, for example two layers (or films) of poly(ethylene-vinylacetate) (EVA) can be used, between which the photovoltaic cell and the cell connection conductor are arranged. Each layer of encapsulant can be at least 0.2 mm thick and its Young's modulus at room temperature is typically between 2 MPa and 400 MPa.

[0010] therefore, Figure 1 The cross-sectional view and Figure 2 The exploded views in show partially and schematically, respectively, a conventional example of a photovoltaic module 1 comprising a crystalline photovoltaic cell 4 .

[0011] As described above, the photovoltaic module 1 includes a front surface 2 and a rear surface 5, the front surface 2 is usually made of transparent tempered glass with a thickness of about 3 mm, and the rear surface 5 is made of, for example, a polymer sheet, which is opaque or transparent, single-layer or multi-layer, and has a Young's modulus greater than 400 MPa at room temperature.

[0012] The photovoltaic cells 4 are electrically connected to each other by connecting conductors 6 and are immersed between two layers of encapsulation material (front layer 3a and rear layer 3b) forming the encapsulation assembly 3. The photovoltaic cells 4 are located between the front surface 2 and the rear surface 5 of the photovoltaic module 1.

[0013] Figure 1A Shows Figure 1 In an alternative embodiment to the example in which the photovoltaic cell 4 is of the IBC type, the connecting conductor 6 is only arranged against the rear surface of the photovoltaic cell 4 .

[0014] also, Figure 1 and Figure 2 Also shown is a junction box 7 of the photovoltaic module 1, which is intended to house the wiring required for operating the module. Typically, the junction box 7 is made of plastic or rubber and is completely sealed.

[0015] Typically, the method for manufacturing the photovoltaic module 1 comprises a step known as vacuum lamination of the various layers described above at a temperature greater than or equal to 120°C (even 140°C or 150°C) and less than or equal to 170°C (typically between 145°C and 165°C) and for a lamination period of typically at least 10 minutes (even 15 minutes).

[0016] During this lamination step, the layers 3a and 3b of the encapsulation material melt and surround the photovoltaic cell 4, while at the same time adhesion is produced at all interfaces between the layers, i.e. between the front surface 2 and the front layer 3a of the encapsulation material, between the front layer 3a of the encapsulation material and the front surface 4a of the photovoltaic cell 4, between the rear surface 4b of the photovoltaic cell 4 and the rear layer 3b of the encapsulation material, and between the rear layer 3b of the encapsulation material and the rear surface 5 of the photovoltaic module 1. The photovoltaic module 1 obtained is then framed, usually with the aid of an aluminum profile.

[0017] This structure, which has become a standard today, has a remarkable mechanical resistance due to the use of a thick glass front surface 2 and an aluminium frame, and in particular complies with standards IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 in most cases.

[0018] However, the disadvantage of such a photovoltaic module 1 according to the conventional design of the prior art is that it is relatively heavy (especially the weight per unit area is about 10 kg / m 2 Up to 12kg / m2 ), and therefore are not suitable for certain applications where lightweighting is a priority.

[0019] The photovoltaic module 1 is heavy mainly because it has thick glass with a thickness of about 3 mm, which forms the front surface 2, and an aluminum frame. The density of the glass is actually very high (its thickness density is about 2.5 kg / m 2 / mm). In order to be able to withstand the various constraints during manufacturing, to have better mechanical impact resistance, and for safety reasons (for example due to the risk of cutting), the glass needs to be tempered. However, the industrial infrastructure for thermal tempering is configured to process glass with a thickness of at least 2 mm, and there are also technical difficulties. In addition, the choice of glass with a thickness of about 3 mm is also related to a standardized mechanical compressive resistance of 5.4 kilopascals (kPa). Ultimately, the glass alone accounts for almost 70% of the weight of the photovoltaic module 1, and together with the aluminum frame surrounding the photovoltaic module 1, it will exceed 80% of the weight of the photovoltaic module 1.

[0020] Furthermore, in order to significantly reduce the weight of photovoltaic modules so that they can be used in applications requiring lightweighting (such as commercial roofs where the building structure is not designed for photovoltaic related heavy loads), alternatives to using thick glass on the front surface of the module need to be found.

[0021] One possible solution is to replace the glass front surface with a plastic material while maintaining the conventional architecture and implementation methods, the main purpose of which is to significantly reduce the surface weight. Therefore, polymer sheets such as polycarbonate (PC), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE) or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) can be used as a substitute for glass. However, if only such polymer sheets are considered to replace glass, depending on the thickness chosen, the photovoltaic cell will become very susceptible to impacts, mechanical loads and differential expansion.

[0022] Another alternative is to use a composite material including reinforcements such as glass fiber, carbon fiber, or natural fibers (e.g. flax, hemp, etc.). Such a composite material supplements the standard encapsulant to form a polymer / fiber type composite associated with a polymer protective film on the front surface. Although the clarity is poorer and there is uncertainty about the performance over 20 years, the weight savings can be very significant.

[0023] Removing the glass on the front surface of a photovoltaic module has been the subject of several patents or patent applications in the prior art. Examples include: patent application FR2955051A1, US patent application US2005 / 0178428A1, or international applications WO2008 / 019229A2 and WO2012 / 140585A1. Other patents or patent applications have described the use of reinforcement materials alone or in composite materials, such as European patent application EP2863443A1 or international applications WO2018 / 076525A1, WO2019 / 006764A1 and WO2019 / 006765A1. Summary of the invention

[0024] Therefore, there is a need for alternative solutions for designing photovoltaic modules that are designed to be lightweight so as to be suitable for certain applications while also having sufficient mechanical properties so that they can withstand shocks and mechanical loads, in particular in accordance with IEC 61215 and IEC 61730 standards.

[0025] Accordingly, the present invention is directed, at least in part, to overcoming the above-identified needs and shortcomings associated with prior art efforts.

[0026] Therefore, according to one aspect of the present invention, the present invention relates to a photovoltaic module obtained by stacking, the photovoltaic module comprising:

[0027] a transparent first layer, which forms the front surface of the photovoltaic module and is used to receive the light flux;

[0028] A plurality of photovoltaic cells arranged side by side and electrically connected to each other;

[0029] Encapsulation assembly for encapsulating a plurality of photovoltaic cells, the assembly being obtained by joining a front layer of encapsulation material and a rear layer of encapsulation material located on both sides of the photovoltaic cell, the assembly advantageously being in direct contact with the front layer and the rear layer, the front layer of encapsulation material being located between the first layer and the photovoltaic cell,

[0030] The second layer forms a rear surface of the photovoltaic module, and the packaging assembly and the plurality of photovoltaic cells are located between the first layer and the second layer.

[0031] The first layer includes:

[0032] a front layer made of at least one polymer material, referred to as a "polymer front layer", and

[0033] At least one front component, the at least one front component includes an interface front layer and a glass front layer, and the thickness of the glass front layer is less than or equal to 2 mm.

[0034] At least one front component is located between the polymer front layer and the encapsulation component, and an interface front layer of at least one front component is located between the polymer front layer and the glass front layer.

[0035] Therein, the front layer of encapsulating material is formed by at least one layer, which comprises at least one polymer encapsulating material having a Young's modulus at 25° C. strictly less than 50 MPa.

[0036] Therein, the rear layer of the encapsulating material is formed by at least one layer, which comprises at least one polymer encapsulating material having a Young's modulus at 25° C. strictly greater than 150 MPa.

[0037] Advantageously, the present invention allows the use of a combination of a polymer layer and a thin glass layer instead of the standard thick glass of about 3 mm thickness, which is usually used for the front surface of conventional photovoltaic modules. Thus, the use of thin glass and polymer allows a low mass and transparency comparable to standard modules to be obtained. If the present invention is compared with commercially available lightweight modules, the presence of thin glass in the structure of the present invention allows better resistance to impacts and thermomechanical expansion, and also better resistance to moisture penetration, compared to lightweight modules with a transparent polymer film on the front surface.

[0038] More advantageously, the use of polymer encapsulation materials with enhanced mechanical properties, especially the back layer of the encapsulation material used for the encapsulation assembly, can further improve the impact resistance of the photovoltaic module (especially the impact resistance against hail-type impacts) and can protect the photovoltaic cells from possible mechanical damage.

[0039] The term "transparent" means that the first layer forming the front surface of the photovoltaic module is at least partially transparent to visible light, allowing at least about 80% of visible light to pass therethrough.

[0040] In particular, the optical transparency of the first layer (especially the polymer front surface layer) forming the front surface of the photovoltaic module between 300nm and 1200nm can be greater than 80%. Similarly, the optical transparency of the packaging component between 300nm and 1200nm can be greater than 90%, and the optical transparency of the interface front layer can also be greater than 90%.

[0041] Furthermore, the term "encapsulation" or "encapsulated" should be understood as meaning that a plurality of photovoltaic cells are arranged in a volume that is hermetically sealed, for example relative to a liquid, which volume is at least partially formed by at least two layers of encapsulation material, which, after lamination, are joined together to form an encapsulation assembly.

[0042] In fact, initially (i.e. before any lamination operation), the encapsulation assembly consists of at least two layers of encapsulation material (called core layer) between which a plurality of photovoltaic cells are encapsulated. However, during the lamination operation of the layers, the encapsulation materials of these layers are melted to form only a single solidified layer (or assembly) after the lamination operation, in which the photovoltaic cells are embedded.

[0043] In addition, based on the present invention, a new type of lightweight photovoltaic module can be obtained, which can have a surface weight of less than 6 kg / m by using thin glass. 2 Or even 5kg / m 2 , while maintaining the optical transparency of the front surface of the photovoltaic module, it also ensures good reliability of the photovoltaic module, i.e. low thermomechanical expansion and high durability. In addition, the use of polymer front and interface layers can protect the thin glass from impacts, especially hail-type impacts.

[0044] The photovoltaic module according to the invention may also comprise one or more of the following features, alone or in any possible technical combination.

[0045] The front layer of the encapsulating material can be formed by at least one layer, which includes at least one polymer encapsulating material, whose Young's modulus at 25°C is strictly less than 50 MPa, especially greater than 2 MPa and strictly less than 50 MPa, or even strictly less than 20 MPa (especially between 10 MPa and 20 MPa).

[0046] In addition, the back layer of the encapsulation material can be formed by at least one layer, which includes at least one polymer encapsulation material, whose Young's modulus at 25°C is strictly greater than 200 MPa, especially strictly greater than 200 MPa and less than 500 MPa (especially between 250 MPa and 350 MPa).

[0047] Furthermore, the elongation at break of the front layer of encapsulating material and / or the rear layer of encapsulating material may advantageously be at least greater than 200%.

[0048] Using a back layer of encapsulation material with a higher Young's modulus can increase impact resistance against hail-type impacts.

[0049] The thickness of the glass front layer may advantageously be less than or equal to 1.5 mm, preferably between 500 μm and 1 mm.

[0050] Furthermore, the front layer of glass can advantageously be made of non-tempered glass. In other words, the glass is not subjected to any thermal or chemical tempering treatment. In fact, non-tempered glass has a weaker impact resistance, especially for impacts associated with hail impacts. However, placing the non-tempered glass between protective polymer layers can protect the non-tempered glass from impacts. The non-tempered glass can also provide a moisture barrier for the photovoltaic cells. Using non-tempered glass instead of tempered glass can significantly reduce costs so that photovoltaic modules can be adapted to a variety of applications.

[0051] Furthermore, the second layer may be made of at least one polymer material, in particular selected from the following: polycarbonate (PC); polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); polyethylene terephthalate (PET); polypropylene (PP); polyamide (PA); fluorinated polymers, in particular polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE); ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE); polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE); fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP); and / or multilayer films comprising one or more of the aforementioned polymers, etc. In the case where the final application requires the photovoltaic module to be superimposed on a rigid support, it may be preferred to select a second layer made of at least one polymer material.

[0052] Alternatively, since the thick glass and aluminum frame on the front surface of the conventional photovoltaic module are removed, the mechanical strength of the module may be lost, and in order to maintain the rigidity of the module, the rear surface of the photovoltaic module may be designed to have sufficient mechanical rigidity.

[0053] Therefore, in particular, according to a first possible solution, the second layer may include:

[0054] A rear layer of a rear panel is formed, the rear panel is made of a composite material and includes a main sublayer and two covering sublayers, the main sublayer forms the core of the rear panel, each covering sublayer forms a guard plate of the rear panel, the guard plates are arranged on both sides of the core so that the core is sandwiched between the two guard plates, and the core of the rear panel includes a honeycomb structure.

[0055] The core of the rear panel may include a honeycomb structure (e.g., a honeycomb form), and is particularly made of metal (e.g., aluminum), polyimide, polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), or high-performance synthetic fibers (e.g., Type) is made.

[0056] Alternatively, the core of the rear panel may comprise a porous structure in the form of a foam and in particular made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or polyurethane (PU).

[0057] Furthermore, the back panel guard may be made of a composite material, such as glass fiber / epoxy prepreg, polycarbonate (PC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), or a prepreg, or may be made from a metal (particularly aluminum).

[0058] If desired, single or multi-layer polymer films (e.g. A protective plate (a type of polymer film) covers the rear panel.

[0059] In addition, the surface weight of the rear panel may be less than or equal to 3kg / m 2 , especially less than or equal to 2kg / m 2 , more particularly less than or equal to 1 kg / m 2 .

[0060] It should be noted that the second layer may not adopt a rear surface of the sandwich panel type, but may comprise a rear layer comprising a honeycomb structure, for example of the honeycomb polycarbonate type, without using a cover sublayer.

[0061] According to a second possible solution, the second layer may include:

[0062] a back layer made of at least one polymer material, called "polymer back layer", and

[0063] At least one rear component, the at least one rear component comprises an interface rear layer and a glass rear layer, the thickness of the glass rear layer is particularly less than or equal to 2 mm, preferably also less than or equal to 1.5 mm, in particular between 500 μm and 1 mm, and the glass rear layer is particularly made of non-tempered glass.

[0064] At least one rear component is located between the polymer rear layer and the encapsulation component, and an interface rear layer of at least one rear component is located between the polymer rear layer and the glass rear layer.

[0065] Thus, the second layer may be obtained according to similar principles as those used for the first layer. In particular, the second layer may also comprise a combination of thin glass and polymer. The second layer may or may not be identical to the first layer.

[0066] According to a third possibility, the second layer may comprise a fiber-based reinforcement layer.

[0067] "Fiber-based reinforcement layer" refers to a layer mainly comprising organic fibers and / or inorganic fibers, preferably a layer consisting of organic fibers and / or inorganic fibers. Advantageously, the fiber-based reinforcement layer can mechanically reinforce the stack of layers used to form a photovoltaic module. Prior to lamination, the fibers of the fiber-based reinforcement layer are preferably not impregnated, in particular not impregnated with a polymer material. Such a reinforcement layer can be said to be fiberized or woven. In particular, such a reinforcement layer is not a prepreg layer, nor a composite layer.

[0068] The fiber-based reinforcement layer may include woven fibers or non-woven fibers. In addition, the surface weight of the reinforcement layer may be between 20 grams per square meter (g / m 2 ) to 1500g / m 2 Between, preferably between 300g / m 2 Up to 800g / m 2 The reinforcement layer may comprise glass fibers, carbon fibers, aromatic polyamide fibers and / or natural fibers (especially hemp, flax and / or silk, etc.).

[0069] The glass used for the front glass layer and / or the back glass layer may in particular be soda-lime glass based on silicon dioxide, calcium and sodium.

[0070] Furthermore, the thickness of the polymer front layer and / or the polymer back layer may be between 15 μm and 300 μm, in particular between 20 μm and 50 μm.

[0071] In addition, the polymer material of the polymer front layer and / or the polymer back layer can be selected from the following: polycarbonate (PC); polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); polyethylene terephthalate (PET); polyamide (PA); fluorinated polymers, especially polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE); ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE); polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE); fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP); and / or multilayer films containing one or more of the aforementioned polymers, etc.

[0072] Furthermore, the ultraviolet (UV) cut-off filter of the polymer front layer and / or the polymer back layer may be between 320 nm and 450 nm, which corresponds to a wavelength at which the transmittance is equal to 50%. In this way, the bottom layer can be protected from aging and possible hydrolysis by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which prolongs the service life of the photovoltaic module.

[0073] The interfacial front layer and / or the interfacial back layer may allow for bonding between the polymer front layer and / or the polymer back layer, respectively, and a glass layer, or between two glass layers.

[0074] The thickness of the front interface layer and / or the rear interface layer may be between 50 μm and 600 μm, preferably between 400 μm and 600 μm, or even between 400 μm and 500 μm.

[0075] The Young's modulus of the interface front layer and / or the interface rear layer at 25°C may be between 2MPa and 300MPa, preferably between 2MPa and 250MPa at 25°C, or even between 10MPa and 50MPa at 25°C, or even between 2MPa and 50MPa at 25°C, or even between 2MPa and 20MPa at 25°C.

[0076] In addition, the interface front layer and / or the optional interface back layer can be formed by at least one layer, which includes at least one polymer encapsulating material selected from the following: acid copolymers, ionomers, poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) (ethylene-vinyl acetate, EVA), vinyl acetals (such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB)), polyurethanes, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene (such as linear low-density polyethylene), copolymers of polyolefin elastomers, copolymers of α-olefins and α-, β-vinyl carboxylates (such as ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers and ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymers), silicone elastomers, and / or elastomers based on cross-linked thermoplastic polyolefins, etc.

[0077] The front layer of the encapsulating material can be formed by at least one layer, which includes at least one polymer encapsulating material, and the polymer encapsulating material is selected from the following: poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA), vinyl acetal (such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB)), polyurethane, silicone elastomer, elastomer based on cross-linked thermoplastic polyolefin, and / or elastomer based on cross-linked thermoplastic polyolefin (thermoplastic polyolefin, TPO), etc.

[0078] The rear layer of encapsulating material may be formed by at least one layer comprising at least one polymeric encapsulating material selected from the group consisting of acid copolymers, ionomers, polyvinyl chloride and / or polyethylene, and the like.

[0079] Preferably, the encapsulation material (especially the front layer of encapsulation material) and / or the thickness of the encapsulation material of the encapsulation component is the same as the material and / or material thickness of the interface front layer and the optional interface rear layer. In this way, the manufacturing method can be simplified.

[0080] The thickness of the front layer of encapsulation material and / or the rear layer of encapsulation material of the encapsulation assembly may be between 200 μm and 600 μm, in particular between 400 μm and 600 μm.

[0081] In addition, the photovoltaic cell can be selected from the following: homojunction or heterojunction photovoltaic cells based on monocrystalline silicon (c-Si) and / or multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si), and / or IBC type photovoltaic cells, and / or photovoltaic cells including at least one material of amorphous silicon (a-Si), microcrystalline silicon (μC-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper-indium selenide (CIS), copper-indium / gallium diselenide (CIGS) and perovskite.

[0082] Furthermore, the thickness of the photovoltaic cell may be between 1 μm and 300 μm, in particular between 1 μm and 200 μm and advantageously between 70 μm and 160 μm.

[0083] The photovoltaic module may further include one or more junction boxes for accommodating wiring required for operating the photovoltaic module. The junction box may be located on the front surface or the rear surface of the module, preferably on the front surface.

[0084] Furthermore, in a specific configuration, the spacing between two adjacent or continuous or neighboring photovoltaic cells may be greater than or equal to 1 mm, in particular between 1 mm and 30 mm, and preferably equal to 2 mm. In other configurations (in particular "shingle" type configurations), adjacent or continuous or neighboring photovoltaic cells may be superimposed.

[0085] According to certain embodiments, the first layer may include:

[0086] A first front assembly, the first front assembly comprising an interface front layer and a glass front layer, the thickness of the glass front layer being less than or equal to 2 mm;

[0087] The second front component includes an interface front layer and a glass front layer, and the thickness of the glass front layer is less than or equal to 2 mm.

[0088] The first front assembly is located between the polymer front layer and the second front assembly, and the second front assembly is located between the first front assembly and the encapsulation assembly.

[0089] The thickness of the glass front layer of the first front assembly may be the same as or different from the thickness of the glass front layer of the second front assembly. In particular, the thickness of the glass front layer of the first front assembly may be greater than the thickness of the glass front layer of the second front assembly.

[0090] In addition, the second layer may include:

[0091] a back layer made of at least one polymer material, called "polymer back layer", and

[0092] a first rear assembly, the first rear assembly comprising an interface rear layer and a glass rear layer, the thickness of the glass rear layer being in particular less than or equal to 2 mm, in particular less than or equal to 1.5 mm, in particular between 500 μm and 1 mm, and the glass rear layer being in particular made of non-tempered glass,

[0093] The second rear component comprises an interface rear layer and a glass rear layer, wherein the thickness of the glass rear layer is particularly less than or equal to 2 mm, particularly less than or equal to 1.5 mm, particularly between 500 μm and 1 mm, and the glass rear layer is particularly made of non-tempered glass.

[0094] The first rear component is located between the polymer rear layer and the second rear component, which is in turn located between the first rear component and the encapsulation component.

[0095] Furthermore, according to another aspect of the present invention, the present invention also relates to a method for producing a photovoltaic module (especially a photovoltaic module as defined above) by stacking, the photovoltaic module comprising:

[0096] a transparent first layer, which forms the front surface of the photovoltaic module and is used to receive the light flux;

[0097] A plurality of photovoltaic cells arranged side by side and electrically connected to each other;

[0098] An encapsulation assembly for encapsulating a plurality of photovoltaic cells, the assembly being obtained by joining a front layer of encapsulation material and a rear layer of encapsulation material located on both sides of the photovoltaic cell, the front layer of encapsulation material being located between the first layer and the photovoltaic cell;

[0099] The second layer, the packaging assembly and the plurality of photovoltaic cells are located between the first layer and the second layer.

[0100] The first layer includes:

[0101] a front layer made of at least one polymer material, referred to as a "polymer front layer", and

[0102] At least one front component, the at least one front component includes an interface front layer and a glass front layer, and the thickness of the glass front layer is less than or equal to 2 mm.

[0103] At least one front component is located between the polymer front layer and the encapsulation component, and an interface front layer of at least one front component is located between the polymer front layer and the glass front layer.

[0104] The front layer of encapsulating material is formed by at least one layer comprising at least one polymeric encapsulating material having a Young's modulus at 25° C. strictly less than 50 MPa.

[0105] The rear layer of encapsulating material is formed by at least one layer comprising at least one polymeric encapsulating material having a Young's modulus at 25° C. strictly greater than 150 MPa.

[0106] The method comprises a step of obtaining a photovoltaic module by subjecting the layers constituting the stack to a thermal and vacuum lamination process.

[0107] The heat and vacuum lamination step may in particular be carried out at a temperature greater than or equal to 120°C, or even greater than or equal to 140°C, or even greater than or equal to 150°C, and less than or equal to 170°C, or even less than or equal to 180°C (typically between 130°C and 180°C, or even between 145°C and 165°C), and the duration of the lamination cycle is at least 5 minutes, or even 10 minutes, or even 15 minutes (especially between 5 minutes and 20 minutes).

[0108] This therefore makes it possible to achieve complete encapsulation of the thin glass, thereby protecting it from impacts.

[0109] The photovoltaic module and the production method according to the invention may comprise any one of the aforementioned features, alone or in any technically possible combination with the other features. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0110] The invention may be better understood by reading the following detailed description of non-limiting examples of implementation and by examining the schematic and partial drawings in the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0111] Figure 1 A conventional example of a photovoltaic module including a crystalline photovoltaic cell is shown in cross-section.

[0112] Figure 1A Shows Figure 1 An alternative embodiment of the example in which the photovoltaic cell is of IBC type.

[0113] Figure 2 The exploded diagram shows Figure 1 Photovoltaic modules in.

[0114] Figure 3 A first exemplary embodiment of a photovoltaic module according to the invention is shown in a perspective view and in an exploded view.

[0115] Figure 3A The cross-sectional view shows the Figure 3 Examples of rear layers of variants of photovoltaic modules are shown.

[0116] Figure 4 A second exemplary embodiment of a photovoltaic module according to the invention is shown in a perspective view and in an exploded view.

[0117] Figure 5 A third exemplary embodiment of a photovoltaic module according to the invention is shown in a perspective view and in an exploded view.

[0118] Figure 6 A fourth exemplary embodiment of a photovoltaic module according to the invention is shown in a perspective view and in an exploded view.

[0119] In the drawings, the same reference numbers may identify the same or similar elements.

[0120] Furthermore, in order to make the drawings easier to read, the different parts shown in the drawings do not necessarily have a uniform scale. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0121] The prior art has been described in the section related to Figure 1 , Figure 1A and Figure 2 .

[0122] Figures 3 to 6 Four different embodiments of a photovoltaic module 1 according to the invention are shown.

[0123] This paper considers: photovoltaic cells 4 (similar to Figure 1 , Figure 1A and Figure 2 The photovoltaic cell shown in ) is a "crystalline" cell, in other words it comprises single-crystalline or multicrystalline silicon and has a thickness between 1 μm and 250 μm.

[0124] In addition, the polymer front layer 2a may be a fluorinated polymer film having a thickness of about 50 μm, in particular a fluorinated polymer film made of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), for example ETFE-E2(Saint-Gobain ETFE-E2) type.

[0125] The interface layers 2b, 2d and 5b may include a polymer encapsulation film, such as a type A polymer encapsulation film or a type B polymer encapsulation film. The type A polymer encapsulation film is formed of a thermoplastic elastomer based on polyolefin (TPO), and its Young's modulus at 25°C is 18 MPa. The type B polymer encapsulation film is formed of an ion-crosslinked thermoplastic copolymer (e.g., an ion-crosslinked polymer type thermoplastic copolymer), and its Young's modulus at 25°C is 285 MPa. The thickness may be between 500 μm and 600 μm, and for example, is about 500 μm. In particular, for the type A polymer encapsulation film, it may be a Borealis polymer encapsulation film. BPO8828UV, and for type B polymer encapsulation film, it can be from Kurabo (PV8729D / UV CUT), thickness is 500μm.

[0126] The glass layers 2c, 2e and 5c may include thin non-tempered glass with a thickness between 500 μm and 1000 μm (eg, about 950 μm).

[0127] When produced in the form of a polymer multilayer, the second layer 5 may integrate an aluminum layer.

[0128] When the second layer 5 is in the form of a rear panel 5, the second layer 5 may comprise a polypropylene honeycomb core 9a and a composite skin or panel 9b, 9c made of glass-fiber reinforced polypropylene, for example with a thickness between 6 mm and 10 mm, for example 10 mm thick. 8GR 600 model.

[0129] Of course, these options are by no means limiting.

[0130] For reference Figures 3 to 6 All stacking examples described were subjected to a mechanical impact test of the hail type (25 mm diameter) at an energy level of 2 J in compliance with certification standard IEC 61215. The mechanical impact test was performed by gluing the photovoltaic module 1 to a rigid support representing a flat roof, a terrace or a commercial building.

[0131] The results show that the impact resistance will be improved and increased when an encapsulant with enhanced mechanical properties is used at the back layer of the encapsulation material of the encapsulated assembly.

[0132] To describe the different configurations considered, first refer to Figure 3 , which shows a first exemplary embodiment of a photovoltaic module 1 according to the invention in a perspective view and in an exploded view.

[0133] It should be noted that Figure 3 Exploded view corresponding to a photovoltaic module 1 before the lamination step of the method according to the invention. Once the lamination step has been carried out, ensuring heat and vacuum pressing, the different layers are in actual contact with each other, in particular interpenetrating.

[0134] Therefore, the photovoltaic module 1, or more precisely, a stack for forming the photovoltaic module 1, includes: a first layer 2 forming the front surface of the photovoltaic module 1 and for receiving light flux, a plurality of photovoltaic cells 4 arranged side by side and electrically connected to each other, an assembly 3 for encapsulating the plurality of photovoltaic cells 4, and a second layer 5 forming the rear surface of the photovoltaic module 1, wherein the assembly 3 includes a front layer 3a of an encapsulation material and a rear layer 3b of an encapsulation material located on both sides of the photovoltaic cell 4.

[0135] It should also be noted that Figure 1 , Figure 1A and Figure 2 As shown, the junction box 7 may be disposed on the front surface or the rear surface of the photovoltaic module 1 .

[0136] According to the present invention, and according to Figures 3 to 6 In a common manner of the example, the first layer 2 includes: a front layer 2a made of a polymer material (referred to as "polymer front layer 2a"), and a first front component 2b, 2c, which includes an interface front layer 2b and a glass front layer 2c (advantageously made of non-tempered glass).

[0137] Advantageously, the thickness e of the front glass layer 2c is 2c Less than or equal to 2 mm, or even less than or equal to 1.5 mm, and in particular between 500 μm and 1 mm.

[0138] In this example, the second layer 5 is made of at least one polymer material of the "backsheet" type. It may include a polymer material selected from the following: polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), fluorinated polymers (especially polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF)), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE), fluorinated ethylene propyvene (FEP), and / or a multilayer film containing one or more of the aforementioned polymers. Advantageously, the second layer is produced in the form of a polymer multilayer and includes an aluminized layer.

[0139] Furthermore, in this example, the front layer 3 a of the encapsulation material and the front interface layer 2 b are both the A-type encapsulation films as described above.

[0140] On the other hand, in order to increase the impact resistance, the rear layer 3b of the packaging material is a B-type packaging film as described above, so that its mechanical properties will be enhanced.

[0141] More generally, in this article reference Figures 3 to 6 In all the examples described, the present invention provides a front layer 3a of encapsulation material and a rear layer of encapsulation material. The Young's modulus of the front layer 3a of encapsulation material at 25°C is strictly less than 50MPa, or even strictly less than 20MPa, or even greater than 2MPa and strictly less than 50MPa, or even between 10MPa and 20MPa. The Young's modulus of the rear layer of encapsulation material at 25°C is strictly greater than 150MPa, preferably strictly greater than 200MPa, also preferably strictly greater than 200MPa and less than 500MPa, or even between 250MPa and 350MPa. In particular, the front layer 3a of encapsulation material is a type A encapsulation film, and the rear layer 3b of encapsulation material is a type B encapsulation film.

[0142] By using a B-type encapsulation film for the rear layer 3 b of the encapsulation material instead of an A-type encapsulation film, any breakage of the glass and the photovoltaic cell 4 can be avoided.

[0143] It should be noted that the second layer 5 can alternatively be formed by a rear panel 5, which is made of a composite material and includes a main sublayer and two covering sublayers, the main sublayer forming the core 9a of the rear panel 5, and each covering sublayer forming a guard plate 9b, 9c of the rear panel 5, the guard plates 9b, 9c are arranged on both sides of the core 9a so that the core 9a is sandwiched between the two guard plates 9b and 9c, and the core 9a of the rear panel 5 includes a honeycomb structure 12.

[0144] Figure 3A The cross-sectional and schematic diagrams show in more detail Figure 3 It should also be noted that, alternatively, the second layer 5 may include a reinforcement layer based on fibers, which are woven fibers or non-woven fibers, especially glass fibers, carbon fibers, aromatic polyamide fibers and / or natural fibers (especially hemp, flax and / or silk, etc.).

[0145] The photovoltaic module 1 is obtained by a single vacuum thermal lamination step, for example at a temperature of about 150° C. for about 15 minutes. The surface weight of the photovoltaic module 1 is 4.4 kg / cm 2 ).

[0146] It has been described above that the front layer 3a of the encapsulation material and the front interface layer 2b use type A encapsulation film, while the rear layer 3b of the encapsulation material uses type B encapsulation film. However, it should be noted that if it is desired to further improve the impact resistance of the photovoltaic module 1, the front interface layer 2b may also use type B encapsulation film instead of type A encapsulation film.

[0147] also, Figure 4 A second exemplary embodiment according to the present invention is shown.

[0148] In this example, unlike Figure 3 In the example of , the first layer 2 further comprises a second front assembly 2d, 2e, the second front assembly 2d, 2e comprises an interface front layer 2d and a glass front layer 2e, the glass front layer 2e is advantageously made of non-tempered glass. The thickness e of the glass front layer 2e is 2e Less than or equal to 2 mm, or even less than or equal to 1.5 mm, in particular between 500 μm and 1 mm. In other words, this exemplary embodiment provides for doubling the glass thickness in the first layer 2. This results in a surface weight equal to 6 kg / cm 2 The photovoltaic module 1. The impact resistance of the photovoltaic module 1 is further improved.

[0149] Furthermore, the first interface front layer 2b and the encapsulation front layer 3a are formed by the A-type encapsulation film, and the second interface front layer 2d and the encapsulation rear layer 3b are formed by the B-type encapsulation film.

[0150] exist Figure 4 In the example of FIG. 1 , the thickness of the first glass front layer 2 b and the second glass front layer 2 e are the same. Alternatively, glasses of different thicknesses may be used, for example, glasses of thickness e 2b The thickness is about 500 μm. 2e Therefore, if it is considered that glass with a thickness of 800 μm can satisfy the impact resistance requirement of the battery 4, for example, glass with a thickness of 500 μm and glass with a thickness of 300 μm can be used.

[0151] In fact, elastomeric materials are known to have vibration-damping and shock-resistant properties. Therefore, the alternation of rigid materials with elastomeric materials can change the propagation speed of the shock wave, because the speed of the shock wave is proportional to the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the materials used. Thus, inserting a flexible elastic layer between layers of more rigid materials can slow down the propagation of the shock wave. In addition, at each interface encountered, the shock wave can be partially transmitted and / or reflected. Therefore, the alternating repetition of these polymer layers with different Young's moduli can slow down the shock wave on the one hand, and on the other hand, it can also reduce the intensity of the shock wave reaching the photovoltaic cell.

[0152] Furthermore, for the same amount of glass, it may be more beneficial to distribute that amount over at least two layers of glass of different thicknesses rather than a single layer of glass.

[0153] also, Figure 5 A third exemplary embodiment is shown, the principle of which is to use the same encapsulation architecture on the rear surface as on the front surface in a symmetrical manner. Thus, a bifacial and lightweight photovoltaic module 1 can be obtained.

[0154] Therefore, the second layer 5 in this embodiment includes: a rear layer 5a made of a polymer material (referred to as "polymer rear layer 5a"), and a first rear component 5b, 5c, which first rear component 5b, 5c includes an interface rear layer 5b and a glass rear layer 5c (preferably non-tempered glass).

[0155] The thickness of the glass rear layer 5c is 5c is 550 μm, and the thickness of the front glass layer 2c is 2c Also 550μm.

[0156] The interface front layer 2b, the interface rear layer 5b and the encapsulation rear layer 3b are all B-type encapsulation films in this article, while the encapsulation front layer 3a is an A-type encapsulation film.

[0157] also, Figure 6 Shows the corresponding Figure 5 A fourth exemplary embodiment is a variation of the example of , in which the thin glass (preferably non-tempered glass) used on the front surface and the rear surface is asymmetrical.

[0158] Specifically, two thin glasses 2c and 2e of the same or different thicknesses may be used as the front surface, and thin glass 5c may be used as the rear surface. More specifically, the thickness e of the first front glass layer 2c is 2c is 500 μm, the thickness of the second front glass layer 2e is 2e is 300 μm, and the thickness e of the first glass rear layer 5c is 5c is 550μm.

[0159] In addition, the first interface front layer 2b, the second interface front layer 2d, the interface rear layer 5b and the encapsulation rear layer 3b in this article are all B-type encapsulation films, while the encapsulation front layer 3a is an A-type encapsulation film.

[0160] In all the examples described above, the thickness e of the polymer front layer 2a is 2a and the thickness e of the polymer rear layer 5a 5a About 50μm.

[0161] The thickness of the front interface layer 2b, 2d is 2b and e 2d , and the thickness e of the interface rear layer 5b 5b About 600μm.

[0162] Of course, the present invention is not limited to the exemplary embodiments just described, and various modifications may be made thereto by those skilled in the art.

[0163] In particular, these exemplary embodiments may be produced using various variations of one or more of the above-described materials to form first layer 2 and second layer 5 .

Claims

1. A photovoltaic module (1) obtained by stacking, the photovoltaic module (1) comprising: a transparent first layer (2), the first layer (2) forming the front surface of the photovoltaic module (1) and being used to receive the light flux, A plurality of photovoltaic cells (4) arranged side by side and electrically connected to each other, A packaging component (3) for packaging the plurality of photovoltaic cells (4), the packaging component (3) being obtained by joining a front layer (3a) of packaging material and a rear layer (3b) of packaging material located on both sides of the photovoltaic cells (4), the front layer (3a) of packaging material being located between the first layer (2) and the photovoltaic cells (4), a second layer (5), the second layer (5) forming the rear surface of the photovoltaic module (1), the packaging component (3) and the plurality of photovoltaic cells (4) being located between the first layer (2) and the second layer (5), Characterized in that the first layer (2) comprises: a front layer (2a) made of at least one polymer material, referred to as "polymer front layer (2a)", and At least one front component (2b, 2c, 2d, 2e), the at least one front component (2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) comprising an interface front layer (2b, 2d) and a glass front layer (2c, 2e), the thickness (e) of the glass front layer (2c, 2e) being 2c , e 2e ) is less than or equal to 2mm, The at least one front component (2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) is located between the polymer front layer (2a) and the packaging component (3), and the interface front layer (2b, 2d) of the at least one front component (2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) is located between the polymer front layer (2a) and the glass front layer (2c, 2e), The front layer (3a) of the packaging material is formed by at least one layer, wherein the at least one layer comprises at least one polymer packaging material having a Young's modulus at 25° C. between 2 MPa and 20 MPa, And wherein the rear layer (3b) of encapsulating material is formed by at least one layer comprising at least one polymeric encapsulating material having a Young's modulus at 25°C strictly greater than 200 MPa.

2. The module according to claim 1, characterized in that The front layer (3a) of the packaging material is formed by at least one layer, which includes at least one polymer packaging material having a Young's modulus at 25°C between 10MPa and 20MPa; and the back layer (3b) of the packaging material is formed by at least one layer, which includes at least one polymer packaging material having a Young's modulus at 25°C strictly greater than 200MPa and less than 500MPa, in particular between 250MPa and 350MPa.

3. The module according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The thickness (e) of the glass front layer (2c, 2e) 2c , e 2e ) is less than or equal to 1.5 mm, in particular between 500 μm and 1 mm.

4. A module according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that The glass front layer (2c, 2e) is made of non-tempered glass.

5. The module according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that The second layer (5) is made of at least one polymer material, which is particularly selected from: polycarbonate (PC); polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA); polyethylene terephthalate (PET); polypropylene (PP); polyamide (PA); fluorinated polymers, especially polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF); ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE); ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE); polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE); polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE); fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP); and / or a multilayer film containing one or more of the aforementioned polymers.

6. The module according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that The second layer (5) comprises: A rear layer of a rear panel (5) is formed, the rear panel (5) is made of a composite material and includes a main sublayer and two covering sublayers, the main sublayer forms the core (9a) of the rear panel (5), each of the covering sublayers forms a guard plate (9b, 9c) of the rear panel (5), the guard plates (9b, 9c) are arranged on both sides of the core (9a) so that the core (9a) is sandwiched between the two guard plates (9b, 9c), and the core (9a) of the rear panel (5) includes a honeycomb structure (12).

7. The module according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that The second layer (5) comprises: a back layer (5a) made of at least one polymer material, referred to as "polymer back layer (5a)", and At least one rear component (5b, 5c), the at least one rear component (5b, 5c) comprising an interface rear layer (5b) and a glass rear layer (5c), the thickness of the glass rear layer (5c) being 5c ) is in particular less than or equal to 2 mm, in particular less than or equal to 1.5 mm, in particular between 500 μm and 1 mm, and the glass rear layer (5c) is in particular made of non-tempered glass, The at least one rear component (5b, 5c) is located between the polymer rear layer (5a) and the packaging component (3), and the interface rear layer (5b) of the at least one rear component (5b, 5c) is located between the polymer rear layer (5a) and the glass rear layer (5c).

8. The module according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that The second layer (5) comprises a reinforcement layer based on fibers, in particular glass fibers, carbon fibers, aramid fibers and / or natural fibers, in particular hemp, flax and / or silk.

9. A module according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that The thickness (e) of the polymer front layer (2a) and / or the polymer back layer (5a) is 2a , e 5a ) is between 15 μm and 300 μm, in particular between 20 μm and 50 μm.

10. A module according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that The thickness (e) of the interface front layer (2b, 2d) and / or the interface rear layer (5b) is 2b , e 2d , e 5b ) is between 50 μm and 600 μm, in particular between 400 μm and 600 μm, in particular between 400 μm and 500 μm.

11. A module according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that The interface front layer (2b, 2d) and / or the optional interface back layer (5b) are formed by at least one layer, which includes at least one polymer encapsulating material, and the polymer encapsulating material is selected from: acid copolymers; ionomers; poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) (EVA); vinyl acetals, such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB); polyurethanes; polyvinyl chloride; polyethylene, such as linear low-density polyethylene; copolymers of polyolefin elastomers; copolymers of α-olefins and α-, β-vinyl carboxylates, such as ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymers and ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymers; silicone elastomers; and / or elastomers based on cross-linked thermoplastic polyolefins.

12. A module according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that The front layer (3a) of the encapsulating material is formed by at least one layer, which includes at least one polymer encapsulating material, and the polymer encapsulating material is selected from: poly (ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA); vinyl acetal, such as polyvinyl butyral (PVB); polyurethane; silicone elastomer; elastomer based on cross-linked thermoplastic polyolefin; and / or elastomer based on cross-linked thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO).

13. A module according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that The rear layer (3b) of encapsulating material is formed by at least one layer comprising at least one polymeric encapsulating material selected from the group consisting of acid copolymers, ionomers, polyvinyl chloride and / or polyethylene.

14. A module according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that The first layer (2) comprises: A first front component (2b, 2c), wherein the first front component (2b, 2c) comprises an interface front layer (2b) and a glass front layer (2c), wherein the thickness (e) of the glass front layer (2c) is 2c ) is less than or equal to 2mm, A second front component (2d, 2e), wherein the second front component (2d, 2e) comprises an interface front layer (2d) and a glass front layer (2e), wherein the thickness (e 2e ) is less than or equal to 2mm, The first front component (2b, 2c) is located between the polymer front layer (2a) and the second front component (2d, 2e), and the second front component (2d, 2e) is located between the first front component (2b, 2c) and the packaging component (3).

15. The module according to claim 14, characterized in that The thickness (e) of the glass front layer (2c) of the first front assembly (2b, 2c) is 2c ) is different from the thickness (e) of the glass front layer (2e) of the second front assembly (2d, 2e) 2e ), in particular, the thickness (e) of the glass front layer (2c) of the first front assembly (2b, 2c) 2c ) is greater than the thickness (e) of the glass front layer (2e) of the second front assembly (2d, 2e) 2e ).

16. A module according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that The second layer (5) comprises: a back layer (5a) made of at least one polymer material, referred to as "polymer back layer (5a)", and A first rear assembly (5b, 5c), wherein the first rear assembly (5b, 5c) comprises an interface rear layer (5b) and a glass rear layer (5c), wherein the thickness (e) of the glass rear layer (5c) is 5c ) is in particular less than or equal to 2 mm, in particular less than or equal to 1.5 mm, in particular between 500 μm and 1 mm, and the glass rear layer (5c) is in particular made of non-tempered glass, a second rear assembly, the second rear assembly comprising an interface rear layer and a glass rear layer, the thickness of the glass rear layer being in particular less than or equal to 2 mm, in particular less than or equal to 1.5 mm, in particular between 500 μm and 1 mm, and the glass rear layer being in particular made of non-tempered glass, The first rear component (5b, 5c) is located between the polymer rear layer (5a) and the second rear component, and the second rear component is located between the first rear component (5b, 5c) and the packaging component (3).

17. A method for producing a photovoltaic module (1) according to any one of the preceding claims by stacking, the photovoltaic module (1) comprising: a transparent first layer (2), the first layer (2) forming the front surface of the photovoltaic module (1) and being used to receive the light flux, A plurality of photovoltaic cells (4) arranged side by side and electrically connected to each other, A packaging component (3) for packaging the plurality of photovoltaic cells (4), the packaging component (3) being obtained by joining a front layer (3a) of packaging material and a rear layer (3b) of packaging material located on both sides of the photovoltaic cells (4), the front layer (3a) of packaging material being located between the first layer (2) and the photovoltaic cells (4), a second layer (5), wherein the packaging component (3) and the plurality of photovoltaic cells (4) are located between the first layer (2) and the second layer (5), Characterized in that the first layer (2) comprises: a front layer (2a) made of at least one polymer material, referred to as "polymer front layer (2a)", and At least one front component (2b, 2c, 2d, 2e), the at least one front component (2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) comprising an interface front layer (2b, 2d) and a glass front layer (2c, 2e), the thickness (e) of the glass front layer (2c, 2e) being 2c , e 2e ) is less than or equal to 2mm, The at least one front component (2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) is located between the polymer front layer (2a) and the packaging component (3), and the interface front layer (2b, 2d) of the at least one front component (2b, 2c, 2d, 2e) is located between the polymer front layer (2a) and the glass front layer (2c, 2e), The front layer (3a) of the packaging material is formed by at least one layer, wherein the at least one layer comprises at least one polymer packaging material having a Young's modulus at 25° C. between 2 MPa and 20 MPa, The rear layer (3b) of encapsulating material is formed by at least one layer comprising at least one polymeric encapsulating material having a Young's modulus at 25°C strictly greater than 200 MPa, The method comprises the steps of obtaining the photovoltaic module (1) by subjecting the layers constituting the stack to thermal and vacuum lamination processes.

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