Functional assay for rapid determination of immune state

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for rapidly determining the immune state of an individual. The method comprises the steps of: collecting an amount of a whole blood sample from an individual; stimulating the whole blood sample by incubating the whole blood sample with an amount of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at a temperature of 35 DEG C to 39 DEG C for a minimum time of 3 to 3.5 hours; the level of interferon-gamma production induced thereby by incubation / stimulation is evaluated, which then provides an indication of the immune state of the individual.

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to the evaluation and determination of the immune status of an individual. More specifically, the present invention relates to methods and tools specifically for measuring the overall level of cell-mediated immunity in an individual and the working principle of which is a functional immunoassay.

[0002] The present invention advantageously becomes a valuable aid in decision making for clinicians by proposing methods and clinical tools that can reliably and quickly assess a patient's immune status and / or diagnose any dysfunction or imbalance (immunodeficiency or overactivity) in their immune response.

[0003] The immune status of an individual corresponds to the functional state of his or her immune system, i.e. the body's ability to defend itself against potentially dangerous agents. These defense and protection mechanisms are primarily deployed against pathogens of infectious origin and pathogens exogenous to the body, such as microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. They are also deployed against endogenous agents, in particular cells transformed as a result of physical and / or chemical damage (as in the case of infected cells, cancer cells or senescent cells).

[0004] The immune system's response to attacks by potential risk factors (whether exogenous or endogenous) is a dynamic phenomenon that, when properly adapted, maintains the integrity of the organism. Conversely, a weakened, insufficient, or unbalanced immune response exposes the organism to a higher risk of developing pathology. Thus, a weakened or ineffective immune response predisposes to opportunistic infections, sepsis, and / or viral reactivation, while an exaggerated immune response may lead to allergies, autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, lupus, autoimmune thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Goujerot- syndrome, Crohn's disease).

[0005] Being able to determine the immune status of a patient and / or monitor its development is therefore a major clinical challenge. In this regard, many examples of clinical applications can be mentioned, in particular:

[0006] -Identify patients who may have immunodeficiency (chronic or acute, acquired or induced) and, where appropriate, be able to:

[0007] - provide appropriate nursing and medical support; and / or

[0008] -Prevention of intolerance to live attenuated vaccines or drugs contraindicated in immunodeficiency;

[0009] - Monitoring changes in the immune status of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy (e.g. solid organ transplant candidates, patients undergoing recent transplantation); this allows for optimal adjustment of the dose of the immunosuppressive drug used to establish an immune level deemed appropriate to prevent the risk of transplant rejection while minimizing the risk of infection, oncogenic viral reactivation, and anti-tumor immunosuppression of the patient;

[0010] -Monitor the reconstitution of a patient's immune system following immunosuppressive therapy to ensure the approach is proceeding smoothly;

[0011] - monitoring the effects of chemotherapy on the patient's immune status, thereby allowing for optional readjustment or change of therapy; or

[0012] - Manage the treatment and monitoring of patients receiving immunotherapy, particularly CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor-T) cell therapy and treatments based on injections of antibodies, called anti-checkpoint antibodies.

[0013] Being able to determine the immune status of an individual and monitor its progression is also of great interest to the pharmaceutical industry and basic research in human health. In this regard, many application examples can be cited, in particular:

[0014] - in the context of drug development, where its effect on the immune system needs to be evaluated;

[0015] - in the context of vaccine development, for example to assess its effect on the possible polarization of the immune response towards a Th1 and / or Th2 type reaction; or

[0016] -Evaluate the possible impact of pathological or environmental factors on the individual's immune system.

[0017] Among the currently known methods capable of determining and / or evaluating the immune status of an individual, the lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) and the lymphoblast transformation test (LTT) can be mentioned first, which are designed to quantify the proliferation of lymphocytes after stimulation with mitogens (e.g., lectins, such as phytohemagglutinins (PHA), concanavalin A (conA) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)) or pathogen-specific antigens. These tests are particularly time-consuming to carry out. In particular, after isolation, the mononuclear cells must be stimulated for 3 to 7 days. The cells are then recovered and DNA replication or cell division is measured by flow cytometry by tracer incorporation.

[0018] A more rapid HLA-DR assay, performed by flow cytometry, measures the expression of HLA-DR ("human leukocyte antigen-D related") on the surface of monocytes; low expression of this marker is a sign of immune system failure. Similarly, in patients with septic shock, persistent low levels of monocyte HLA-DR expression are often a sign of poor survival.

[0019] At present, this method of detecting HLA-DR can only be performed using flow cytometry, and few medical centers or medical analysis laboratories have appropriate equipment. Therefore, this method of determining immune status is more suitable for observational and exploratory studies rather than clinical diagnosis. In addition, it is cumbersome and difficult to perform, and standardization / standardization is still very complicated; the temperature and cell storage period before labeling and red blood cell lysis are factors that have a significant impact on the measurement variability, so they must be carefully controlled (Finck et al., 2003-"Standardization de la mesure de l'antigèneHLA-DR monocytaire par cytométrie en flux:resultat préliminaire etapplication dans le suivi des chocs septiques [Standardization of monocyteHLA-DR antigen measurement by flow cytometry:preliminary results andapplication in the monitoring of septic shock]"-Ann.Biol.Clin.2003,61:441-448).

[0020] There is a need for more convenient equipment and a simpler method for determining immune status, called IFA (immune function assay), based on measuring the response of cell activity (involving one or more types of immune cells - lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells, granulocytes) to specific stimuli. Depending on the nature of the stimulus used for this purpose, the immune level studied is a specific immune level (i.e., an immune response specifically deployed and directed against a given target pathogen), or an overall immune level reflecting the general state of the individual's immune system. In both cases, the measurement of the cell activity includes determining one or more cytokines (e.g., IFNγ, TNFα, interleukins, etc.) whose expression is regulated by the stimulus.

[0021] To determine a specific level of immunity, the stimulant used usually replicates an epitope (protein and / or glycoside) unit from the target pathogen (e.g., for the immune status optionally against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, all or part of the protein sequence of markers such as ESAT-6, CFP-10 and TB7.7 is usually used for stimulation). To determine the overall level of immunity, one or more "non-specific" stimulants are used. For example, mention may be made of protein kinase A (PKA), phorbol myristate acetate (phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate or PMA), PHA, conA, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as cytokines such as interleukins IL-1, IL-2 and IL-12. Anti-CD3 (or less common anti-CD2) monoclonal antibodies are also used, such as OKT-3 with or without anti-CD28.

[0022] The present invention is more specifically directed to functional immunoassays designed to determine the overall level of cellular immunity in an individual, such as those commercially available at Assay (Cylex Inc., USA) and QuantiFERON The situation of the assay (Qiagen GmbH, Germany).

[0023] The assay is intended for immune monitoring of patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs after organ transplantation and is designed to identify under- and over-dosage. + Intracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesized by T lymphocytes. The intracellular ATP level thus measured should be related to the overall lymphocyte activity of the patient. Therefore, a low activity level indicates that the immunosuppressant is excessive and the patient is at risk of infection, while a high activity level indicates that the immunosuppressant is insufficient and the patient is at risk of transplant rejection.

[0024] The assay is performed by stimulating a whole blood sample with a mitogen (in this case PHA) for 15 to 18 hours. CD4 + T lymphocytes are used to extract ATP. The latter are finally quantitatively measured by bioluminescence using a luciferin / luciferase system (Stewart, 2012-"ImmuKnow as an immune monitoring tool following organ transplantation"-Le Courrier de la Transplantation, 2012, vol.VII No.1).

[0025] About QuantiFERON Determination, Douglas et al., 2020 (“The QuantiFERON The assay is predictive of infection post allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation"-Transplant Infectious Disease, 2020, 22(3):1-9) describes its use in predicting the risk of infection in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. For this purpose, a QFMLyoSphere TM The active agent composition stimulates the heparinized whole blood sample at 37°C for 16 to 24 hours. This composition contains R848 reagent and TLR7 receptor agonist to stimulate the patient's innate immunity, and contains anti-CD3 antibodies to stimulate adaptive immunity. After 16 to 24 hours of stimulation, plasma is collected and its gamma interferon (IFNγ) content is measured. The latter provides an indication of the patient's immune status, in this case indicating the overall level of its cell-mediated immunity. This assay takes into account both innate and adaptive immune components.

[0026] and As with the QuantiFERON The assay is also extremely time-consuming, with the long duration mainly due to the stimulation phase, which alone requires 15 to 16 hours.

[0027] Because immunodeficient patients often require specific clinical and / or therapeutic management to address their heightened susceptibility, screening for immunodeficiency may be urgent in many clinical situations, such as:

[0028] -When admitted to the custody center,

[0029] - Before surgery,

[0030] - Before prescribing medications / treatments that are contraindicated in immunocompromised patients,

[0031] - In cases of sepsis that require particularly close monitoring,

[0032] -Therefore, there is a real need for clinicians to have access to diagnostic / prognostic assays for immunodeficiency states that can be performed rapidly and provide results in the shortest possible time.

[0033] It was therefore an object of the present invention to propose a functional immunoassay which enables the determination and assessment of the immune status of a patient in a significantly shorter time compared to currently commercially available functional immunoassays.

[0034] More generally, the object of the present invention is to propose a method for determining the immune status of an individual in vitro or ex vivo, the implementation of which is intended to be simple and rapid and can be performed using technical equipment available in medical centres and medical analysis laboratories.

[0035] The present invention meets all the above-mentioned objects.Before describing its features and unique characteristics in more detail, the following definitions are given for better understanding.

[0036] In the context of this specification, the term "determining / assessing immune status" is used to indicate the ability of an individual's body to mount an immune response to defend and protect itself from potential risk factors. In a very similar way to "immune status", the term "immunity level" can also be used interchangeably.

[0037] The immune state determined / evaluated by the present invention can be reported by a value, which can be a numerical value or a categorical value, and directly or indirectly occurs by the measurement result of the IFNγ produced by the response to the stimulation produced according to the present invention. The result given in numerical form corresponds to a discrete or continuous variable, representing an immune level. The result given in categorical value form can for example combine the immune state of an individual with a qualifier (such as "normal", "low" or "high"). This type of indication is produced by the IFNγ measured based on the stimulation and / or the explanation / inference performed by comparing the level with one or more reference IFNγ expression levels.

[0038] The term "whole blood sample" refers to a venous blood sample obtained from a sample collected from an individual / patient, mainly consisting of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma. Apart from possible addition of an anticoagulant, optional dilution and / or possible storage at 2° C. to 8° C., the whole blood sample directly subjected to the method of the invention has not undergone any other treatment, in particular any pretreatment tending to significantly change its composition (in terms of components and the ratios between components).

[0039] The term "assessing the level of IFNγ production" (in this case the production induced by a stimulus according to the invention) does not necessarily mean measuring with high or low precision the amount of IFNγ actually and specifically produced / secreted in response to said stimulus. Such an assessment may in fact consist of a reasonable estimation of indicators / parameters, such as:

[0040] - the total concentration / amount of IFNγ found in the reaction mixture [whole blood stimulation solution] or a sub-portion of this mixture;

[0041] - the amount of mRNA transcribed in response to IFNγ stimulation,

[0042] And, except for some factors and / or approximations, the effective amount for the IFNγ production under study is given.

[0043] Finally, the term "subject" refers to a human being, regardless of his or her health status. For the purposes of the present invention, a "healthy individual" refers to an individual who is apparently free of immune system disorders. The term "patient" refers to an individual who comes into contact with a medical professional such as a physician (e.g., a general practitioner) and / or a medical institution (e.g., a hospital emergency room or intensive care unit) or a medical analysis laboratory.

[0044] Therefore, the present invention relates to a method for determining the immune status of an individual; said method comprising the following steps:

[0045] - providing a sample of a certain amount of whole blood from said individual;

[0046] - stimulating the whole blood sample by incubating the whole blood sample with a certain amount of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at a temperature of 35°C to 39°C for a minimum time of 3 hours, for example 3 hours to 8 hours;

[0047] - assessing the level of induced IFNy production; whereby said level assessed gives an indication of the immune status of said individual.

[0048] According to a specific embodiment, the stimulation time does not exceed 8 hours, and preferably does not exceed 6 hours.

[0049] The inventors have therefore developed a reliable functional immunoassay that can give results in a particularly short time. In particular, contrary to all expectations, the inventors have succeeded in significantly shortening the duration of the stimulation step. All of this is essentially achieved through the following findings and descriptions:

[0050] 1) Stimulation of whole blood with PHA elicits a cell-mediated immune response, as reflected in the production of IFNγ; 3 to 4 hours of stimulation is sufficient to induce IFNγ production that is sufficiently strong to be quantified, including by assays and equipment readily available in medical centers and medical analytical laboratories;

[0051] 2) PHA stimulation, even of short duration (3 to 4 h), induces IFNγ production that varies according to the functional state of the individual immune system;

[0052] 3) PHA-induced IFNγ production is sufficiently sensitive to changes in the functional state of the immune system that the difference between two specific functional states can be reflected by a difference in IFNγ production and can be easily measured by techniques commonly used in medical centers and medical analytical laboratories.

[0053] Therefore, the IFNγ produced in response to PHA stimulation of whole blood is considered to be the best parameter for developing a system for stratifying the overall state of the immune system of an individual. The method for determining the immune state according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to distinguish the immune state of an immunodeficient individual from that of a healthy patient. It also makes it possible to distinguish between different levels of immunocompetence in healthy individuals and different levels of immunodeficiency in immunosuppressed patients.

[0054] According to the present invention, the biological sample tested is a whole blood sample. Unlike other blood components, a whole blood sample contains all white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets and plasma. Therefore, PHA-stimulable cells and cells expressing IFNγ in response to PHA stimulation benefit from a relatively well-preserved cellular and biochemical environment, in which physiological interactions between different cell populations involved in the immune response are still possible. Therefore, the method for determining immune status according to the present invention advantageously takes into account the full complexity of the intracellular and intercellular mechanisms of the cell-mediated immune response, and can also be applied to individuals / patients affected by drugs or environmental active substances with immunomodulatory effects.

[0055] Advantageously and according to the invention, the whole blood sample is venous blood collected by venous route. According to the invention, the sample is not subjected to any treatment before carrying out the method according to the invention, except for possible addition of anticoagulants and / or dilution.

[0056] According to the invention, the whole blood sample is subjected to a stimulation step (equivalently also referred to as an incubation step or a stimulation / incubation step) within 32 hours after collection. After collection and until the method of the invention is performed, the whole blood sample is stored at between 2°C and 8°C.

[0057] Advantageously and according to the invention, said whole blood sample has been treated with an anticoagulant, preferably immediately after collection.

[0058] Advantageously and according to the invention, said whole blood sample has been heparinized (eg treated with lithium heparin).

[0059] According to the invention, the whole blood sample is subjected to a stimulation / incubation step with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a lectin synthesized by plants and known in particular to have a mitogenic effect on T lymphocytes.

[0060] Advantageously and according to the invention, the stimulation / incubation step (which may also be equivalently referred to as incubation step) is carried out with phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P).

[0061] Advantageously and according to the invention, the stimulation / incubation step is performed with PHA, in particular PHA-P, in an amount at least equal to 20 μg / mL whole blood. According to a preferred embodiment, the amount of PHA, in particular PHA-P, is about 40 μg / mL whole blood.

[0062] Furthermore and according to the invention, the stimulation / incubation step is carried out at a temperature between 35° C. and 39° C. Advantageously and according to the invention, this temperature is 37° C.

[0063] Regarding the duration of the stimulation / incubation step, it is at least equal to 3 hours and does not exceed 8 hours. Preferably, it is between 3 hours 30 minutes and 6 hours. Even more preferably, the shortest stimulation / incubation time is 3 hours 30 minutes.

[0064] According to a particularly preferred embodiment, the level of IFNγ production induced by PHA stimulation is assessed by measuring the IFNγ present in a reaction mixture consisting of a whole blood sample to which PHA is added, for example in the form of a PHA solution.

[0065] According to one embodiment variant, the level of IFNγ production induced by PHA stimulation is evaluated by determining the IFNγ present in the liquid portion of the reaction mixture. To this end, once said stimulation / incubation step is complete, the liquid fraction is recovered from the reaction mixture, optionally after a decantation or centrifugation step.

[0066] According to a preferred embodiment, the level of stimulation-induced IFNγ production is assessed by IFNγ assay using an immunoassay technique.

[0067] Immunoassay methods are well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the assay may be of the enzyme immunoassay (EIA, enzyme immunoassay) type, i.e. an immunoassay that reveals the interaction between the binding partner and the target analyte by substrate hydrolysis (enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis) and the release of readily detectable and measurable cleavage products. Thus, the detection and measurement of the cleavage products reveals the presence and concentration of the target analyte in the test sample.

[0068] Depending on the nature of the enzyme substrate chosen for the assay, enzymatic hydrolysis releases colorimetric (ELISA, i.e., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), fluorescent (ELFA, i.e., enzyme-linked fluorescent assay), or chemiluminescent (CLIA, i.e., chemiluminescent immunoassay) cleavage products that are detectable and have an intensity that can be easily measured.

[0069] Advantageously and according to the invention, IFNγ production is assessed by measuring IFNγ using the ELFA test.

[0070] In this specific context, and for the purposes of this description, the term "immunoassay" should be understood in a broad sense. Strictly speaking, it does not only refer to techniques for detecting and / or quantifying target analytes, the operating principle of which is based on antigen-antibody recognition and coupling, and therefore requires the use of tools with immunological properties or origin, such as antibodies or antibody fragments (Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, scFv ("single-chain variable region fragment") and dsFv ("double-chain variable region fragment") type fragments). It more generally refers to techniques for detecting and / or quantifying target analytes, in which antibodies or any other functionally similar compounds (not necessarily with immunological properties or origin) can be used as binding partners in the process of recognizing and coupling target analytes (or ligands).

[0071] In this regard, as examples of binding partners for carrying out an IFNγ immunoassay in the sense of the present invention, mention may be made of:

[0072] - a binding partner of an immunological nature or origin, such as an anti-IFNγ antibody (monoclonal or polyclonal), or fragments of these antibodies (such as Fab, Fab', F(ab')2 fragments, scFv ("single-chain variable fragment") and dsFv ("double-chain variable fragment"));

[0073] - non-immunological binding partners, such as IFNy receptors or fragments of this receptor, or even oligonucleotides, nanofitins, aptamers, DARPins (Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins) or any other synthetic molecules capable of recognizing and binding IFNy.

[0074] Thus, advantageously and according to the invention, the stimulation-induced IFNγ production is assessed by an immunoassay method. This can be quantitative or semi-quantitative.

[0075] Non-limiting examples of immunoassay instruments suitable for practicing the present invention include those from range (bioMérieux, France), HD-1 (Quanterix, USA), or (Roche Diagnostic, Switzerland), (DiaSorin, Italy), (Abbott, USA), Access2 (Beckman Coulter, USA), Clarity TM (Singulex, USA) and (Johnson & Johnson, USA) instrument.

[0076] According to a specific embodiment of the method of the present invention, this also includes measuring the basic IFNγ level. This measurement is carried out under the same conditions as the stimulation-induced IFNγ production measured according to the present invention, except that the whole blood sample does not receive any stimulation. In other words, before the IFNγ assay, the whole blood sample is incubated under the same conditions as the stimulated blood sample, particularly in terms of temperature and incubation time, but without PHA and any other stimulants. This specific IFNγ measurement that can be used as a control measurement can make the production value related to the basic IFNγ level specific to the analyzed whole blood sample.

[0077] Advantageously, the method for determining immune status according to the invention comprises a further result presentation step, according to which the result is provided in the form of an indication selected from:

[0078] - at least one discrete value reflecting the immunity level of the individual / patient tested, said at least one value corresponding to:

[0079] -Measurement of IFNγ production in response to PHA stimulation;

[0080] - the difference between the measured IFNγ produced in response to PHA stimulation and the measured basal IFNγ level; and / or

[0081] - the ratio between the measured IFNγ produced in response to PHA stimulation and the measured basal IFNγ level;

[0082] - at least one classification value inferred from a comparison between at least one previously listed numerical value and at least one reference value:

[0083] - said at least one reference value has been previously determined from whole blood samples from the same individual / patient but taken at different times; thus, the method according to the invention provides an indication about the evolution of the immune status of said individual / patient over time, and / or about the impact of any treatment on his immune system; and / or

[0084] -The at least one reference value has been previously determined from a set of whole blood samples collected from a population of individuals with the same characteristics in terms of their immune system (e.g. a population of healthy individuals, a population of immunosuppressed individuals); therefore, the method according to the invention provides an indication as to whether the individual / patient belongs to a reference population and / or his / her immune localization relative to this reference population.

[0085] In addition to determining the immune status of an individual / patient, the method of the present invention also has many important clinical applications. Therefore, according to another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the method of determining the immune status of an individual / patient according to the present invention in at least one of the following specific and particular applications:

[0086] -Detection of any immune deficiency;

[0087] - Monitoring the evolution of the immune status of patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy;

[0088] -Monitor the reconstitution of the patient's immune system following immunosuppressive therapy;

[0089] -Monitor the effects of chemotherapy on the patient's immune status, thereby enabling any adjustments or changes in therapy;

[0090] - Study of active substances and their possible effects on the immune system;

[0091] -Study environmental factors and their possible effects on the immune system;

[0092] - Detection and / or study of infectious agents and their possible effects on the immune system;

[0093] - Diagnose and / or study diseases and their possible effects on the immune system.

[0094] Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description and examples. Figures 1 to 4 , which show in block diagram form the results of various embodiments of the method performed according to the present invention. Example

[0095] Example 1 : Stimulation of whole blood from healthy donors and patients undergoing chemotherapy

[0096] Source of blood samples analyzed

[0097] The first batch of whole blood samples used in this example came from 27 healthy adults who, in principle, did not show symptoms of immunodeficiency. collected by du Sang (EFS).

[0098] Likewise, the second batch of blood samples came from 16 patients undergoing chemotherapy. These samples were collected in the hospital.

[0099] Each whole blood sample was collected in a sterile Tubes (Becton-Dickinson) were then stored upright at 2-8°C until the method of the present invention was performed.

[0100] Sample stimulation

[0101] For each whole blood sample, after homogenization, 300 μL was collected and transferred to Then 300 μL of 40 μg / mL PHA-P solution (Medicago AB, Sweden) diluted in PBS was added.

[0102] Likewise, in a second well, to determine basal IFNγ levels, 300 μL of PBS buffer (without PHA-P) was added to 300 μL of whole blood.

[0103] The reaction mixture was then incubated at 37°C for 3 hours and 30 minutes with controlled evaporation. The stimulation / incubation step was performed using an immunoassay instrument. 3 systems are carried out.

[0104] Determination of INFγ produced after stimulation

[0105] After 3 hours and 30 minutes of stimulation / incubation, 90 μL of the liquid portion of the reaction mixture was collected and the IFNγ content was measured. For this purpose, a ELFA assay operating on the principle of the ELFA assay was used. The assay part of the TB-IGRA kit. The IFNγ RUO kit can also be used for the same purpose.

[0106] result

[0107] The results obtained are listed in Table 1 below, where the IFNγ production after stimulation with PHA-P (and without stimulation) is expressed as the recorded fluorescence intensity (RFV, ie "relative fluorescence value") and the estimated IFNγ concentration.

[0108]

[0109]

[0110] Table 1: IFNγ determination in whole blood from healthy donors and patients receiving chemotherapy without and after PHA-P stimulation

[0111] Figure 1 These same IFNγ assay results are shown in graphical and statistical form.

[0112] Example 2 : Stimulation of whole blood from healthy donors and liver transplant patients

[0113] Source of blood samples analyzed

[0114] The whole blood samples used in this example were from a cohort of volunteers participating in the EdMonHG clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03995537), including:

[0115] - 11 healthy adult volunteers (i.e. without symptoms of immunodeficiency); and

[0116] - 19 patients who received liver transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy. For each of these patients, blood samples were collected before transplantation (samples were labeled as Pre_TH), and then collected once a week for one month after transplantation (samples were labeled as D1-7, D8-14, D15-21 and D22-31, respectively).

[0117] Sample stimulation and post-stimulation IFNγ secretion assay

[0118] Whole blood samples were stimulated with PHA following the same stimulation protocol as described previously.

[0119] After 3 hours and 30 minutes of stimulation, the presence of IFNγ in the reaction medium was determined following the same assay protocol as previously described.

[0120] result

[0121] The results obtained are summarized in Table 2 below, where the IFNγ production after stimulation (and without stimulation) is expressed as the recorded fluorescence intensity (RFV, ie "relative fluorescence value") and the estimated IFNγ concentration.

[0122]

[0123]

[0124]

[0125]

[0126] Table 2: IFNγ in whole blood from healthy donors and liver transplant patients without and after PHA-P stimulation

[0127] Figure 2 These same IFNγ assay results are shown in graphical and statistical form.

[0128] Example 3 : Stimulation of whole blood from healthy donors and patients after septic shock

[0129] Source of blood samples analyzed

[0130] The whole blood samples used in this example were obtained from 11 healthy volunteers and 22 patients admitted to Lyon (France) with septic shock. Patients in the intensive care unit of the Edouard Herriot Hospital.

[0131] For each patient who was monitored after septic shock, the first blood sample was collected on the day of admission or the next day, then, if possible, on days 3-4, and finally on days 5-8 (samples were labeled D1-2, D3-4, D5-8, in that order). Four of the patients died during or shortly thereafter.

[0132] Sample stimulation and post-stimulation IFNγ secretion assay

[0133] Whole blood samples were stimulated with PHA following the same stimulation protocol as described previously.

[0134] After 3 hours and 30 minutes of stimulation, the presence of IFNγ in the reaction medium was determined following the same assay protocol as previously described.

[0135] result

[0136] The results obtained are summarized in Table 3 below, where the IFNγ production after stimulation (and without stimulation) is expressed as the recorded fluorescence intensity (RFV, ie "relative fluorescence value") and the estimated IFNγ concentration.

[0137]

[0138]

[0139]

[0140] Table 3: IFNγ in whole blood from healthy donors and septic shock patients without and after PHA-P stimulation

[0141] Figure 3 All of these IFNγ assay results are shown in graphical and statistical form.

[0142] Figure 4 The results of the stimulated IFNγ assay are presented graphically and statistically, distinguishing between data for patients who survived the follow-up week (sp) and data for patients who died during or shortly after this follow-up period (dp).

Claims

1. A method for determining the immune status of an individual, comprising the following steps: - providing a sample of a certain amount of whole blood of said individual; - stimulating the whole blood sample by incubating it with an amount of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at a temperature of 35°C to 39°C for a minimum time of 3 hours; - assessing the level of IFNy production induced by this incubation / stimulation; said level thus assessed gives an indication of the immune status of said individual.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the minimum time is 3 hours and 30 minutes.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the duration of the stimulation / incubation step is 3 hours to 8 hours.

4. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the duration of the stimulation / incubation step is from 3 hours 30 minutes to 6 hours.

5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the stimulation / incubation step is performed using phytohemagglutinin P (PHA-P).

6. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the stimulation / incubation step is performed using an amount of PHA at least equal to 20 μg / mL whole blood.

7. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the stimulation / incubation step is performed using about 40 μg PHA / mL whole blood.

8. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the temperature of the stimulation / incubation step is about 37°C.

9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein IFNy production is assessed by measuring IFNy by an immunoassay technique.

10. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein IFNy production is assessed by measuring IFNy by an ELFA assay.

11. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the whole blood sample is heparinized.

12. Use of the method for determining the immune status of an individual according to any one of claims 1 to 11 for detecting any immunodeficiency.

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