311 results about "Whole blood sample" patented technology

The utility model discloses a full-automatic whole blood sample pretreatment device for separating plasma through immunomagnetic beads. The full-automatic whole blood sample pretreatment device comprises a plasma separation mechanism for extracting a plasma sample from a whole blood sample, a conveying mechanism for conveying a blood collection tube and a sample cup, and a feeding mechanism for providing the sample cup, the plasma separation mechanism comprises a sample loading and shaking module for uniformly mixing a whole blood sample in the blood collection tube, a puncture sampling module for collecting the whole blood sample or the plasma sample, and a magnetic separation module for separating the plasma sample; the magnetic separation module comprises an oscillation assembly, a magnetic attraction assembly and a reaction cup, and freeze-dried immunomagnetic beads and an antibody reagent are pre-stored in the reaction cup. The device provided by the utility model can be used for comprehensively and automatically pretreating a whole blood sample and improving the quality and the efficiency of plasma separation.

The invention relates to the technical field of blood potassium detection, in particular to a blood potassium detection paper-based sensor and a preparation method and application thereof.The sensor is obtained by integrating a substrate, a sensing electrode and a whole blood microfluid channel, and the sensing electrode is located between the substrate and the whole blood microfluid channel; the whole blood microfluid channel comprises a serum diffusion area, a whole blood separation area positioned above the serum diffusion area and a blood potassium detection area positioned below the serum diffusion area; a blood separation membrane is also arranged in the whole blood separation area; the substrate is qualitative filter paper, and the sensing electrode comprises an all-solid-state PBA working electrode and an Ag / AgCl reference electrode; compared with the prior art, calibration is not needed when potassium ions in whole blood are detected, the whole blood sample can be directly used, centrifugal separation is not needed, the detection speed is increased, the hemolysis problem of the whole blood sample in blood potassium detection can be avoided, and the detection sensitivity, accuracy and stability are further improved.

The invention provides a sample pretreatment automation method for flow cytometry, and belongs to the technical field of sample pretreatment for flow cytometry. A biological sample to be detected is collected and placed in a collection tube containing an EDTA-K2 anticoagulant for pretreatment; an automatic pipetting system is used for carrying out incubation reaction on an anticoagulant whole blood sample and an intelligent matching fluorescence labeling antibody mixed solution, and a double-layer game optimization verification system is used for verifying the rationality of an antibody adding proportion and reaction condition parameters; carrying out fluorescence characteristic readability index prediction on the incubated cell suspension by adopting an intelligent dilution parameter regulator model, dynamically adjusting hemolysis parameters and suspension conditions, and adding 1 * hemolysin working solution by using an automatic liquid adding device to carry out hemolysis treatment so as to finish pretreatment; the technical problems that in the pretreatment process of flow cytometry detection samples, parameters are often based on artificial experience, and the reproducibility and standardization degree of detection results are insufficient are solved.

The invention discloses a magnetic control liquid drop micro-fluidic chip, device and method for chemiluminescence immunoassay, and belongs to the technical field of chemiluminescence immunoassay, the micro-fluidic chip comprises: a chip main body, which comprises a plurality of vertically through separation chambers for loading a reagent and serving as a reaction container, if the chip has the function of separating plasma from the whole blood sample, the first cavity adopts a bottom closed structure, and no gap is formed in the separation position between the first cavity and the second cavity; the top thin film and the bottom thin film are used for sealing the separated cavity of the chip main body; and the top gland and the bottom gland are matched with the chip main body in structural shape and are used for firmly attaching the two layers of films to the chip main body. According to the invention, the whole process integration of sample pretreatment, reagent mixing, reaction incubation and chemiluminescence detection can be realized, and a chemiluminescence immunoassay solution which is efficient, low in cost and easy to operate is provided through chip design, device integration and method optimization.

The invention discloses a diluent for whole blood lateral immunochromatography detection as well as a preparation method and a detection method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of immunochromatography detection. The diluent solves the technical problems of unsmooth chromatography, background interference, poor stability of detection results and the like caused by red blood cells during direct detection of whole blood samples. The diluent comprises a buffer system, an osmotic pressure regulator glycine, a nonionic surfactant polysorbate, an erythrocyte aggregation inducer polyvinylpyrrolidone, a dynamic viscosity regulator trehalose, a blocking protein, a stabilizer combination L-methionine and L-histidine, and a composite formula of water. Red blood cells are effectively induced to gather and intercept on the sample pad through the synergistic effect of all the components, and meanwhile the stability of the chromatography process and the activity of the detection reagent are maintained. The diluent is mainly used for lateral immunochromatography quantitative detection of markers such as pro-enkephalin, C-reactive protein, cardiac troponin I or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide in a whole blood sample.

The invention discloses a silicon shell protected magnetic quantum dot nanoprobe, a preparation method, a kit and application. The nanoprobe comprises a nanomaterial and a specific antibody, the nanometer material is of a core-shell structure, and the outer surface of a core is sequentially coated with an interlayer and a protective shell layer outwards. The interlayer comprises a multi-layer laminated structure formed by alternately arranging a plurality of layers of positive electricity interlayers and negative electricity interlayers; the positive electric interlayer is polyethyleneimine, the negative electric interlayer is quantum dots, the quantum dots are CdSe / ZnS or carbon quantum dots, amino groups on the surface of the shell layer and a dialkynyl polyethylene ethanol solution are subjected to general coupling of specific antibodies in a click chemistry mode by taking diyne molecules as connecting arms. The magnetic nanoprobe with the core-shell structure not only has strong magnetic responsiveness and a high fluorescence signal, but also can adapt to a complex environment, after the magnetic nanoprobe is integrated with an immunochromatography test strip, to-be-detected targets including pathogenic bacteria and inflammatory markers can be rapidly captured in a whole blood sample at the same time, and the magnetic nanoprobe has huge application potential in early diagnosis of sepsis.

The invention discloses a whole blood sample nucleic acid extraction card box. Comprising a clamping box base, and a splitting decomposition / combination chamber, a primary washing reagent pre-storage chamber, a secondary washing reagent pre-storage chamber, a drying chamber, an eluent pre-storage chamber, a magnetic bar sleeve pre-storage chamber, a slow release liquid pre-storage chamber, a pipette tip pre-storage chamber, a combination liquid pre-storage chamber and a sedimentation reagent pre-storage chamber which are respectively and movably arranged on the clamping box base, a whole blood collection unit and a pump valve assembly. Through a micro-liquid packaging technology, a whole blood sedimentation technology and a chamber detachable technology, micro-liquid is sealed in a hose, and sedimentation and transfer of whole blood and rapid assembly and disassembly of the whole card box are achieved while the micro-liquid is flushed into a target chamber by liquid with a large volume.

The invention discloses a real-time detection method for the activity of fibrinolytic enzyme in whole blood, which comprises the following steps: preparing a fibrinolytic response interference layer film with fibrinolytic enzyme response, and fixing to obtain a microfluidic sample cell; preparing a closed plasmin response and plasmin response interference layer film; analyzing the anti-interference capability of the fibrinolysis response interference layer film on interference protein in whole blood; analyzing the specificity of the fibrinolytic response interference layer film for detecting fibrinolytic enzyme in whole blood; analyzing the sensitivity of the fibrinolytic response interference layer film on the detection of fibrinolytic enzyme in whole blood; diluting the whole blood sample by different multiples with normal saline, introducing the diluted whole blood sample and the diluted whole blood sample with labeled fibrinolytic enzyme into a sample pool formed by the closed fibrinolytic response interference layer film, and detecting the fibrinolytic enzyme activity in the whole blood sample. The method can overcome the interference of colored, complex and viscous whole blood samples, successfully detects the activity of the fibrinolytic enzyme in the whole blood samples, and is stable in detection.

The invention provides a precise magnetic control whole blood rare cell flow magnetic separation system, a magnetic separation and identification method and application, and belongs to the technical field of micro-control flow biological detection. According to the invention, the magnetic separation chip can form a gradient magnetic field, and cells are fixed at a certain position on the sealing film under the combined action of magnetic field force and friction force, so that the separation of the cells is realized. Whole blood cell detection is carried out based on the gradient magnetic field, whole blood sample loading treatment can be directly carried out, the problem that the capture rate is reduced due to mechanical death, damage and stress gene expression caused by repeated elution / transfer steps is avoided, and the capture efficiency and cell activity of the chip are guaranteed; the magnetic field provided by electricity is not needed, the cost is low, the detection accuracy is high, the problems existing in existing CTC detection are solved, economic and practical values are achieved, further development of CTC detection can be promoted, and a novel and effective method is provided for complete blood cell separation detection.

The invention discloses a preservation reagent, a preservation method and a detection method for fat-soluble vitamins D2, D3, A and E in peripheral blood. The preservation reagent comprises the following components: 1-15% of a PBS (Phosphate Buffer Solution) (v / v), 80-95% of a sodium chloride solution (v / v), 0.5-2.5% of Tris-HCl (v / v) and 0.5-2.5% of a stabilizer (w / v). According to the preservation reagent and the preservation method, fat-soluble vitamins D2, D3, A and E in the human whole blood sample can be stably preserved for 28 days at the temperature of 2-8 DEG C under the dark condition, preservation and transportation of the human whole blood sample are facilitated, and detection of the fat-soluble vitamins is facilitated. The precision and accuracy of detection can be improved, and interference of triglyceride, bilirubin and the like on detection of fat-soluble vitamins can be avoided.

Disclosed herein are methods for the manufacture of engineered T cells that express a heterologous protein, such as a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), in which T cells are isolated from whole blood samples.

The invention relates to the technical field of medical examination, in particular to a method for rapidly detecting a neutrophil extracellular trapping net. The method comprises the following steps: (1) taking a human whole blood sample, adding a hemolytic agent, then adding a mixed fluorescent antibody staining solution, shaking and uniformly mixing, and standing and incubating at room temperature; (2) centrifuging after incubation in the step (1), absorbing and discarding a supernatant, washing with a washing solution, centrifuging, absorbing and discarding the supernatant; (3) adding a washing solution to resuspend the cells; and (4) detecting by adopting a flow cytometer. The detection method is good in stability, high in repeatability and high in fluorescence intensity, and can be used for auxiliary diagnosis of diseases.

The invention provides an immunological detection method for an object to be detected in a whole blood sample. The immunological detection method comprises the following steps: a) mixing a whole blood sample with a polyethylene glycol diluent to obtain a treating fluid; b) mixing the treating fluid and an immunodetection reagent, and incubating to obtain an incubated compound; wherein the immunodetection reagent comprises a signal molecule and a first affinity protein which is specifically combined with an object to be detected; and c) carrying out signal detection on the incubation compound, and obtaining the amount of the to-be-detected substance through the signal intensity. The problem of poor detection accuracy of the whole blood sample in the prior art can be solved, and the method is suitable for the field of whole blood sample detection.

The invention belongs to the technical field of nucleic acid detection, and particularly relates to a POCT (point-of-care testing) micro-fluidic device for trace detection of nucleic acid from a whole blood sample and application of the POCT micro-fluidic device. The device comprises an ICP (inductively coupled plasma) paper-based preconcentrator, a plurality of PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) micro-fluidic chip reaction chambers for nucleic acid reaction and a lateral flow test strip for signal reading. The detection process comprises the following steps: loading a whole blood sample into a preconcentrator, and carrying out blood cell separation and protein digestion; applying low direct-current voltage to realize pre-concentration of DNA; the enriched DNA is introduced into a reaction chamber for nucleic acid amplification, a nucleic acid amplification product flows into the reaction chamber through gravity for CRISPR-mediated reporter molecule activation, and the reporter molecule is combined with the mesoporous gold nano-enzyme material; finally, the reaction mixture generates a visual result on the lateral flow test strip. The device can realize rapid detection, has the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity, low cost, simplicity and convenience in operation and the like, and is suitable for clinical and field screening application with limited resources.

The invention relates to the technical field of biomedical detection, and discloses a microfluidic biosensing identification method and system.The microfluidic biosensing identification method comprises the steps that a whole blood sample is obtained, measured and analyzed, a sample state vector is constructed, and working parameters of a sensor are dynamically adjusted; performing synchronous acquisition of multi-modal sensing signals to obtain the multi-modal sensing signals and environmental parameter signals; filtering compensation and correction are carried out on the environmental parameter signals; variational mode decomposition is carried out on the multi-mode net signal, physical constraint screening is carried out, and time domain and frequency domain characteristic parameters are extracted; carrying out evidence fusion and weighting on the multi-modal dynamic characteristic parameter set; carrying out transfer learning model training and time sequence correlation analysis to obtain a concentration estimation and diagnosis conclusion; according to the invention, direct detection of a whole blood sample, collaborative analysis of multi-modal signals, real-time monitoring of a dynamic process, adaptive compensation of an environment and accurate identification under a small sample condition can be realized.

The present invention relates to the field of medical testing technology, and in particular to a method for rapidly detecting neutrophil extracellular traps. The method comprises the following steps: (1) taking a human whole blood sample, adding a hemolytic agent, and then adding a mixed fluorescent antibody staining solution, shaking and mixing, and incubating at room temperature; (2) centrifuging after incubation in step (1), discarding the supernatant, washing with a washing solution, and then centrifuging, discarding the supernatant; (3) adding a washing solution to resuspend the cells; (4) using a flow cytometer for detection. The detection method has good stability, strong repeatability, and high fluorescence intensity, and can be used for auxiliary diagnosis of diseases.

The invention relates to the field of gene mutation detection, and particularly discloses a POCT (point-of-care testing) detection method for V617F mutation of a human JAK2 gene. According to the method, an integrated detection tube is divided into a cell lysis-nucleic acid binding magnetic bead area, a nucleic acid cleaning area and a nucleic acid elution-amplification area from top to bottom in sequence through a plurality of hydrophobic layers, the cell lysis-nucleic acid binding magnetic bead area is pre-filled with a lysis solution, the nucleic acid cleaning area is pre-filled with a nucleic acid cleaning solution, and the nucleic acid elution-amplification area is pre-filled with a nucleic acid elution solution. A nucleic acid elution-amplification system is pre-installed in the nucleic acid elution-amplification area, in the detection process, only a sample needs to be added into the cell lysis-nucleic acid binding magnetic bead area, a corresponding instrument is inserted, and operation is conducted, so that nucleic acid extraction, amplification and result reporting can be completed, and additional manual processing steps are not needed. The method has the advantages of simplicity and convenience in operation, short time consumption, high sensitivity, strong specificity, low pollution risk and the like, can be directly used for whole blood sample detection, meets the rapid diagnosis requirements of clinical outpatient service, and is particularly suitable for auxiliary diagnosis of BCR-ABL negative myeloproliferative tumors.

The present invention provides a method for eliminating the interference of blood cells in magnetic particle chemiluminescence detection. The method comprises mixing whole blood with a whole blood processing buffer to obtain a whole blood sample to be tested, adding a magnetic bead coating and a marker to prepare reacted magnetic beads, washing the reacted magnetic beads with a washing solution for washing the magnetic beads, and finally placing the washed magnetic beads in a luminescent substrate solution for a test reaction. The improved detection method fully prevents non-plasma substances in the whole blood from interfering with the test results.

Described herein is a singleplex RT-LAMP-based tests using modified primer sets. Contrived whole blood samples containing HIV-1 or HCV virions were diluted in equal parts water and loaded directly into optimized RT-LAMP master mixes. To mitigate cold-chain storage dependence, RT-LAMP reactions were performed using a lyophilized master mix. The reactions were heated for, for example 30 minutes using a hand-held, battery-powered heating device for simultaneous virion lysis and amplification.

The subject invention pertains to a method that involves at least three steps: (1) acquisition of a NMR data set or spin relaxation curve for plasma, serum or whole blood samples, (2) analysis of the NMR data or relaxation curve to extract the T2 relaxation times for water (or surrogates thereof), and (3) conversion of the water T2 (or surrogates thereof) into a measure of someone's health status (referred to as a T2 health score depending on the T2 value associated with the score). The T2 health score utilizes a statistical database derived from previous studies of subjects of normal, healthy individuals to those having varying degrees of hidden or subclinical metabolic abnormalities, such as inflammation, insulin resistance, lipid abnormalities (dyslipidemia), oxidative stress or other abnormalities, and provides a measure of a subject's overall health status.

The application provides a full-passive microfluidic whole blood sample preparation device, which comprises, from bottom to top, a bottom support layer, a bottom hydrophilic layer, a bottom adhesive layer, a middle main body layer, a liquid outlet channel layer, an upper surface hydrophilic layer of the liquid outlet channel, a first intermediate adhesive layer, an upper layer main body layer, a second intermediate adhesive layer, a top cover layer and a product collection and storage cavity sealing patch which are laminated and assembled in sequence. The application does not need any external driving force or active surface treatment, and only relies on the material properties and ingenious structure design, so that the plasma / serum can be automatically and efficiently separated from trace whole blood, and the application has the advantages of simple structure, low cost, convenient operation, one-time use, instant detection application and the like.

The utility model discloses a blood sampling chair for assisting blood sampling in a blood station. Comprising a blood sampling chair seat, a blood sampling chair backrest, supports mounted close to the two sides of the blood sampling chair seat, and blood sampling armrest seats arranged on the two sides of the blood sampling chair seat, blood sampling pads are arranged on the upper portions of the blood sampling armrest seats, the blood sampling armrest seats are provided with bent rotating connecting ends, rotating shafts are sleeved with the rotating connecting ends in a penetrating mode, and the lower ends of the rotating shafts are arranged in the supports. The whole blood sampling handrail seat can rotate leftwards and rightwards in the support through the rotating shaft. Blood sampling armrest seats are arranged on the two sides of the blood sampling chair seat, the blood sampling armrest seats and the part of the blood sampling cushion form a whole, the blood sampling armrest seats in the whole are arranged on a rotating shaft in a penetrating and sleeving manner through bent rotating connecting ends, and the lower end of the rotating shaft is arranged or inserted into a supporting seat, so that the lower end of the rotating shaft can rotate along an inner cavity of the supporting seat; therefore, the whole blood sampling handrail seat can rotate leftwards and rightwards at a certain rotating angle along the interior of the support through the rotating shaft, and the blood sampling operation space is increased.

The application discloses a combined filter for separating plasma from whole blood, comprising a whole blood sample adding chamber, a first combined filter membrane, an intermediate chamber, a second combined filter membrane and a plasma collecting chamber arranged in sequence along a filtering direction of a whole blood sample flow; and the whole blood sample is filtered multiple times through the first combined filter membrane and the second combined filter membrane to obtain a plasma sample. The application further provides a combined filter device and a method for separating plasma from whole blood. The combined filter provided by the application can further improve the recovery rate, recovery quality and recovery efficiency of the whole blood separation plasma, and meets the demand of in-vitro diagnosis on the pretreatment of the whole blood sample.

The invention provides an immunological detection method for an object to be detected in a whole blood sample. The immunological detection method comprises the following steps: a1) mixing a whole blood sample with a first diluent to obtain a detection diluent; a2) mixing the detection diluent with an immunodetection reagent to obtain a detection system, and incubating the detection system to obtain an incubation compound; the osmotic pressure of the detection system is 1000-1700 mOSm; a3) performing signal detection on the incubation compound, and obtaining the concentration of the to-be-detected substance through the signal intensity; the detection time of the immunological detection method is controlled to be less than or equal to 10min. The problem that in the prior art, the erythrocyte state influences the detection result in the whole blood detection process can be solved, and the method is suitable for the field of whole blood sample detection.

The invention relates to a method for detecting activation of specific T cells after tuberculosis infection and application of the method. Specifically, the invention provides a reagent combination for detection, and the reagent combination comprises an anti-CD4 antibody (CD4 antibody), an anti-CD154 antibody (CD154 antibody), an IFN-gamma detection antibody and a tuberculosis specific antigen. According to the method, through peripheral whole blood collection, PBMC cell separation, T cell activation (activation), activation termination (blocking), antibody labeling, membrane rupture, fixation, intracellular cytokine dyeing, flow cytometry detection and result analysis and judgment, the ratio of the expression IFN-gamma cells in the CD4 + CD154 + cells can be rapidly and accurately determined, and by combining an ROC curve and a constructed judgment standard, the content of the IFN-gamma cells in the CD4 + CD154 + cells can be determined, and the content of the IFN-gamma cells in the CD4 + CD154 + cells in the CD4 + CD154 + cells in the CD4 + CD154 + cells in the CD4 + CD154 + cells can be determined. And the sample to be detected is judged to be in a positive / negative / gray region, so that whether a patient is infected by the mycobacterium tuberculosis or not can be more accurately diagnosed, especially aiming at a whole blood sample from a special crowd.

FIELD: pharmacology.SUBSTANCE invention can be used to determine the concentration of an anti-tuberculosis drug in blood serum. The method for determining the concentration of bedaquiline in the blood serum in patients with tuberculosis or mycobacteriosis is that whole blood samples are centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes, then the blood plasma is collected in sterile 1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes, then 900 mcL of acetonitrile are added to 300 mcL of plasma and centrifuged at 13500g for 15 minutes, then 1 mL of the supernatant is transferred to a chromatographic vial and make the assay by UHPLC MS / MS using an Athena UHPLC C18, 1.8 mcM, 120A, 2.1×100 mm chromatography column, when using an aqueous solution containing 5 g / L of ammonium acetate, 25 ml / L of concentrated acetic acid, 2 ml / L trifluoroacetic acid as mobile phase A and 100% acetonitrile as mobile phase B, the concentration of bedaquiline is determined using a pre-plotted calibration curve.EFFECT: determination of bedaquiline in human blood plasma in a time not exceeding 6 minutes.1 cl, 9 dwg, 6 tbl

The present application relates to the technical field of RNA extraction, and particularly relates to a pretreatment reagent, a method and a kit for RNA purification of whole blood samples. By introducing hydrophobic DESs as the core pretreatment component, the DESs are mixed with the whole blood sample in advance, the DESs form an independent phase layer after centrifugation by using the unique physicochemical properties, and the liposoluble drug components, inflammatory proteins and pigments are selectively extracted to the hydrophobic DESs phase and the RNA is preliminarily purified; the upper water phase of the pretreatment and purification is taken and added into a lysis solution containing a chaotropic salt to fully release the nucleic acid, and DNase I is introduced for digestion. The present application combines the pretreatment of hydrophobic DESs and the digestion of DNase I, and is used in combination with PVP (targeting adsorption of residual pigments and phenolic compounds), reduces the impurities of the lysis system through the front-end pretreatment, creates a low-interference and high-efficiency purification environment for the specific binding of RNA by the magnetic beads, and forms a synergistic removal network for the interference of complex samples.

The present disclosure provides methods and kits for determining antigen-specific T cell responses in a subject based on the use of a whole blood sample rather than isolated, enriched, and / or extracted peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The use of a whole blood sample to measure antigen-specific T cell responses in a subject streamlines the method by reducing sample preparation and consumption. These methods for determining antigen-specific T cell responses in a subject include contacting a whole blood sample from the subject with at least one antigen to form a mixture, contacting the whole blood sample with at least one staining reagent, and analyzing the mixture for antigen-specific T cells.

The invention provides a blood concentration prediction model based on artificial intelligence and a construction method and application thereof.A whole blood sample of a patient taking sirolimus is collected, the blood concentration is detected through liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, CYP 3A4 / 5, CYP 2C8 and P-gp gene polymorphism is detected in combination with a high-resolution dissolution curve technology, and the blood concentration prediction model based on artificial intelligence is obtained. And constructing a database containing the multi-dimensional data. And training the database by using an extreme gradient lifting algorithm, establishing a high-precision sirolimus blood concentration artificial intelligence prediction model, and developing a mobile equipment end application to realize remote data acquisition and result display. The model is especially suitable for children with Carboxi-like vascular endothelioma, can dynamically monitor the blood concentration in real time, provides refined guidance for clinical treatment, reduces the treatment cost, and improves the treatment effect and safety.

This invention discloses direct amplification qPCR reagents, kits, and applications for whole blood samples. The amplification reagents include: a composite hot-start DNA polymerase system, a buffer system, a surfactant, an anti-contamination system, and an anti-inhibition enhancer system. The composite hot-start DNA polymerase system is obtained by mixing antibody-modified hot-start Taq enzyme and antibody-modified Taq1C2 mutant Taq enzyme in a predetermined ratio. The buffer system includes Tris-HCl, MgCl2, (NH4)2SO4, and KCl. The surfactants include Tween-20 and NP-40. The anti-contamination system includes UDG enzyme and dNTPs, wherein the dNTPs are composed of dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP, and dUTP. The anti-inhibition enhancer system includes D-trehalose, L-carnitine, DMSO, BSA, and SSB single-chain binding protein.