Methods and compositions for controlling pests on cotton

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for controlling arthropod pests, in particular insect and / or mite pests, on cotton using nonanoic acids which exhibit potent insecticidal and acaricidal activity and have low phytotoxicity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to nonanoic acid, particularly nonanoic acid compositions having arthropodic, especially insecticidal and / or acaricidal activity, and to a method for controlling arthropod pests on cotton with nonanoic acid, exhibiting highly effective arthropodic activity and low phytotoxicity. Background Technology

[0002] Arthropod pests cause significant economic losses in agriculture. Therefore, solutions have been developed to control or eliminate arthropods, including the use of pesticides, plants expressing resistance traits, and the use of natural enemies.

[0003] Nonanoic acid has long been considered a non-selective contact herbicide. It has now been surprisingly discovered that nonanoic acid, when used in selected proportions, is highly effective in controlling pests in cotton. Due to its environmentally friendly properties and the fact that it offers an alternative mode of action compared to many insecticides and acaricides currently widely used in cotton, this invention provides farmers with an important new solution for controlling or preventing cotton plant damage caused by insects and mites.

[0004] WO2017042554 relates to an insecticide or acaricide composition that exhibits low phytotoxicity even at relatively high concentrations and possesses highly effective insecticidal and acaricidal activity. The composition comprises: a fatty acid / amino acid salt, the fatty acid component comprising one or more unsaturated fatty acids having 14 to 22 carbon atoms; and one or more saturated fatty acids having 8 to 18 carbon atoms.

[0005] EP0617888 describes an insecticide composition comprising a mixture of a fatty acid salt and an adjuvant for increasing the spreadability of the fatty acid salt, the adjuvant being a fatty alcohol having 4 to 18 carbon atoms, or a fatty acid methyl ester or fatty acid ethyl ester having 4 to 18 carbon atoms.

[0006] U.S. Patent 5,030,658 describes an arthropod-killing composition comprising a mono-α-carboxylic acid having 8 to 20 carbon atoms or a metal salt thereof, and a metal ion polyvalent chelating agent, chelating agent, or surfactant.

[0007] These public documents teach that lower fatty acids, such as those with a carbon chain length of less than about 12, are known to exhibit phytotoxic properties.

[0008] Therefore, it would be beneficial to have an insecticide composition, particularly an insecticide and / or acaricide, that maintains effectiveness against pests while exhibiting low phytotoxicity such as leaf scorch. Summary of the Invention

[0009] The fact that the nonanoic acid composition of the present invention is well tolerated by plants at concentrations required to control plant pests makes it possible to treat plants, the aboveground parts of propagating populations, and the locations where plants are situated, such as soil.

[0010] According to the present invention, all plants and plant parts can be processed. Plants refer to all plants and plant populations, such as desirable or undesirable wild-type plants, cultivars, and plant varieties.

[0011] Plant parts refer to all above-ground and underground parts and organs of a plant, such as buds, leaves, flowers, and roots. Examples include leaves, needles, stems, branches, flowers, fruiting bodies, fruits, seeds, roots, bulbs, and rhizomes. Crops and asexual and sexual propagation materials, such as cuttings, bulbs, rhizomes, stolons, and seeds, are also considered plant parts.

[0012] When used according to the present invention, nonanoic acid exhibits good environmental tolerance and, when well tolerated by plants, is suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, increasing harvest yield, and improving the quality of harvested material. Nonanoic acid compositions are active against generally susceptible and resistant pest species, as well as against all or some developmental stages.

[0013] As those skilled in the art will understand, the term "arthropod" is suitable for the description of this invention, referring not only to insects but also to other agriculturally relevant organisms falling within the phylum Arthropoda, such as mites, particularly plant pathogenic mites. However, "insecticide" and especially "insecticide" are commonly used terms in the agricultural field, and thus these terms may be used interchangeably. Nevertheless, the scope of this invention should be understood to generally encompass agriculturally relevant arthropods.

[0014] The compositions of this invention are valuable active ingredients in the field of pest control, exhibiting a highly favorable pest control spectrum even at low application rates. The compositions of this invention act on all or individual developmental stages of animal pests that are generally susceptible but also resistant, such as arthropods, particularly representatives of insects or mites. The arthropodic activity of the compositions according to the invention can be directly manifested in the elimination of pests, occurring, for example, immediately during molting or only after a period of time; it can also be indirectly manifested, for example, in reduced oviposition and / or hatching rates, with good activity equivalent to a destruction rate (mortality rate) of at least 40% or higher.

[0015] As used herein, “low phytotoxicity” of nonanoic acid means that, under given test conditions, such as at a given concentration of nonanoic acid, it has no toxic effect on plants or is at a level that will not adversely affect plant growth and / or yield. Phytotoxicity can be measured in a variety of different ways, for example, according to the principles set forth in OEPP / EPPO Notice (2014) 44(3), 265-273 “PP 1 / 135(4) Phytotoxicity Assessment”. Phytotoxicity on plants can be visually assessed based on the percentage of leaf discoloration and / or necrosis. When nonanoic acid compositions are applied to the leaves of cotton plants in accordance with the teachings herein, it generally results in a phytotoxicity level of less than 20%, preferably less than 15%, and more preferably less than 10% of leaf necrosis compared to untreated plants. Preferred uses of the invention generally result in 7% or less phytotoxicity, while most preferred uses generally result in 5% or less phytotoxicity. The above values ​​are approximate, as any purely visual assessment may contain a degree of subjectivity.

[0016] According to the present invention, nonanoic acid can be used to control, i.e., suppress or eliminate, insect and / or mite pests, particularly those occurring on cotton plants.

[0017] Preferably, the plants and cultivars treated according to the present invention comprise plants and cultivars resistant to herbicides or one or more biotic stresses, i.e., the plants exhibit enhanced defense against animal and microbial pests, such as nematodes, insects, mites, plant pathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses, and / or viroids. This includes making plants resistant to the aforementioned biotic stresses through breeding, genetic modification via gene editing (e.g., CRISPR), or transformation using recombinant DNA technology (i.e., transgenic plants), thereby enabling them to synthesize one or more selectively acting toxins, such as those known, for example, from toxin-producing bacteria, particularly those of the Bacillus genus.

[0018] The compositions according to the invention can be advantageously used to treat transgenic plants, cultivars, or plant parts that have received genetic material that confers advantageous and / or useful characteristics (traits). Therefore, it is conceivable to combine the invention with one or more recombinant traits or transgenic events, or combinations thereof. For the purposes of this application, a transgenic event is generated by inserting a specific recombinant DNA molecule into a specific location (site) on a plant genome chromosome. The insertion produces a new DNA sequence referred to as an "event," characterized by the inserted recombinant DNA molecule and a certain amount of genomic DNA immediately adjacent to / located at both ends of the inserted DNA. Such traits or transgenic events include, but are not limited to, pest resistance, water use efficiency, yield performance, drought tolerance, seed quality, improved nutritional quality, hybrid seed production, and herbicide tolerance, wherein the trait is measured relative to plants lacking such traits or transgenic events. Specific examples of such advantageous and / or useful traits are better plant growth, vigor, stress tolerance, standing ability, lodging resistance, nutrient uptake, plant nutrition and / or yield, especially improved growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or water or soil salinity levels, enhanced flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated ripening, higher yield, higher quality and / or higher nutritional value of harvested products, better shelf life and / or processability of harvested products, and improved resistance to animal and microbial pests such as insects, arachnids, nematodes, mites, slugs and snails.

[0019] Among the DNA sequences encoding proteins that confer tolerance to such animal and microbial pests, particularly insects, the genetic material from *Bacillus thuringiensis*, which encodes the Bt protein widely described in the literature and well-known to those skilled in the art, will be specifically mentioned. Proteins extracted from bacteria such as *Photorhabdus* (WO97 / 17432 and WO98 / 08932) will also be mentioned. Specifically, BtCry or VIP proteins will be mentioned, including CryIA, CryIAb, CryylAc, CryllA, CryllA, CryIIIB2, Cry9c, Cry2Ab, Cry3Bb, and CryylF proteins or their toxic fragments and hybrids or combinations thereof, particularly CryylF protein or hybrids derived from CryylF protein (e.g., hybrid CryIA-CryIF protein or its toxic fragments), CryIA type protein or its toxic fragments, preferably CryIAc protein or hybrids derived from CryIAc protein (e.g., hybrid CryIAb-CryIAc protein), or CryIAb or Bt2 protein or its toxic fragments, Cry2Ae, Cry2Af, or Cry2Ag protein or its toxic fragments, CryIA.105 protein or its toxic fragments, VIP3Aa9 protein, VIP3Aa20 protein, VIP3A protein generated in the COT202 or COT203 cotton events, such as Estruch et al. (1996), Proc The VIP3Aa protein or its toxic fragments as described in Natl Acad Sci US A.28;93(11):5389-94, such as the Cry protein described in WO2001 / 47952, insecticidal proteins from Xenorhabdus (as described in WO98 / 50427), Serratia species (particularly from S. entomophila) or Photorhabdus species, such as the Tc- protein from Photorhabdus as described in WO98 / 08932. Furthermore, this document also includes variants or mutants of any of these proteins that differ from any of the sequences described above, particularly the toxic fragments, at certain amino acid sequences (1-10, preferably 1-5), or that are fused with a transport peptide, such as a plasmid transport peptide, or another protein or peptide.

[0020] Another, and particularly emphasized, example of this property is through mutagenesis, such as Clearfield. TMImidazolinone-tolerant varieties or transgenic technologies confer tolerance to one or more herbicides, such as imidazolinone, sulfonylurea, glyphosate, or glufosinate. In the DNA sequences encoding proteins that confer tolerance to certain herbicides in transformed plant cells and plants, specific references will be made to the bar or PAT gene or the Streptomycescoelicolor gene described in WO2009 / 152359, which confers tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium herbicide; genes encoding suitable EPSPS (5-enolpyruvyl-Hykimat-3-phosphate synthase), which confers tolerance to herbicides targeting EPSPS, especially herbicides such as glyphosate and its salts; genes encoding glyphosate-n-acetyltransferase; or genes encoding glyphosate oxidoreductase. Other suitable herbicide tolerance traits include at least one ALS (acetyllactate synthase) inhibitor (e.g., WO2007 / 024782), a mutant Arabidopsis ALS / AHAS gene (e.g., U.S. Patent 6,855,533), a gene encoding a 2,4-D-monooxygenase that confers tolerance to 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and a gene encoding a dicamba monooxygenase that confers tolerance to dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid).

[0021] A further and particularly emphasized example of such characteristics is resistance to bacteria and / or viruses increased by means of, for example, systemically acquired resistance (SAR), systemins, phytoalexins, elicitors, and resistance genes and the corresponding expressed proteins and toxins.

[0022] Crops can also be improved to enhance their resistance to pathogens such as fungi (e.g., Fusarium, Anthracnose, or Phytophthora), bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas), or viruses (e.g., Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Cucumber Mosaic Virus).

[0023] Transgenic events that are particularly useful in transgenic plants or plant cultivars that can be preferably treated according to the present invention include event 531 / PV-GHBK04 (cotton, insect control, described in WO2002 / 040677), event 1143-14A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006 / 128569); event 1143-5IB (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006 / 128570); event 1445 (cotton) Herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A2002-120964 or WO2002 / 034946); Event 281-24-236 (Cotton, Insect Control - Herbicide Tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, described in WO2005 / 103266 or US-A2005-216969); Event 3006-210-23 (Cotton, Insect Control - Herbicide Tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233, described in US-A Event CE43-67B (cotton, insect control, deposited as DSMAC2724, described in US-A 2009-217423 or WO2006 / 128573); Event CE44-69D (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2010-0024077); Event CE44-69D (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006 / 128571); Event CE46-02A (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006 / 128572); Event COT102 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2009-217423 or WO2006 / 128573); Event COT202 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A 2007-067868 or WO2005 / 054479); Event COT203 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2005 / 054480); Event GHB119 (cotton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8398, described in WO2008 / 151780); Event GHB614 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6878, described in US-A 2010-050282 or WO2007 / 017186); Event Llcotton25 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6878). PTA-3343, described in WO2003 / 013224 or US-A2003-097687; Event MON15985 (cotton, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-2516, described in US-A 2004-250317 or WO2002 / 100163);Event MON88701 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-11754, described in WO2012 / 134808); Event T304-40 (cotton, insect control - herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8171, described in US-A 2010-077501 or WO2008 / 122406); Event T342-142 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO2006 / 128568); and Event MON88701 (cotton, ATCC record number PTA-11754, WO2012 / 134808A1);

[0024] Particularly useful transgenic plants that can be processed according to the present invention are plants containing transformation events or combinations of transformation events, for example, transformation events or combinations of transformation events listed in databases from various national or regional regulatory agencies.

[0025] The plants and cultivars treated according to the present invention are those plants resistant to one or more abiotic stresses, i.e., those that have already demonstrated improved plant health in terms of stress tolerance. Abiotic stress conditions may include, for example, drought, low temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, strong light exposure, limited nitrogen nutrient supply, limited phosphorus nutrient supply, and avoidance of shading. Preferably, treatment of these plants and cultivars with the compositions of the present invention also improves the overall health of the plants.

[0026] The plants and cultivars treated according to the present invention are those plants with characteristics that enhance yield, i.e., those that have already demonstrated improved plant health in this regard. The increased yield in these plants may result from, for example, improved plant physiology, growth, and development, such as water use efficiency, water retention efficiency, improved nitrogen use, enhanced carbon assimilation, improved photosynthesis, increased germination efficiency, and accelerated maturation. Furthermore, yield may also be influenced by improved plant structure (under stress and non-stress conditions), including but not limited to earlier flowering, controlled flowering in hybrid seed production, seedling vigor, plant size, number and distance of internodes, root growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, number of pods or spikes, number of seeds per pod or spike, seed quality, enhanced seed plumpness, reduced seed shedding, reduced pod dehiscence, and lodging resistance. Other yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional value, reduction of anti-nutritional compounds, improved processability, and better storage stability. Preferably, treatment of these plants and cultivars with the compositions of the present invention also improves the overall health of the plants.

[0027] Examples of the aforementioned insect and mite pests include the following: pests from the phylum Arthropoda, particularly the class Arachnida, such as the genus *Acarus* spp., including *Acarus siro*, *Aceria kuko*, and *Aceria sheldoni*; the genus *Aculops* spp.; the genus *Aculus* spp., including *Aculus fockeui* and *Aculus schlechtendali*; the genus *Amblyomma* spp.; the hawthorn spider mite (*Amphitetranychus viennensis*); the genus *Argas* spp.; and the genus *Boophilus*. spp.), *Brevipalpus* spp., such as *Brevipalpus phoenicis*, *Bryobia graminum*, *Bryobia praetiosa*, *Centruroides* spp., *Chorioptes* spp., *Dermanyssus gallinae*, *Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus*, *Dermatophagoides farinae*, *Dermacentor* spp., *Eotetranychus* spp., such as *Eotetranychus hicoriae*, *Epitrimerus pyri*, *Eutetranychus* spp., such as *Eutetranychus bancroftianus*. The genera *banki*, *Eriophyes* spp., including *Eriophyes pyri*, *Glycyphagus domesticus*, and *Halotydeus destructor*, *Hemitarsonemus* spp., including *Hemitarsonemus latus* (=*Polyphagotarsonemus latus*), *Hyalomma* spp., *Ixodes* spp., *Latrodectus* spp., and *Loxosceles* spp.), Autumn Harvest Mite (Neutrombicula autumnalis), Naked Spider (Nuphersaspp.), Small Claw Mite (Oligonychus spp.), such as Coffee Claw Mite (Oligonychus coffeae), Coniferarum Claw Mite (Oligonychus coniferarum), Holly Claw Mite (Oligonychus ilicis), Sugarcane Claw Mite (Oligonychus indicus), Mango Claw Mite (Oligonychus mangiferus), Grassland Claw Mite (Oligonychus pratensis), Pomegranate Claw Mite (Oligonychus punicae), Camphor Claw Mite (Oligonychus syothersi), Obtuse Mite (Omithodorus spp.), Bird Spine Mite (Omithonyssus spp.), Panonychus spp., such as Citrus Panonychus Citrus red leaf mite (Metatetranychus citri), apple red spider mite (Panonychus ulmi) (Metatetranychus ulmi), citrus rust mite (Phyllocoptruta oleivora), multidigital leaf mite (Platytetranychus multidigituli), lateral tarsone mite (Polyphagotarsonemus latus), itch mite (Psoroptes spp.), fan-shaped tick (Rhipicephalus spp.), root mite (Rhizoglyphus spp.), scabies mite (Sarcoptes spp.), Middle Eastern gold scorpion (Scorpio maurus), narrow-necked tarsone mite (Steneotarsonemus spp.), rice leaf mite (Steneotarsonemus spinki), tarsone mite (Tarsonemus) Examples of mites include *Tarsonemus confusus*, *Tarsonemus pallidus*, and *Tetranychus* spp.Examples include the Canadian spider mite (Tetranychuscanadensis), the cinnabarinus spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus), the turkestani spider mite (Tetranychus turkestani), the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), the Trombicula alfreddugesi mite, the Vaejovis spp. genus, and the tomato gall mite (Vasates lycopersici).

[0028] From the class Chilopoda, such as the genera *Geophilus* spp. and *Scutigera* spp.;

[0029] From the class Collembola or order Collembola, such as Onychiurus armatus; Sminthurus viridis;

[0030] From the class Diplopoda, such as the millipede (Blaniulus guttulatus);

[0031] From the class Insecta, such as Blattodea, including species like the Oriental cockroach (Blattaorientalis), Asian cockroach (Blattella asahinai), German cockroach (Blattella germanica), Madeira cockroach (Leucophaea maderae), Loboptera decipiens, and Neostylopyga rhombifolia; genera such as Panchlora spp., Parcoblatta spp.; and genera such as Periplaneta spp., including species like the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), Australian cockroach (Periplaneta australasiae), Surinamese cockroach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis), and brown-banded cockroach (Supella longipalpa);

[0032] From the order Coleoptera, such as the striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum), bean weevil (Acanthoscelides obtectus), beetle (Adoretus spp.), small beehive beetle (Aethinatumida), poplar leaf beetle (Agelastica alni), narrow-necked beetles (Agrilus spp.), such as white narrow-necked beetle (Agrilus planipennis), clouded longhorn beetle (Agrilus coxalis), chestnut double-lined narrow-necked beetle (Agrilus bilineatus), bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius), and click beetles (Agriotes spp.), such as straight click beetle (Agriotes linneatus), wheat wireworm (Agriotes mancus), black fungus beetle (Alphitobius diaperinus), and grape flea beetle (Altica). *Chalybea*, *Amphimallon solstitialis*, *Anobium punctatum*, *Anoplophora* spp. (e.g., *Anoplophora glabripennis*), *Anthonomus* spp. (e.g., *Anthonomus grandis* or *Anthonomus rubi*), *Anthrenus* spp., *Apion* spp., *Apogonia* spp., *Atomaria* spp. (e.g., *Atomaria linearis*), *Attagenus* spp., *Bariscaerulescens*, *Bruchidius* *Bruciformis*, *Bruchus* spp. (e.g., pea weevil *Bruchus pisorum*, broad bean weevil *Bruchus rufimanus*), *Cassida* spp. (bean leaf beetle *Cerotoma trifurcata*), *Ceutorhynchus* spp. (beetle beetle), *Ceutorhynchus* spp. (cabbage seed weevil *Ceutorhynchus assimilis*, rapeseed stem weevil *Ceutorhynchus napi Gyll*).), cabbage pod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus), cabbage rump weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus), cabbage pod weevil (Ceutorhynchus picitarsis), rapeseed stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus quadridens), turnip weevil (Ceutorhynchus rapae), flea beetles (Chaetocnema spp.), such as sweet potato leaf beetle (Chaetocnema confmis), American toothed flea beetle (Chaetocnema denticulata), desert corn flea beetle (Chaetocnema ectypa), corn flea beetle (Chaetocnema pulicaria), firefly (Cleonus mendicus), click beetles (Conoderus spp.), root weevils (Cosmopolites spp.), such as banana weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus), brown New Zealand ribbed gill beetle (Costelytra *Crioceris* spp., including species such as *Crioceris asparagi* and *Crioceris duodecimpunctata*, *Ctenicera* spp., *Curculio* spp., including species such as the walnut weevil (*Curculio caryae*), the large chestnut weevil (*Curculio caryatrypes*), the American hazel weevil (*Curculio obtusus*), the small chestnut weevil (*Curculio sayi*), the rusty flat flour beetle (*Cryptolestes ferrugineus*), the long-horned flat flour beetle (*Cryptolestes pusillus*), the poplar leaf weevil (*Cryptorhynchus lapathi*), the mango seed weevil (*Cryptorhynchus mangiferae*), and the twig weevil (*Cylindrocopturus* spp.), including the dense-spotted twig weevil (*Cylindrocopturus*). The genus *Dendroctonus* includes several species, such as the Douglas pine weevil (*Cylindrocopturus fumissi*), bark beetles (*Dendroctonus spp.*), including the European mountain pine bark beetle (*Dendroctonus ponderosae*), dermestess (*Dermestes spp.*), and leaf beetles (*Diabrotica spp.*).Examples include the cucumber leaf beetle (Diabrotica balteata), the northern corn root borer (Diabrotica barberi), the gourd beetle (Diabrotica speciosa), the root-eating subspecies of the eleven-spotted leaf beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi), the spotted cucumber beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata), the western corn root firefly beetle (Diabrotica virgiferavirgifera), the Mexican corn root firefly beetle (Diabrotica virgifera zeae), the genus *Dichocrocis* spp., the rice iron beetle (Dicladispa armigera), the genus *Diloboderus* spp., the spinach flea beetle (Disonycha xanthomelas), the family Elateridae, the genus *Epicaerus* spp., the genus *Epicauta* spp., and the genus *Epilachna*. Examples of flea beetles include: *Epitrix spp.*, such as the pumpkin ladybug (Epilachna borealis) and the Mexican bean ladybug (Epilachna varivestis); *Epitrix spp.*, such as the cucumber flea beetle (Epitrix cucumeris), the eggplant leaf beetle (Epitrix fuscula), the tobacco flea beetle (Epitrix hirtipennis), the American potato flea beetle (Epitrix subcrinita), and the tuber flea beetle (Epitrix tuberis); *Faustinus spp.*, the naked spider beetle (Gibbium psylloides), the broad-angled flour beetle (Gnathocerus comutus), the multicolored ladybug (Harmonia axyridis), the cabbage moth (Hellula undalis), the black sugarcane beetle (Heteronychus arator), the spp. of the genus *Heteronyx*, and the beautiful nematode (Hylamorpha). elegans), North American longhorn beetle (Hylotrupes bajulus), cloverleaf weevil (Hyperapostica), blue-green weevil (Hypomeces squamosus), larkspur beetle (Hypothenemus spp.).Examples include the coffee berry beetle (Hypothenemus hampei), apple twig beetle (Hypothenemus obscurus), oriental bark beetle (Hypothenemus pubescens), sugarcane brown toothed claw beetle (Lachnostema consanguinea), tobacco beetle (Lasioderma serricome), long-headed grain beetle (Latheticus oryzae), genus *Lathridius* spp., genus *Lema* spp., Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa ​​decemlineata), and genus *Leucoptera* spp., such as the coffee leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella), western field click beetle (Limonius ectypus), and rice root weevil (Lissorhoptrus). *Listronotus* (=Hyperodes) spp., *Listronotus oregonensis*, *Lixus* spp., *Luperodes* spp., *Luperomorpha xanthodera*, *Lyctus* spp., *Megacyllene* spp., such as the black locust wasp longhorn beetle *Megacyllene robiniae*, *Megascelis* spp., *Melanotus* spp., such as the common nematode *Melanotus communis*, the longulus oregonensis click beetle, the rapeseed beetle *Meligethes aeneus*, and the scarab beetle *Melolontha*. Examples of species in the genus *Melolonthamelolontha* (large chestnut horned beetle), *Metriona bicolor* (true colony beetle), *Migdolus* (Migdolus spp.), *Monochamus* (monochamus spp.), *Naupactus xanthographus* (weevils), *Necrobia* (Necrobia spp.), and *Neogalerucella* (Neogalerucella spp.) are found in the genus *Melolonthamelolontha* (large chestnut horned beetle), *Monochamus* (monochamus spp.), *Naupactus xanthographus* (weevils), *Necrobia* (necrobia spp.), and *Neogalerucella* (neogalerucella spp.).), yellow spider beetle (Niptus hololeucus), coconut beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros), sawtooth beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis), rice weevil (Oryzaphagusoryzae), ear weevils (Otiorhynchus spp.), such as apple ear weevil (Otiorhynchus cribricollis), alfalfa ear weevil (Otiorhynchus ligustici), alfalfa ear weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus), rough strawberry ear weevil (Otiorhynchus rugosostriarus), black grape ear weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus), leaf beetle (Oulema spp.), such as black-horned leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus), rice leaf beetle (Oulema oryzae), small green flower beetle (Oxycetonia jucunda), horseradish leaf beetle (Phaedon *Phyllophaga* spp., *Phyllophaga helleri*, *Phyllotreta* spp. (e.g., *Phyllotreta armoraciae*, *Phyllotreta cruciferae*, *Phyllotreta pusilla*, *Phyllotreta ramosa*, *Phyllotreta striolata*, *Popillia japonica*, *Premnotrypes* spp., *Prostephanus truncatus*, *Psylliodes* spp. (e.g., *Psylliodes affinis*, *Psylliodes*) chrysocephala, flea beetle (sylliodes punctulata), spider beetle (Ptinus spp.), ladybug (Rhizobius ventralis), grain beetle (Rhizopertha dominica), cryptid beetle (Rhynchophorus spp.).), Red-brown weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), Palm weevil (hynchophorus palmarum), Family Scarabaeidae, Genus *Scolytus*, such as the European elm bark beetle (Scolytus multistriatus), the lateral-spined long-spined beetle (Sinoxylon perforans), Genus *Sitophilus*, such as the wheat weevil (Sitophilus granarius), the tamarind fruit weevil (Sitophilus linearis), the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), the corn weevil (Sitophilus zeamais), Genus *Sphenophorus*, such as the corn maiden beetle (Sphenophorous maidis), the medicinal herb beetle (Stegobium paniceum), Genus *Stemechus*, such as the bean stem weevil (Stemechus *Paludatus*, *Symphyletes* spp., *Systenas* spp., *Systena blanda*, *Tanymecus* spp. (e.g., corn weevil *Tanymecus dilaticollis*, Indian ciliate weevil *Tanymecus indicus*, red bean weevil *Tanymecus palliatus*), mealworm *Tenebrio molitor*, large grain beetle *Tenebrioides mauretanicus*, *Tribolium* spp. (e.g., American black-faced beetle *Tribolium audax*, red grain beetle *Tribolium castaneum*, mixed grain beetle *Tribolium confusum*), *Trogoderma* spp., seed weevil *Tychius* spp., *Xylotrechus* spp.), genus *Zabrus* spp., for example, the maize spp. beetle (*Zabrus tenebrioides*).

[0033] From the order Dermaptera, such as Anisolabis maritime, Forficula auricularia, and Labidura riparia;

[0034] From the order Diptera, such as the genus *Aedes*, including *Aedes aegypti*, *Aedes albopictus*, *Aedes sticticus*, and *Aedes vexans*; the genus *Agromyza*, including *Agromyza frontella*, *Agromyza oryzae*, and *Agromyza parvicomis*; the genus *Anastrepha*, including *Anastrepha fraterculus*, *Anastrepha ludens*, and *Anastrepha obliqua*; and the genus *Anopheles*, including *Anopheles quadrimaculatus* and *Anopheles gambiae*. *Gambiae*, *Asphondylia* spp., *Bactrocera* spp. (e.g., guava fly *Bactrocera correcta*, melon fly *Bactrocera cucurbitae*, citrus fly *Bactrocera dorsalis*, olive fruit fly *Bactrocera oleae*, Queensland fruit fly *Bactrocera tyroni*, peach fly *Bactrocera zonata*, garden fly *Bibiohortulanus*, blue broom fly *Calliphora erythrocephala*, red-headed blowfly *Calliphora vicina*, Mediterranean fruit fly *Ceratitis capitata*, *Chironomus* spp., rice stem leafminer *Chloropsoryzae*, golden fly *Chrysomya* spp., *Chrysops* spp.), High-horned horsefly (Chrysozonapluvialis), Cochliomya spp., Contarinia spp.Examples of species include the grape gall midge (Contarinia johnsoni), cabbage gall midge (Contarinia nasturtii), pear leaf gall midge (Contarinia pyrivora), sunflower gall midge (Contarinia schulzi), sorghum gall midge (Contarinia sorghicola), wheat midge (Contarinia tritici), human leaf fly (Cordylobia anthropophaga), and ring-legged midge (Cricotopus sylvestris); *Culex* spp. species, such as *Culex pipiens* and *Culex quinquefasciatus*; *Culicoides* spp.; *Culiseta* spp.; *Cuterebra* spp.; olive fruit fly (Dacus oleae); and leaf gall midge (Dasineura). spp.), such as rapeseed gall midge (Dasineura brassicae), ground fly spp., such as onion ground fly (Delia antiqua), wheat ground fly (Delia coarctata), hairy tarsperm ground fly (Delia florilega), gray ground fly (Delia platura), cabbage ground fly (Delia radicum), human skin fly (Dermatobia hominis), fruit fly spp., such as orangutan fruit fly (Drosphila melanogaster), cherry fruit fly (Drosophila uzukii), rice weevil (Echinocnemus spp.), celery fly (Euleia heraclei), toilet fly (Fanniaspp.), stomach fly (Gasterophilus spp.), tsetse fly (Glossina) spp.), *Haematopotas* spp., *Hydrellia* spp., *Hydrellia griseola*, *Hylemya* spp., *Hippobosca* spp., *Hypoderma* spp., *Liriomyza* spp., such as *Liriomyza brassicae*, *Liriomyza huidobrensis*, *Liriomyza sativae*, and *Lucilia* spp.Examples include *Lucilia cuprina*, *Lutzomyia* spp., *Mansonia* spp., *Musca* spp., such as *Musca domestica* and *Musca domestica vicina*, *Oestrus* spp., *Ophiomyia simplex*, *Oscinella frit*, *Paratanytarsus* spp., *Paralauterbomiella subcincta*, *Pegomya* or *Pegomyia* spp., such as *Pegomya betae*, *Pegomya hyoscyami*, *Pegomya rubivora*, *Phlebotomus* spp., and *Phorbia*. spp.), *Phormiaspp.*, leaf miners of the genus *Phytomyza gymnostoma*, cheese flies (*Piophila casei*), asparagus fruit flies (*Platyparea poeciloptera*), protozoa (*Prodiplosis* spp.), carrot stem flies (*Psila rosae*), fruit flies of the genus *Rhagoletis* spp., such as cherry fruit flies (*Rhagoletis cingulata*), walnut fruit flies (*Rhagoletis completa*), black cherry fruit flies (*Rhagoletis fausta*), European sweet cherry fruit flies (*Rhagoletis indifferens*), blueberry fruit flies (*Rhagoletis mendax*), apple fruit flies (*Rhagoletis pomonella*), flesh flies (*Sarcophaga* spp.), black flies (*Simulium* spp.), such as southern black flies (*Simulium meridionale*), stinging flies (*Stomoxys*). spp.), Tabanus spp., Tetanops spp., Tipula spp., such as Tipula paludosa, Tipula simpleplex, Toxotrypana curvicauda, ​​Tritoxa flexa, and Zonosemata electa.;

[0035] From the order Hemiptera, for example, the genus *Acizia*, such as *Acizzia acaciaebaileyanae*, *Acizzia dodonaeae*, *Acizzia uncatoides*, and *Acrida turrita*; the genus *Acyrthosipon*, such as *Acyrthosiphon pisum*; the genus *Acrogonia*; the genus *Aeneolamias*; the genus *Agonoscena*; the genus *Aleurocanthus*, including *Aleyrodes proletella*, *Aleurolobus barodensis*, and *Aleurothrixus*. *Floccosus*, *Allocaridara malayensis*, *Amrasca* spp. (e.g., cotton leafhopper *Amrasca bigutulla*, leafhopper *Amrasca devastans*, *Anuraphis cardui*), *Aonidiella* spp. (e.g., red kidney scale *Aonidiella aurantii*, yellow round scale *Aonidiella citrina*, red round scale *Aonidiella inomata*, pear aphid *Aphanostigma piri*), *Aphis* spp. (e.g., apple yellow aphid *Aphis citricola*, peanut aphid *Aphis craccivora*, black bean aphid *Aphis fabae*, strawberry root aphid *Aphis forbesi*, soybean aphid *Aphis glycines*, cotton aphid *Aphis gossypii*, ivy aphid *Aphis* The following aphids are listed: hederae, Illinois aphid (Aphis illinoisensis), Middletoni aphid (Aphis middletoni), Rhamnus potato aphid (Aphis nasturtii), Oleander green aphid (Aphis nerii), Apple aphid (Aphis pomi), Spiraea aphid (Aphis spiraecola), Vibrio aphid (Aphis vibumiphila), Grape leaf beetle (Arboridia apicalis), and Curlew (Arytainilla spp.).), *Aspidiella* spp., *Aspidiotus* spp., such as *Aspidiotus nerii*, *Atanus* spp., *Aulacorthum solani*, *Bemisia* spp., such as *Bemisia argentifolii* and *Bemisia tabaci*, *Blastopsylla occidentalis*, *Boreioglycaspis melaleucae*, *Brachycaudus helichrysi*, *Brachycolus* spp., *Brevicoryne brassicae*, *Cacopsylla* spp., such as *Cacopsylla*. pyri), pear psyllid (Cacopsylla pyricola), small brown rice leafhopper (Calligypona marginata), Capulinia spp., yellow-headed leafhopper (Cameocephala fulgida), sugarcane woolly aphid (Ceratovacuna lanigera), Cercopidae, wax scale (Ceroplastes spp.), strawberry aphid (Chaetosiphon fragaefolii), sugarcane yellow snow shield (Chionaspis tegalensis), green leaf beetle (Chlorita onukii), Taiwan grasshopper (Chondracris rosea), walnut black-spotted aphid (Chromaphis juglandicola), brown round scale (Chrysomphalus aonidum), black brown round shield scale (Chrysomphalus ficus), corn leafhopper (Cicadulina) mbila), Niloha (Coccomytilus halli), spp. of soft scale (Coccus spp.), such as brown soft wax scale (Coccus hesperidum), long oval soft wax scale (Coccus longulus), orange soft wax scale (Coccus pseudoomagnoliarum), coffee green soft wax scale (Coccus viridis), crypto-tuberculate aphid (Cryptomyzus ribis), spp. of crypto-insect (Cryptoneossa spp.), spp. of comb tree aphid (Ctenarytaina spp.).), grape phylloxera (Daktulosphairavitifoliae), yellow-winged leaf butterfly (Dalbulus spp.), cuckoo whitefly (Dialeurodes chittendeni), citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri), citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri), white-backed scale (Diaspis spp.), two-tailed aphid (Diuraphis spp.), doralis spp., Draeculacephalaspp., grass scale (Drosicha spp.), western round-tailed aphid (Dysaphis spp.), such as rust-striped aphid (Dysaphis apiifolia), plantain round-tailed aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea), lily western round-tailed aphid (Dysaphistulipae), gray mealybug (Dysmicoccus) *Empoasca* spp., including species such as the western potato leafhopper (Empoasca abrupta), the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae), the apple leafhopper (Empoascamaligna), the solana leafhopper (Empoasca solana), and the Stevens leafhopper (Empoasca stevensi); *Eriosoma* spp., including species such as the American woolly aphid (Eriosoma americanum), the apple woolly aphid (Eriosoma malanigerum), the pear fruit moth (Eriosoma pyricola), and the burly bug (Erthesina fullo); *Erythroneura* spp., including species such as the grapevine leafhopper (Erythroneura vitis); *Eucalyptolyma* spp.; and *Euphyllura* spp. Examples include the olive psyllid (Euphylluraolivina), the bilobatus psyllid (Euscelis bilobatus), the mealybug genus (Ferrisia spp.), the scale insect genus (Fiorinia spp.), the red coconut scale insect (Furcaspis oceanica), the coffee ground beetle (Geococcus coffeae), and the spp. genus (Glycaspis spp.).The following species are listed: Silver-striped noctuid moth (Graphocephala versuta), silver acacia psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana), spiny psyllid (Heteropsylla spinulosa), brown leafhopper (Homalodisca vitripennis), peach aphid (Hyalopterus arundinis), peach powder aphid (Hyalopterus pruni), cushion-blown scale (Icerya spp.), such as cushion-blown scale (Icerya purchasi), leafhopper (Idiocerus spp.), flat-beaked leafhopper (Idioscopus spp.), gray planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus), wax scale (Lecanium spp.), such as flat-squam scale (Lecanium comi (=Parthenolecanium comi)), oyster scale (Lepidosaphes). Examples of species in the genus *Macrosiphum* include: *Lepidosaphes ulmi*, *Lipaphiserysimi*, *Lopholeucaspis japonica*, *Lycorma delicatula*, *Macrosiphum* spp. (e.g., potato aphid, lily aphid, rose aphid), *Macrostelesfacifrons*, *Mahanarva* spp., sorghum aphid (*Melanaphis sacchari*), *Metcalfiella* spp., citrus flat planthopper (*Metcalfa pruinosa*), wheat webless aphid (*Metopolophium dirhodum*), and black-edged flat-winged aphid (*Monellia*). The genus *Myzus* includes species such as *costalis*, *Monelliopsis pecanis*, and others, including species like *Myzus ascalonicus*, *Myzus cerasi*, *Myzus ligustri*, *Myzus omatus*, *Myzus persicae*, *Myzus nicotianae*, *Nasonovia ribisnigri*, and *Neomaskellias*.), *Nephotettix* spp., such as *Nephotettix cincticeps*, *Nephotettix nigropictus*, *Nephotettix virescens*, *Nettigoniclla spectra*, *Nilaparvata lugens*, *Oncometopia* spp., such as *Oncometopia orbona*, *Orthezia praelonga*, *Oxya chinensis*, *Pachypsylla* spp., *Parabemisia myricae*, *Paratrioza* spp., such as *Paratrioza cockerelli*, *Parlatoria* spp.), such as *Parlatoria oleae*, *Pemphigus* spp., such as *Pemphigus bursarius* and *Pemphigus populivenae*, *Peregrinus maidis*, *Perkinsiella* spp., *Phenacoccus* spp., such as *Phenacoccus madeirensis*, *Philaenus spumarius*, *Phloeomyzus passerinii*, *Phorodon humuli*, *Phylloxera* spp., such as *Phylloxera*. *Phylloxeranotabilis*, *Pinnaspis aspidistrae*, *Planococcus spp.*, including species such as *Planococcus citri*, *Prosopidopsylla flava*, *Protopulvinaria pyriformis*, *Pseudaulacaspis pentagona*, and *Pseudococcus spp.*Examples include the citrus mealybug (Pseudococcus calceolariae), the Comstock mealybug (Pseudococcus comstocki), the long-tailed mealybug (Pseudococcus longispinus), the grape mealybug (Pseudococcus maritimus), and the dark mealybug (Pseudococcus vibumi); pemphigus herpes (Psyllopsis spp.); psylla spp., such as the boxwood psybug (Psylla buxi), the apple psybug (Psyllamali), and the pear psybug (Psylla pyri); the genus Pteromalus spp.; the genus Pulvinaria spp.; the sugarcane planthopper (Pyrilla spp.); and the genus Quadraspidiotus spp., such as the walnut scale (Quadraspidiotus). Species include: *Juglansregiae*, *Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis*, *Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus*, *Quesada gigas*, *Rastrococcus spp.*, *Rhopalosiphum spp.* (e.g., corn aphid, apple aphid, ear aphid, red-bellied aphid), and *Saissetia spp.* (e.g., coffee black helmet scale, Miranda bug, Caribbean black scale, olive black helmet scale). oleae), grape leafhopper (Scaphoideus titanus), wheat aphid (Schizaphis graminum), spiny scale (Selenaspidus articulatus), yellow sugarcane aphid (Siphaflava), wheat long-tubed aphid (Sitobion avenae), long-lipped planthopper (Sogata spp.), white-backed planthopper (Sogatellafurcifera), rice planthopper (Sogatodes spp.).), Alfalfa springtail (Stictocephala festina), tree whitefly (Siphoninus phillyreae), Malatenepa (Tenalaphara malayensis), Tetragonocephela spp., pecan aphid (Tinocallis caryaefoliae), Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp., such as Toxoptera aurantii and Toxoptera citricidus, Trialeurodes spp., such as Trialeurodes abutiloneus and Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trioza spp., such as Trioza diospyri, Typhlocyba spp.), *Unaspis* spp., *Viteus vitifolii*, *Zygina* spp.;

[0036] From the suborder Heteroptera, such as the genera *Aelia*, *Anasatristis*, *Antestiopsis*, *Boisea*, *Blissus*, *Calocoris*, *Campylomma livida*, *Cavelerius*, *Chinavia hilaris*, and *Cimex*, including species such as the eastern bat beetle (*Cimex adjunctus*), tropical bat beetle (*Cimex hemipterus*), temperate bat beetle (*Cimex lectularius*), and pilosellus, and the genus *Collaria*. spp.), Green-blinding bug (Creontiades dilutus), Pepper-edged bug (Dasynus piperis), genus *Dichelops* spp., such as Green-bellied bug (Dichelops furcatus), Dichelops melacantus, Thick-bristled lace bug (Diconocoris hewetti), genus *Dysdercus* spp., genus *Euschistus* spp., such as Brown bug (Euschistus heros), Brown-smelling bug (Euschistus servus), Three-spotted bug (Euschistus tristigmus), Spotted ray (Euschistus variolarius), genus *Eurydema* spp., genus *Eurygaster* spp., Tea-winged bug (Halyomorpha) *Heliopeltis* spp., *Horciasnobilellus*, *Leptocorisa* spp., *Leptocorisa varicomis*, *Leptoglossus occidentalis*, *Leptoglossus phyllopus*, *Lygocoris* spp., such as *Lygocoris pabulinus*, and *Lygus* spp.Examples include the Elisus grass bug (Lygus elisus), the bean pod bug (Lygus hesperus), the American pasture bug (Lyguslineolaris), the cane black long bug (Macropes excavatus), the sieve bean bug (Megacopta cribraria), the family Miridae, the black moor bug (Monalonion atratum), the genus Nezara (Nezara spp.), such as the rice green bug (Nezaraviridula), the genus Nysius (Nysius spp.), the genus Oebalus (Oebalus spp.), such as the rice bug weevil (Oebaluspugnax), the family Pentomidae, the square-backed skin bug (Piesma quadrata), and the genus Piezodorus (Piezodorus spp.), such as the spotted bee-edged bug (Piezodorus). *Psallus* spp., *Pseudacysta persea*, *Rhodnius* spp., *Sahlbergella singularis*, *Scaptocoris castanea*, *Scotinophora* spp., *Stephanitis nashi*, *Tibraca* spp., *Triatoma* spp.

[0037] From the order Homoptera, for example, *Acyrthosipon* spp., *Aeneolamia* spp., *Agonoscena* spp., *Aleurodes* spp., *Aleurolobus barodensis*, *Aleurothrixus* spp., family Aleyrodidae, *Amrasca* spp., *Anuraphis cardui*, *Aonidiella* spp., *Aphanostigma piri*, *Aphis* spp., *Arboridia apicalis*, *Aspidiella* spp., *Atanus* spp., and *Aulacorthum*. The following aphids are listed: * *Solani*, *Brachycaudus helichrysii*, *Brachycolus spp.*, *Brachycorynella asparagi*, *Brevicorynebrassicae*, *Calligypona marginata*, *Carneocephalafulgida*, *Ceratovacuna lanigera*, *Cercopidae*, *Ceroplastes spp.*, *Chaetosiphon fragaefolii*, *Chionaspis tegalensis*, *Chlorita onukii*, *Chromaphis juglandicola*, *Chrysomphalus ficus*, *Cicadulina mbila*, and *Coccomytilus*. The genera *Halli*, *Coccus* spp., *Cryptomyzus ribis*, *Dialeurodes* spp., *Diaphorina* spp., *Diaspis* spp., *Doralis* spp., *Drosicha* spp., *Dysaphis* spp., and *Dysmicoccus* spp.The genera *Empoasca* spp., *Eriosoma* spp., *Euscelis bilobatus*, *Geococcus coffeae*, *Hyalopterus arundinis*, *Leery a* spp., *Idiocerus* spp., *Idioscopus* spp., *Laodelphax striatellus*, *Lecanium* spp., *Lepidosaphes* spp., *Lipaphis erysimi*, *Macrosiphum* spp., *Macrosteles quadrilineatus*, *Mahanarvafimbriolata*, and *Melanaphis* are listed. *Sacchari*, *Metcalfiella* spp., *Metopolophium dirhodum*, *Monellia costalis*, *Monelliopsis pecanis*, *Myzus* spp., *Nasonovia ribisnigri*, spp., scale insects (*Orthezia praelonga*), *Parabemisia myricae*, *Paratrioza* spp., *Pemphigus* spp., *Peregrinus maidis*, *Phenacoccus* spp., for example, *Planococcus citri*, *Phloeomyzus passerinii*, *Phorodon*. *Phylloxera* spp., *Pinnaspis aspidistrae*, *Planococcus* spp., *Protopulvinaria pyriformis*, *Pseudaulacaspis pentagona*, *Pseudococcus* spp., *Psylla* spp., *Pteromalus* spp., and *Pyrilla* spp.The genera *Quadraspidiotus* spp., *Quesadagigas*, *Rastrococcus* spp., *Rhopalosiphum* spp., *Saissetia* spp., *Scaphoides titanus*, *Schizaphis graminum*, *Selenaspidus articulatus*, *Sogata* spp., *Sogatodes* spp., *Spissistilus festinus*, *Stictocephalafestina*, *Tenalaphara malayensis*, *Tinocalliscaryaefoliae*, *Tomaspis* spp., and *Toxoptera* are mentioned. *Trioza* spp., *Typhlocyba* spp., *Unaspis* spp., *Viteus vitifolii*;

[0038] From the order Hymenoptera, such as the genera *Acromyrmex*, *Athalia* (e.g., *Athalia rosae*), *Atta*, *Camponotus*, *Dolichovespula*, *Diprion* (e.g., *Diprion similis*), *Hoplocampa* (e.g., *Hoplocampacookei*, *Hoplocampa testudinea*), *Lasius*, *Linepithema (Iridiomyrmex) humile*, *Monomorium pharaonis*, and *Paratrechina*. spp.), *Paravespula* spp., *Plagiolepis* spp., *Sirex* spp., such as *Sirex noctilio*, *Solenopsis invicta*, *Tapinoma* spp., *Technomyrmex albipes*, *Urocerus* spp., *Vespa* spp., such as *Vespa crabro*, *Wasmannia auropunctata*, *Xeris* spp.; pests from the order Isopoda, such as *Armadillidium vulgare*, *Oniscus asellus*, and *Porcellio*. scaber); pests from the order Isoptera, such as species of the genus *Coptotermes*, including *Coptotermes formosanus*, *Cornitermes cumulans*, *Cryptotermes*, *Incisitermes*, *Kalotermes*, *Microtermes obesi*, *Nasutitermes*, *Odontotermes*, and *Porotermes*.), including species of the genus *Reticulitermes*, such as *Reticulitermes flavipes* and *Reticulitermes hesperus*.

[0039] From the order Lepidoptera, such as the small wax moth (Achroia grisella), the mulberry sword-striped cutworm (Acronicta major), the genus *Adoxophyes* spp., such as the cotton brown-banded cutworm (*Adoxophyesorana*), the pesky cutworm (*Aedia leucomelas*), the genus *Agrotis* spp., such as the figure-eight cutworm (*Agrotis c-nigrum*), the small cutworm (*Agrotis ipsilon*), the yellow cutworm (*Agrotis segetum*), the genus *Alabama* spp., such as the cotton leaf wavy cutworm (*Alabama argillacea*), the navel orange moth (*Amyelois transitella*), the genus *Anarsia* spp., the genus *Anticarsia* spp., such as the soybean cutworm (*Anticarsia gemmatalis*), and the genus *Argyroploce*. spp.), *Autographaspp.*, *Barathra brassicae*, *Blastodacna atra*, *Borbocinnara*, *Bucculatrix thurberiella*, *Bupalus piniarius*, *Busseola*, *Cacoecia*, *Caloptilia theivora*, *Capua reticulana*, *Carpocapsa pomonella*, *Carposinaniponensis*, *Cheimatobia brumata*, *Chilo* spp., such as *Chiloplejadellus*, *Chilo suppressalis*, and *Choreutis*. The genera *Choristoneura*, *Chrysodeixis chalcites*, *Clysia ambiguella*, *Cnaphalocerus*, *Cnaphalocrocis medinalis*, *Cnephasia*, *Colias eurytheme*, and *Conopomorpha* are listed.), *Conotrachelus* spp., all species of *Copitarsia* spp., *Cydia* spp., such as the pea leafroller (*Cydia nigricana*) and the codling moth (*Cydiapomonella*), *Dalaca noctuides*, *Diaphania* spp., species of the cotton bollworm (*Diparopsis* spp.), the sugarcane borer (*Diatraea saccharalis*), *Dioryctria* spp., such as the American pine borer (*Dioryctria zimmermani*), *Earias* spp., the orange peel weevil (*Ecdytolopha aurantium*), the South American corn seedling borer (*Elasmopalpus lignosellus*), and the African sugarcane borer (*Eldana*). *Ephestia* spp., such as the tobacco leaf roller (*Ephestia elutella*) and the Mediterranean leaf roller (*Ephestia kuehniella*), *Epinotia* spp., the apple brown leaf roller (*Epiphyas postvittana*), the pine scale moth (*Erannis* spp.), the little mouse tail grass (*Erschoviella musculana*), the pod moth (*Etiella* spp.), the bright leaf moth (*Eudocima* spp.), the brown leaf roller (*Eulia* spp.), the privet leaf roller (*Eupoecilia ambiguella*), the yellow tussock moth (*Euproctis* spp.), such as the yellow tussock moth (*Euproctis chrysorrhoea*), and the cutworm moth (*Euxoa*). spp.), including the American plum leafminer (Euzopherasemifuneralis), the crown leaf moth (Evergestos rimosalis), the spp. of the genus Feltia, the large wax moth (Galleria mellonella), the spp. of the genus Gracillaria, the spp. of the genus Grapholitha, such as the pear fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) and the apricot fruit moth (Grapholita prunivora), the spp. of the genus Hedylepta, and the spp. of the genus Helicoverpa.Examples include the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and the American cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea); the genus *Heliothis* (spp.), such as the tobacco bud borer (Heliothis virescens); the brown weaver moth (Hoffnannophila pseudospretella); the genus *Homoeosoma* (spp.); the genus *Homona* (spp.); the apple leaf borer (Hyponomeuta padella); the persimmon fruit borer (Kakivoria flavofasciata); the genus *Lampides* (spp.); the genus *Laphygma* (spp.); the codling moth (Laspeyresia molesta); the yellow stalk moth (Leucinodes orbonalis); and the genus *Leucoptera* (spp.), such as the coffee leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella) and the leaf miner *Lithocolletis*. spp.), such as the apple leafminer (Lithocolletis blancardella), the green fruit winter moth (Lithophane antennata), the flower-winged leafroller (Lobesia spp.), such as the grape flower-winged leafroller (Lobesiabotrana), the bean white root-cutting moth (Loxagrotis albicosta), the tussock moth (Lymantria spp.), such as the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), the leafminer (Lyonetia spp.), such as the peach leafminer (Lyonetia clerkella), the brown tent caterpillar (Malacosoma neustria), the cabbage noctuid moth (Mamestra brassicae), the hawk moth (Manducaspp.), such as the tobacco hawk moth (Manduca sexta), the tomato hawk moth (Manduca quinquemaculata), the bean pod borer (Maruca testulalis), the evening-eye butterfly (Melanitis leda), and the bee flower pumpkin (Melittia). cucurbitae, Mocis spp., Monopsis obviella, Mythimna separata, Nemapogon cloacellus, family Noctuidae, Nymphula spp., Oiketicus spp., Omphisa spp.), *Operophtera* spp., *Oria* spp., *Orthaga* spp., *Ostrinia* spp., such as the European corn borer (*Ostrinia nubilalis*), *Panolis flammea*, *Parnara* spp., *Paralobesia viteana*, *Pectinophora* spp., such as the cotton bollworm (*Pectinophora gossypiella*), *Peridroma saucia*, *Perileucoptera* spp., *Phthorimaea* spp., such as the potato tuber moth (*Phthorimaea operculella*), *Phyllocnistis* *Phyllonorycter* spp., such as *Phyllonorycter blancardella* and *Phyllonorycter crataegella*, *Pieris* spp., such as *Pieris rapae*, *Plathypena scabra*, *Platynota stultana*, *Plodia interpunctella*, *Plusia* spp., *Plutella xylostella* (= *Plutella maculipennis*), *Podesia* spp., such as *Podesia syringae*, *Prays* spp., *Prodenia* spp.), *Protoparce* spp., *Pseudaletia* spp., such as *Pseudaletia unipuncta*, *Pseudoplusia includens*, *Ptorimaea operculella*, *Pyrausta nubilalis*, *Rachiplusianu*, *Schoenobius* spp., such as *Schoenobius bipunctifer*, *Scirpophaga* spp.Examples include the rice stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas), the rice white stem borer (Scirpophaga innotata), the yellow cutworm (Scotia segetum), stem borers (Sesamia spp.), such as the rice stem borer (Sesamia inferens), long-bearded leafrollers (Sparganothis spp.), gray-winged moths (Spodoptera spp.), such as the beet armyworm (Spodoptera eradiana), the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), the fall armyworm (Spodopterafrugiperda), the western yellow-striped armyworm (Spodoptera praefica), the genus *Stathmopodas* (Stathmopodas spp.), the genus *Stenoma* (Stenoma spp.), the peanut leafroller (Stomopteryx subsecivella), and the white-ribbed striped ladybug (Striacosta). *Albicosta*, *Synanthedon* spp., *Tecia solanivora*, *Thaumetopoea* spp., *Thermesiagemmatalis*, *Tinea cloacella*, *Tinea pellionella*, *Tineola bisselliella*, *Tortrix* spp. (e.g., *Tortrix velutinana*), *Trichophaga tapetzella*, *Trichoplusia* spp. (e.g., *Trichoplusia ni*), *Tryporyza incertulas*, *Tutaabsoluta*, *Virachola* spp.;

[0040] From the orders Orthoptera or Saltatoria, such as the house cricket (Achetadomesticus), the genus Dichroplus spp., the genus Gryllotalpa spp., such as the European mole cricket (Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa), the genus Hierodlyphus spp., the genus Locusta spp., such as the East Asian migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), the genus Melanoplus spp., such as the migratory black locust (Melanoplus devastator), the differential locust (Melanoplus differentialis), the red-legged black locust (Melanoplus femurrubrum), the Ussuri para-Atlantic locust (Paratlanticus ussuriensis), and the desert locust (Schistocercagregaria);

[0041] From the order Phthiraptera, such as the genera *Damalinia*, *Haematopinus*, *Linognathus*, *Pediculus*, *Phylloxeravastatrix*, *Phthirus pubis*, and *Trichodectes*.

[0042] From the order Psocoptera, such as the genera *Lepinotus* spp. and *Liposcelis* spp.;

[0043] From the order Siphonaptera, such as the genera *Ceratophyllus* and *Ctenocephalides*, including species such as *Ctenocephalides canis*, *Ctenocephalides felis*, *Pulex irritans*, *Tunga penetrans*, and *Xenopsylla cheopis*.

[0044] From the order Thysanoptera, such as *Anaphothrips obscurus*, *Baliothrips biformis*, *Chaetanaphothrips leeuweni*, *Drepanothrips reuteri*, *Enneothrips flavens*, and the genus *Frankliniella*, such as *Frankliniella fusca*, *Frankliniella occidentalis*, *Frankliniella schultzei*, *Frankliniella tritici*, *Frankliniella vaccinii*, *Frankliniella williamsi*, and the genus *Haplothrips*. spp.), including the genera *Heliothrips*, *Hercinothrips femoralis*, *Kakothrips*, *Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus*, *Scirtothrips*, *Taeniothrips cardamomi*, and *Thrips*, such as *Thrips palmi* and *Thrips tabaci*.

[0045] From the order Zygentoma (=Thysanura), such as the genus Ctenolepismaspp., silverfish (Lepisma saccharina), fire worm (Lepismodes inquilinus), and small-hearth silverfish (Thermobia domestica);

[0046] From the class Symphyla, such as the genus Scutigerella spp., for example, the white pine worm (Scutigerella immaculata);

[0047] From the phylum Mollusca, such as the class Bivalvia, and the genus *Dreissenaspp.*; and from the class Gastropoda, pests, such as the genus *Dreissenaspp.*Arion spp.), such as the black slug (Arion ater rufs), the genus *Biomphalaria*, the genus *Bulinus*, the genus *Deroceras*, such as the smooth slug (Deroceras laeve), the genus *Galba*, the genus *Lymnaea*, the genus *Oncomelania*, the genus *Pomacea*, and the genus *Succinea*;

[0048] From the phylum Nematoda, specifically phytoparasitic nematodes, particularly the genus *Aglenchus* spp., such as *Aglenchus agricoola*; the genus *Anguina* spp., such as *Anguina tritici*; the genus *Aphelenchoides* spp., such as *Aphelenchoides arachidis* and *Aphelenchoides fragariae*; the genus *Belonolaimus* spp., such as *Belonolaimus gracilis*, *Belonolaimus longicaudatus*, and *Belonolaimus nortoni*; and the genus *Bursaphelenchus* spp., such as *Bursaphelenchus*. *Cocophilus*, *Bursaphelenchus eremus*, *Bursaphelenchus xylophilus*, *Cacopaurus* spp., such as *Cacopaurus pestis*, *Criconemella* spp., such as *Criconemella curvata*, *Criconemella onoensis*, *Criconemella omata*, *Criconemella rusium*, *Criconemella xenoplax* (= *Mesocriconema xenoplax*), *Criconemoides* spp., such as *Criconemoides femiae*, *Criconemoides onoense*, and *Criconemoides* omatum), stem nematodes (Ditylenchus spp.), such as bulb nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci), trypanosome nematode (Dolichodorus spp.), and globoderas nematode (Globoderas pp.).Examples include the potato white nematode (Globodera pallida) and the potato golden nematode (Globodera aostochiensis); the genus *Helicotylenchus* spp., such as *Helicotylenchus dihystera*; the genus *Hemicriconemoides* spp.; the genus *Hemicycliophora* spp.; the genus *Heterodera* spp., such as *Heterodera avenae*, *Heterodera glycines*, and *Heteroderaschachtii*; the genus *Hirschmaniella* spp.; the genus *Hoplolaimus* spp.; and the genus *Longidorus* spp., such as *Longidorus esculenta*. *Meloidogyne* spp., including species such as *Meloidogyne chitwoodi*, *Meloidogyne fallax*, *Meloidogyne hapla*, and *Meloidogyne incognita*; *Meloinema* spp.; *Nacobbus* spp.; *Neotylenchus* spp.; *Paralongidorus* spp.; *Paraphelenchus* spp.; and *Paratrichodorus* spp., including species such as *Paratrichodorus minor*. spp.), genus *Pratylenchus* spp., such as *Pratylenchus penetrans*, *Pseudohalenchus* spp., *Psilenchus* spp., *Punctodera* spp., *Quinisulcius* spp., and *Radipoholus* spp.Examples of nematodes include *Radix citrophilus*, *Radix similis*, *Rotylenchulus* spp., *Rotylenchus* spp., *Scutellonema* spp., *Subanguina* spp., *Trichodorus* spp. (e.g., *Trichodorus obtusus*, *Trichodorus primitivus*), *Tylenchorhynchus* spp. (e.g., *Tylenchorhynchus annulatus*), *Tylenchulus* spp. (e.g., *Tylenchulus semipenetrans*), and *Xiphinema*. (spp.), for example, the standard xiphinema index.

[0049] Preferably, the composition of the present invention is effective against at least one member selected from the group consisting of the gourd beetle (Diabroticaspeciosa), the burr bug (Erthesina fullo), the wheat aphid (Sitobion avenae), the ear aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), and the wheat webless aphid (Metopolophium dirhodum).

[0050] The compositions of the present invention comprise nonanoic acid, a liquid or solid carrier, and optionally one or more conventional formulation adjuvants, which may be liquid or solid, such as surfactants, defoamers, silicone oils, preservatives, clays, inorganic compounds, viscosity modifiers, adhesives, and / or thickeners. The compositions may further comprise fertilizers, micronutrient donors, or other formulations that influence plant growth.

[0051] Preferably, the nonanoic acid composition is applied to the leaves of cotton plants. Examples of foliar formulation types for the premixed composition are: GR: granules; WP: wettable powder; WG: water-dispersible granules (powder); SG: water-soluble granules; SL: soluble concentrate; EC: emulsifiable concentrate; EW: oil-in-water emulsion; ME: microemulsion; SC: aqueous suspension concentrate; CS: aqueous capsule suspension; OD: oil-based suspension concentrate; SE: aqueous suspension emulsion. The type of nonanoic acid composition suitable for the intended purpose and general circumstances should be selected.

[0052] The formulation components suitable for preparing the compositions of the present invention are known in themselves.

[0053] As a liquid carrier, the following can be used: water, toluene, xylene, petroleum ether, vegetable oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acid anhydride, acetonitrile, acetophenone, amyl acetate, 2-butanone, butylene carbonate, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, alkyl acetate, diacetone alcohol, 1,2-dichloropropane, diethanolamine, p-diethylbenzene, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol rosinate, diethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, α,α- Dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,4-dioxane, dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, dipropanol, alkylpyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, 2-ethylhexanol, ethylene carbonate, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2-heptanone, α-pinene, d-limonene, ethyl lactate, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether, γ-butyrolactone, glycerol, glyceryl acetate, glyceryl diacetate, glycerol Triacetate, hexadecane, hexanediol, isoamyl acetate, isobornyl acetate, isooctane, isophorone, cumene, isopropyl myristate, lactic acid, laurylamine, isopropylidene acetone, methoxypropanol, methyl isoamyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl laurate, methyl octanoate, methyl oleate, dichloromethane, m-xylene, n-hexane, n-octylamine, octadecanoic acid, octyl acetate, oleic acid, oleylamine, o-xylene, phenol, polyethylene glycol, propionic acid Propyl lactate, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, p-xylene, toluene, triethyl phosphate, triethylene glycol, xylenesulfonic acid, paraffin, mineral oil, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and high molecular weight alcohols such as pentanol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, hexanol, octanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, etc.

[0054] Suitable solid carriers include, for example, talc, titanium dioxide, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgite clay, diatomaceous earth, limestone, calcium carbonate, bentonite, calcium montmorillonite, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, ground walnut shells, lignin, and similar substances.

[0055] In liquid and solid formulations, especially those that can be diluted with a carrier before use, the use of large amounts of surfactants is advantageous. Surfactants can be anionic, cationic, nonionic, or polymeric, and they can be used as emulsifiers, wetting agents, suspending agents, or for other purposes. Typical surfactants include, for example, alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium dodecyl sulfate; alkyl aryl sulfonates, such as calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; alkylphenol / epoxide addition products, such as nonylphenol ethoxylate; alcohol / epoxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate; siloxanes, silicones, silanes, silicates, and siloxides; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalene sulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinates, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate; sorbitan esters, such as sorbitan oleate; quaternary ammonium, such as dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride; polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, such as polyethylene glycol stearate; block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; and salts of monoalkyl phosphates and dialkyl phosphates; stearates and other substances, such as those described in “McCutcheon’s Yearbook of Detergents and Emulsifiers, MC Publishing, Richwood, NJ (1981)”.

[0056] The compositions according to the invention may contain additives comprising oils of plant or animal origin, mineral oils, alkyl esters of such oils, or mixtures of such oils and oil derivatives. When the oil additive is present in the compositions of the invention, its amount is generally from 0.01 to 10% based on the mixture to be applied. For example, after the spray mixture has been prepared, the oil additive can be added to the spray can at the desired concentration. Preferred oil additives include mineral oils or oils of plant origin, such as rapeseed oil, olive oil, or sunflower oil, emulsified vegetable oils, alkyl esters of plant-derived oils, such as methyl derivatives, or oils of animal origin, such as fish oil or tallow. Preferred oil additives contain C8-C. 22 Alkyl esters of fatty acids, especially C 12 -C 18 Methyl derivatives of fatty acids, such as methyl esters of lauric acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid (methyl laurate, methyl palmitate, and methyl oleate, respectively). Many oil derivatives are known from the "Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants," 10th edition, Southern Illinois University, 2010.

[0057] Similar to the properties of the formulation, the method of application, such as foliar spraying, rinsing, misting, atomizing, dusting, spreading, coating, or pouring, is selected based on the intended purpose and general circumstances.

[0058] Commercial products are preferably formulated as concentrates (e.g., premixed / pre-mixed compositions), while end users typically use diluted formulations (e.g., spray mixtures, spray cans, or can mixes (when combined with other insecticides or formulation adjuvants)).

[0059] Generally, the premixed composition contains 0.1 to 99%, particularly 15 to 90%, of nonanoic acid, and 0 to 99.9% of at least one liquid or solid carrier, and 0 to 35%, particularly 0.1 to 20%, of a formulation aid composition, such as a surfactant (in each case, % refers to the weight percentage in the premixed composition).

[0060] Generally, spray mixtures or spray can formulations for foliar or soil application contain 0.05% to 20%, particularly 0.1% to 15%, of nonanoic acid, and 99.95% to 80%, particularly 99.9% to 85%, of a liquid carrier, and 0% to 20%, particularly 0.1% to 15%, of a formulation aid, such as a surfactant (in each case, % refers to the weight percentage of the can mixture composition).

[0061] The application rate (grams of nonanoic acid per hectare or g / ha) varies and depends on the application method, crop, pest to be controlled, major climatic conditions, and other factors controlled by the application method, application time, and target crop. For foliar application, a sprayable mixture of nonanoic acid compositions is prepared at a certain concentration, and when applied at a given spraying rate, nonanoic acid is delivered to the plant at an amount of 300 to 6,500 g / ha, preferably 450 to 4,500 g / ha.

[0062] For example, preferably, the nonanoic acid composition is applied as a dilution containing less than about 6,500 g / ha, preferably less than about 4,500 g / ha, and most preferably about 1,300 g / ha of nonanoic acid. In a preferred aspect, the compositions of the present invention are provided as a dilution containing about 300 g / ha to about 6,500 g / ha, preferably about 400 g / ha to about 4,500 g / ha, and most preferably about 500 g / ha to about 1,300 g / ha of nonanoic acid. At higher concentrations, such as above about 10,000 g / ha of nonanoic acid, phytotoxicity, such as leaf scorch, becomes more prevalent. At lower concentrations, such as below about 300 g / ha of nonanoic acid, the effectiveness against arthropods, such as insects and mites, is reduced when used alone.

[0063] The compositions of the present invention have been shown to have low phytotoxicity, for example, at amounts of nonanoic acid of 1,300 g / ha or even up to 4,500 g / ha, depending on the crop and its growth stage, exhibiting, for example, zero or acceptable leaf scorch.

[0064] The method of using the compositions of the present invention to control arthropods, preferably insects and / or mites, pests on cotton is also part of the present invention. For example, the compositions are preferably used in a diluted form, such as the preferred dilutions described above, to provide effective insecticidal / acaricidal properties and low phytotoxicity.

[0065] In preferred aspects, these methods involve killing specific pests, such as insect and mite pests, at least one of which is selected from the genera *Tetranychus spp.*, *Bollweed*, *Calamus spp.*, *Aphid*, preferably *Aphidus spp.* and *Aphidus spp. ...

[0066] Implementation scheme A relates to a method for controlling arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests on cotton plants, which includes applying an insecticidal amount of nonanoic acid to the pest, to the location of the pest, or to the plant susceptible to pest infestation.

[0067] Implementation scheme B relates to a method for controlling and / or preventing damage to cotton plants caused by arthropod pests, preferably insects and / or mites, which includes applying an insecticidally effective amount of nonanoic acid to the plants.

[0068] Implementation scheme C relates to the use of nonanoic acid in cotton plants for the control and / or prevention of damage caused by arthropod pests, preferably insects and / or mites.

[0069] Implementation scheme D relates to the use of nonanoic acid in the preparation of arthropodicides for controlling and / or preventing damage caused by arthropod pests, preferably insects and / or mites, in cotton.

[0070] Implementation scheme E relates to an arthropod-killing composition for controlling arthropods in cotton, which comprises nonanoic acid.

[0071] In the preferred embodiments A to E, the arthropod pests include at least one selected from the genera *Tetranychus spp.*, *Bollweed*, *Calamus spp.*, *Aphid*, preferably *Aphidus spp.* and *Aphidus spp. ...

[0072] One embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of growing cotton plants, comprising applying a composition of nonanoic acid.

[0073] By adding additional insecticidal active agents to the nonanoic acid composition, the activity of the composition according to the invention can be significantly expanded and adapted to general conditions. Compositions containing (A) nonanoic acid and (B) at least one additional insecticidal active agent (i.e., in addition to nonanoic acid) can also have further surprising advantages, which can also be described in a broader sense as a super-synergistic (“synergistic”) effect. Thus, for example, by using or employing the composition in the treatments described herein, it is possible to improve plant growth, increase tolerance to high or low temperatures, enhance tolerance to drought or water or soil salinity, improve flowering performance, facilitate easier harvesting, accelerate ripening, increase harvest yield, produce larger fruits, increase plant height, produce greener leaves, flower earlier, produce higher quality and / or nutritional value of the harvested product, increase sugar concentration within the fruit, and improve storage stability and / or processability—all exceeding the actual expected effects.

[0074] One embodiment relates to a composition comprising (A) nonanoic acid and (B) at least one other insecticidal active agent, and the use of the composition of (A) and (B) in the methods and uses described herein.

[0075] One embodiment involves a combination comprising (A) nonanoic acid and (B) at least one other insecticidal active agent, and the use of the combination of (A) and (B) in the methods and uses described herein.

[0076] One embodiment relates to a method for reducing overall damage to cotton plants and cotton plant parts caused by arthropod pests, preferably insects and / or ticks, the method comprising the step of applying (A) nonanoic acid alone or in combination with (B) at least one other insecticidal active agent to the plant as defined herein.

[0077] One embodiment relates to a method for improving crop yield and / or food quality of cotton plants, the method comprising the step of applying (A) nonanoic acid alone or in combination with (B) at least one other insecticidal active agent to the plant as defined herein.

[0078] As used herein, “combination” refers to various combinations of (A) nonanoic acid and (B) at least one insecticidal active agent, for example, in a single “premixed” or “pre-mixed” form, in a combined spray mixture consisting of an independently formulated single active compound, such as a “canned mix,” and in combined use when applying the single active ingredient in a continuous manner, i.e., sequentially applied over a reasonable period of time, such as several hours or days, or sequentially applied over a reasonable period of time, such as several hours or days, such as 2 hours to 7 days. Preferably, the order of application of nonanoic acid and at least one insecticidal active agent is not essential for carrying out the invention. Therefore, the term “combination” also includes the presence of a nonanoic acid composition and at least one insecticidal active agent on the treated plant.

[0079] The ratio of (A) nonanoic acid and (B) any other insecticidal active agent is carefully selected so that when applied to cotton plants, the nonanoic acid and the insecticidal active agent are delivered in their respective desired proportions, for example, the proportions required for pest control as taught on the product label or determined by an experienced person in the field. Because the application rate of the additional insecticidal active agent can vary considerably, the general ratio of nonanoic acid to the additional active agent can also vary considerably. Compositions comprising a mixture of nonanoic acid and the aforementioned additional insecticidal active agent contain nonanoic acid and the aforementioned active agent, preferably in a mixing ratio of 1000:1 to 1:1, preferably in a weight ratio of 700:1 to 10:1, more preferably in a weight ratio of 500:1 to 30:1, and most preferably in a weight ratio of 100:1 to 1:100.

[0080] Other suitable insecticidal agents here are, for example, representatives of the following types of active ingredients:

[0081] (1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors,

[0082] (2) GABA-gated chloride channel blockers

[0083] (3) Sodium channel modulators

[0084] (4) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive regulator, (5) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric regulator,

[0085] (6) Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulator,

[0086] (7) Juvenile hormone mimics,

[0087] (8) Other non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors,

[0088] (9) A regulator of the TRPV channel in the chordotonal organ.

[0089] (10) Mite growth inhibitor,

[0090] (11) Microbial disruptors of the intestinal membrane in insects

[0091] (12) Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase

[0092] (13) Uncoupling agents via oxidative phosphorylation through a discontinuous proton gradient,

[0093] (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers

[0094] (15) Type O chitin biosynthesis inhibitor

[0095] (16) Type I chitin biosynthesis inhibitors

[0096] (17) Eczema Interference Agent

[0097] (18) Ecdysone receptor agonists

[0098] (19) Octopus amine receptor agonists

[0099] (20) Inhibitor of electron transport in mitochondrial complex III

[0100] (21) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitor

[0101] (22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers

[0102] (23) Acetyl-CoA (CoA) carboxylase inhibitors

[0103] (24) Inhibitors of mitochondrial complex IV electron transport

[0104] (25) Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitor

[0105] (26) Ryanodine receptor modulators

[0106] (27) Chordonal organ modulator

[0107] (28) Further insecticidal compounds.

[0108] In a preferred embodiment, the insecticidal active agent is selected from the group consisting of the following insecticidal active agents:

[0109] (1) An acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, which is a carbamate, and preferably selected from alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, furatin (i) Hiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triazamate, trimethacarb, XMC, and xylylcarb; or organophosphates, preferably selected from acephate. Azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon non), dichlorvos / DDVP, didrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, imicyafosIsofenphos, isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothiophosphoryl)salicylate, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phospha Midon, phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupirimfos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, trichlorfon, and vamidothion;

[0110] (2) GABA-gated chloride channel blockers are cyclopentadiene organochlorines, preferably selected from chlordane and endosulfan; or phenylpyrazoles, preferably selected from ethiprole and fipronil;

[0111] (3) Sodium channel modulators, preferably pyrethroids, selected from acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, and bioallethrin s-cyclopentenyl isomer. isomer), bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans isomer] isomers]), deltamethrin, empenthrin[(EZ)-(lR)-isomer], esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, halfenprox, imiprothrin, kadethrin, momfluorothrin, permethrin, phenothrin[(1R)-trans isomer][isomer]), prallethrin, pyrethrine (pyrethrum), resmethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tetramethrin [(1R) isomers], tralomethrin and transfluthrin, DDT and methoxychloride;

[0112] (4) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators, which are neonicotinoids, preferably selected from acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam, or nicotine, or sulfoximines, preferably selected from sulfoxaflor; or butenolides, preferably selected from flupyradifurone; or mesoionics, preferably selected from triflumezopyrim;

[0113] (5) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators, which are spinosins, preferably selected from spinosyns and spinosad;

[0114] (6) Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric regulators, which are avermectins / milbemycins, preferably selected from abamectin, emamectin benzoate, lepimectin and milbemectin;

[0115] (7) Juvenile hormone analogue, preferably selected from hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen.

[0116] (8) Other non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors, which are alkyl halides, preferably selected from methyl bromide and other alkyl halides; or chloropicrin or thiocyanate or borax or tartar emetic; or methyl isocyanate generating agents selected from diazomet or metam;

[0117] (9) TRPV channel modulators of the chordotonal organ, selected from pymetrozine and pyrifluquinazon;

[0118] (10) Mite growth inhibitors, selected from clofentezine, hexythiazox, diflovidazin and etoxazole;

[0119] (11) Microbial disruptors of the intestinal membrane in insects, selected from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis, and insecticidal proteins, such as those derived from Bacillus thuringiensis;

[0120] (12) Mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor, which is an ATP interfering agent, preferably selected from diafenthiuron, or organotin compounds selected from azocyclotin, cyhexatin and fenbutatin oxide, or propargite or tetradifon.

[0121] (13) An uncoupling agent for oxidative phosphorylation via a discontinuous proton gradient, selected from chlorfenapyr, dinitrocresol (DNOC) and sulphluramid.

[0122] (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers, such as bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocyclam and thiosultap-sodium.

[0123] (15) Type O chitin biosynthesis inhibitors, selected from bistrifluron, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, teflubenzuron, and triflumuron;

[0124] (16) Type I chitin biosynthesis inhibitors, which are selected from buprofezin;

[0125] (17) Molting disruptors (especially for Diptera insects), which are selected from cyromazine;

[0126] (18) Ecdysone receptor agonists selected from chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide;

[0127] (19) Octopus amine receptor agonist, which is selected from amitraz.

[0128] (20) Inhibitors of electron transport in mitochondrial complex III, selected from hydramethylnone, acequinocyl and fluacrypyrim;

[0129] (21) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors, preferably METI acaricides and insecticides, selected from fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad, and tolfenpyrad; or rotenone (Derris);

[0130] (22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, selected from indoxacarb or metaflumizone;

[0131] (23) An acetyl-CoA (CoA) carboxylase inhibitor, which is a derivative of tetronic acid and tetramic acid, preferably selected from spirodiclofen, spiromesifen and spirotetramat;

[0132] (24) A mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitor, which is a phosphide, preferably selected from aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, phosphine and zinc phosphide; or a cyanide, selected from calcium cyanide, potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide;

[0133] (25) A mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitor, which is a β-ketonitrile derivative, preferably selected from cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen and carboxanilides selected from pyflubumide;

[0134] (26) Ryanodine receptor modulators, which are diamides, preferably selected from chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole and flubendiamide;

[0135] (27) The chordotonal organ (target undetermined) was selected from fluazinam;

[0136] (28) Further active compounds selected from acynonapyr, bispyribac-methyl, afoxolaner, azadirachtin, benclothiazide, benzpyrimoxan, bifenazate, bromofenopram, bromofenopram, chinomethionat, dextrorotatory trans-cypermethrin, cryolite, cyclaniliprole, cycloxaprid, cyhalodiamide, cycloflufenoxam Cyproflanilide, dichlorvos, trichlorfon, dimpropyridaz, epsilon-metofluthrin, epsilon-momfluthrin, flumetoquinone, indene, flumethrin, pyrimethanil, flufenoxuron, fipronil, flufenoxuron, flufenoxuron, flufenoxuron, fluralaner, flupyraclostrobin, fluxametamide, fufenozide, guadipyr Heptamethrin, chlorpyrifos, iprodione, isocycloseram, kappa-bifenthrin, κ-bifenthrin, lotilaner, meperfluthrin, oxazosulfyl, pipemidone, pyridalyl, pyrifluquinazon, pyriminostrobin, spirobudiclofen, spiropidion, sulf ur, tetramethylfluthrin, tetraliprole, tetrachlorantraniliprole, tigolaner, tioxazafen, thiofluoximate, iodomethane; 1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine, {1'-[(2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]-5-fluorospiro[indole-3,4'-piperidin]-1(2H)-yl}(2-chloropyridin-4-yl) ketone, 2-chloro-N-[2-{1-[(2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]piperidin-4-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide, 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one, 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-2-oxo-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-yl ethyl carbonate, 4-(but-2-yn-1-yloxy)-6-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-5-fluoropyrimidine, PF13 64 (known from JP2010 / 018586), (3E)-3-[1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridyl]-1,1,1-trifluoro-prop-2-one, N-[3-(benzylcarbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl]-1-methyl-3-(pentafluoroethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, 5-bromo-4-chloro-N-[4-chloro-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide, 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(cis-1-oxo-3-thio) Heterocyclic butyl)-benzamide, 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(trans-1-oxo-3-thioheterocyclic butyl)-benzamide and 4-[(5S)-5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(cis-1-oxo-3-thioheterocyclic butyl)benzamide, N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-propionamide, (+)-N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-propionamide, (+)-N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl] -N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfinyl]-propionamide and (-)-N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfinyl]-propionamide, 5-[[(2E)-3-chloro-2-propen-1-yl]amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazol-3-onitrile, 3-bromo-N-[4-chloro-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)thiomethyl]phenyl]-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[[(1,[1-Dimethylethyl]amino]carbonyl]-6-methylphenyl]-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-3-(fluoromethoxy)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, N-[2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl]-3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, 4-[3-[2,6-dichloro-4-[(3,3-dichloro-2-propen-1-yl)oxy]phenoxy]propoxy]-2-methoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)-pyrimidine; (2E)- and 2(Z)-2-[2-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene]-N-[4-(difluoro... [Methoxy)phenyl]-hydrazine carboxamide; 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl-cyclopropane carboxylate; (4aS)-7-chloro-2,5-dihydro-2-[[(methoxycarbonyl)[4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazine-4a(3H)-carboxylate methyl ester; 6-deoxy-3-O-ethyl-2,4-di-O-methyl-1-[N-[4-[1-[4-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]phenyl]carbamate]-α-L-mannopyranose; 8-(2-cyclo[] (Propylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethylpyridazin-3-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3,2,1]octane, (8-trans)-8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethylpyridazin-3-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3,2,1]octane, (8-cis)-8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethylpyridazin-3-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3,2,1]octane, N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio]-propionamide and N-[4-(amino Thiomethyl)-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)carbonyl]phenyl]-3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, 5-(1,3-dioxane-2-yl)-4-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]pyrimidine, 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-1-methyl-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-yl-ethyl carbonate, and 4-[(5S)-5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)-4,A mixture of 5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-N-[(4R)-2-ethyl-3-oxo-4-isoxazolyl]-2-methylbenzamide, 2-({2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(R)-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}imino)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one, 1,4-dimethyl-2-[2-(pyridin-3-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-1,2,4-triazolyl-3,5-dione, and terpenes, said terpene mixture comprising substantially pure α-terpinene, substantially pure p-methylpinene, and substantially pure limonene as active ingredients, in a relative ratio of approximately 35-45:12-20:10-15.

[0137] In one embodiment, the composition comprises (A) nonanoic acid and (B) one or more of the following insecticidal agents: abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, afidopyropen, aldicarb, bifenthrin, broflanilide, buprofezin, carbosulfan, chlorantraniliprole, and chlorfenapyr. ), chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cyclaniliprole, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, diafenthiuron, dimpropyridaz, emamectin benzoate, ethiprole, fenitrothion, fenpropatrin, flonicamid, flubendiamide, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, lufenuron, malathion, methomyl, novaluron, profenofos, quinalphos, spinosad, spiropidion, sulfoxaflor, thiodicarb, and thiamethoxam.

[0138] In one implementation, the insecticidal active agent (B) is a biocontrol agent.

[0139] As used herein, “biocontrol” is defined as the control of insects and / or mites and / or nematodes through the use of organisms such as microorganisms or metabolites produced by such microorganisms. In some cases, biocontrol is also achieved through the use of naturally occurring compounds or derivatives of such naturally occurring compounds.

[0140] According to one embodiment of the invention, the biocontrol agent comprises not only pure cultures of various fungi or bacteria isolated, particularly fungi or bacteria with insecticidal activity, but also a suspension in the whole broth culture or a supernatant containing metabolites or purified metabolites obtained from the whole broth culture of the fungal or bacterial strain. "Whole broth culture" refers to a liquid culture containing cells and culture medium. "Supernatant" refers to the liquid culture remaining after removing the cells growing in the culture by centrifugation, filtration, sedimentation, or other methods well known in the art. According to another embodiment, the biocontrol agent further comprises, in addition to its fermentation broth, suitable formulations of pure cultures of various fungi or bacteria, as further described below. The biocontrol agent may be an insecticidal biocontrol agent selected from the group consisting of:

[0141] (1) Bacteria, selected from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, especially strain ABTS-1857 (SD-1372; for example) (Source: Valent BioSciences); Bacillus mycoides, isolate J. (e.g., BmJ, sourced from Certis USA LLC, a subsidiary of Mitsui & Co.); Bacillus sphaericus, particularly Serotype H5a5b strain 2362 (strain ABTS-1743) (e.g.) Derived from Valent BioSciences, US; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123 derived from Becker Microbial Products, IL; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, especially serotype H-7 (e.g. WG (from Valent BioSciences, US); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 (e.g.) ES, from Valent BioSciences, US; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123, from Becker Microbial Products, IL; Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis strain BMP 144 (e.g.) Derived from Becker Microbial Products IL); Burkholderia spp., particularly Burkholderia rinojensis strain A396 (also known as Burkholderia rinojensis strain MBI 305) (accession numbers NRLB-50319; WO2011 / 106491 and WO 2013 / 032693; e.g., MBI-206TGAI and Derived from Marrone BioInnovations); Chromobacterium subtsugae, especially strain PRAA4-1T (MBI-203; for example, derived from Marrone BioInnovations); Chromobacterium subtsugae, especially strain PRAA4-1T (MBI-203); Marrone Bio Innovations); Paenibacillus popilliae (formerly known as Bacillus popilliae; e.g., MILKY SPORE POWDER™ and MILKY SPORE GRANULARTM, from St. Gabriel Laboratories); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (serotype H-14) strain AM65-52 (accession number ATCC 1276) (e.g.) Derived from Valent BioSciences, US; Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki strain EVB-113-19 (e.g.) (Source: AEF Global); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB 176 (SD-5428; for example) FC (derived from BioFa DE); Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonicus strain Buibui; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS 351; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain PB 54; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain SA 11; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain SA 12; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG 2348; Bacillus thuringiensis var. Colmeri (e.g., TIANBAOBTC, derived from Changzhou Jianghai Chemical Factory); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain GC-91; Serratia serratifolia... entomophila)(e.g., entomophila) Derived from Wrightson Seeds; Serratia marcescens, especially strain SRM (accession number MTCC8708); and Wolbachia pipientis ZAP strain (e.g., ZAP). The group is derived from MosquitoMate; and

[0142] (2) Fungi, selected from *Muscodor albus*, especially strain QST 20799 (accession number NRRL30547); *Muscodor roseus*, especially strain A3-5 (accession number NRRL 30548); *Beauveria bassiana*, especially strain ATCC 74040 (e.g.) Strains from Intrachem Bio Italia; strain GHA (accession number ATCC74250; e.g., BotaniGuard Es and Mycotrol-0, from Laverlam International Corporation); strain ATP02 (accession number DSM 24665); strain PPRI 5339 (e.g., BroadBandTM, from BASF); strain PPRI 7315, strain R444 (e.g., Bb-Protec, from Andermatt Biocontrol), strains IL197, IL12, IL236, IL10, IL 131, IL116 (all refer to Laronski, 2007. Application of Entomopathogenic Fungi in the Management of Biological Pests, 2007: ISBN: 978-81-308-0192-6), strain Bv025 (see e.g., Garcia et al., 2006. Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecologia (Costa Rica) No. 77); strain BaGPK; strain ICPE 279, strain CG 716 (e.g.) Derived from Novozymes); *Hirsutella citriformis*, *Hirsutella thompsonii* (e.g., Mycohit and ABTEC, derived from the Indiana Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center); *Lecanici Ilium lecanii* (formerly known as *Verticillium lecanii*), especially strain KV01 (e.g.) and Conidia from Koppert / Arysta, strains DAOM198499 or DAOM216596; Lecanicillium muscarium (formerly Verticillium lecanii), especially strain VE 6 / CABI(=IMI)268317 / CBS102071 / ARSEF5128 (e.g., Mycotal, from Koppert); Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, e.g., ARSEF324, from GreenGuard in Becker Underwood, USA, or isolate IMI 330189 (ARSEF7486; e.g., Green Muscle, from Biological Control Products); Metarhizium brunneum, e.g., strain Cb 15 (e.g., (from BIOCARE); Metarhizium anisopliae, for example, strain ESALQ 1037 (e.g., from BIOCARE); SPOrganic), strain E-9 (e.g. from...) SP Organic), strains M206077, C4-B (NRRL30905), ESC1, 15013-1 (NRRL 67073), 3213-1 (NRRL 67074), C20091, C20092, F52 (DSM3884 / ATCC 90448; e.g., Bayer CropScience's BIO 1020 and Novozymes' Met52) or ICIPE 78; Metarhizium robertsii 23013-3 (NRRL 67075); Nomuraea rileyi; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (new: Isaria fumosorosea) , especially strain Apopka 97 (can be used as PreFeRal, from Certis, USA), Fe9901 (can be used as NoFly, from Natural Industries, USA), ARSEF 3581, ARSEF 3302, ARSEF 2679 (ARS Insectivorous Fungal Culture Collection, Ithaca, USA)), IfBOl (China Center for Type Culture Collection, CCTCC M2012400), ESALQ1296, ESALQ1364, ESALQ1409 (ESALQ: University of São Paulo (Pirasicaba, São Paulo, Brazil)), CG1228 (EMBRAPA Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Brasilia, DF, Brazil)), KCH J2 (Dymarska et al., 2017; PLoS one) 12(10)):e0184885), HIB-19, HIB-23, HIB-29, HIB-30 (Gandarilla-Pacheco et al., 2018; Rev Argent Microbiol 50:81-89), CHE-CNRCB 304, EH-511 / 3 (Flores-Villegas et al., 2016; Parasites&Vectors 2016 9:176doi:10.1186 / sl3071-016-1453-l), CHE-CNRCB 303, CHE-CNRCB 305, CHE-CNRCB 307 (Gallou et al., 2016; Fungal Biology 120(2016)414-423), EH-506 / 3, EH-503 / 3, EH-520 / 3, PFCAM, MBP, PSMB1 (National Center for Biological Control of Mexico; Castellanos-Moguel et al., 2013; Revista Mexicana DeMicologia 38:23-33, 2013), RCEF3304 (Meng et ak, 2015; Genet Mol Biol. 2015 Jul-Sep; 38(3):381-389), PF01-N10 (CCTCC No. M207088), CCM 8367 (Czech Microbial Culture Collection, Bmo), SFP-198 (Kim et al., 2010; Wiley Online: DOI 10.1002 / ps.2020), K3 (Yanakawa et al., 2015; J Chem Ecok 2015; 41(12):118-1126), CLO 55 (Ansari Ali et al., 2011; PLoSOne.2011; 6(1):el6108. DOI:10.1371 / joumakpone.0016108), IfTSO1, HTS02, HTS07 (Donget ak 2016 / PLoS ONE) 11(5):e0156087.doi:10.1371 / joumakpone.0156087),PI (Solar Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, India),If-02,If-2.3,If-03 (Farooq and Freed, 2016; DOI:10.1016 / j.bjm.2016.06.002),Ifir AsC (Meyer et al., 2008; J.Invertebr.Pathol.99:96-102.10.1016 / jjip.2008.03.007),PC-013 (DSMZ 26931),P43A,PCC (Carrillo-Perez et al., 2012; DOI 10.1007 / sl 1274-012-1184-1), Pf04, Pf59, Pfl09 (KimJun et al., 2013; Mycobiology 2013Dec; 41(4): 221-224), FG 340 (Han et al., 2014; DOI: 10.5941 / MYCO.2014.42.4).385), Pfirl, Pfr8, Pfr9, Pfrl0, Pfirl 1, Pfrl2 (Angel-Sahaghn et al., 2005; Journal of Entomology), Ifr531 (Daniel and Wyss, 2009; DOI 10.1111 / j.1439)-0418.2009.01410.x), IF-1106 (Insect Ecology and Biological Control Laboratory, Shanxi Agricultural University), 19602, 17284 (Hussain et al. 2016, DOI:10.3390 / ijmsl7091518), 103011 (US Patent 4618578), CNRCB1 (National Center for Biological Control (CNRCB), Colima, Mexico), SCAU-IFCF01 ( Nian et al., 2015; DOI: 10.1002 / ps.3977), PF01-N4 (Biological Control Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China) Pfr-612 (Mexico Institute of Biotechnology (IB-FCB-UANL)), Pf-Tim, Pf-Tiz, Pf-Hal, Pf-Tic (Chan-Cupul et al., 2013; DOI: 10.5897 / AJMR12.493); Aschersonia The group consisting of *Beauveria brongniartii* (e.g., Beaupro, from Andermatt Biocontrol AG); *Conidiobolus obscurus*; *Entomophthora virulenta* (e.g., Vektor, from Ecomic); *Lagenidium giganteum*; *Metarhizium flavoviride*; *Mucor haemelis* (e.g., BioAvard, from Indore Biotech Inputs & Research); *Nosema locustae*; *Pandora delphacis*; *Sporothrixinsectorum* (e.g., Sporothrix Es, from Biocerto, BR); and *Zoophtora radicans*, and others.

[0143] (3) Viruses selected from the group consisting of the following viruses: Adoxophyeshonmai nucleopolyhedrovirus (AdhoNPV), e.g., isolate ADN001; AgipNPV (Agrotisipsilon multinucleopolyhedrovirus), e.g., isolate from Illinois; AgMNPV (Anticarsia gemmatalis) (e.g., Baculo-soja from Nova Era Biotecnologia Agricola; Baculovirus Nitral from Nitral Urbana; Coopervirus SC from COODETEC), e.g., isolate 2D; AcMNPV (Autographa califomica) (e.g., VPN-ULTRA from Agricola El Sol; Loopex from Andermatt Biocontrol; Lepigen from AgBiTech), e.g., isolate C6; Galleria (Galleria) Multinucleated polyhedrosis virus (GmMNPV) of *Mellonella*; multinucleated polyhedrosis virus of *Plutella xylostella*, such as isolate CL3; multinucleated polyhedrosis virus of *Spodoptera exempta* (SpexNPV); multinucleated polyhedrosis virus of *Trichoplusia ni* (TnMNPV); multinucleated polyhedrosis virus of *Bombyx mori* (BmNPV), such as isolate T3; (C3).10) Bombyx mandarina nucleopolyhedrovirus (BomaNPV), e.g., isolate SI; Buzura suppressaria nucleopolyhedrovirus (BuzuNPV), e.g., isolate S13; Choristoneura fumiferana DEF multinucleopolyhedrovirus (CfDefNPV); Choristoneura fumiferana multinucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV), e.g., isolate from Ireland; Choristoneura rosaceana nucleopolyhedrovirus (ChroNPV); Ecotropis obliqua nucleopolyhedrovirus (EcobNPV), e.g., isolate Al; Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (EppoNPV); Heliocoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) nucleopolyhedrovirus (Hear-NPV) (e.g., from AgBiTech). MAX and Armigen, Helicovex from Andermatt Biocontrol, Keyun HaNPV), such as isolate Cl (HearNPV-Cl), isolate NNG1 (HearNPV-NNG1), isolate G4 (HearNPV-G4); Helicoverpa zea mononuclear polyhedrosis virus (HzSNPV) (e.g., Gemstar from CertisUSA, Diplomata from Koppert); Lymantria dispar polynuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) (e.g., Lymantria from Andermatt Biocontrol, Gypcheck developed by the US Forest Service); Mamestra brassicae polynuclear polyhedrosis virus (MbMNPV), such as the isolate from Oxford; Mamestra Nucleopolyhedrovirus A (MacoNPV-A), e.g., isolate 90 / 2 or isolate 90 / 4; Nucleopolyhedrovirus B (MacoNPV-B) of Mamestra configurata, e.g., isolate 96B; Orgyia pseudotsugata (Foxtail pine moth) multinucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV) (e.g., Virtuss); Spodoptera exigua (beef armyworm) multinucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV) (e.g., Spexit from Andermatt Biocontrol, Spod-X LC from Certis USA, Keyun SeNPV), e.g., isolates from the United States; Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) multinucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV) (e.g., Fawligen from AgBiTech), e.g., isolate 3AP2 or isolate 6NR; African cotton bollworm (Spodoptera Littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) (e.g., Littovir from Andermatt Biocontrol), such as isolate M2; Spodoptera litura (Oriental Leafworm) nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltNPV) (e.g., Keyun SpltNPV), such as isolate G2; Thysanoplusiaorichalcea nucleopolyhedrovirus (ThorNPV), such as isolate A28; Trichoplusiani mononuclear polyhedrovirus (TnSNPV); (C3).30) *Wiseana signata* nucleopolyhedrovirus (WisiNPV); *Adoxophyes orana* (summer fruit spot) granulovirus (AdorGV) (e.g., Capex from Andermatt Biocontrol); *Agrotis segetum* nucleopolyhedrovirus A (AgseNPV); *Anagrapha falcifera* multinucleopolyhedrovirus (AnfaNPV); *Antheraea pemyi* nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnpeNPV); *Chrysodeixis chalcites* nucleopolyhedrovirus (ChchNPV); *Clanis bilineata* nucleopolyhedrovirus (ClbiNPV); *Euproctis pseudoconspersa* nucleopolyhedrovirus (EupsNPV); *Hyphantria* Nucleopolyhedrovirus (HycuNPV) of *Cunea*; Nucleopolyhedrovirus (LeseNPV) of *Leucaniaseparata*; Nucleopolyhedrovirus (MaviNPV) of *Maruca vitrata*; Nucleopolyhedrovirus (OrleNPV) of *Orgyia leucostigma*; Mononuclear polyhedrovirus (OpSNPV) of *Orgyia pseudotsugata*; Nucleopolyhedrovirus (PaflNPV) of *Panolis flammea*; Multinucleopolyhedrovirus (RoMNPV) of *Rachiplusia ou*; GV of *Erinnyis ello* (small fruit moth), such as isolate VG010; Particle virus (ArGV) of *Artogeia rapae*; *Pieris* (large cabbage white butterfly). Brassicae particulate virus (PbGV), e.g., isolate 384; spruce leafroller (Choristoneura fumiferana) particulate virus (ChfuGV), e.g., isolate Bonaventure; Cryptophorbia leucotreta (false codling moth) particulate virus (CrleGV) (e.g., Cryptex from Andermatt Biocontrol), e.g., isolate CV3; codling moth (Cydiapomonella) (codfish moth) particulate virus (CpGV) (e.g., from Andermatt Biocontrol). Products, such as Carpovirus Plus from AgroRoca SA, for example, isolate M1; HabrGV (Harrisina brillians) particulate virus, for example, isolate M2; HeearGV (Helicoverpa armigera) particulate virus; LaolGV (Lacanobia oleracea) particulate virus, for example, isolate SI; PhopGV (Phthorimaea operculella) particulate virus (e.g., Tutavir, Matapol from Andermatt Biocontrol); PiGV (Plodia interpunctella) virus, for example, isolate B3; and PlxyGV (Platelet-bearing moth particulate virus, for example, from Keyun). Examples of common virulence include: K1 isolate; Pseudalatia unipuncta particulate virus (PsunGV), such as the Hawaiian isolate; Trichoplusia ni particulate virus (TnGV), such as isolate M10-5; Xestia c-nigrum particulate virus (XecnGV), such as the α4 isolate; AgseGV, such as the Xinjiang isolate; Choristoneura occidentalis particulate virus (ChocGV); Spodoptera litura (Oriental leafhopper) particulate virus (SpliGV), such as the Kl isolate; Neodiprionlecontei (red-headed pine sawfly) nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeleNPV) (e.g., Lecontvirus from SYLVAR); Neodiprion sertifer (pine sawfly) nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeseNPV) (e.g., Neocheck-S developed by the U.S. Forest Service); Gilpinia Hercyniae nucleopolyhedrovirus (Gihe NPV), e.g., isolate i7; Neodiprionabietis (balsam fir sawfly) nucleopolyhedrovirus (Neab NPV) (e.g., ABIETIV from SYLVAR); Culexnigripalpus (black-bearded Culex mosquito) nucleopolyhedrovirus (Cuni NPV), e.g., isolate from Florida (1997); Aedes sollicitans (Aeso NPV); Uranothenia sapphrinia (Ursa NPV); Spodoptera albula (grey-striped moth) NPV (e.g., VPN-ULTRA isolated from Agricola ElSol); Biston suppressaria (tea geometrid moth) NPV; Dendrolimus punctatus (horsetail moth) CPV; Leucoma salicis (satin moth) NPV; Spodoptera Fall armyworm granulovirus (SfGV), such as isolate ARG; Spodoptera sunia nucleopolyhedrovirus (e.g. VPN 82 from Agricola El Sol); Pieris rapae (bok choy) GV (PiraGV); Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm) nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeNPV) (e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae SeNPV) and zucchini yellow mosaic virus.

[0144] The biocontrol agent may be a nematicidal biocontrol agent selected from the following group:

[0145] (4) Bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, especially strain QST713 / AQ713 (with NRRL registration number B-21661; which can be used as...). OPTI or ASO obtained from Bayer Crop Science LP, US; Bacillus pumilus, particularly strain QST2808 (with accession number NRRL No. B-30087); Bacillus firmus, particularly strain CNMC 1-1582 (e.g., from BASF SE). ); Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, especially strain FZB42 (e.g., from ABiTEP, DE) ); Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 (from Valent / Sumitomo) From LidoChem ST); Bacillus cereus, especially spores of Bacillus cereus strain CNCM 1-1562 (see US 6,406,690); Bacillus laterosporus (also known as Brevibacillus laterosporus); for example, from Agro-Organics, ZA ); Bacillus megaterium, strain YFM3.25 (e.g., from BioArc) ); Bacillus mojavensis, strain SR11 (CECT-7666; provided by Probelte SA); Bacillus nematocida B16 (CGMCC accession number 1128); a mixture of Bacillus licheniformis FMCHOO1 and Bacillus subtilis FMCH002 (can be used as...) (WG) (WP) obtained from FMC Corporation); Pasteuria nishizawae (e.g., from Pasteur Biosciences). LF / ST; from Syngenta / ChemChina PN); Burkholderia rinojensis strain A396 (also known as Burkholderia rinojensis strain MBI 305) (accession number NRRL B-50319; WO 2011 / 106491 and WO 2013 / 032693; from Marrone Bio Innovations) ); Pasteuria stab-; Pasteuria usgae (e.g., ECONEMTM from Pasteur Biosciences); Streptomycete sp., such as Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC108 (also known as Streptomyces lydicus strain WYCD 108US) (from Novozymes' ACTINO- and Streptomyces saraceticus (e.g., from A&A Group (agrochemical company)); Bacillus thuringiensis strain CR-371 (access number ATCC 55273); Bacillus cepacia (e.g., from Stine Microbial Products) ); Lysobacter enzymogenes, especially strain C3 (see J Nematol. June 2006, 38(2): 233-239 and Biocontrol February 2018, 117: 158-163); and

[0146] Fungi, such as white slime mold (Muscodor albus), especially strain QST 20799 (accession number NRRL30547); pink slime mold (Muscodor roseus), especially strain A3-5 (accession number NRRL 30548); purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly known as Paecilomyces lilacinus), especially P. lilacinum strain 251 (AGAL 89 / 030550; e.g. BioAct from Bayer CropScience Biologies GmbH), strain 580 (Laverlam) WP (ATCC No. 38740) and products Strains and products from (T.Stanes and Company Ltd.) Strains and products from (Varsha Bioscience and Technology India Pvt Ltd.) strains and products from (Nico Orgo Maures, India) Strains and products SPECTRUM PAE from (Ballagro Agro Tecnologia Ltda, Brazil) Strains from (Promotora Tecnica Industrial, SADE CV, Mexico); Trichoderma koningii; Harposporium anguillullae; Hirsutella minnesotensis; Monacrosporium cionopagum; Monacrosporium psychrophilum; Myrothecium verrucaria, especially strain AARC-0255 (e.g., Valent Biosciences' DiTera™); Paecilomyces variotii, strain Q-09 (e.g., from Cuimia, Mexico). Stagonospora Phaseoli (e.g., from Syngenta); Trichoderma lignorum, especially strain TL-0601 (e.g., from Futureco Bioscience, ES, Mycotric); Fusarium solani, strain Fs5; Hirsutella rhossiliensis; Monacrosporium drechsleri; Monacrosporium gephyropagum; Nematoctonus geogenius; Nematoctonus leiosporus; Neocosmospora vasinfecta; Paraglomus sp., especially Paraglomus brasilianum; Pochonia chlamydosporia (also known as Vercillium) Chlamydosporium), especially var. catenulata (IMI SD 187; e.g., KlamiC, from the National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), CU); Stagonospora heteroderae; Meristacrum asterospermum and Duddingtonia flagrans.

[0147] The above mixture can be used in methods for controlling pests, which include applying a composition containing the above mixture to the pest or its environment, except for methods of surgical treatment of a human or animal or methods of treatment and diagnosis of a human or animal.

[0148] Combinations comprising nonanoic acid and one or more surfactants as described above can be applied, for example, as a single “premix”, as a combined spray mixture consisting of individual formulations of a single surfactant component, such as as a “can mix,” and in a sequential manner combining (A) nonanoic acid and (B) a separate composition containing additional surfactants, i.e., applied one after another over a reasonably short period of time, such as several hours or days. The order of application of nonanoic acid and surfactants as described above is not necessary for carrying out the invention.

[0149] In the field of crop protection, the preferred application method is to apply it to the leaves of plants (foliar application). The application frequency and amount can be selected according to the degree of pest infestation. Detailed Implementation

[0150] The following examples illustrate the invention in a non-limiting manner.

[0151] All applications described below use EC formulations containing 650 g / L nonanoic acid (e.g., 685 g / L 95% purity nonanoic acid), an anionic emulsifier, and a branched-chain fatty acid ester solvent. The treatment names of the nonanoic acid compositions used in the following examples are expressed as total g / ha based on the application rate; for example, a 650 EC formulation applied at 1 L / ha is expressed as PA650 g / ha; an application rate of 1.5 L / ha is expressed as PA975 g / ha.

[0152] Example 1: Cotton - Boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis or Boll weevil) - ANTHGR

[0153] The experiment was conducted at 15m. 2 The application is carried out on cotton plants in the field. The water volume for each application is 150 liters per hectare (L / ha). Three applications are made every 7 days, covering a field area of ​​15m². 2 Application of A was performed during the first infection. Efficacy was assessed by counting the number of insects per 20 flower buds. At the initial application, the insect count was 6.75 per 20 flower buds.

[0154]

[0155] %UNCK = Percentage of unprocessed checks, i.e., % efficacy

[0156]

[0157] Sperto = 25% bifenthrin + 25% WG acetamiprid

[0158] Production assessment

[0159]

[0160] Phytotoxicity was assessed 7 days after each application. No phytotoxicity was observed.

[0161] Example 2

[0162] Cotton - Boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis or Boll weevil) - ANTHGR

[0163] The experiment was conducted at 15m. 2The application is carried out on cotton plants in the field. The water volume for each application is 150 liters per hectare (L / ha). Three applications are made every 7 days, covering a field area of ​​15m². 2 Efficacy was assessed by counting the number of insects per 20 flower buds. At the initial application, the insect count was 6.75 per 20 flower buds.

[0164]

[0165]

[0166] Sperto = 25% bifenthrin + 25% WG acetamiprid

[0167] Production assessment

[0168]

[0169] Phytotoxicity was assessed 7 days after each application. No phytotoxicity was observed.

Claims

1. A method of controlling arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests, on cotton plants, comprising applying an insecticidally effective amount of nonanoic acid to the pests, to the locus of the pests, or to plants susceptible to attack by the pests.

2. A method for controlling and / or preventing damage to cotton plants caused by infestation by arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests, which comprises applying to the plants an insecticidally effective amount of nonanoic acid.

3. Use of nonanoic acid on cotton plants for controlling and / or preventing damage caused by infestation by arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests.

4. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the pest comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of two-spotted spider mite; cotton boll weevil; cucurbit beetle; aphid spp., preferably peanut aphid and cotton aphid; whitefly spp., preferably silverleaf whitefly and Bemisia tabaci; green aphid; whitefly spp., preferably albifrons whitefly and greenhouse whitefly; leather bug; brown stink bug; cotton bollworm; pink bollworm; flower thrips spp., preferably tobacco brown flower thrips, western flower thrips, su flower thrips and oriental flower thrips; and palm thrips.

5. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the nonanoic acid is administered as a composition together with a suitable carrier.

6. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the nonanoic acid is applied as a foliar spray.

7. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the plant exhibits low phytotoxicity after application of the nonanoic acid.

8. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the nonanoic acid is applied in an amount sufficient to deliver nonanoic acid to the cotton plant, at an amount of 300 g / ha to 6,500 g / ha, preferably 450 g / ha to 4,500 g / ha.

9. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising applying (B) at least one additional pesticidally active agent.

10. The method or use according to claim 9, wherein the at least one additional insecticidal active agent (B) comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, aflotopyr, aldicarb, bifenthrin, bromofenac, buprofezin, carbosulfan, chlorfenapyr, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, methyl chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, β-cyfluthrin, λ-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, diafenthiuron, anthracenamide, emamectin benzoate, ethiprole, fenitrothion, cyproconazole, flonicamid, flubendiamide, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, chlorfenapyr, malathion, methomyl, nofluuron, profenofos, quinalphos, spinosad, spiropyridine, sulfoxaflor, thiodicarb, thiamethoxam and biological control agents.

11. The method according to claim 9 or 10, comprising the step of applying (A) nonanoic acid and (B) at least one insecticidal active agent to the plant simultaneously or sequentially.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the nonanoic acid and the insecticidal active agent are applied simultaneously.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein the nonanoic acid and the insecticidal active agent are applied sequentially.

Images