Pipeline support reconstruction structure based on existing concrete column

Abstract

The invention provides a pipeline support transformation structure based on an existing concrete column, which comprises a strained beam group and a pressed beam group which are connected to the concrete column, the first end of the strained beam group is connected to the concrete column at a first height, and the first end of the pressed beam group is connected to the concrete column at a second height; the second end of the strained beam set and the second end of the pressed beam set are connected with each other at a third height, the first height is larger than the second height, and the third height is not larger than the first height and not smaller than the second height. According to the technical scheme, the strained beam group, the compressed beam group and the concrete column form a stable triangular structure, and most of lateral bending moments generated when the strained beam group and the compressed beam group act on the concrete column can be mutually counteracted, so that the influence of unfavorable load on the concrete column is greatly reduced, and the safety of the transformed structure is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of old building reconstruction, and in particular to a pipe support reconstruction structure based on an existing concrete column. Background Art

[0002] With the continuous advancement of industrial technology and the upgrading of production equipment, most old industrial plants can no longer meet the needs of production and must be renovated or expanded. Various pipelines in the plant, as an important component of industrial production, also need to be rearranged or new pipelines added to meet the needs in order to improve the production efficiency of the old plant.

[0003] The pipe support and the pipe work together as a spatial system. In actual production, due to improper design or construction of the pipe support, the pipe is often empty, the tie rod is bent, or the load is tilted. The failure of the pipe support will damage the pipe components during operation, causing the stress of the entire pipe system to change, and more seriously, the original building structure will be damaged. Therefore, the reasonable setting of the pipe support is directly related to the safety and stability of the pipeline system.

[0004] Usually, due to the limitation of space and original equipment in old factories, it is impossible to set up pipe supports separately. Instead, it is necessary to use the original structure as the rooting point of the pipe supports for installation. In the prior art, the technology of rooting pipe supports on steel structures is relatively mature. The pipe supports can be directly welded or screwed to the steel structure, and the design and construction are relatively flexible and convenient. However, a considerable number of old factories adopt reinforced concrete structures. Due to the relatively single design bearing capacity of the reinforced concrete structural columns during construction, they cannot withstand large lateral bending moments. Therefore, adding load-bearing pipe supports to the old structure will not only damage the concrete structure, but also cause great disturbance to the force system of the original structure, posing a great safety risk. Summary of the invention

[0005] A technical problem to be solved by the present disclosure is: how to safely and reliably add pipe supports to an old reinforced concrete structure.

[0006] To solve the above technical problems, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a pipe support modification structure based on an existing concrete column, comprising: a tension beam group and a compression beam group connected to the concrete column, the first end of the tension beam group is connected to the concrete column at a first height, the first end of the compression beam group is connected to the concrete column at a second height, the second end of the tension beam group and the second end of the compression beam group are connected to each other at a third height, the first height is higher than the second height, the third height is not higher than the first height and not lower than the second height; wherein the second end of the tension beam group is used to receive the pipe, and the second end of the compression beam group is connected to be supported on the second end of the tension beam group.

[0007] In some embodiments, the first end of the tension beam group and the first end of the compression beam group are respectively connected to the concrete column through anchoring steel plates, and the anchoring steel plates are fixed to the concrete column through chemical anchor bolts.

[0008] In some embodiments, the concrete column further includes a shear member located between the first height and the second height and disposed on the concrete column.

[0009] In some embodiments, the tension beam group includes two tension steel beams arranged in parallel on a first side surface and an opposite second side surface of the concrete column, and the compression beam group includes two compression steel beams arranged in parallel on the first side surface and the second side surface.

[0010] In some embodiments, the concrete column further includes a tensile member located on the third side and / or the opposite fourth side of the concrete column.

[0011] In some embodiments, the tension steel beam is an H-shaped steel beam, and the compression steel beam is a box-shaped steel beam.

[0012] In some embodiments, a plurality of groups of tension bolts are provided between two tension steel beams and / or two compression steel beams.

[0013] In some embodiments, the tension beam group further includes a plurality of connecting steel beams for connecting two tension steel beams.

[0014] In some embodiments, a supporting assembly is provided at the second end of the tension beam group, and the supporting assembly includes a load-bearing plate arranged on the top of the tension steel beam and the connecting steel beam, a plurality of vibration-damping springs connected to the load-bearing plate, and a support plate connected to the top of the plurality of vibration-damping springs.

[0015] In some embodiments, stiffening ribs are provided inside the tension steel beams and the connecting steel beams.

[0016] Through the above technical scheme, the pipe support reconstruction structure based on the existing concrete column provided by the present invention, the tension beam group, the compression beam group and the concrete column form a stable triangular structure, and most of the lateral bending moments generated by the tension beam group and the compression beam group acting on the concrete column can offset each other, which greatly reduces the impact of adverse loads on the concrete column and improves the safety of the reconstructed structure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present disclosure. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0018] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a pipe support disclosed in an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0019] Figure 2 The embodiment disclosed in this disclosure Figure 1 AA section schematic diagram;

[0020] Figure 3 The embodiment disclosed in this disclosure Figure 2 BB cross-sectional schematic diagram;

[0021] Figure 4 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a chemical anchor bolt disclosed in an embodiment of the present disclosure;

[0022] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the structure after ignoring the tension beam group and the compression beam group disclosed in the embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] Description of reference numerals:

[0024] 1. Tension beam group; 101. Tension steel beam; 102. Connecting steel beam; 103. Stiffening rib; 104. Second connecting plate; 105. Third connecting plate; 2. Compression beam group; 201. Compression steel beam; 202. First connecting plate; 3. Anchoring steel plate; 301. Chemical anchor bolt; 4. Support assembly; 401. Bearing plate; 402. Damping spring; 403. Support plate; 5. Concrete column; 6. Shear member; 7. Tension member; 8. Tension bolt. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The following is a further detailed description of the embodiments of the present disclosure in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and examples. The detailed description of the following embodiments and the accompanying drawings are used to exemplarily illustrate the principles of the present disclosure, but cannot be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure can be implemented in many different forms and is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but includes all technical solutions that fall within the scope of the claims.

[0026] The present disclosure provides these embodiments to make the present disclosure thorough and complete, and to fully express the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. It should be noted that unless otherwise specifically stated, the relative arrangement of the parts and steps, the composition of the materials, the numerical expressions and the numerical values ​​set forth in these embodiments should be interpreted as being merely exemplary, and not as limiting.

[0027] It should be noted that, in the description of the present disclosure, unless otherwise specified, the meaning of "multiple" is greater than or equal to two; the terms "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "inner", "outer", etc., indicating the orientation or positional relationship, are only for the convenience of describing the present disclosure and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation of the present disclosure. When the absolute position of the object being described changes, the relative positional relationship may also change accordingly.

[0028] In addition, the words "first", "second" and similar words used in the present disclosure do not indicate any order, quantity or importance, but are only used to distinguish different parts. "Vertical" does not mean vertical in the strict sense, but is within the tolerance range. "Parallel" does not mean parallel in the strict sense, but is within the tolerance range. "Include" or "comprising" and similar words mean that the elements before the word include the elements listed after the word, and do not exclude the possibility of including other elements.

[0029] It should also be noted that in the description of the present disclosure, unless otherwise clearly specified and limited, the terms "installed", "connected", and "connected" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, it can be a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; it can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium. For ordinary technicians in this field, the specific meanings of the above terms in the present disclosure can be understood according to the specific circumstances. When a specific device is described as being located between a first device and a second device, there may or may not be an intermediate device between the specific device and the first device or the second device.

[0030] All terms used in the present disclosure have the same meanings as those understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the present disclosure belongs, unless otherwise specifically defined. It should also be understood that terms defined in general dictionaries, for example, should be interpreted as having meanings consistent with their meanings in the context of the relevant technology, and should not be interpreted in an idealized or extremely formal sense, unless explicitly defined as such herein.

[0031] Technologies, methods, and equipment known to ordinary technicians in the relevant art may not be discussed in detail, but where appropriate, the technologies, methods, and equipment should be considered part of the specification.

[0032] like Figure 1 As shown, the present disclosure provides a pipe support reconstruction structure based on an existing concrete column, comprising: a tension beam group 1 and a compression beam group 2 connected to the concrete column 5, the first end of the tension beam group 1 is connected to the concrete column 5 at a first height, the first end of the compression beam group 2 is connected to the concrete column 5 at a second height, the second end of the tension beam group 1 and the second end of the compression beam group 2 are connected to each other at a third height, the first height is higher than the second height, and the third height is not higher than the first height and not lower than the second height; wherein the second end of the tension beam group 1 is used to receive the pipe, and the second end of the compression beam group 2 is connected to be supported on the second end of the tension beam group 1.

[0033] Specifically, under the same conditions, the tensile strength of concrete is only 10-20% of its compressive strength. Therefore, when the concrete column 5 is subjected to a lateral horizontal load, the lateral bending moment generated under the load will cause the tensile side surface of the concrete column 5 to crack and break, exposing the steel bars inside the structure and causing corrosion, which seriously affects the bearing capacity of the structure. In order to eliminate the influence of the lateral bending moment on the structure, a tension beam group 1 and a compression beam group 2 are set. The effect of the pipeline load causes the tension beam group 1 and the compression beam group 2 to generate forces of the same magnitude and opposite directions on the concrete column 5 in the horizontal direction. The lateral bending moment brought by the tension beam group 1 to the concrete column 5 and the lateral bending moment brought by the compression beam group 2 to the concrete column 5 can mostly offset each other, avoiding the cracking of the concrete on its side under the action of tension, and effectively improving the safety of the modified structure.

[0034] exist Figure 1 In the embodiment shown, the third height is equal to the first height and greater than the second height. At this time, the tension beam group 1 is placed horizontally, and together with the compression beam group 2 and the concrete column 5, a triangular stability system is formed. The load center of the pipeline to be installed later acts on the connection point of the tension beam group 1 and the compression beam group 2 to facilitate load transfer. In addition, if Figure 1 As shown, the first end or the second end for connection between the tension beam group 1 and the compression beam group 2 and between them and the concrete column 5 is not limited to their end heads. To facilitate the placement of pipelines and installation of structures, the points where the structures are connected to each other can be located near one side of their end heads.

[0035] In some embodiments, the third height may also be between the first height and the second height or equal to the second height, which can also satisfy the requirement that in the horizontal direction, the tension beam group 1 and the compression beam group 2 generate forces of the same magnitude and direction on the concrete column 5. If the third height is less than the first height, the tension beam group 1 is tilted downward, and in order to facilitate the bearing of the pipeline, a straight section for bearing the pipeline may also be provided near the second end thereof, and the pipeline load center still acts on the connection between the tension beam group 1 and the compression beam group 2, so as to facilitate load transfer.

[0036] like Figure 5As shown, in some embodiments, in order to ensure that the structure is stable under stress and convenient for reconstruction and construction, the third height is equal to the first height and greater than the second height, and the angle between the compression beam group 2 and the vertical direction is 45°. Specifically, making the third height equal to the first height can meet the installation clearance requirements of some pipelines. During construction, the length of the tension beam group 1 should be as short as possible, on the one hand to reduce the installation cost, and on the other hand to reduce the size of the bracket to improve the structural stability. Affected by the diameter of the pipeline to be installed, the tension beam group 1 has a minimum length. When the length of the tension beam group 1 is determined, the larger the angle, the greater the component force generated by the tension beam group 1 and the compression beam group 2 in the horizontal direction under the action of the pipeline load, which is more unfavorable to the original concrete column 5; the smaller the angle, the larger the length of the compression beam group 2, resulting in increased costs and being easily restricted by on-site space. Therefore, according to the actual installation experience on site, the installation is installed at a 45° angle, which can not only ensure the stability of the bracket structure, but also control the installation cost. In other embodiments, a suitable installation angle should be selected according to the actual installation conditions on site.

[0037] like Figures 1 to 5 As shown, in some embodiments, the first end of the tension beam group 1 and the first end of the compression beam group 2 are respectively connected to the concrete column 5 through the anchoring steel plate 3, and the anchoring steel plate 3 is fixed to the concrete column 5 through the chemical anchor bolt 301.

[0038] Specifically, compared with directly embedding the tension beam group 1 and the compression beam group 2 into the concrete column 5 or using expansion bolts to fix the anchor steel plate 3, the chemical anchor 301 is different from the mechanical anchor. It is fixed by adhesive and will not produce expansion and compression stress on the concrete. Moreover, its construction process is relatively simple and fast. It can be used in a small installation space and installation spacing, and is suitable for construction occasions with limited space. Therefore, the tension beam group 1 and the compression beam group 2 are indirectly set on the concrete column 5 through the anchor steel plate 3, which reduces the disturbance to the concrete column 5. At the same time, the use of the chemical anchor 301 effectively reduces the expansion stress generated on the concrete column 5 at the fixing point, and reduces the impact of the modified structure on the original concrete structure column.

[0039] like Figure 1 , Figure 3 and Figure 5 As shown, in some embodiments, it further includes a shear member 6 located between the first height and the second height and arranged on the concrete column 5.

[0040] Specifically, since the shear resistance of the concrete structure is better than its tensile resistance, the modified structure of the pipe support splits the lateral bending moment into lateral bending moments that can offset each other through the tension beam group 1 and the compression beam group 2, thereby reducing the impact of adverse loads on the original structure. However, between the first height and the second height, a shear superposition area will appear on the concrete column 5. The shear members 6 are provided on the shear superposition area of ​​the concrete column 5 to resist the impact of the load and maintain structural stability.

[0041] In some embodiments, the shear member 6 may be a fiber polymer wrapped around the concrete column 5, which can effectively improve the shear resistance of the structure. In other embodiments, the shear member 6 may also be a stirrup or steel plate wrapped around the shear superposition area of ​​the concrete column 5, which can also improve the shear resistance of the structure and achieve the purpose of maintaining structural stability.

[0042] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, the tension beam group 1 includes two tension steel beams 101 arranged in parallel on the first side surface and the opposite second side surface of the concrete column 5, and the compression beam group 2 includes two compression steel beams 201 arranged in parallel on the first side surface and the second side surface. Specifically, the two tension steel beams 101 and the two compression steel beams 201 are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the concrete column 5, respectively, to avoid torsional stress in the concrete column 5 under the action of load. In other embodiments, the tension beam group 1 and the compression beam group 2 may also include more steel beams symmetrically arranged on the concrete column 5.

[0043] like Figure 1 and Figure 5 As shown, it also includes a tensile member 7 located on the third side and / or the opposite fourth side of the concrete column 5. The pipeline support modification structure applies horizontal forces of the same magnitude and opposite directions to the concrete column 5 at the first height and the second height, respectively. The tensile member 7 should be correspondingly arranged according to the distribution positions of the first height and the second height on the concrete column 5.

[0044] Specifically, when the first height is close to the top anchoring end of the concrete column 5, the lateral bending moment that can be generated by the tension beam group 1 will be smaller than the lateral bending moment that can be generated by the compression beam group 2, and the tensile member 7 should be set on the fourth side of the concrete column 5 facing away from the pipeline. In order to save costs, the tensile member 7 can be set only below the second height to resist the tensile stress; similarly, when the second height is close to the bottom anchoring end of the concrete column 5, the tensile member 7 can be set only above the first height of the third side of the concrete column 5; when the distance between the first height and the top anchoring end and the distance between the second height and the bottom anchoring end are similar, it can be decided whether to install the tensile member 7 at the same time according to the actual load size. The tensile member 7 here can be a steel plate fixed to the side of the concrete column 5 or a component such as a prestressed fiber reinforcement that can improve the tensile strength of the surface of the structure.

[0045] In some embodiments, the tension steel beam 101 is an H-shaped steel beam, and the compression steel beam 201 is a box-shaped steel beam. Specifically, the tension steel beam 101, the compression steel beam 201 and the anchoring steel plate 3 are connected by welding. The use of H-shaped steel beams and box-shaped steel beams can ensure the effective fit between the two and the anchoring steel plate 3 before welding, facilitate stable welding construction, and effectively improve the fixing strength. At the same time, when the pipeline support is displaced under the action of load, the tension steel beam 101 adopts an H-shaped steel beam to effectively resist bending deformation, and the compression steel beam 201 adopts a box-shaped cross-section to better support the tension steel beam 101.

[0046] like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, in some embodiments, a plurality of groups of tension bolts 8 are provided between two tension steel beams 101 and / or two compression steel beams 201 .

[0047] Specifically, the tension bolts 8 can strengthen the connection between the steel beams, enhance their integrity, and avoid uneven deformation under load, which causes the concrete column 5 to be subjected to torsional stress.

[0048] In some embodiments, Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the ends of the two tension steel beams 101 connected to the first ends of the concrete column 5 both extend beyond the fourth side surface of the concrete column 5, and tension bolts 8 are provided at the ends of the tension steel beams 101 extending beyond the fourth side surface and the portions extending beyond the third side surface, and the two groups of tension bolts 8 and the two tension steel beams 101 form a closed constraint surrounding the concrete column 5, so that the tension steel beams 101 can be more stably provided on the concrete column 5. In other embodiments, tension bolts 8 can also be added to the two sides of the two compression steel beams 201 corresponding to the concrete column 5 to ensure their fixed connection with the concrete column 5.

[0049] like Figure 2 As shown, in some embodiments, the tension beam group 1 further includes a plurality of connecting steel beams 102 for connecting two tension steel beams 101 .

[0050] Specifically, a plurality of connecting steel beams 102 are arranged at the second end of the tension beam group 1. The connecting steel beams 102 are H-shaped steel beams vertically welded to the tension steel beams 101. The plurality of connecting steel beams 102 and the two tension steel beams 101 form a rectangular bearing area at the second end of the tension beam group 1 that can bear the pipeline.

[0051] like Figure 1 and Figure 3As shown, in some embodiments, a supporting assembly 4 is provided at the second end of the tension beam group 1, and the supporting assembly 4 includes a bearing plate 401 arranged on the top of the tension steel beam 101 and the connecting steel beam 102, a plurality of shock-absorbing springs 402 connected to the bearing plate 401, and a support plate 403 connected to the top of the plurality of shock-absorbing springs 402.

[0052] Specifically, the load-bearing plate 401 is a steel plate installed above the rectangular bearing area. The shape of the support plate 403 is adapted to the arc shape of the pipeline. A plurality of vibration-damping springs 402 of different lengths are provided on the load-bearing plate 401 to fit the bottom of the support plate 403. When the supported pipeline vibrates due to the flow of the medium inside it, the plurality of vibration-damping springs 402 arranged between the load-bearing plate 401 and the support plate 403 can absorb the vibration, thereby reducing the impact of the vibration on the joints in the modified structure and extending the life of the structure.

[0053] like Figure 2 As shown, in some embodiments, stiffening ribs 103 are provided in the tension steel beam 101 and the connecting steel beam 102. Specifically, in order to improve the stability during load-bearing, stiffening ribs 103 are provided in the tension steel beam 101 and the connecting steel beam 102 in the rectangular load-bearing area. The stiffening ribs 103 are steel plates welded between the web and the flange of the H-shaped steel beam, which can significantly improve the bending modulus of the steel beam and effectively reduce the deformation of the steel beam under load.

[0054] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, in some embodiments, in order to save the modification cost, the cross-sectional size of the compression steel beam 201 that mainly bears the compressive stress is smaller than the tension steel beam 101 that bears the tensile stress and bending stress. In order to facilitate the connection between the two, a horizontally placed first connecting plate 202 is welded at the groove of the compression steel beam 201. The first connecting plate 202 is welded to the inner flange plate of the tension steel beam 101 close to the concrete column 5 through the vertically placed second connecting plate 104. At the same time, the first connecting plate 202 is connected to the web of the tension steel beam 101 through the third connecting plate 105, and stiffening ribs 103 are arranged at both ends of the third connecting plate 105 along the length direction of the tension steel beam 101, and the two ends of the third connecting plate 105 are welded to the two stiffening ribs 103 to make them a whole, which is beneficial to reduce structural deformation and improve stability after being put into use.

[0055] In some embodiments, the tension steel beam 101 , the connection steel beam 102 and the compression steel beam 201 may also be connected by bolting or bolt welding.

[0056] So far, various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail. In order to avoid obscuring the concept of the present disclosure, some details known in the art are not described. Based on the above description, those skilled in the art can fully understand how to implement the technical solution disclosed here.

[0057] Although some specific embodiments of the present disclosure have been described in detail by way of examples, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the above examples are for illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the above embodiments may be modified or some technical features may be replaced by equivalents without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure. In particular, the various technical features mentioned in the various embodiments may be combined in any manner as long as there is no structural conflict.

Claims

1. A pipe support reconstruction structure based on an existing concrete column, characterized in that: include: A tension beam group (1) and a compression beam group (2) connected to a concrete column (5), wherein the first end of the tension beam group (1) is connected to the concrete column (5) at a first height, the first end of the compression beam group (2) is connected to the concrete column (5) at a second height, the second end of the tension beam group (1) and the second end of the compression beam group (2) are connected to each other at a third height, the first height is higher than the second height, and the third height is not higher than the first height and not lower than the second height; The second end of the tension beam group (1) is used to receive the pipeline, and the second end of the compression beam group (2) is connected to be supported on the second end of the tension beam group (1).

2. The pipe support reconstruction structure based on the existing concrete column according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The first end of the tension beam group (1) and the first end of the compression beam group (2) are respectively connected to the concrete column (5) via an anchoring steel plate (3), and the anchoring steel plate (3) is fixed to the concrete column (5) via a chemical anchor bolt (301).

3. The pipeline support reconstruction structure based on the existing concrete column according to claim 1 is characterized in that: It also includes a shear member (6) located between the first height and the second height and arranged on the concrete column (5).

4. The pipe support reconstruction structure based on the existing concrete column according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The tension beam group (1) comprises two tension steel beams (101) arranged in parallel on a first side surface and an opposite second side surface of the concrete column (5), and the compression beam group (2) comprises two compression steel beams (201) arranged in parallel on the first side surface and the second side surface.

5. The pipe support reconstruction structure based on the existing concrete column according to claim 4 is characterized in that: It also includes a tensile member (7) located on the third side surface and / or the opposite fourth side surface of the concrete column (5).

6. The pipeline support reconstruction structure based on the existing concrete column according to claim 4 is characterized in that: The tension steel beam (101) is an H-shaped steel beam, and the compression steel beam (201) is a box-shaped steel beam.

7. The pipeline support reconstruction structure based on the existing concrete column according to claim 4 is characterized in that: A plurality of groups of tension bolts (8) are provided between the two tension steel beams (101) and / or the two compression steel beams (201).

8. The pipeline support reconstruction structure based on the existing concrete column according to claim 4 is characterized in that: The tension beam group (1) further comprises a plurality of connecting steel beams (102) for connecting two of the tension steel beams (101).

9. The pipeline support reconstruction structure based on the existing concrete column according to claim 8 is characterized in that: A supporting assembly (4) is provided at the second end of the tension beam group (1), and the supporting assembly (4) comprises a bearing plate (401) arranged on the top of the tension steel beam (101) and the connecting steel beam (102), a plurality of vibration-damping springs (402) connected to the bearing plate (401), and a supporting plate (403) connected to the top of the plurality of vibration-damping springs (402).

10. The pipeline support reconstruction structure based on the existing concrete column according to claim 9, characterized in that: Stiffening ribs (103) are provided inside the tension steel beam (101) and the connection steel beam (102).

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