Compact hybrid low cost high resolution dual mode phased array antenna

Abstract

An antenna apparatus and a method of operating the antenna apparatus may include a set of receive antenna elements and a transmit antenna array including transmit antenna elements, where the transmit antenna array is located at a center in a phased array aperture that includes a transmit array antenna and a plurality of receive antenna elements. The isolation region may isolate the transmit antenna array from the receive antenna element in the phased array aperture, and the phased array aperture is capable of operating in a hybrid dual mode, including a radar mode and an active beam steering mode. The radar mode may be a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar mode, and the beamforming mode may be an antenna beamforming mode.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] Embodiments generally relate to antenna apparatus including phased array apertures. Embodiments also relate to antenna apparatus and systems and phased array apertures for volume sensing for non-flat surface mapping. Embodiments also relate to methods for operating antenna apparatus and phased array apertures. Background Art

[0002] Currently, volume measurement of stockpiled materials for custody transfer, process control and inventory monitoring, and asset management is typically performed using a combination of manual methods and specialized equipment. The specific technology employed can vary depending on the nature of the material and the requirements of the custody transfer and / or supply control process. Particularly in the case of granular solids or materials with undulating or uneven surfaces, determining continuously changing volumes in real time is a challenge.

[0003] Some common methods involve, for example, physically measuring the dimensions of the stockpile and using a mathematical formula to calculate the volume. Measurements can be made using a tape measure, ruler, weight scale, or measuring device. For irregularly shaped stockpiles, sections can be divided into simpler geometric structures to estimate the total volume. This method can be time consuming and prone to human error.

[0004] Other technologies involve the use of ground-based light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology, which uses laser beams to measure distances and create detailed 3D point cloud representations of stockpiles, and in some cases, aerial LiDAR systems mounted on aircraft or drones are used to capture 3D data of large stockpiles from above. However, laser beams are easily affected in dusty environments and are even limited by flammable materials. Additional methods may involve the use of ultrasonic level sensors, which measure the level of materials in silos or tanks. By installing multiple sensors at different heights, the level of the stockpile can be estimated. However, this method assumes that the material density of the entire stockpile is consistent, which may not be accurate for specific materials. In addition, ultrasonic level sensors may have difficulty measuring irregular or uneven surfaces.

[0005] When the surface is not flat, current level sensing instruments rely on point-to-point applications (i.e., one-dimensional measurements), which is especially true for solids. These level measurements cannot accurately determine volume.

[0006] The price of raw materials is rising sharply. For example, the average price of metals / minerals (such as aluminum powder) is about $6,500 / m3. Detachment can lead to measurement errors using current level sensors, which in turn can result in cost errors of more than $10,000. Currently, in addition to the increase in raw material prices, there is also a need for more accurate measurements in open-pit mining applications due to environmental regulations. Therefore, there is a need for real-time automatic volume measurement of stockpiled materials.

[0007] Technologies such as current ultrasound, optical technology, ASIC radar wafer chip designs, and others mentioned above are "not feasible" because they do not meet the key requirements for volume measurement of stockpiled materials in custody transfer, process control, and inventory monitoring. Some of these requirements include equipment that is easy to install and operate (e.g., single installation entry point), as well as no offline recalibration, non-contact measurement, ability to operate in harsh conditions (e.g., dust, steam, temperature), light weight, and low product development cost.

[0008] The inventors believe that a low-cost, high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) volume sensing method for mapping non-planar surfaces should be developed for use in applications such as custody transfer of, for example, bulk solids, pastes and powders, monitoring of, for example, material supply and filling, and managing inventory of granular solids / aggregates.

[0009] There are currently very limited volume measurement solutions for real-time accurate 3D volume sensing. These solutions have poor range and / or angular resolution that cannot profile rough surfaces. These solutions are also non-compact devices and expensive. Especially for long-range applications, this poor angular resolution can lead to low accuracy and limited field of view (FOV) for long-range operation. Summary of the invention

[0010] The following summary of the invention is provided to facilitate understanding of some features of the embodiments disclosed in the present invention, and is not intended to be a complete description. A comprehensive understanding of the various aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein can be obtained by taking the specification, claims, drawings and abstract as a whole.

[0011] Accordingly, one aspect of the disclosed embodiments is to provide an improved antenna device and method of operating the antenna device.

[0012] Another aspect of the disclosed embodiment is to provide a low-cost phased array antenna device for measuring and mapping the surface of a material to determine accurate volume for custody transfer and / or (process) inventory control and monitoring.

[0013] Another aspect of the disclosed embodiment is to provide an antenna apparatus that uses beam steering to scan the entire area of ​​a bulk stockpile and address obstructing structures inside the container.

[0014] The above aspects and other objectives can now be achieved as described herein. In one embodiment, an antenna device may include a plurality of receive antenna elements and a transmit antenna array including a plurality of transmit antenna elements, wherein the transmit antenna array is centered in a phased array aperture, the phased array aperture including the transmit array antenna and the plurality of receive antenna elements; and an isolation region isolating the transmit antenna array from the plurality of receive antenna elements in the phased array aperture, wherein the phased array aperture operates in a hybrid dual mode, the hybrid dual mode including a radar mode and an active beam steering mode.

[0015] In one embodiment, the radar mode may include a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar mode.

[0016] In one embodiment, the beamforming pattern may include an antenna beamforming pattern.

[0017] In one embodiment, the radar mode may include a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar mode and the active beam steering mode may include an antenna instantaneous beam forming mode.

[0018] In one embodiment, the element positions of the antenna elements in the plurality of receive antenna elements and the plurality of transmit antenna elements may be randomized.

[0019] In one embodiment, the phased array aperture may operate at a frequency or range of 24.05 GHz to 26.5 GHz, or 57 GHz to 64 GHz, or 75 Ghz to 85 Ghz.

[0020] In one embodiment, the phased array aperture can operate with scan angles up to + / - 60 degrees with beam steering in all directions.

[0021] In one embodiment, the phased array aperture may include a portion of the phased array aperture including a plurality of different groups of different antennas in the plurality of receive antenna elements and the plurality of transmit antenna elements.

[0022] An embodiment may also include a lens associated with at least one of: antenna elements associated only with the plurality of transmit antenna elements or only with the plurality of receive antenna elements; or antenna elements associated with all of the plurality of transmit antenna elements and all of the plurality of receive antenna elements.

[0023] In one embodiment, a phased array aperture can provide direct three-dimensional (3D) volumetric measurements of the content of a material having at least one of a varying slope and a non-planar surface.

[0024] In one embodiment, a method of operating an antenna device may involve: providing a plurality of receive antenna elements and a transmit antenna array including a plurality of transmit antenna elements, wherein the transmit antenna array is located at the center of a phased array aperture, the phased array aperture including a transmit array antenna and a plurality of receive antenna elements; and operating the phased array aperture in a hybrid dual mode, the hybrid dual mode including a radar mode and an active beam steering mode, wherein the phased array aperture includes an isolation region that isolates the transmit antenna array from the plurality of receive antenna elements in the phased array aperture.

[0025] In one embodiment of the method, the radar mode may include a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar mode.

[0026] In one embodiment of the method, the beamforming pattern may include an antenna beamforming pattern.

[0027] In one embodiment of the method, the radar mode may include a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar mode; and the active beam steering mode may include an antenna instantaneous beam forming mode.

[0028] In one embodiment of the method, element positions of antenna elements in the plurality of receive antenna elements and the plurality of transmit antenna elements may be randomized.

[0029] One embodiment of the method may involve operating the phased array aperture at a frequency or range of 24.05 GHz to 26.5 GHz, or 57 GHz to 64 GHz, or 75 Ghz to 85 Ghz.

[0030] One embodiment of the method may involve operating the phased array aperture with beam steering in all directions at scan angles up to + / - 60 degrees.

[0031] One embodiment of the method may involve providing a lens associated with at least one of: antenna elements associated only with a plurality of transmit antenna elements or only with a plurality of receive antenna elements; or antenna elements associated with all plurality of transmit antenna elements and all plurality of receive antenna elements.

[0032] One embodiment of the method may involve performing direct three-dimensional (3D) volumetric measurement of material content, the material having at least one of a varying slope and a non-flat surface, wherein a phased array aperture performs direct three-dimensional (3D) volumetric measurement of material content. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0033] The accompanying drawings also illustrate the present invention and, together with the detailed description of the present invention, serve to explain the principles of the present invention. In the accompanying drawings, like reference numerals refer to the same or functionally similar elements throughout the individual views and are incorporated into and form a part of the specification.

[0034] Figure 1 Illustrate a layout of an exemplary randomized physical array having 18 Tx elements by 24 Rx elements according to one embodiment;

[0035] Figure 2 The layout of an exemplary implemented MIMO virtual array for an antenna arrangement having 432 Rx elements according to one embodiment is illustrated.

[0036] Figure 3 illustrates the layout of exemplary fully populated arrays and randomized arrays according to one embodiment;

[0037] Figure 4 illustrates a layout associated with an exemplary virtual aperture implemented according to one embodiment;

[0038] Figure 5 illustrates a layout of an exemplary transmit reduction array according to one embodiment;

[0039] Figure 6 illustrates a set of graphs depicting data indicative of exemplary randomized array patterns according to one embodiment;

[0040] Figure 7 A schematic diagram illustrating exemplary grating lobe formation in Tx beamforming according to one embodiment is illustrated;

[0041] Figure 8 A top view illustrating the topology of an antenna arrangement according to one embodiment;

[0042] Fig. 9 Example according to one embodiment Figure 8 An isometric view of the antenna assembly shown;

[0043] Fig.10 illustrating a graph depicting data indicative of an exemplary virtual array antenna pattern according to one embodiment;

[0044] Fig.11 illustrates a graph depicting data indicative of an exemplary virtual array scan pattern according to one embodiment;

[0045] Fig.12 Various graphs illustrating exemplary θ60° scanning performance in different Φ planes according to one embodiment;

[0046] Fig.13 A schematic diagram depicting a top view of an antenna device according to one embodiment is illustrated; see Fig.13 Some of the Rx sections will be corrected by Rajesh.

[0047] Fig.14 A schematic diagram illustrating an antenna device for generating grating lobes according to one embodiment;

[0048] Fig.15 A schematic diagram illustrating an antenna device that uses a lens to generate grating lobes according to one embodiment.

[0049] The same or similar parts or elements in the drawings may be denoted by the same reference numerals. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0050] The specific values ​​and configurations discussed in these non-limiting examples may vary, and are cited merely to illustrate one or more embodiments, and are not intended to limit the scope thereof.

[0051] The subject matter will now be described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the subject matter and show specific exemplary embodiments by way of example. However, the subject matter can be embodied in a variety of different forms, and therefore the subject matter covered or claimed is intended to be construed as not limited to any exemplary embodiment listed herein; the exemplary embodiments are provided for illustration only. Likewise, the subject matter intended to be claimed or covered has an appropriately broad scope. Among other things, the subject matter may be embodied as a method, device, component, or system. Thus, the embodiments may, for example, take the form of hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. Therefore, the following specific embodiments are not intended to be construed as having a limiting meaning.

[0052] Throughout the specification and claims, in addition to the meanings explicitly stated, terms may have slightly different meanings suggested or implied by the context. Likewise, phrases such as "in an embodiment" or "in one embodiment" or "in an exemplary embodiment" and variations thereof as used herein may or may not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, and phrases "in another embodiment" or "in another exemplary embodiment" and variations thereof as used herein may or may not necessarily refer to different embodiments. For example, the claimed subject matter is intended to include, in whole or in part, a combination of the exemplary embodiments.

[0053] Generally speaking, the term can be understood at least in part from the usage in the context. For example, terms such as "and", "or" or "and / or" as used herein may include multiple meanings that may depend at least in part on the context in which such terms are used. Generally speaking, if "or" is used in an association list, such as A, B or C, it is intended to represent A, B and C used in an inclusive sense here, and A, B or C used in an exclusive sense here. In addition, the term "one or more" as used herein depends at least in part on the context and can be used to describe any feature, structure or characteristic in a singular sense, or can be used to describe a combination of features, structures or characteristics in a plural sense. Similarly, terms such as "one", "a kind of" or "the" also depend at least in part on the context and can be understood to convey singular usage or express plural usage. In addition, the term "at least one" can refer to "one or more". For example, "at least one widget" can refer to "one or more widgets".

[0054] Additionally, the term "based on" should be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors, but rather may depend, at least in part, on the context, allowing for the presence of additional factors that are not necessarily explicitly described again.

[0055] Figure 1 A layout 10 of an exemplary randomized physical array of an antenna arrangement having 18 Tx elements by 24 Rx elements is illustrated according to one embodiment. Figure 1 The layout 10 shown demonstrates the concept of a partial MIMO array configuration. The larger dots shown in the layout 10 correspond to a portion of the Tx array, and the black dots correspond to a portion of the Rx array. In some embodiments, the Rx array may be placed in four locations around the Tx array. It should be noted that, as used herein, in the context of antennas, "Tx" refers to a transmitter antenna (also referred to as a transmit antenna) responsible for transmitting signals, while "Rx" refers to a receiver antenna (also referred to as a receive antenna) responsible for receiving signals. The important difference between the Tx antenna and the Rx antenna is their design and function.

[0056] The Tx array associated with the data depicted in layout 10 may include, for example, 18 elements / channels (spacing 2λ) achieved after a 57% reduction (from a maximum of 42 elements / channels in a fully filled aperture). The Rx array associated with layout 10 may include, for example, 24 elements / channels (spacing 0.5λ) and may achieve a 62.5% reduction (compared to the 64 elements / channels of the full array).

[0057] It should be noted that the term "aperture" as used herein refers to "antenna aperture", which refers to the effective area through which an antenna can receive or radiate electromagnetic waves. It is the physical opening or surface that captures or emits electromagnetic energy. The size and characteristics of the aperture play a key role in determining the performance of the antenna.

[0058] When in receive mode, incoming electromagnetic waves are captured and converted into electrical signals. The larger the aperture, the higher the gain of the antenna will be, which results in an increased SNR at the receiver. Also, the larger the aperture, the narrower the beam angle, and the higher the specific resolution for resolving closely located targets. The aperture determines the ability of the antenna to capture signals from a specific direction, with the corresponding beam angle.

[0059] When in transmit mode, the antenna aperture is responsible for radiating the electromagnetic waves generated by the antenna's electrical signal. The size and shape of the aperture affect the antenna's radiation pattern, beamwidth, and directivity. A larger aperture generally results in a narrower beamwidth and higher directivity, allowing the antenna to focus energy in a specific direction or achieve greater gain.

[0060] The shape of the aperture can vary with antenna design. For example, in a parabolic antenna, the aperture is circular and corresponds to the curved surface of a dish antenna. In a slot antenna, the aperture is the slot or opening through which waves are radiated or received. Typically, the shape and size of the aperture are carefully designed to optimize the performance of the antenna for a specific application and frequency range.

[0061] Figure 2 A layout 20 of an exemplary implemented MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) virtual array for an antenna arrangement having 432 Rx elements according to one embodiment is illustrated. Figure 2 The layout 20 depicts the Figure 1 The layout 10 shows a portion of a virtual array obtained by performing MIMO analysis on the data associated with the array. Figure 2 The layout 20 indicates that the array occupies a 16λ×16λ aperture with only 432 elements (eg, compared to the 2688 elements required to completely fill the space at half-λ spacing).

[0062] It should be noted that MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) virtual array refers to the computational and signal processing techniques that can be used to obtain the behavior and characteristics of an equivalent physical MIMO antenna array without physically implementing the array itself. This is a concept that can be adopted in wireless communication systems.

[0063] Layout 10 and Layout 20 demonstrate that the array can achieve optimal gain, beamwidth, and sidelobe performance in the field of view (FOV), showing its potential for phased array level sensing applications.

[0064] In another embodiment, the percentage reduction of the above-mentioned elements, as well as other factors such as element spacing, orientation, etc., can be changed to achieve the best performance of the virtual array achieved. In some embodiments, the size of the virtual aperture achieved can be 28λ×24λ, where the virtual array element spacing is 0.5λ. This can achieve a beamwidth of 1.8° in the vertical direction and a beamwidth of 2.1° in the horizontal direction.

[0065] The implemented MIMO virtual array can also scan from boresight to any angle within ±60°, as will be discussed in more detail herein. Although the gain of the partial virtual aperture is reduced by 8dB compared to the full aperture due to the smaller number of active elements, this is acceptable in level sensing with compensation using appropriate signal processing schemes.

[0066] It should be noted that the term "line of sight" as used herein may refer to the direction or axis along which the main lobe or maximum radiation pattern of an antenna is centered. It represents the reference direction or ideal line of sight of the antenna. The term "virtual array" or "virtual antenna array" as used herein may refer to a computational method that can simulate and obtain the behavior of an equivalent physical antenna array, making signal processing and wireless communication systems flexible, cost-effective and adaptable.

[0067] The advantages of this approach can be realized through beam resolution and two-dimensional (2D) scanning range of ±60°, where only 6 RFIC chips are required for only 18 Tx elements and 24 Rx elements (e.g., compared to 14 or more chips for a full array). In addition, the antenna aperture discussed herein can provide the opportunity for transmit beam steering within the aforementioned ±20° FOV, which can be useful in longer range applications (e.g., >50m), where the higher gain of beamforming improves reflectivity of long-range targets.

[0068] Additionally, Tx BF may be performed using a specific set of transmit antenna elements or a complete set of transmit antenna elements. In some embodiments, transmit and receive antenna elements may be implemented using a shaped lens radome for a single antenna element or a combined lens for a transmit element and a separate lens for each receive aperture.

[0069] It should be noted that the term "array" as used herein may relate to an antenna array. In the context of an antenna array, an "array" may refer to a collection of multiple individual antenna elements that are spatially arranged together and work together to achieve desired radiation characteristics. Each antenna element in the array (sometimes also referred to simply as a "element") is a separate radiating element that can transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. The arrangement structure of these elements may vary with the specific application and desired performance.

[0070] Antenna arrays can be designed to improve the overall performance of an antenna system by improving directivity, gain, beam steering, or other desired properties. By combining the signals of multiple antenna elements, arrays can achieve beamforming, which makes it possible to focus the radiation pattern in a specific direction or to form multiple beams simultaneously.

[0071] The antenna elements in the array can be identical and evenly spaced to facilitate coherent combination of the signals. The spacing between the elements is critical and is typically a fraction of the operating wavelength to ensure the phase relationship between the signals is correct. Various array geometries can be used, such as a linear arrangement, a planar (rectangular or circular) arrangement, or even more complex arrangements, such as conformal arrays.

[0072] The characteristics of an antenna array (or simply "array"), including its radiation pattern, beamwidth, and sidelobe levels, may depend on the properties of the individual antenna elements, their locations, the spacing between them, and the signal processing techniques applied to control the behavior of the array.

[0073] Figure 3 Layout 32 and layout 34 of exemplary fully populated arrays and randomized arrays, respectively, according to one embodiment are illustrated. Layout 32 shows data related to an antenna arrangement based on an antenna array composed of 14 chips. Indications of vertical spacing in units of λ and horizontal spacing in units of λ are shown in layout 32. Exemplary MIMO array dimensions associated with the antenna array in layout 32 are 16λ×16λ and 2.5 inches×2.5 inches. This is a fully populated array as shown in layout 32.

[0074] Layout 34 indicates characteristics of a reduced-element MIMO array of antenna devices based on an array of 6 chips, where the Tx antenna elements are reduced by 58% and the Rx elements are reduced by 62%. The array associated with the graph is a randomized array of antenna devices.

[0075] It should be noted that the term "chip" as used herein may relate to an integrated circuit (IC) chip, and specifically to a radio frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), which may be implemented in the context of wireless communication systems and RF applications that require processing of high frequency signals. RFICs can be used to implement functions such as signal amplification, frequency conversion, filtering, and modulation / demodulation in radio frequency (RF) systems. RFICs are integrated circuits designed to process RF signals, providing various functions required for RF communications and wireless applications. By integrating multiple RF components onto a single chip, RFICs enable compact, cost-effective, and high-performance RF systems.

[0076] Figure 4Layout 42 and layout 44 illustrate exemplary virtual apertures implemented in accordance with one embodiment of the depiction. Layout 42 shows 2688 elements with their physical virtual element positions, while layout 44 shows 432 elements with their physical virtual element positions.

[0077] Figure 5 An exemplary transmit reduction array layout 50 is illustrated according to one embodiment. Figure 5 The transmit reduction array of the illustrated arrangement 50 is spaced 2λ apart and has 18 elements.

[0078] Figure 6 A set of graphs 62, 64, 66 and 68 depicting data indicating exemplary randomized array patterns according to one embodiment are illustrated. Graph 62 shows data for Φ 0, while graph 64 shows data for Φ 130. Graph 66 shows data for Φ 90, while graph 68 shows data for Φ 40. Graphs 62, 64, 66 and 68 show that the minimum sidelobe level for scanning up to 40 degrees is 12.6 dB in the presence of grating lobes on the TxBF when the transmitters are spaced 2λ apart. Although the disclosed design variety can generate higher angular resolution, for example, 2.1°×1.8° in azimuth with a spacing of 0.5λ and 1.7°×1.85° with a spacing of 0.63λ, a trade-off is made between angular resolution and grating lobe level depending on the application conditions.

[0079] Figure 7 FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating exemplary grating lobe formation in Tx beamforming according to one embodiment. Grating lobes 72 and 78 are Figure 7 , where lobe 72 is associated with the boresight and lobe 78 is associated with a 40° scan of Az, El. Lobe 72 includes lobes 74 and 78, and lobe 78 includes lobes 74 and 78, but with a 40° scan in azimuth and elevation. Figure 7 It is shown that the antenna devices discussed herein may be implemented in the context of implementations involving lens antennas for reducing grating lobes.

[0080] Figure 8 A top view illustrating the topology of an exemplary antenna arrangement 82 according to one embodiment. Figure 8 The top view shown includes a view of 432 of the 2688 elements that are populated.

[0081] Fig. 9 Example according to one embodiment Figure 8 An isometric view of an antenna assembly 82 is shown.

[0082] Fig.10Graphs 102 and 104 depicting data indicating exemplary virtual array antenna patterns according to one embodiment are illustrated. Graphs 102 and 104 relate to data indicating a comparison of a full array versus a partial array at boresight. The boresight radiation patterns at 77 GHz and 78 GHz are similar. Graphs 102 and 104 show that the full array gain (2688 elements) = 41 dBi, and the partial array gain (432 elements) = 33 dBi.

[0083] Fig.11 Illustrated is a graph 106 depicting data indicative of an exemplary virtual array scan pattern, according to one embodiment. Graph 106 shows that the exemplary virtual array can scan up to + / - 60° from boresight.

[0084] Fig.12 Various graphs illustrating exemplary θ60° scanning performance in different Φ planes according to one embodiment. Graphs 122 and 124 relate to Φ=0°, while graphs 126 and 128 relate to Φ=45°. Graphs 130 and 132 relate to Φ=0°. Fig.13 The disclosed randomized array is shown scanning + / - 60°. Therefore, it is suitable for volume mapping.

[0085] Fig.13 A schematic diagram depicting a top view of an antenna device 140 according to one embodiment is illustrated. The antenna device 140 may include a group of receive antenna elements 141, 142, 143, 144, which may be grouped into Rx antenna group 1, Rx antenna group 2, Rx antenna group 3, and Rx antenna group 4, respectively. The antenna device 140 may also include a transmit antenna array 146, which is composed of a group of transmit antenna elements. The transmit antenna array 146 may be located at the center of a phased array aperture, which includes the transmit array antenna 146 and the receive antenna elements 141, 142, 143, 144. Fig.13 The illustrated antenna arrangement 140 may be designed and implemented for use as a compact hybrid low-cost high-resolution array antenna.

[0086] The Tx / Rx isolation region 148 may isolate the transmit antenna array 146 in the phased array aperture from the receive antenna elements 141, 142, 143, 144. As discussed herein, the phased array aperture, and therefore the antenna assembly 140, may operate in a hybrid dual mode including a radar mode and a beamforming mode.

[0087] The Tx / Rx isolation region 148 can maintain the integrity and quality of the received signal by minimizing any interference caused by the transmit signal within the antenna device 140. The Tx / Rx isolation region 148 can serve as an area of ​​the antenna device 140 that can help minimize coupling or interference between the transmitter components and the receiver components. The isolation region is important to prevent the transmit signal from leaking into the receiver path and causing interference or degradation of the received signal.

[0088] The Tx / Rx isolation region 148 can be implemented by a variety of different methods. For example, physically separating the Tx components and the Rx components within the antenna structure of the antenna device 140 can help reduce interference. This can involve keeping them in different locations or using shielding materials between them. In another embodiment, using appropriate filters in the antenna design of the antenna device 140 can suppress unwanted signals from reaching the receiver (Rx antenna element). These filters can be implemented using technologies such as frequency selective surfaces or bandpass filters.

[0089] In yet another embodiment, polarizing the transmitter signal and the receiver signal differently can help to isolate. By transmitting and receiving orthogonally polarized signals, cross-polarization interference can be minimized. In another embodiment, designing the radiation patterns of the Tx antenna and the Rx antenna to minimize overlap within the desired operating frequency range can help to reduce interference. Finally, the Tx / Rx isolation region 148 can be implemented by, for example, using a shielding structure or arranging the antenna elements within the aperture using a specific geometry, which can form an isolation zone between the Tx component and the Rx component.

[0090] In some embodiments, the antenna device 140 may be implemented as a fully populated array, where each element has a single lens. However, in other embodiments, the lens may be only on the Tx element and not on the Rx element, or vice versa, or there may be no lens on both the Tx element and the Rx element. In yet another embodiment, as previously discussed herein, only a partial array may be utilized to reduce the elements. Such partial array embodiments may be developed in a variety of ways to obtain multiple different groups of active TX elements and Rx elements that form different groups of virtual array elements.

[0091] In one exemplary embodiment, 18 Tx antenna elements and 24 Rx antenna elements may be selected from the aperture of the antenna assembly 140. Depending on the number of Tx channels, Rx channels affordable per requirement, more Tx channels, Rx channels may be active to optimize the aperture efficiency of the antenna assembly 140.

[0092] Fig.14 A schematic diagram illustrating an antenna arrangement 162 that produces grating lobes according to one embodiment. Fig.14 The exemplary antenna arrangement 162 shown has a spacing of 2*λ. The gain curve 164 is Fig.14 , and is associated with an exemplary antenna arrangement 162 .

[0093] Fig.15 A schematic diagram illustrating an antenna arrangement 166 utilizing lenses to generate grating lobes according to one embodiment. Fig.15 The exemplary antenna arrangement 166 shown has a spacing of 2*λ and a lens diameter of 7.8 mm. The gain curve 164 is Fig.14 , and is associated with an exemplary antenna arrangement 162 . Fig.14 and Fig.15 It was demonstrated that the grating lobes can be reduced by adding lenses and the gain can be increased by 8dB, but the beamwidth is not reduced.

[0094] Embodiments may enable very compact, low-cost phased array apertures with high resolution as well as MIMO radar mode and TX beamforming mode using only, for example, 6 RFICs operating at 76 GHz to 81 GHz to achieve beam steering in all directions at scan angles up to + / - 60 degrees. Embodiments may also combine techniques used in MIMO radar technology with sparse phased array antenna technology to provide a unique large virtual aperture in MIMO radar mode.

[0095] The antenna arrangement structure in transmit mode and receive mode can achieve a unique ultra-low SWaP-C construction that requires, for example, only 6 RFICs, where each RFIC consists of 3 transmit channels / 4 receive channels (SWaP-C is an acronym for Size, Weight, Power and Cost. In research and development, it is often used to optimize the size, weight, power and cost of a device, system or program).

[0096] The solution can provide low-cost, high-resolution 3D mapping of non-flat surfaces in industrial volume sensing applications. Embodiments can also provide non-contact measurements that do not include any moving parts while also covering a FOV of + / - 60 degrees in all directions. Embodiments are also suitable for harsh environments because the actual device used to implement the embodiment can be separated from the contents of the tank by, for example, a hydrophobic radome / lens.

[0097] It should be noted that the term "radome" as used herein is short for "radar dome" and refers to a protective enclosure designed to house and protect radar antennas or other sensitive components from environmental factors such as weather, wind, dust and debris. It is a structural cover that allows electromagnetic signals to pass with minimal interference while providing mechanical protection.

[0098] A radome maintains the structural integrity and performance of enclosed components such as radar antennas or communication antennas. It can act as a barrier to protect internal components from external environments such as rain, snow, ice, UV radiation, and wind. The term "lens" as used herein in the context of a radome can be used to describe a specific shape or design feature. A lens-shaped radome can refer to a radome with a convex or concave shape similar to a lens. This design helps focus or guide electromagnetic signals through the radome.

[0099] It should be noted that not all radomes are lens-shaped. Radomes can have various shapes and forms, including cylindrical, hemispherical or conical designs, depending on specific application requirements. The choice of radome shape depends on factors such as antenna type, frequency range, desired performance and environmental conditions. A radome is a protective housing for a radar antenna or sensitive components, and a lens-shaped radome may refer to a radome with a lens-like shape that can facilitate beamforming and antenna protection.

[0100] A hydrophobic radome / lens is a protective cover or housing used to shield and protect sensitive components such as antennas or sensors from the environment, particularly water or moisture. The term "hydrophobic" refers to the property of repelling or resisting water.

[0101] In the context of radomes and lenses, hydrophobic coatings or materials are applied to surfaces to make them water-repellent. These hydrophobic surfaces prevent water droplets from adhering to the radome or lens, allowing them to roll off or bead up and not interfere with the performance of the enclosed component.

[0102] Unique features of the embodiments include an unconventional array topology that randomizes the locations of the oscillators to achieve the low-cost goal of reducing Tx and Rx channels by more than 50%. High angular resolution (e.g., 1.8 degrees by 2.1 degrees) can be achieved with a compact antenna size (e.g., 2.5 inches by 2.5 inches) without a lens. Hybrid dual-mode operation can also be achieved in a single antenna to address a variety of applications, such as long range, high SNR, and narrow beam angles using a small antenna size. These embodiments can be designed and implemented while maintaining high performance at significantly reduced cost and power. As previously discussed, reducing grating lobes can also be achieved by combining the use of randomization and lens implementations.

[0103] The disclosed embodiments address the need for low-cost, high-resolution 3D volume sensing for mapping of non-planar surfaces in applications such as custodial transfer of bulk solids, pastes, and powders.

[0104] Custody transfer involves determining the precise amount of material being transferred from one party to another. Traditional methods rely on manual measurement techniques or simple level sensors, which may not provide accurate volume measurements, especially for non-flat surfaces. High-resolution 3D volume sensing provides more precise measurements, ensuring accurate custody transfers and avoiding disputes or discrepancies.

[0105] The surfaces of bulk solids, pastes and powders are often irregular or uneven. Traditional sensors such as level probes or ultrasonic sensors may have difficulty accurately measuring the volume on such surfaces. By using 3D volume sensing, the system can capture the complete three-dimensional shape of the material without being affected by its surface irregularities, resulting in more accurate volume calculations.

[0106] Accurate 3D volume sensing can help optimize the filling or loading process by precisely measuring the volume of material being transferred. This ensures the correct amount of material is loaded, minimizing waste and avoiding overfilling or underfilling of containers or transport vehicles.

[0107] Non-contact 3D volume sensing eliminates the need for physical contact with the material, reducing the risk of accidents or contamination. In addition, high-resolution sensing enables faster and more efficient transfer operations through real-time monitoring and feedback of material quantities, enabling better control and management of the process.

[0108] Although high-resolution 3D sensing technology has traditionally been expensive, the growing demand for low-cost solutions has made it more accessible for use in a variety of industrial applications. Low-cost, high-resolution 3D volume sensing can provide accurate measurements at an affordable price, making it economically viable for the custody transfer industry of bulk solids, pastes, and powders.

[0109] Overall, implementation of low-cost, high-resolution 3D volume sensing for mapping of non-planar surfaces in applications such as custodial transfer of bulk solids, pastes, and powders improves accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness, resulting in better process control, reduced waste, and increased overall productivity.

[0110] It will be appreciated that the variations disclosed above and other features and functions or their alternatives may be advantageously combined into many other different systems or applications. It will also be appreciated that various currently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art, which are also intended to be covered by the following claims.

Claims

1. An antenna device, comprising: a plurality of receive antenna elements and a transmit antenna array comprising a plurality of transmit antenna elements, wherein the transmit antenna array is centered in a phased array aperture, the phased array aperture comprising the transmit array antenna and the plurality of receive antenna elements; and An isolation region isolating the transmit antenna array from the plurality of receive antenna elements in the phased array aperture, wherein the phased array aperture operates in a hybrid dual mode including a radar mode and an active beam steering mode.

2. The antenna arrangement of claim 1, wherein the radar mode comprises a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar mode. The antenna device of claim 1 , wherein the beamforming pattern comprises an antenna beamforming pattern.

4. The antenna device according to claim 1, wherein: The radar mode comprises a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar mode; and The active beam steering mode includes an antenna instantaneous beam forming mode. 5 . The antenna device according to claim 1 , wherein element positions of the antenna elements in the plurality of receiving antenna elements and the plurality of transmitting antenna elements are randomized.

6. The antenna device of claim 1, wherein the phased array aperture operates at or within a frequency range of 24.05 GHz to 26.5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, or 75 GHz to 85 GHz.

7. The antenna device of claim 1, wherein the phased array aperture operates with beam steering in all directions at scan angles up to + / - 60 degrees.

8. The antenna arrangement of claim 1, wherein the phased array aperture comprises a partial phased array aperture comprising a plurality of different groups of different antennas among the plurality of receive antenna elements and the plurality of transmit antenna elements.

9. A method for operating an antenna device, the method comprising: Providing a plurality of receiving antenna elements and a transmitting antenna array including a plurality of transmitting antenna elements, wherein the transmitting antenna array is located at a center in a phased array aperture, the phased array aperture including the transmitting array antenna and the plurality of receiving antenna elements; as well as The phased array aperture is operated in a hybrid dual mode, the hybrid dual mode comprising a radar mode and an active beam steering mode, wherein the phased array aperture includes an isolation region that isolates the transmit antenna array from the plurality of receive antenna elements in the phased array aperture.

10. An antenna device, comprising: a plurality of receive antenna elements and a transmit antenna array comprising a plurality of transmit antenna elements, wherein the transmit antenna array is centered in a phased array aperture comprising the transmit array antenna and the plurality of receive antenna elements; and an isolation region isolating the transmit antenna array from the plurality of receive antenna elements in the phased array aperture, wherein the phased array aperture operates in a hybrid dual mode, the hybrid dual mode comprising a radar mode and an active beam steering mode, wherein the phased array aperture comprises a portion of the phased array aperture, the portion of the phased array aperture comprising the plurality of receive antenna elements and a plurality of different groups of different antennas from the plurality of transmit antenna elements.

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